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Riera-Ferrer E, Del Pozo R, Muñoz-Berruezo U, Palenzuela O, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Piazzon MC. Mucosal affairs: glycosylation and expression changes of gill goblet cells and mucins in a fish-polyopisthocotylidan interaction. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1347707. [PMID: 38655531 PMCID: PMC11035888 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1347707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Secreted mucins are highly O-glycosylated glycoproteins produced by goblet cells in mucosal epithelia. They constitute the protective viscous gel layer overlying the epithelia and are involved in pathogen recognition, adhesion and expulsion. The gill polyopisthocotylidan ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii, feeds on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) blood eliciting severe anemia. Methods Control unexposed and recipient (R) gill samples of gilthead seabream experimentally infected with S. chrysophrii were obtained at six consecutive times (0, 11, 20, 32, 41, and 61 days post-exposure (dpe)). In histological samples, goblet cell numbers and their intensity of lectin labelling was registered. Expression of nine mucin genes (muc2, muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c, muc4, muc13, muc18, muc19, imuc) and three regulatory factors involved in goblet cell differentiation (hes1, elf3, agr2) was studied by qPCR. In addition, differential expression of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases was analyzed in silico from previously obtained RNAseq datasets of S. chrysophrii-infected gilthead seabream gills with two different infection intensities. Results and Discussion Increased goblet cell differentiation (up-regulated elf3 and agr2) leading to neutral goblet cell hyperplasia on gill lamellae of R fish gills was found from 32 dpe on, when adult parasite stages were first detected. At this time point, acute increased expression of both secreted (muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c) and membrane-bound mucins (imuc, muc4, muc18) occurred in R gills. Mucins did not acidify during the course of infection, but their glycosylation pattern varied towards more complex glycoconjugates with sialylated, fucosylated and branched structures, according to lectin labelling and the shift of glycosyltransferase expression patterns. Gilthead seabream gill mucosal response against S. chrysophrii involved neutral mucus hypersecretion, which could contribute to worm expulsion and facilitate gas exchange to counterbalance parasite-induced hypoxia. Stress induced by the sparicotylosis condition seems to lead to changes in glycosylation characteristic of more structurally complex mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS, CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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2
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Maharati A, Moghbeli M. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as a critical regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:201. [PMID: 37580737 PMCID: PMC10424373 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal malignancies that are considered as a global health challenge. Despite many progresses in therapeutic methods, there is still a high rate of mortality rate among CRC patients that is associated with poor prognosis and distant metastasis. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in CRC metastasis can improve the prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is considered as one of the main molecular mechanisms involved in CRC metastasis, which can be regulated by various signaling pathways. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has a key role in CRC cell proliferation and migration. In the present review, we discussed the role of PI3K/AKT pathway CRC metastasis through the regulation of the EMT process. It has been shown that PI3K/AKT pathway can induce the EMT process by down regulation of epithelial markers, while up regulation of mesenchymal markers and EMT-specific transcription factors that promote CRC metastasis. This review can be an effective step toward introducing the PI3K/AKT/EMT axis to predict prognosis as well as a therapeutic target among CRC patients. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Maharati
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Massaquoi MS, Kong GL, Chilin-Fuentes D, Ngo JS, Horve PF, Melancon E, Hamilton MK, Eisen JS, Guillemin K. Cell-type-specific responses to the microbiota across all tissues of the larval zebrafish. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112095. [PMID: 36787219 PMCID: PMC10423310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal development proceeds in the presence of intimate microbial associations, but the extent to which different host cells across the body respond to resident microbes remains to be fully explored. Using the vertebrate model organism, the larval zebrafish, we assessed transcriptional responses to the microbiota across the entire body at single-cell resolution. We find that cell types across the body, not limited to tissues at host-microbe interfaces, respond to the microbiota. Responses are cell-type-specific, but across many tissues the microbiota enhances cell proliferation, increases metabolism, and stimulates a diversity of cellular activities, revealing roles for the microbiota in promoting developmental plasticity. This work provides a resource for exploring transcriptional responses to the microbiota across all cell types of the vertebrate body and generating new hypotheses about the interactions between vertebrate hosts and their microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Massaquoi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, OR 97402, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 22025 20th Avenue SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
| | - Garth L Kong
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Daisy Chilin-Fuentes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Julia S Ngo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Patrick F Horve
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Ellie Melancon
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - M Kristina Hamilton
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Thermo Fisher Scientific, 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| | - Judith S Eisen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, 1318 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403, USA; Humans and the Microbiome Program, CIFAR, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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4
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Zhang K, Li Y, Kong X, Lei C, Yang H, Wang N, Wang Z, Chang H, Xuan L. AGR2: a secreted protein worthy of attention in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1195885. [PMID: 37197416 PMCID: PMC10183570 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1195885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AGR2 is a secreted protein widely existing in breast. In precancerous lesions, primary tumors and metastatic tumors, the expression of AGR2 is increased, which has aroused our interest. This review introduces the gene and protein structure of AGR2. Its endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, protein disulfide isomerase active site and multiple protein binding sequences endow AGR2 with diverse functions inside and outside breast cancer cells. This review also enumerates the role of AGR2 in the progress and prognosis of breast cancer, and emphasizes that AGR2 can be a promising biomarker and a target for immunotherapy of breast cancer, providing new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuqi Lei
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nianchang Wang
- Department of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhao Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
| | - Hu Chang
- Administration Office, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
| | - Lixue Xuan
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongzhao Wang, ; Hu Chang, ; Lixue Xuan,
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5
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Boisteau E, Posseme C, Di Modugno F, Edeline J, Coulouarn C, Hrstka R, Martisova A, Delom F, Treton X, Eriksson LA, Chevet E, Lièvre A, Ogier-Denis E. Anterior gradient proteins in gastrointestinal cancers: from cell biology to pathophysiology. Oncogene 2022; 41:4673-4685. [PMID: 36068336 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most of the organs of the digestive tract comprise secretory epithelia that require specialized molecular machines to achieve their functions. As such anterior gradient (AGR) proteins, which comprise AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3, belong to the protein disulfide isomerase family, and are involved in secretory and transmembrane protein biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. They are generally expressed in epithelial cells with high levels in most of the digestive tract epithelia. To date, the vast majority of the reports concern AGR2, which has been shown to exhibit various subcellular localizations and exert pro-oncogenic functions. AGR2 overexpression has recently been associated with a poor prognosis in digestive cancers. AGR2 is also involved in epithelial homeostasis. Its deletion in mice results in severe diffuse gut inflammation, whereas in inflammatory bowel diseases, the secretion of AGR2 in the extracellular milieu participates in the reshaping of the cellular microenvironment. AGR2 thus plays a key role in inflammation and oncogenesis and may represent a therapeutic target of interest. In this review, we summarize the already known roles and mechanisms of action of the AGR family proteins in digestive diseases, their expression in the healthy digestive tract, and in digestive oncology. At last, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications underlying the biology of AGR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Boisteau
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Posseme
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Federico Di Modugno
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | | | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Martisova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Xavier Treton
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Astrid Lièvre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Pontchaillou, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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6
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Reuter AS, Stern D, Bernard A, Goossens C, Lavergne A, Flasse L, Von Berg V, Manfroid I, Peers B, Voz ML. Identification of an evolutionarily conserved domain in Neurod1 favouring enteroendocrine versus goblet cell fate. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010109. [PMID: 35286299 PMCID: PMC8959185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ARP/ASCL transcription factors are key determinants of cell fate specification in a wide variety of tissues, coordinating the acquisition of generic cell fates and of specific subtype identities. How these factors, recognizing highly similar DNA motifs, display specific activities, is not yet fully understood. To address this issue, we overexpressed different ARP/ASCL factors in zebrafish ascl1a-/- mutant embryos to determine which ones are able to rescue the intestinal secretory lineage. We found that Ascl1a/b, Atoh1a/b and Neurod1 factors are all able to trigger the first step of the secretory regulatory cascade but distinct secretory cells are induced by these factors. Indeed, Neurod1 rescues the enteroendocrine lineage while Ascl1a/b and Atoh1a/b rescue the goblet cells. Gain-of-function experiments with Ascl1a/Neurod1 chimeric proteins revealed that the functional divergence is encoded by a 19-aa ultra-conserved element (UCE), present in all Neurod members but absent in the other ARP/ASCL proteins. Importantly, inserting the UCE into the Ascl1a protein reverses the rescuing capacity of this Ascl1a chimeric protein that cannot rescue the goblet cells anymore but can efficiently rescue the enteroendocrine cells. This novel domain acts indeed as a goblet cell fate repressor that inhibits gfi1aa expression, known to be important for goblet cell differentiation. Deleting the UCE domain of the endogenous Neurod1 protein leads to an increase in the number of goblet cells concomitant with a reduction of the enteroendocrine cells, phenotype also observed in the neurod1 null mutant. This highlights the crucial function of the UCE domain for NeuroD1 activity in the intestine. As Gfi1 acts as a binary cell fate switch in several tissues where Neurod1 is also expressed, we can envision a similar role of the UCE in other tissues, allowing Neurod1 to repress Gfi1 to influence the balance between cell fates. It is not yet clear how highly related factors like the ARP/Ascl factors display specific activities even though they recognize the same consensus DNA motif. This specificity could be provided by their cellular environment or by intrinsic properties of the factors themselves. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we have expressed several ARP/Ascl factors in the ascl1a-/- mutant to determine which ones are able to rescue the intestinal secretory defects. We found that Ascl1a/b and Atoh1a/b are able to rescue the goblet cells while Neurod1 rescues the enteroendocrine lineage. Furthermore, we show that the specific Neurod1 activity is conferred by the presence of a 19-aa ultra-conserved element (UCE), present in all vertebrate Neurod members but absent in all the other ARP/ASCL proteins. This UCE domain, so far uncharacterized, acts as a goblet cell fate repressor and inhibits gfi1aa expression, known to be important for goblet cell differentiation. Inserting the UCE into Ascl1a protein reverses the rescuing capacity of this chimeric protein that cannot rescue the goblet cells anymore but can efficiently rescue the enteroendocrine cells. This study therefore highlights an unique intrinsic property of Neurod1 allowing it to repress Gfi1 to influence the balance between cell fates. As Gfi1 acts as a binary cell fate switch in several tissues where Neurod1 is also expressed, we can envision a similar role of the UCE in other tissues, allowing Neurod1 to repress Gfi1 to influence the balance between cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Reuter
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Stern
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alice Bernard
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Goossens
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lavergne
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lydie Flasse
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Von Berg
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Manfroid
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Peers
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne L. Voz
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Development and Disease Models (ZDDM), GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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7
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Delta/Jagged-mediated Notch signaling induces the differentiation of agr2-positive epidermal mucous cells in zebrafish embryos. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009969. [PMID: 34962934 PMCID: PMC8746730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleosts live in aquatic habitats, where they encounter ionic and acid-base fluctuations as well as infectious pathogens. To protect from these external challenges, the teleost epidermis is composed of living cells, including keratinocytes and ionocytes that maintain body fluid ionic homeostasis, and mucous cells that secret mucus. While ionocyte progenitors are known to be specified by Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition during late gastrulation and early segmentation, it remains unclear how epidermal mucous cells (EMCs) are differentiated and maintained. Here, we show that Delta/Jagged-mediated activation of Notch signaling induces the differentiation of agr2-positive (agr2+) EMCs in zebrafish embryos during segmentation. We demonstrated that agr2+ EMCs contain cytoplasmic secretory granules and express muc5.1 and muc5.2. Reductions in agr2+ EMC number were observed in mib mutants and notch3 MOs-injected notch1a mutants, while increases in agr2+ cell number were detected in notch1a- and X-Su(H)/ANK-overexpressing embryos. Treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors further revealed that Notch signaling is required during bud to 15 hpf for the differentiation of agr2+ EMCs. Increased agr2+ EMC numbers were also observed in jag1a-, jag1b-, jag2a- and dlc-overexpressing, but not jag2b-overexpressing embryos. Meanwhile, reductions in agr2+ EMC numbers were detected in jag1a morphants, jag1b mutants, jag2a mutants and dlc morphants, but not jag2b mutants. Reduced numbers of pvalb8-positive epidermal cells were also observed in mib or jag2a mutants and jag1a or jag1b morphants, while increased pvalb8-positive epidermal cell numbers were detected in notch1a-overexpressing, but not dlc-overexpressing embryos. BrdU labeling further revealed that the agr2+ EMC population is maintained by proliferation. Cell lineage experiments showed that agr2+ EMCs are derived from the same ectodermal precursors as keratinocytes or ionocytes. Together, our results indicate that specification of agr2+ EMCs in zebrafish embryos is induced by DeltaC/Jagged-dependent activation of Notch1a/3 signaling, and the cell population is maintained by proliferation. As aquatic organisms, fish must tolerate environmental challenges that include acid-base fluctuations and water-borne pathogens. The skin provides a first line of defense against these challenges, and specific cell types in the tissue are responsible for different protective functions. For example, keratinocytes provide body coverage, ionocytes are responsible for maintaining body fluid ionic homeostasis, and epidermal mucous cells generate a protective layer of mucus that covers the entire fish surface. In this study, we uncovered the developmental process in zebrafish that underlies the generation of epidermal mucous cells. First, we characterized epidermal mucous cells according to their expression of a particular gene, agr2. Then, we found that these cells differentiate soon after ionocytes and keratinocytes, and the molecular pathways that guide differentiation of all three cell types involve similar signals. While ionocytes and keratinocytes are known to be specified by Delta-Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, we found that epidermal mucous cells are specified by activation of Notch by Delta and Jagged ligands. Thus, our results suggest that the specification of these major cell types in the epidermis occurs via a streamlined Notch-dependent process. This utilization of temporally distinct signaling events can therefore generate diverse cell types in the fish epidermis.
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8
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Wen J, Mercado GP, Volland A, Doden HL, Lickwar CR, Crooks T, Kakiyama G, Kelly C, Cocchiaro JL, Ridlon JM, Rawls JF. Fxr signaling and microbial metabolism of bile salts in the zebrafish intestine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1371. [PMID: 34301599 PMCID: PMC8302129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt synthesis, secretion into the intestinal lumen, and resorption in the ileum occur in all vertebrate classes. In mammals, bile salt composition is determined by host and microbial enzymes, affecting signaling through the bile salt-binding transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). However, these processes in other vertebrate classes remain poorly understood. We show that key components of hepatic bile salt synthesis and ileal transport pathways are conserved and under control of Fxr in zebrafish. Zebrafish bile salts consist primarily of a C27 bile alcohol and a C24 bile acid that undergo multiple microbial modifications including bile acid deconjugation that augments Fxr activity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we provide a cellular atlas of the zebrafish intestinal epithelium and uncover roles for Fxr in transcriptional and differentiation programs in ileal and other cell types. These results establish zebrafish as a nonmammalian vertebrate model for studying bile salt metabolism and Fxr signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gilberto Padilla Mercado
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa Volland
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Crooks
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cecelia Kelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jordan L Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Zhang H, Chi J, Hu J, Ji T, Luo Z, Zhou C, Huang L, Dai Z, Li J, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. Intracellular AGR2 transduces PGE2 stimuli to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:180-195. [PMID: 34216690 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) reportedly acts as an oncogene in multiple types of cancers. As a secreted protein, the oncogenic roles of extracellular AGR2 have been the focus of the increasing number of studies. In contrast, the oncological functions of intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) remain elusive. Here, we report that intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) is sufficient to promote CRC metastasis. iAGR2 binds to KDEL receptors (KDELRs) via its KTEL motif to activate downstream Gs-PKA signaling. Activated PKA upregulates the expression of NF-κB subunit c-Rel (REL) and acetylates histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9ac) to promote the transcription of SNAIL and SLUG. AGR2 can be upregulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) via EP4-PI3K-AKT pathway and is indispensable for PGE2-induced CRC metastasis. AGR2 knockdown enhances therapeutic effects of a COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in CRC metastasis. Collectively, our study reveals a promoting role and molecular mechanisms of iAGR2 in CRC metastasis and uncovers a new tumor microenvironment signal regulating AGR2 expression, which may provide new targets for treating metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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He J, Fu Y, Hu J, Chen J, Lou G. Hypomethylation-Mediated AGR2 Overexpression Facilitates Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5177-5185. [PMID: 34234561 PMCID: PMC8255649 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s304869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Studies have indicated that AGR2 is crucial in many cancers. However, its methylation level in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is rarely known. Hence, the effect of AGR2 methylation on LUAD was explored in the study. Methods qRT-PCR was adopted to detect the expression of AGR2 in LUAD cells and normal lung cells. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to detect the methylation of AGR2 promoter region in different cell lines. MTT, Transwell and wound healing assays were used to verify the progression of cells in each transfection group. Results The expression of AGR2 was significantly up-regulated in LUAD cells relative to that in normal cells. Moreover, the expression of AGR2 was inversely modulated by DNA methylation, and the hypomethylation of CpG islands would lead to the increased expression of AGR2. Finally, overexpression and hypomethylation of AGR2 facilitated the proliferation, invasion and migration of LUAD cells. Conclusion These results demonstrated that hypomethylation of AGR2 promoter region promoted the expression of AGR2 in LUAD cells, thus promoting the progression of LUAD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Lou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
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Curtarelli RB, Gonçalves JM, dos Santos LGP, Savi MG, Nör JE, Mezzomo LAM, Rodríguez Cordeiro MM. Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers in Human Head and Neck Carcinomas: a Systematic Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:769-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Kamal A, Valentijn A, Barraclough R, Rudland P, Rahmatalla N, Martin-Hirsch P, Stringfellow H, Decruze SB, Hapangama DK. High AGR2 protein is a feature of low grade endometrial cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31459-31472. [PMID: 30140383 PMCID: PMC6101135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers for identification of endometrial cancers (ECs) with high risk of recurrence are required to reduce the rising EC-related mortality. AGR2 is a prognostic marker in several hormonally-regulated cancers. AIM To assess the utility of AGR2 as a prognostic marker in EC. METHODS AGR2 immunoexpression was evaluated in 163 human endometrial samples. Change in AGR2 mRNA levels in response to oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone was studied in vitro. RESULTS Upregulation of AGR2 (protein and mRNA) was seen in low grade EC, compared to the postmenopausal endometrium (P = 0.013) and to the high-grade EC (P < 0.0001). Elevated AGR2 protein expression-scores were associated with a high expression of estrogen alpha (ERα), progesterone, androgen receptors and early clinical stages. Metastatic lesions maintained higher AGR2 expression relative to matched-primary tumors. High-AGR2 protein levels were associated with better overall survival (P = 0.02) in all ECs, but in highly-ERα-expressing ECs, AGR2 associated with unfavourable patient outcome. Androgen through its receptor, downregulated AGR2 mRNA in the Ishikawa cells. CONCLUSIONS AGR2 is overexpressed in low grade ECs and positively associated with hormone receptors. The association between high AGR2 and progressive disease within the high-ERα-expressing ECs suggests that in this group of patients, AGR2 might be a potential biomarker of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areege Kamal
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Roger Barraclough
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Rudland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nihad Rahmatalla
- The National Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Shandya B. Decruze
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dharani K. Hapangama
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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13
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The prognostic value of AGR2 expression in solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15500. [PMID: 29138453 PMCID: PMC5686151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) in tumours remains inconclusive. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature evidence and assessed the association between AGR2 expression and prognosis in solid tumours. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS)/progression-free survival (PFS). All analyses were performed by STATA 12.0, with the hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the effect size estimate. A total of 20 studies containing 3285 cases were included. Pooled analyses revealed that AGR2 overexpression had an unfavourable impact on OS (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32-2.81) and time to tumour progression (TTP) (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR 1.60 95% CI 1.06-2.40) in solid tumour patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that AGR2 overexpression in breast cancer patients was significantly associated with poor OS (HR 3.02, 95% CI 1.03-8.81) and TTP (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.17-3.20). Excluding breast cancer, AGR2 overexpression was also found to have a significant correlation with poor OS in the remaining solid tumour patients (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19). Overall, AGR2 might be a potential biomarker to predict prognosis in solid tumour patients.
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Anterior gradient protein 2 expression in high grade head and neck squamous cell carcinoma correlated with cancer stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8807-21. [PMID: 25871396 PMCID: PMC4496185 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) is a novel biomarker with potential oncogenic role. We sought to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of AGR2 on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with an emphasis on its correlation of cancer stemloid cells (CSC) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). We found that AGR2 protein levels were higher in HNSCC than in normal oral mucosa. High levels of AGR2 were associated with the T category, pathological grade and lymph node metastasis of HNSCC. Expression of AGR2 increased in recurring HNSCC after radiotherapy and in post cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic tissues. In HNSCC cell lines, knock-down of AGR2 induced apoptosis, reduced sphere formation, and down-regulated Survivin, Cyclin D1, Bcl2, Bcl2l1, Slug, Snail, Nanog and Oct4. In addition, over-expressed AGR2 in transgenic mice with spontaneous HNSCC was associated with lost function of Tgfbr1 and/or lost function of Pten. In vitro knockdown TGFBR1 in HNSCC cell lines increased AGR2 expression. These results suggest that AGR2 is involved in EMT and self-renewal of CSC and may present a potential therapeutic target (oncotarget) for HNSCC.
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15
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The secreted factor Ag1 missing in higher vertebrates regulates fins regeneration in Danio rerio. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8123. [PMID: 25630240 PMCID: PMC4309956 DOI: 10.1038/srep08123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agr family includes three groups of genes, Ag1, Agr2 and Agr3, which encode the thioredoxin domain-containing secreted proteins and have been shown recently to participate in regeneration of the amputated body appendages in amphibians. By contrast, higher vertebrates have only Agr2 and Agr3, but lack Ag1, and have low ability to regenerate the body appendages. Thus, one may hypothesize that loss of Ag1 in evolution could be an important event that led to a decline of the regenerative capacity in higher vertebrates. To test this, we have studied now the expression and role of Ag1 in the regeneration of fins of a representative of another large group of lower vertebrates, the fish Danio rerio. As a result, we have demonstrated that amputation of the Danio fins, like amputation of the body appendages in amphibians, elicits an increase of Ag1 expression in cells of the stump. Furthermore, down-regulation of DAg1 by injections of Vivo-morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a retardation of the fin regeneration. These data are in a good agreement with the assumption that the loss of Ag1 in higher vertebrates ancestors could lead to the reduction of the regenerative capacity in their modern descendants.
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Simões MG, Bensimon-Brito A, Fonseca M, Farinho A, Valério F, Sousa S, Afonso N, Kumar A, Jacinto A. Denervation impairs regeneration of amputated zebrafish fins. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:49. [PMID: 25551555 PMCID: PMC4333893 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-014-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish are able to regenerate many of its tissues and organs after damage. In amphibians this process is regulated by nerve fibres present at the site of injury, which have been proposed to release factors into the amputated limbs/fins, promoting and sustaining the proliferation of blastemal cells. Although some candidate factors have been proposed to mediate the nerve dependency of regeneration, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. RESULTS We have used zebrafish as a model system to address the role of nerve fibres in fin regeneration. We have developed a protocol for pectoral fin denervation followed by amputation and analysed the regenerative process under this experimental conditions. Upon denervation fins were able to close the wound and form a wound epidermis, but could not establish a functional apical epithelial cap, with a posterior failure of blastema formation and outgrowth, and the accumulation of several defects. The expression patterns of genes known to be key players during fin regeneration were altered upon denervation, suggesting that nerves can contribute to the regulation of the Fgf, Wnt and Shh pathways during zebrafish fin regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that proper innervation of the zebrafish pectoral fin is essential for a successful regenerative process, and establish this organism as a useful model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of nerve dependence, during vertebrate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Simões
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Farinho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fábio Valério
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Afonso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Biosciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Antonio Jacinto
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Tang CH, Lai YR, Chen YC, Li CH, Lu YF, Chen HY, Lien HW, Yang CH, Huang CJ, Wang CY, Kao CF, Hwang SPL. Expression of zebrafish anterior gradient 2 in the semicircular canals and supporting cells of otic vesicle sensory patches is regulated by Sox10. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:425-37. [PMID: 24768923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AGR2 is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, which is implicated in cancer cell growth and metastasis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the contributions of this protein to several biological processes, the regulatory mechanisms controlling expression of the AGR2 gene in different organs remain unclear. Zebrafish anterior gradient 2 (agr2) is expressed in several organs, including the otic vesicles that contain mucus-secreting cells. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling agr2 expression in otic vesicles, we generated a Tg(-6.0 k agr2:EGFP) transgenic fish line that expressed EGFP in a pattern recapitulating that of agr2. Double immunofluorescence studies were used to demonstrate that Agr2 and GFP colocalize in the semicircular canals and supporting cells of all sensory patches in the otic vesicles of Tg(-6.0 k agr2:EGFP) embryos. Transient/stable transgenic analyses coupled with 5'-end deletion revealed that a 100 bp sequence within the -2.6 to -2.5 kbp region upstream of agr2 directs EGFP expression specifically in the otic vesicles. Two HMG-binding motifs were detected in this region. Mutation of these motifs prevented EGFP expression. Furthermore, EGFP expression in the otic vesicles was prevented by knockdown of the sox10 gene. This corresponded with decreased agr2 expression in the otic vesicles of sox10 morphants during different developmental stages. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to show that Sox10 binds to HMG-binding motifs located within the -2.6 to -2.5 kbp region upstream of agr2. These results demonstrate that agr2 expression in the otic vesicles of zebrafish embryos is regulated by Sox10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Tang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ren Lai
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsiu Li
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yen Chen
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Wei Lien
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiang Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jen Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ping L Hwang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Lam PY, Kamei CN, Mangos S, Mudumana S, Liu Y, Drummond IA. odd-skipped related 2 is required for fin chondrogenesis in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1284-92. [PMID: 23913342 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND odd-skipped related 2 (osr2) encodes a vertebrate ortholog of the Drosophila odd-skipped zinc-finger transcription factor. Osr2 in mouse is required for proper palate, eyelid, and bone development. Zebrafish knock-down experiments have also suggested a role for osr2, along with its paralog osr1, in early pectoral fin specification and pronephric development. RESULTS We show here that osr2 has a specific function later in development, independent of osr1, in the regulation of sox9a expression and promoting fin chondrogenesis. mRNA in situ hybridization demonstrated osr2 expression in the developing floorplate and later during organogenesis in the pronephros and gut epithelium. In the pectoral fin buds, osr2 was specifically expressed in fin mesenchyme. osr2 knock down in zebrafish embryos disrupted both three and five zinc finger alternatively spliced osr2 isoforms and eliminated wild-type osr2 mRNA. osr2 morphants exhibited normal pectoral fin bud specification but exhibited defective fin chondrogenesis, with loss of differentiated chondrocytes. Defects in chondrogenesis were paralleled by loss of sox9a as well as subsequent col2a1 expression, linking osr2 function to essential regulators of chondrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish odd-skipped related 2 gene regulates sox9a and col2a1 expression in chondrocyte development and is specifically required for zebrafish fin morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Ying Lam
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, and Harvard Medical School Department of Genetics, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Gao H, Xu X, Chen B, Wang F, Zhang W, Geng H, Wang Y. Anterior gradient 2: a new target to treat colorectal cancer. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:706-8. [PMID: 23528333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality across the world. Every year many patients died from the advanced colorectal cancer. We had tried our best to stop the progress by the chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but the process has not stopped. And we just can use the target drug to extend the survival time of the patient who is in advanced stage. It is said that the circulating tumor cells, distributed in the peripheral blood, is the initial material leading to metastases formation. And Anterior gradient 2 is a biomarker of these cells. It shows an enormous role in the process of cancer's occurrence, development and metastasis. It may be a useful target for us to prevent colorectal cancer from progress. And it may be a new way to treat the colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Teaching Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2c signaling is required for intestinal cell differentiation in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58310. [PMID: 23484013 PMCID: PMC3590179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are four cell lineages derived from intestinal stem cells that are located at the crypt and villus in the mammalian intestine the non-secretory absorptive enterocytes, and the secretory cells, which include mucous-secreting goblet cells, regulatory peptide-secreting enteroendocrine cells and antimicrobial peptide-secreting Paneth cells. Although fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling is important for cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, its role in intestinal differentiation is less well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We used a loss of function approach to investigate the importance of Fgf signaling in intestinal cell differentiation in zebrafish; abnormal differentiation of goblet cells was observed when Fgf signaling was inhibited using SU5402 or in the Tg(hsp70ldnfgfr1-EGFP) transgenic line. We identified Fgfr2c as an important receptor for cell differentiation. The number of goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells was reduced in fgfr2c morphants. In addition to secretory cells, enterocyte differentiation was also disrupted in fgfr2c morphants. Furthermore, proliferating cells were increased in the morphants. Interestingly, the loss of fgfr2c expression repressed secretory cell differentiation and increased cell proliferation in the mibta52b mutant that had defective Notch signaling. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, we found that Fgfr2c signaling derived from mesenchymal cells is important for regulating the differentiation of zebrafish intestine epithelial cells by promoting cell cycle exit. The results of Fgfr2c knockdown in mibta52b mutants indicated that Fgfr2c signaling is required for intestinal cell differentiation. These findings provide new evidences that Fgf signaling is required for the differentiation of intestinal cells in the zebrafish developing gut.
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Flasse LC, Stern DG, Pirson JL, Manfroid I, Peers B, Voz ML. The bHLH transcription factor Ascl1a is essential for the specification of the intestinal secretory cells and mediates Notch signaling in the zebrafish intestine. Dev Biol 2013; 376:187-97. [PMID: 23352790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling has a fundamental role in stem cell maintenance and in cell fate choice in the intestine of different species. Canonically, Notch signaling represses the expression of transcription factors of the achaete-scute like (ASCL) or atonal related protein (ARP) families. Identifying the ARP/ASCL genes expressed in the gastrointestinal tract is essential to build the regulatory cascade controlling the differentiation of gastrointestinal progenitors into the different intestinal cell types. The expression of the ARP/ASCL factors was analyzed in zebrafish to identify, among all the ARP/ASCL factors found in the zebrafish genome, those expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. ascl1a was found to be the earliest factor detected in the intestine. Loss-of-function analyses using the pia/ascl1a mutant, revealed that ascl1a is crucial for the differentiation of all secretory cells. Furthermore, we identify a battery of transcription factors expressed during secretory cell differentiation and downstream of ascl1a. Finally, we show that the repression of secretory cell fate by Notch signaling is mediated by the inhibition of ascl1a expression. In conclusion, this work identifies Ascl1a as a key regulator of the secretory cell lineage in the zebrafish intestine, playing the same role as Atoh1 in the mouse intestine. This highlights the diversity in the ARP/ASCL family members acting as cell fate determinants downstream from Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie C Flasse
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Giga-Research, University of Liège, 1 avenue de l'Hôpital B34, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
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Zebrafish Agr2 is required for terminal differentiation of intestinal goblet cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34408. [PMID: 22514630 PMCID: PMC3326001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) is a protein disulfide isomerase that is required for the production of intestinal mucus and Paneth and goblet cell homeostasis. However, whether increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in Agr2(-/-) mice remains a controversial issue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized the function of zebrafish agr2 by both morpholino antisense oligomer-mediated knockdown and agr2 mRNA overexpression. Fluorescent whole-mount double in situ hybridization indicated that in the intestine, agr2 was only expressed in goblet cells. Significantly increased numbers of immature Alcian blue-stained goblet cells were observed in the intestines of 104- and 120-hours post fertilization (hpf) agr2 morphants. Transmission electron microscopy analyses further confirmed the existence of immature pre-goblet cells containing few mucous granules in the mid-intestines of 104- and 120-hpf agr2 morphants. agr2 expression was not significantly induced by an ER stress inducer, tunicamycin. Expression of the ER chaperone gene hspa5, the spliced form of xbp1s, c/enhancer binding protein homologous protein chop, and the activating transcription factor 4b1 atf4b1 were not significantly induced in either 104-hpf agr2 morphants or agr2-overexpressed embryos. Similar percentages of P-Histone H3-stained M phase cells were identified in intestines of 104-hpf agr2 morphants and control embryos. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that in contrast to mouse AGR2, zebrafish Agr2 is expressed in only one intestinal secretory cell type - the goblet cells. Agr2 is essential for terminal differentiation of intestinal goblet cells in zebrafish embryos. Either knockdown of agr2 function or agr2 overexpression could not extensively induce expression of members of the unfolded protein response pathway.
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Hu Z, Gu Y, Han B, Zhang J, Li Z, Tian K, Young CYF, Yuan H. Knockdown of AGR2 induces cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1178-86. [PMID: 22467239 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior-gradient 2 (AGR2), overexpressed in many tumors including prostate cancer (PCa), is implicated in stimulation of cell proliferation, adhesion, anti-apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Here, a potential role of AGR2 in cellular senescence was investigated. We first observed that AGR2 was overexpressed in Chinese Han PCa tissues and had a positive correlation with cyclin D1 and p-Rb but not with p16(INK4a). AGR2 expression profiles varied among cell lines, with PC3 cells being the highest level, LNCaP and DU145 relatively less. The expression of cyclin D1 showed similar pattern to the AGR2 in cell lines. Knockdown of AGR2 caused a decrease in cell viability in PC3 cells, whereas forced expression of AGR2 led to an increased cell proliferation of LNCaP and DU145 cells. Importantly, AGR2 depletion resulted in accumulation of cells at the G(0)/G(1) phase and induction of cellular senescence in all three PCa cell lines as indicated by an increase of flat, enlarged and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive cells. Senescent response to AGR2 silencing was also evidenced by elevated γH2AX and fluorescent punctuate formation of tri-methyl-histone H3 in AGR2-depleted cells. Further studies indicated that LNCaP underwent a p21(CIP1)-dependent cellular senescence in response to AGR2 depletion that requires inactivation of ERK signaling, whereas PC-3 was also p21(CIP1) dependent but involved in suppression of PI3K/Akt. Unlike LNCaP and PC-3, senescent response of DU145 was found to be mainly p27(KIP1) dependent that may require upregulation of PTEN and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling. Thus, these findings suggest a novel role of AGR2 in regulation of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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24
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25
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Poulain M, Ober EA. Interplay between Wnt2 and Wnt2bb controls multiple steps of early foregut-derived organ development. Development 2011; 138:3557-68. [PMID: 21771809 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate liver, pancreas and lung arise in close proximity from the multipotent foregut endoderm. Tissue-explant experiments uncovered instructive signals emanating from the neighbouring lateral plate mesoderm, directing the endoderm towards specific organ fates. This suggested that an intricate network of signals is required to control the specification and differentiation of each organ. Here, we show that sequential functions of Wnt2bb and Wnt2 control liver specification and proliferation in zebrafish. Their combined specific activities are essential for liver specification, as their loss of function causes liver agenesis. Conversely, excess wnt2bb or wnt2 induces ectopic liver tissue at the expense of pancreatic and anterior intestinal tissues, revealing the competence of intestinal endoderm to respond to hepatogenic signals. Epistasis experiments revealed that the receptor frizzled homolog 5 (fzd5) mediates part of the broader hepatic competence of the alimentary canal. fzd5 is required for early liver formation and interacts genetically with wnt2 as well as wnt2bb. In addition, lack of both ligands causes agenesis of the swim bladder, the structural homolog of the mammalian lung. Thus, tightly regulated spatiotemporal expression of wnt2bb, wnt2 and fzd5 is central to coordinating early liver, pancreas and swim bladder development from a multipotent foregut endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Poulain
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
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26
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Iq KC, Shu-Chien AC. Proteomics of buccal cavity mucus in female tilapia fish (Oreochromis spp.): a comparison between parental and non-parental fish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18555. [PMID: 21533134 PMCID: PMC3080365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouthbrooding is an elaborate form of parental care displayed by many teleost species. While the direct benefits of mouthbrooding such as protection and transportation of offsprings are known, it is unclear if mouthbrooding offers additional benefits to embryos during incubation. In addition, mouthbrooding could incur negative costs on parental fish, due to limited feeding opportunities. Parental tilapia fish (Oreochromis spp.) display an elaborated form of parental care by incubating newly hatched embryos in oral buccal cavity until the complete adsorption of yolk sac. In order to understand the functional aspects of mouthbrooding, we undertake a proteomics approach to compare oral mucus sampled from mouthbrooders and non-mouthbrooders, respectively. Majority of the identified proteins have also been previously identified in other biological fluids or mucus-rich organs in different organisms. We also showed the upregulation of 22 proteins and down regulation of 3 proteins in mucus collected from mouthbrooders. Anterior gradient protein, hemoglobin beta-A chain and alpha-2 globin levels were lower in mouthbrooder samples. Mouthbrooder oral mucus collectively showed increase levels of proteins related to cytoskeletal properties, glycolytic pathway and mediation of oxidative stress. Overall the findings suggest cellular stress response, probably to support production of mucus during mouthbrooding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koe Chun Iq
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
- Assay Development Division, Malaysian
Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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27
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Olesnicky E, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Artinger KB. prdm1a Regulates sox10 and islet1 in the development of neural crest and Rohon-Beard sensory neurons. Genesis 2010; 48:656-66. [PMID: 20836130 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The PR domain containing 1a, with ZNF domain factor, gene (prdm1a) plays an integral role in the development of a number of different cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis, including neural crest cells, Rohon-Beard (RB) sensory neurons and the cranial neural crest-derived craniofacial skeletal elements. To better understand how Prdm1a regulates the development of various cell types in zebrafish, we performed a microarray analysis comparing wild type and prdm1a mutant embryos and identified a number of genes with altered expression in the absence of prdm1a. Rescue analysis determined that two of these, sox10 and islet1, lie downstream of Prdm1a in the development of neural crest cells and RB neurons, respectively. In addition, we identified a number of other novel downstream targets of Prdm1a that may be important for the development of diverse tissues during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Olesnicky
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado, Denver School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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28
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Pottin K, Hyacinthe C, Rétaux S. Conservation, development, and function of a cement gland-like structure in the fish Astyanax mexicanus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17256-61. [PMID: 20855623 PMCID: PMC2951400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005035107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the fish Astyanax mexicanus transiently develop a flat and adhesive structure on the top of their heads that we have called "the casquette" (cas, meaning "hat"). We hypothesized that the cas may be a teleostean homolog of the well-studied Xenopus cement gland, despite their different positions and structures. Here we show that the cas has an ectodermal origin, secretes mucus, expresses bone morphogenic protein 4 (Bmp4) and pituitary homeobox 1/2 (Pitx1/2), is innervated by the trigeminal ganglion and serotonergic raphe neurons, and has a role in the control and the development of the larval swimming behavior. These developmental, connectivity, and behavioral functional data support a level of deep homology between the frog cement gland and the Astyanax cas and suggest that attachment organs can develop in varied positions on the head ectoderm by recruitment of a Bmp4-dependent developmental module. We also show that the attachment organs of the cichlid Tilapia mariae larvae display some of these features. We discuss the possibility that these highly diversified attachment glands may be ancestral to chordates and have been lost repetitively in many vertebrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Pottin
- NeD UPR2197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut A. Fessard, 91198 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Carole Hyacinthe
- NeD UPR2197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut A. Fessard, 91198 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Rétaux
- NeD UPR2197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut A. Fessard, 91198 Gif/Yvette, France
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29
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Janicke M, Renisch B, Hammerschmidt M. Zebrafish grainyhead-like1 is a common marker of different non-keratinocyte epidermal cell lineages, which segregate from each other in a Foxi3-dependent manner. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:837-50. [PMID: 19757382 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.092877mj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Grainyhead/CP2 transcription factor family members are widely conserved among the animal kingdom and have been implicated in different developmental processes. Thus far, nothing has been known about their roles in zebrafish. Here we identify seven zebrafish grainyhead-like (grhl) / cp2 genes, with focus on grhl1, which is expressed in the periderm and in epidermal ionocyte progenitors, but downregulated when ionocytes differentiate. In addition, expression was detected in other "non-keratinocyte" cell types of the epidermis, such as pvalb8-expressing cells, which according to our lineage tracing experiments are derived from the same pool of progenitor cells like keratinocytes and ionocytes. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide-based loss-of-function analysis revealed that grhl1 is dispensable for the development and function of all investigated epidermal cell types, but required as a negative regulator of its own transcription during ionocyte differentiation. Knockdown of the transcription factor Foxi3a, which is expressed in a subset of the grhl1 population, caused a loss of ionocytes and a corresponding increase in the number of pvalb8-expressing cells, while leaving the number of grhl1-positive cells unaltered. We propose that grhl1 is a novel common marker of all or most "non-keratinocyte" epidermal progenitors, and that the sub-functionalisation of these cells is regulated by differential positive and negative effects of Foxi3 factors.
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30
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Kumar A, Nevill G, Brockes JP, Forge A. A comparative study of gland cells implicated in the nerve dependence of salamander limb regeneration. J Anat 2010; 217:16-25. [PMID: 20456522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders proceeds by formation of the blastema, a mound of proliferating mesenchymal cells surrounded by a wound epithelium. Regeneration by the blastema depends on the presence of regenerating nerves and in earlier work it was shown that axons upregulate the expression of newt anterior gradient (nAG) protein first in Schwann cells of the nerve sheath and second in dermal glands underlying the wound epidermis. The expression of nAG protein after plasmid electroporation was shown to rescue a denervated newt blastema and allow regeneration to the digit stage. We have examined the dermal glands by scanning and transmission electron microscopy combined with immunogold labelling of the nAG protein. It is expressed in secretory granules of ductless glands, which apparently discharge by a holocrine mechanism. No external ducts were observed in the wound epithelium of the newt and axolotl. The larval skin of the axolotl has dermal glands but these are absent under the wound epithelium. The nerve sheath was stained post-amputation in innervated but not denervated blastemas with an antibody to axolotl anterior gradient protein. This antibody reacted with axolotl Leydig cells in the wound epithelium and normal epidermis. Staining was markedly decreased in the wound epithelium after denervation but not in the epidermis. Therefore, in both newt and axolotl the regenerating axons induce nAG protein in the nerve sheath and subsequently the protein is expressed by gland cells, under (newt) or within (axolotl) the wound epithelium, which discharge by a holocrine mechanism. These findings serve to unify the nerve dependence of limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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31
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Chen YH, Lu YF, Ko TY, Tsai MY, Lin CY, Lin CC, Hwang SPL. Zebrafish cdx1b regulates differentiation of various intestinal cell lineages. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:1021-32. [PMID: 19253392 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown and overexpression experiments were performed to analyze zebrafish cdx1b's function in intestinal cell differentiation. Substantial reductions in goblet cell numbers were detected in intestines of 102- and 120-hours post-fertilization (hpf) cdx1b MO-injected embryos (morphants) compared to cdx1b-4-base mismatched (4mm)-MO-injected and wild type embryos. A significant decrease in enteroendocrine cell numbers was also observed in intestines of 96-hpf cdx1b morphants. Furthermore, ectopic cdx1b expression caused notable increases in respective cell numbers of enteroendocrine and goblet cells in intestines of 96- and 98-hpf injected embryos. Decreased PepT1 expression was detected in enterocytes of intestines in cdx1b morphants from 80 to 102 hr of development. In addition, increased cell proliferation was detected in intestines of cdx1b morphants. Overall, our results suggest that zebrafish cdx1b plays important roles in regulating intestinal cell proliferation and the differentiation of various intestinal cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (formerly Institute of Zoology), Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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32
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Predominant expression and cellular distribution of fish Agr2 in renal collecting system. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 152:397-404. [PMID: 19266620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (Agr2) genes encode secretory proteins, and play significant roles in anterior-posterior patterning and tumor metastasis. Agr2 transcripts were shown to display quite diverse tissue distribution in different species, and little was known about the cellular localization of Agr2 proteins. In this study, we identified an Agr2 homologue from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), and revealed the expression patterns and cellular localization during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. The full-length cDNA of CagAgr2 is 803 nucleotides (nt) with an open reading frame of 510 nt encoding 169 amino acids. The Agr2 C-terminus matches to the class I PDZ-interacting motif, suggesting that it might be a PDZ-binding protein. During embryogenesis, CagAgr2 was found to be transcribed in the mucus-secreting hatching gland from tailbud stage and later in the pharynx region, swim bladder and pronephric duct as revealed by RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. In the adult fish, its transcription was predominantly confined to the kidney, and lower transcription levels were also found in the intestine, ovary and gills. To further localize the Agr2 protein, the anti-CagAgr2 polyclonal antibody was produced and used for immunofluorescence observation. In agreement with mRNA expression data, the Agr2 protein was localized in the pronephric duct of 3dph larvae. In adult fish, Agr2 protein expression is confined to the renal collecting system with asymmetric distribution along the apical-basolateral axis. The data provided suggestive evidence that fish Agr2 might be involved in differentiation and secretory functions of kidney epithelium.
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33
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Morrison RN, Nowak BF. Immunohistochemical detection of anterior gradient-2 in the gills of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:699-705. [PMID: 18786032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Morrison
- Aquafin CRC, School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
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