1
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Ramli AH, Mohd Faudzi SM. Diarylpentanoids, the privileged scaffolds in antimalarial and anti-infectives drug discovery: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300391. [PMID: 37806761 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Asia is a hotspot for infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, tuberculosis, and the pandemic COVID-19. Emerging infectious diseases have taken a heavy toll on public health and the economy and have been recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in Southeast Asia. Infectious disease control is a major challenge, but many surveillance systems and control strategies have been developed and implemented. These include vector control, combination therapies, vaccine development, and the development of new anti-infectives. Numerous newly discovered agents with pharmacological anti-infective potential are being actively and extensively studied for their bioactivity, toxicity, selectivity, and mode of action, but many molecules lose their efficacy over time due to resistance developments. These facts justify the great importance of the search for new, effective, and safe anti-infectives. Diarylpentanoids, a curcumin derivative, have been developed as an alternative with better bioavailability and metabolism as a therapeutic agent. In this review, the mechanisms of action and potential targets of antimalarial drugs as well as the classes of antimalarial drugs are presented. The bioactivity of diarylpentanoids as a potential scaffold for a new class of anti-infectives and their structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah H Ramli
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti M Mohd Faudzi
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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2
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Recent approaches in the drug research and development of novel antimalarial drugs with new targets. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:1-27. [PMID: 36692468 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious worldwide medical issue that results in substantial annual death and morbidity. The availability of treatment alternatives is limited, and the rise of resistant parasite types has posed a significant challenge to malaria treatment. To prevent a public health disaster, novel antimalarial agents with single-dosage therapies, extensive curative capability, and new mechanisms are urgently needed. There are several approaches to developing antimalarial drugs, ranging from alterations of current drugs to the creation of new compounds with specific targeting abilities. The availability of multiple genomic techniques, as well as recent advancements in parasite biology, provides a varied collection of possible targets for the development of novel treatments. A number of promising pharmacological interference targets have been uncovered in modern times. As a result, our review concentrates on the most current scientific and technical progress in the innovation of new antimalarial medications. The protein kinases, choline transport inhibitors, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors, isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, and enzymes involved in the metabolism of lipids and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid, are among the most fascinating antimalarial target proteins presently being investigated. The new cellular targets and drugs which can inhibit malaria and their development techniques are summarised in this study.
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3
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Hagemann A, Altrogge PK, Kehrenberg MCA, Diehl D, Jung D, Weber L, Bachmann HS. Analyzing the postulated inhibitory effect of Manumycin A on farnesyltransferase. Front Chem 2022; 10:967947. [PMID: 36561140 PMCID: PMC9763582 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.967947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manumycin A is postulated to be a specific inhibitor against the farnesyltransferase (FTase) since this effect has been shown in 1993 for yeast FTase. Since then, plenty of studies investigated Manumycin A in human cells as well as in model organisms like Caenorhabditis elegans. Some studies pointed to additional targets and pathways involved in Manumycin A effects like apoptosis. Therefore, these studies created doubt whether the main mechanism of action of Manumycin A is FTase inhibition. For some of these alternative targets half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of Manumycin A are available, but not for human and C. elegans FTase. So, we aimed to 1) characterize missing C. elegans FTase kinetics, 2) elucidate the IC50 and Ki values of Manumycin A on purified human and C. elegans FTase 3) investigate Manumycin A dependent expression of FTase and apoptosis genes in C. elegans. C. elegans FTase has its temperature optimum at 40°C with KM of 1.3 µM (farnesylpyrophosphate) and 1.7 µM (protein derivate). Whilst other targets are inhibitable by Manumycin A at the nanomolar level, we found that Manumycin A inhibits cell-free FTase in micromolar concentrations (Ki human 4.15 μM; Ki C. elegans 3.16 μM). Furthermore, our gene expression results correlate with other studies indicating that thioredoxin reductase 1 is the main target of Manumycin A. According to our results, the ability of Manumycin A to inhibit the FTase at the micromolar level is rather neglectable for its cellular effects, so we postulate that the classification as a specific FTase inhibitor is no longer valid.
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4
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El‐Shahat M. Advances in the reduction of quinolines to 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El‐Shahat
- Photochemistry Department Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Scopus affiliation ID 60014618 Giza Egypt
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5
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Yang T, Ottilie S, Istvan ES, Godinez-Macias KP, Lukens AK, Baragaña B, Campo B, Walpole C, Niles JC, Chibale K, Dechering KJ, Llinás M, Lee MCS, Kato N, Wyllie S, McNamara CW, Gamo FJ, Burrows J, Fidock DA, Goldberg DE, Gilbert IH, Wirth DF, Winzeler EA. MalDA, Accelerating Malaria Drug Discovery. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:493-507. [PMID: 33648890 PMCID: PMC8261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Malaria Drug Accelerator (MalDA) is a consortium of 15 leading scientific laboratories. The aim of MalDA is to improve and accelerate the early antimalarial drug discovery process by identifying new, essential, druggable targets. In addition, it seeks to produce early lead inhibitors that may be advanced into drug candidates suitable for preclinical development and subsequent clinical testing in humans. By sharing resources, including expertise, knowledge, materials, and reagents, the consortium strives to eliminate the structural barriers often encountered in the drug discovery process. Here we discuss the mission of the consortium and its scientific achievements, including the identification of new chemically and biologically validated targets, as well as future scientific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Karla P Godinez-Macias
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Chris Walpole
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Building 56-341, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16082, USA
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Zhongguancun Dongsheng International Science Park, 1 North Yongtaizhuang Road, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Case W McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Center for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Belete TM. Recent Progress in the Development of New Antimalarial Drugs with Novel Targets. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3875-3889. [PMID: 33061294 PMCID: PMC7519860 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s265602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major global health problem that causes significant mortality and morbidity annually. The therapeutic options are scarce and massively challenged by the emergence of resistant parasite strains, which causes a major obstacle to malaria control. To prevent a potential public health emergency, there is an urgent need for new antimalarial drugs, with single-dose cures, broad therapeutic potential, and novel mechanism of action. Antimalarial drug development can follow several approaches ranging from modifications of existing agents to the design of novel agents that act against novel targets. Modern advancement in the biology of the parasite and the availability of the different genomic techniques provide a wide range of novel targets in the development of new therapy. Several promising targets for drug intervention have been revealed in recent years. Therefore, this review focuses on the progress made on the latest scientific and technological advances in the discovery and development of novel antimalarial agents. Among the most interesting antimalarial target proteins currently studied are proteases, protein kinases, Plasmodium sugar transporter inhibitor, aquaporin-3 inhibitor, choline transport inhibitor, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitor, farnesyltransferase inhibitor and enzymes are involved in lipid metabolism and DNA replication. This review summarizes the novel molecular targets and their inhibitors for antimalarial drug development approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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7
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Aguiar AC, de Sousa LR, Garcia CR, Oliva G, Guido RV. New Molecular Targets and Strategies for Antimalarial Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4380-4402. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem, especially because of the emergence
of resistant P. falciparum strains to artemisinin derivatives. In this context, safe and affordable
antimalarial drugs are desperately needed. New proteins have been investigated
as molecular targets for research and development of innovative compounds with welldefined
mechanism of action. In this review, we highlight genetically and clinically validated
plasmodial proteins as drug targets for the next generation of therapeutics. The enzymes
described herein are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, the invasion process,
elongation factors for protein synthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, post-translational modifications
such as prenylation, phosphorylation and histone acetylation, generation of ATP
in mitochondrial metabolism and aminoacylation of RNAs. Significant advances on proteomics,
genetics, structural biology, computational and biophysical methods provided
invaluable molecular and structural information about these drug targets. Based on this,
several strategies and models have been applied to identify and improve lead compounds.
This review presents the recent progresses in the discovery of antimalarial drug candidates,
highlighting the approaches, challenges, and perspectives to deliver affordable, safe
and low single-dose medicines to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caroline Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena R.F. de Sousa
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Celia R.S. Garcia
- Physiology Department, Bioscience Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V.C. Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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8
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Luth MR, Gupta P, Ottilie S, Winzeler EA. Using in Vitro Evolution and Whole Genome Analysis To Discover Next Generation Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:301-314. [PMID: 29451780 PMCID: PMC5848146 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Although
many new anti-infectives have been discovered and developed solely
using phenotypic cellular screening and assay optimization, most researchers
recognize that structure-guided drug design is more practical and
less costly. In addition, a greater chemical space can be interrogated
with structure-guided drug design. The practicality of structure-guided
drug design has launched a search for the targets of compounds discovered
in phenotypic screens. One method that has been used extensively in
malaria parasites for target discovery and chemical validation is in vitro evolution and whole genome analysis (IVIEWGA).
Here, small molecules from phenotypic screens with demonstrated antiparasitic
activity are used in genome-based target discovery methods. In this
Review, we discuss the newest, most promising druggable targets discovered
or further validated by evolution-based methods, as well as some exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R. Luth
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Purva Gupta
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Division of Host Pathogen Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Cowell AN, Istvan ES, Lukens AK, Gomez-Lorenzo MG, Vanaerschot M, Sakata-Kato T, Flannery EL, Magistrado P, Owen E, Abraham M, LaMonte G, Painter HJ, Williams RM, Franco V, Linares M, Arriaga I, Bopp S, Corey VC, Gnädig NF, Coburn-Flynn O, Reimer C, Gupta P, Murithi JM, Moura PA, Fuchs O, Sasaki E, Kim SW, Teng CH, Wang LT, Akidil A, Adjalley S, Willis PA, Siegel D, Tanaseichuk O, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Llinás M, Ottilie S, Gamo FJ, Lee MCS, Goldberg DE, Fidock DA, Wirth DF, Winzeler EA. Mapping the malaria parasite druggable genome by using in vitro evolution and chemogenomics. Science 2018; 359:191-199. [PMID: 29326268 PMCID: PMC5925756 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemogenetic characterization through in vitro evolution combined with whole-genome analysis can identify antimalarial drug targets and drug-resistance genes. We performed a genome analysis of 262 Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to 37 diverse compounds. We found 159 gene amplifications and 148 nonsynonymous changes in 83 genes associated with drug-resistance acquisition, where gene amplifications contributed to one-third of resistance acquisition events. Beyond confirming previously identified multidrug-resistance mechanisms, we discovered hitherto unrecognized drug target-inhibitor pairs, including thymidylate synthase and a benzoquinazolinone, farnesyltransferase and a pyrimidinedione, and a dipeptidylpeptidase and an arylurea. This exploration of the P. falciparum resistome and druggable genome will likely guide drug discovery and structural biology efforts, while also advancing our understanding of resistance mechanisms available to the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Cowell
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eva S Istvan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Infectious Disease Program, The Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria G Gomez-Lorenzo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Malaria Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tomoyo Sakata-Kato
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pamela Magistrado
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Abraham
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gregory LaMonte
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Heather J Painter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Roy M Williams
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Virginia Franco
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Malaria Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Linares
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Malaria Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arriaga
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Malaria Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selina Bopp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria C Corey
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nina F Gnädig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivia Coburn-Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christin Reimer
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Purva Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James M Murithi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pedro A Moura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivia Fuchs
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Erika Sasaki
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sang W Kim
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine H Teng
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aslı Akidil
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sophie Adjalley
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul A Willis
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Post Office Box 1826, 20 Route de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olga Tanaseichuk
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yang Zhong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francisco-Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Malaria Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos 28760, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcus C S Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Infectious Disease Program, The Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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10
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Gisselberg JE, Herrera Z, Orchard LM, Llinás M, Yeh E. Specific Inhibition of the Bifunctional Farnesyl/Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase in Malaria Parasites via a New Small-Molecule Binding Site. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 25:185-193.e5. [PMID: 29276048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bifunctional farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) is a key branchpoint enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) parasites. PfFPPS/GGPPS is a validated, high-priority antimalarial drug target. Unfortunately, current bisphosphonate drugs that inhibit FPPS and GGPPS enzymes by acting as a diphosphate substrate analog show poor bioavailability and selectivity for PfFPPS/GGPPS. We identified a new non-bisphosphonate compound, MMV019313, which is highly selective for PfFPPS/GGPPS and showed no activity against human FPPS or GGPPS. Inhibition of PfFPPS/GGPPS by MMV019313, but not bisphosphonates, was disrupted in an S228T variant, demonstrating that MMV019313 and bisphosphonates have distinct modes of inhibition. Molecular docking indicated that MMV019313 did not bind previously characterized substrate sites in PfFPPS/GGPPS. Our finding uncovers a new, selective small-molecule binding site in this important antimalarial drug target with superior druggability compared with the known inhibitor site and sets the stage for the development of Plasmodium-specific FPPS/GGPPS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyn E Gisselberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lindsey M Orchard
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ellen Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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11
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Gisselberg JE, Zhang L, Elias JE, Yeh E. The Prenylated Proteome of Plasmodium falciparum Reveals Pathogen-specific Prenylation Activity and Drug Mechanism-of-action. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:S54-S64. [PMID: 28040698 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.064550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites contain several unique membrane compartments in which prenylated proteins may play important roles in pathogenesis. Protein prenylation has also been proposed as an antimalarial drug target because farnesyltransferase inhibitors cause potent growth inhibition of blood-stage Plasmodium However, the specific prenylated proteins that mediate antimalarial activity have yet to be identified. Given the potential for new parasite biology and elucidating drug mechanism-of-action, we performed a large-scale identification of the prenylated proteome in blood-stage P. falciparum parasites using an alkyne-labeled prenyl analog to specifically enrich parasite prenylated proteins. Twenty high-confidence candidates were identified, including several examples of pathogen-specific prenylation activity. One unique parasite prenylated protein was FYVE-containing coiled-coil protein (FCP), which is only conserved in Plasmodium and related Apicomplexan parasites and localizes to the parasite food vacuole. Targeting of FCP to this parasite-specific compartment was dependent on prenylation of its CaaX motif, as mutation of the prenylation site caused cytosolic mislocalization. We also showed that PfRab5b, which lacks C-terminal cysteines that are the only known site of Rab GTPase modification, is prenylated. Finally, we show that the THQ class of farnesyltransferase inhibitors abolishes FCP prenylation and causes its mislocalization, providing the first demonstration of a specific prenylated protein disrupted by antimalarial farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Altogether, these findings identify prenylated proteins that reveal unique parasite biology and are useful for evaluating prenyltransferase inhibitors for antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichao Zhang
- ‖Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94025
| | - Joshua E Elias
- ‖Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94025
| | - Ellen Yeh
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, .,§Pathology.,¶Microbiology and Immunology, and
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12
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Ghanbarzadeh S, Ghasemi S, Shayanfar A, Ebrahimi-Najafabadi H. 2D-QSAR study of some 2,5-diaminobenzophenone farnesyltransferase inhibitors by different chemometric methods. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:484-95. [PMID: 26600747 PMCID: PMC4652634 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models can be used to predict the activity of new drug candidates in early stages of drug discovery. In the present study, the information of the ninety two 2,5-diaminobenzophenone-containing farnesyltranaferase inhibitors (FTIs) were taken from the literature. Subsequently, the structures of the molecules were optimized using Hyperchem software and molecular descriptors were obtained using Dragon software. The most suitable descriptors were selected using genetic algorithms-partial least squares and stepwise regression, where exhibited that the volume, shape and polarity of the FTIs are important for their activities. The two-dimensional QSAR models (2D-QSAR) were obtained using both linear methods (multiple linear regression) and non-linear methods (artificial neural networks and support vector machines). The proposed QSAR models were validated using internal validation method. The results showed that the proposed 2D-QSAR models were valid and they can be used for prediction of the activities of the 2,5-diaminobenzophenone-containing FTIs. In conclusion, the 2D-QSAR models (both linear and non-linear) showed good prediction capability and the non-linear models were exhibited more accuracy than the linear models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghasemi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Guler JL, Freeman DL, Ahyong V, Patrapuvich R, White J, Gujjar R, Phillips MA, DeRisi J, Rathod PK. Asexual populations of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, use a two-step genomic strategy to acquire accurate, beneficial DNA amplifications. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003375. [PMID: 23717205 PMCID: PMC3662640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria drug resistance contributes to up to a million annual deaths. Judicious deployment of new antimalarials and vaccines could benefit from an understanding of early molecular events that promote the evolution of parasites. Continuous in vitro challenge of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with a novel dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor reproducibly selected for resistant parasites. Genome-wide analysis of independently-derived resistant clones revealed a two-step strategy to evolutionary success. Some haploid blood-stage parasites first survive antimalarial pressure through fortuitous DNA duplications that always included the DHODH gene. Independently-selected parasites had different sized amplification units but they were always flanked by distant A/T tracks. Higher level amplification and resistance was attained using a second, more efficient and more accurate, mechanism for head-to-tail expansion of the founder unit. This second homology-based process could faithfully tune DNA copy numbers in either direction, always retaining the unique DNA amplification sequence from the original A/T-mediated duplication for that parasite line. Pseudo-polyploidy at relevant genomic loci sets the stage for gaining additional mutations at the locus of interest. Overall, we reveal a population-based genomic strategy for mutagenesis that operates in human stages of P. falciparum to efficiently yield resistance-causing genetic changes at the correct locus in a successful parasite. Importantly, these founding events arise with precision; no other new amplifications are seen in the resistant haploid blood stage parasite. This minimizes the need for meiotic genetic cleansing that can only occur in sexual stage development of the parasite in mosquitoes. Malaria parasites kill up to a million people around the world every year. Emergence of resistance to drugs remains a key obstacle against elimination of malaria. In the laboratory, parasites can efficiently acquire resistance to experimental antimalarials by changing DNA at the target locus. This happens efficiently even for an antimalarial that the parasite has never encountered in a clinical setting. In this study, we formally demonstrate how parasites achieve this feat: first, individual parasites in a population of millions randomly amplify large regions of DNA between short sequence repeats of adenines (A) or thymines (T) that are peppered throughout the malaria parasite genome. The rare lucky parasite that amplifies DNA coding for the target of the antimalarial, along with dozens of its neighboring genes, gains an evolutionary advantage and survives. In a second step, to withstand increasing drug pressure and to achieve higher levels of resistance, each parasite line makes additional copies of this region. This second expansion does not rely on the random A/T-based DNA rearrangements but, instead, a more precise amplification mechanism that retains the unique signature of co-amplified genes created earlier in each parasite. Generation of multiple copies of the target genes in the parasite genome may be the beginning of other beneficial changes for the parasite, including the future acquisition of mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Guler
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Freeman
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John White
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Gujjar
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Botté CY, Dubar F, McFadden GI, Maréchal E, Biot C. Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast drugs: targets or off-targets? Chem Rev 2011; 112:1269-83. [PMID: 22026508 DOI: 10.1021/cr200258w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Y Botté
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR 5168, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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15
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Sridharan V, Suryavanshi PA, Menéndez JC. Advances in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7157-259. [PMID: 21830756 DOI: 10.1021/cr100307m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Global Identification of Protein Prenyltransferase Substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381339-8.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
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17
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Hast MA, Fletcher S, Cummings CG, Pusateri EE, Blaskovich MA, Rivas K, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD, Beese LS. Structural basis for binding and selectivity of antimalarial and anticancer ethylenediamine inhibitors to protein farnesyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:181-92. [PMID: 19246009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes an essential posttranslational lipid modification of more than 60 proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction networks. FTase inhibitors have emerged as a significant target for development of anticancer therapeutics and, more recently, for the treatment of parasitic diseases caused by protozoan pathogens, including malaria (Plasmodium falciparum). We present the X-ray crystallographic structures of complexes of mammalian FTase with five inhibitors based on an ethylenediamine scaffold, two of which exhibit over 1000-fold selective inhibition of P. falciparum FTase. These structures reveal the dominant determinants in both the inhibitor and enzyme that control binding and selectivity. Comparison to a homology model constructed for the P. falciparum FTase suggests opportunities for further improving selectivity of a new generation of antimalarial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hast
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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18
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Kouznetsov VV, Bello Forero JS, Amado Torres DF. A simple entry to novel spiro dihydroquinoline-oxindoles using Povarov reaction between 3-N-aryliminoisatins and isoeugenol. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Fletcher S, Cummings CG, Rivas K, Katt WP, Hornéy C, Buckner FS, Chakrabarti D, Sebti SM, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Hamilton AD. Potent, Plasmodium-selective farnesyltransferase inhibitors that arrest the growth of malaria parasites: structure-activity relationships of ethylenediamine-analogue scaffolds and homology model validation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5176-97. [PMID: 18686940 DOI: 10.1021/jm800113p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutics are urgently needed to combat malaria. We previously reported on a novel series of antimalarial, ethylenediamine-based inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). In the current study, we designed and synthesized a series of second generation inhibitors, wherein the core ethylenediamine scaffold was varied in order to examine both the homology model of Plasmodium falciparum PFT (PfPFT) and our predicted inhibitor binding mode. We identified several PfPFT inhibitors (PfPFTIs) that are selective for PfPFT versus the mammalian isoform of the enzyme (up to 136-fold selectivity), that inhibit the malarial enzyme with IC50 values down to 1 nM, and that block the growth of P. falciparum in infected whole cells (erythrocytes) with ED50 values down to 55 nM. The structure-activity data for these second generation, ethylenediamine-inspired PFT inhibitors were rationalized by consideration of the X-ray crystal structure of mammalian PFT and the homology model of the malarial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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20
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Bulbule VJ, Rivas K, Verlinde CLMJ, Van Voorhis WC, Gelb MH. 2-Oxotetrahydroquinoline-Based Antimalarials with High Potency and Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2008; 51:384-7. [PMID: 18198825 DOI: 10.1021/jm7013138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek J. Bulbule
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicine, and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kasey Rivas
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicine, and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicine, and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicine, and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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21
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Bendale P, Olepu S, Suryadevara PK, Bulbule V, Rivas K, Nallan L, Smart B, Yokoyama K, Ankala S, Pendyala PR, Floyd D, Lombardo LJ, Williams DK, Buckner FS, Chakrabarti D, Verlinde CLMJ, Van Voorhis WC, Gelb MH. Second generation tetrahydroquinoline-based protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors as antimalarials. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4585-605. [PMID: 17722901 PMCID: PMC2894570 DOI: 10.1021/jm0703340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substituted tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) have been previously identified as inhibitors of mammalian protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). Previously we showed that blocking PFT in the malaria parasite led to cell death and that THQ-based inhibitors are the most potent among several structural classes of PFT inhibitors (PFTIs). We have prepared 266 THQ-based PFTIs and discovered several compounds that inhibit the malarial enzyme in the sub- to low-nanomolar range and that block the growth of the parasite (P. falciparum) in the low-nanomolar range. This body of structure-activity data can be rationalized in most cases by consideration of the X-ray structure of one of the THQs bound to mammalian PFT together with a homology structural model of the malarial enzyme. The results of this study provide the basis for selection of antimalarial PFTIs for further evaluation in preclinical drug discovery assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Bendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Srinivas Olepu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Vivek Bulbule
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kasey Rivas
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Laxman Nallan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Brian Smart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kohei Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sudha Ankala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Prakash Rao Pendyala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | - David Floyd
- Pharmacopeia Drug Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Louis J. Lombardo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - David K. Williams
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | | | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 206-543-7142. Fax: 206-685-8665.
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22
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Van Voorhis WC, Rivas KL, Bendale P, Nallan L, Hornéy C, Barrett LK, Bauer KD, Smart BP, Ankala S, Hucke O, Verlinde CLMJ, Chakrabarti D, Strickland C, Yokoyama K, Buckner FS, Hamilton AD, Williams DK, Lombardo LJ, Floyd D, Gelb MH. Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of tetrahydroquinoline inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum protein farnesyltransferase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3659-71. [PMID: 17606674 PMCID: PMC2043286 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00246-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New antimalarials are urgently needed. We have shown that tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) protein farnesyltransferase (PFT) inhibitors (PFTIs) are effective against the Plasmodium falciparum PFT and are effective at killing P. falciparum in vitro. Previously described THQ PFTIs had limitations of poor oral bioavailability and rapid clearance from the circulation of rodents. In this paper, we validate both the Caco-2 cell permeability model for predicting THQ intestinal absorption and the in vitro liver microsome model for predicting THQ clearance in vivo. Incremental improvements in efficacy, oral absorption, and clearance rate were monitored by in vitro tests; and these tests were followed up with in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies. One compound, PB-93, achieved cure when it was given orally to P. berghei-infected rats every 8 h for a total of 72 h. However, PB-93 was rapidly cleared, and dosing every 12 h failed to cure the rats. Thus, the in vivo results corroborate the in vitro pharmacodynamics and demonstrate that 72 h of continuous high-level exposure to PFTIs is necessary to kill plasmodia. The metabolism of PB-93 was demonstrated by a novel technique that relied on double labeling with a radiolabel and heavy isotopes combined with radiometric liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The major liver microsome metabolite of PB-93 has the PFT Zn-binding N-methyl-imidazole removed; this metabolite is inactive in blocking PFT function. By solving the X-ray crystal structure of PB-93 bound to rat PFT, a model of PB-93 bound to malarial PFT was constructed. This model suggests areas of the THQ PFTIs that can be modified to retain efficacy and protect the Zn-binding N-methyl-imidazole from dealkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Room I-104-E, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, WA 98195-7185, USA.
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23
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Raz T, Nardi V, Azam M, Cortes J, Daley GQ. Farnesyl transferase inhibitor resistance probed by target mutagenesis. Blood 2007; 110:2102-9. [PMID: 17536018 PMCID: PMC1976354 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-064907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the target oncoprotein is a common mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as exemplified by the many BCR/ABL mutations that thwart imatinib activity in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. It remains unclear whether normal cellular protein targets of chemotherapeutics will evolve drug resistance via mutation to a similar extent. We conducted an in vitro screen for resistance to lonafarnib, a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor that blocks prenylation of a number of proteins important in cell proliferation, and identified 9 mutations clustering around the lonafarnib binding site. In patients treated with a combination of imatinib and lonafarnib, we identified farnesyl protein transferase mutations in residues identified in our screen. Substitutions at Y361 were found in patients prior to treatment initiation, suggesting that these mutants might confer a proliferative advantage to leukemia cells, which we were able to confirm in cell culture. In vitro mutagenesis of normal cellular enzymes can be exploited to identify mutations that confer chemotherapy resistance to novel agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Benzamides
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Farnesyltranstransferase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Farnesyltranstransferase/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation/genetics
- Pilot Projects
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperidines/administration & dosage
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Prenylation
- Pyridines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Raz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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