1
|
Preparation and Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Anti-leishmanial Activity of Zirconium/Tioxolone Niosomes Against Leishmania major. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
2
|
In-Depth Quantitative Proteomics Characterization of In Vitro Selected Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania infantum. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10020010. [PMID: 35466238 PMCID: PMC9036279 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Although significant morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are associated with VL, the low investment for developing new treatment measures is chronic. Moreover, resistance and treatment failure are increasing for the main medications, but the emergence of resistance phenotypes is poorly understood at the protein level. Here, we analyzed the development of resistance to miltefosine upon experimental selection in a L. infantum strain. Time to miltefosine resistance emergence was ~six months and label-free quantitative mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses revealed that this process involves a remodeling of components of the membrane and mitochondrion, with significant increase in oxidative phosphorylation complexes, particularly on complex IV and ATP synthase, accompanied by increased energy metabolism mainly dependent on β-oxidation of fatty acids. Proteins canonically involved in ROS detoxification did not contribute to the resistant process whereas sterol biosynthesis enzymes could have a role in this development. Furthermore, changes in the abundance of proteins known to be involved in miltefosine resistance such as ABC transporters and phospholipid transport ATPase were detected. Together, our data show a more complete picture of the elements that make up the miltefosine resistance phenotype in L. infantum.
Collapse
|
3
|
Santi AMM, Murta/ SMF. Antioxidant defence system as a rational target for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210401. [PMID: 35239945 PMCID: PMC8896756 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., respectively. They are among the most important parasitic diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide, being a considerable global challenge. However, there is no human vaccine available against T. cruzi and Leishmania infections, and their control is based mainly on chemotherapy. Treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have multiple limitations, mainly due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, long-term treatment protocols, and the occurrence of drug-resistant parasite strains. In the case of Chagas disease, there is still the problem of low cure rates in the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic agents and novel targets for drug development are urgently needed. Antioxidant defence in Trypanosomatidae is a potential target for chemotherapy because the organisms present a unique mechanism for trypanothione-dependent detoxification of peroxides, which differs from that found in vertebrates. Cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione, involving different enzymes that act in concert. This study provides an overview of the antioxidant defence focusing on iron superoxide dismutase A, tryparedoxin peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase and how the enzymes play an important role in the defence against oxidative stress and their involvement in drug resistance mechanisms in T. cruzi and Leishmania spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Murta Santi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta/
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santi AMM, Silva PA, Santos IFM, Murta SMF. Downregulation of FeSOD-A expression in Leishmania infantum alters trivalent antimony and miltefosine susceptibility. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:366. [PMID: 34266485 PMCID: PMC8281622 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a central component of the antioxidant defence system of most organisms, removes excess superoxide anions by converting them to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. As iron (Fe) SOD is absent in the human host, this enzyme is a promising molecular target for drug development against trypanosomatids. Results We obtained Leishmania infantum mutant clones with lower FeSOD-A expression and investigated their phenotypes. Our attempts to delete this enzyme-coding gene using three different methodologies (conventional allelic replacement or two different CRISPR/methods) failed, as FeSOD-A gene copies were probably retained by aneuploidy or gene amplification. Promastigote forms of WT and mutant parasites were used in quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analyses, and these parasite forms were also used to assess drug susceptibility. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses revealed that FeSOD-A transcript and protein levels were lower in FeSOD-A−/−/+L. infantum mutant clones than in the wild-type (WT) parasite. The decrease in FeSOD-A expression in L. infantum did not interfere with the parasite growth or susceptibility to amphotericin B. Surprisingly, FeSOD-A−/−/+L. infantum mutant clones were 1.5- to 2.0-fold more resistant to trivalent antimony and 2.4- to 2.7-fold more resistant to miltefosine. To investigate whether the decrease in FeSOD-A expression was compensated by other enzymes, the transcript levels of five FeSODs and six enzymes from the antioxidant defence system were assessed by RT-qPCR. The transcript level of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase increased in both the FeSOD-A−/−/+ mutants tested. The FeSOD-A−/−/+ mutant parasites were 1.4- to 1.75-fold less tolerant to oxidative stress generated by menadione. Infection analysis using THP-1 macrophages showed that 72 h post-infection, the number of infected macrophages and their intracellular multiplication rate were lower in the FeSOD-A−/−/+ mutant clones than in the WT parasite. Conclusions The unsuccessful attempts to delete FeSOD-A suggest that this gene is essential in L. infantum. This enzyme plays an important role in the defence against oxidative stress and infectivity in THP-1 macrophages. FeSOD-A-deficient L. infantum parasites deregulate their metabolic pathways related to antimony and miltefosine resistance. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04838-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Murta Santi
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Paula Alves Silva
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fernandes Martins Santos
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 30190-002, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assolini JP, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Borghi SM, Verri WA, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Diethyldithiocarbamate encapsulation reduces toxicity and promotes leishmanicidal effect through apoptosis-like mechanism in promastigote and ROS production by macrophage. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1110-1123. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1783669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Department of Chemical, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marques Borghi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reimão JQ, Pita Pedro DP, Coelho AC. The preclinical discovery and development of oral miltefosine for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a case history. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:647-658. [PMID: 32202449 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1743674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum. Closely related to poverty, VL is fatal and represents one of the main burdens on public health in developing countries. Treatment of VL relies exclusively on chemotherapy, a strategy still experiencing numerous limitations. Miltefosine (MF) has been used in the chemotherapy of VL in some endemic areas, and has been expanded to other regions, being considered crucial in eradication programs. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the most relevant preclinical and clinical aspects of MF, its mechanism of action and resistance to Leishmania parasites, as well as its limitations. The authors also give their perspectives on the treatment of VL. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of MF represented an enormous advance in the chemotherapy of VL, since it was the first oral drug for this neglected disease. Beyond selection of resistant parasites due to drug pressure, several other factors can lead to treatment failure such as, for example, factors intrinsic to the host, parasite and the drug itself. Although its efficacy as a monotherapy has reduced over recent years, MF is still an important alternative in VL chemotherapy, especially when used in combination with other drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Q Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí , Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Débora P Pita Pedro
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí , Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Laranjeira-Silva MF, Hamza I, Pérez-Victoria JM. Iron and Heme Metabolism at the Leishmania-Host Interface. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:279-289. [PMID: 32005611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Species of the protozoan Leishmania are causative agents of human leishmaniasis, a disease that results in significant death, disability, and disfigurement around the world. The parasite is transmitted to a mammalian host by a sand fly vector where it develops as an intracellular parasite within macrophages. This process requires the acquisition of nutritional iron and heme from the host as Leishmania lacks the capacity for de novo heme synthesis and does not contain cytosolic iron-storage proteins. Proteins involved in Leishmania iron and heme transport and metabolism have been identified and shown to be crucial for the parasite's growth and replication within the host. Consequently, a detailed understanding of how these parasites harness host pathways for survival may lay the foundation for promising new therapeutic intervention against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - José M Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wanderley JLM, DaMatta RA, Barcinski MA. Apoptotic mimicry as a strategy for the establishment of parasitic infections: parasite- and host-derived phosphatidylserine as key molecule. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:10. [PMID: 31941500 PMCID: PMC6964003 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of parasitic infection is dependent on the development of efficient strategies to evade the host defense mechanisms. Phosphatidylserine (PS) molecules are pivotal for apoptotic cell recognition and clearance by professional phagocytes. Moreover, PS receptors are able to trigger anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses by phagocytes, either by coupled enzymes or through the induction of regulatory cytokine secretion. These PS-dependent events are exploited by parasites in a mechanism called apoptotic mimicry. Generally, apoptotic mimicry refers to the effects of PS recognition for the initiation and maintenance of pathogenic infections. However, in this context, PS molecules can be recognized on the surface of the infectious agent or in the surface of apoptotic host debris, leading to the respective denomination of classical and non-classical apoptotic mimicry. In this review, we discuss the role of PS in the pathogenesis of several human infections caused by protozoan parasites. Video Abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Luiz Mendes Wanderley
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Campus UFRJ Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Renato Augusto DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Norte-Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcello André Barcinski
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
dos Santos Meira C, Gedamu L. Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120695. [PMID: 31847221 PMCID: PMC6956275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yunta MJR, Dietrich RC. Tropical and Subtropical Parasitic Diseases: Targets for a New Approach to Virtual Screening. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1900052. [PMID: 31490642 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Computational techniques are widely used to reduce costs associated with new drug development with the ability to bind a specific molecular target. These studies need a Brookhaven protein data bank structure sample of the enzyme interaction with an inhibitor of adequate size. In this context, a new computational methodology is postulated to be used when there are no published samples fulfilling this requirements. In this study, 7 compounds, which showed anti-T. cruzi, L. donovani and L. infantum properties, and proved to be inhibitors of their Fe-SOD enzymes, have been theoretically evaluated against related parasites Fe-SOD enzymes, which have been proposed as targets for antiparasitic drugs. This methodology may be applied to similar cases and also to generate starting structures to be used with different CADD methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J R Yunta
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roque Carlos Dietrich
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Sarkar S, Sarkar D, Sarkar A, Dighal A, Staniek K, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Berberine chloride mediates its antileishmanial activity by inhibiting Leishmania mitochondria. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:335-345. [PMID: 30470927 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Berberine chloride, a plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloid, has been demonstrated to have leishmanicidal activity, which is mediated by generation of a redox imbalance and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a caspase-independent apoptotic-like cell death. However, its impact on mitochondrial function remains to be delineated and is the focus of this study. In UR6 promastigotes, berberine chloride demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, a dose-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I-III and II-III, along with a substantial depletion of ATP, collectively suggesting inhibition of parasite mitochondria. Accordingly, the oxidative stress induced by berberine chloride resulting in an apoptotic-like cell death in Leishmania can be exploited as a potent chemotherapeutic strategy, mitochondria being a prime contributor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Aishwarya Dighal
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roy S, Dutta D, Satyavarapu EM, Yadav PK, Mandal C, Kar S, Mandal C. Mahanine exerts in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity by modulation of redox homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4141. [PMID: 28646156 PMCID: PMC5482887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier we have established a carbazole alkaloid (mahanine) isolated from an Indian edible medicinal plant as an anticancer agent with minimal effect on normal cells. Here we report for the first time that mahanine-treated drug resistant and sensitive virulent Leishmania donovani promastigotes underwent apoptosis through phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest. An early induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggests that the mahanine-induced apoptosis was mediated by oxidative stress. Additionally, mahanine-treated Leishmania-infected macrophages exhibited anti-amastigote activity by nitric oxide (NO)/ROS generation along with suppression of uncoupling protein 2 and Th1-biased cytokines response through modulating STAT pathway. Moreover, we have demonstrated the interaction of a few antioxidant enzymes present in parasite with mahanine through molecular modeling. Reduced genetic and protein level expression of one such enzyme namely ascorbate peroxidase was also observed in mahanine-treated promastigotes. Furthermore, oral administration of mahanine in acute murine model exhibited almost complete reduction of parasite burden, upregulation of NO/iNOS/ROS/IL-12 and T cell proliferation. Taken together, we have established a new function of mahanine as a potent antileishmanial molecule, capable of inducing ROS and exploit antioxidant enzymes in parasite along with modulation of host's immune response which could be developed as an inexpensive and nontoxic therapeutics either alone or in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Devawati Dutta
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Eswara M Satyavarapu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Pawan K Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Chhabinath Mandal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mittra B, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Miguel DC, Perrone Bezerra de Menezes J, Andrews NW. The iron-dependent mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SODA promotes Leishmania virulence. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12324-12338. [PMID: 28550086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the leading globally neglected diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide. Leishmania infection depends on the ability of insect-transmitted metacyclic promastigotes to invade mammalian hosts, differentiate into amastigotes, and replicate inside macrophages. To counter the hostile oxidative environment inside macrophages, these protozoans contain anti-oxidant systems that include iron-dependent superoxide dismutases (SODs) in mitochondria and glycosomes. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this protective role, Leishmania mitochondrial SOD may also initiate H2O2-mediated redox signaling that regulates gene expression and metabolic changes associated with differentiation into virulent forms. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the specific role of SODA, the mitochondrial SOD isoform in Leishmania amazonensis Our inability to generate L. amazonensis SODA null mutants and the lethal phenotype observed following RNAi-mediated silencing of the Trypanosoma brucei SODA ortholog suggests that SODA is essential for trypanosomatid survival. L. amazonensis metacyclic promastigotes lacking one SODA allele failed to replicate in macrophages and were severely attenuated in their ability to generate cutaneous lesions in mice. Reduced expression of SODA also resulted in mitochondrial oxidative damage and failure of SODA/ΔsodA promastigotes to differentiate into axenic amastigotes. SODA expression above a critical threshold was also required for the development of metacyclic promastigotes, as SODA/ΔsodA cultures were strongly depleted in this infective form and more susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. Collectively, our data suggest that SODA promotes Leishmania virulence by protecting the parasites against mitochondrion-generated oxidative stress and by initiating ROS-mediated signaling mechanisms required for the differentiation of infective forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815
| | | | - Danilo Ciccone Miguel
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815
| | | | - Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ríos-Marco P, Marco C, Gálvez X, Jiménez-López JM, Carrasco MP. Alkylphospholipids: An update on molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1657-1667. [PMID: 28238819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphospholipids (APLs) represent a new class of drugs which do not interact directly with DNA but act on the cell membrane where they accumulate and interfere with lipid metabolism and signalling pathways. This review summarizes the mode of action at the molecular level of these compounds. In this sense, a diversity of mechanisms has been suggested to explain the actions of clinically-relevant APLs, in particular, in cancer treatment. One consistently reported finding is that APLs reduce the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT). APLs also alter intracellular cholesterol traffic and metabolism in human tumour-cell lines, leading to an accumulation of cholesterol inside the cell. An increase in cholesterol biosynthesis associated with a decrease in the synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids and cholesterol esterification leads to a change in the free-cholesterol:PC ratio in cells exposed to APLs. Akt phosphorylation status after APL exposure shows that this critical regulator for cell survival is modulated by changes in cholesterol levels induced in the plasma membrane by these lipid analogues. Furthermore, APLs produce cell ultrastructural alterations with an abundant autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes in treated cells, indicating an interference of autophagy process after APL exposure. Thus, antitumoural APLs interfere with the proliferation of tumour cells via a complex mechanism involving phospholipid and cholesterol metabolism, interfere with lipid-dependent survival-signalling pathways and autophagy. Although APLs also exert antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects, in this review we provide a summary of the antileishmanial activity of these lipid analogues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos-Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - Carmen Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - Xiomara Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - José M Jiménez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain.
| | - María P Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
DDX3 DEAD-box RNA helicase plays a central role in mitochondrial protein quality control in Leishmania. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2406. [PMID: 27735940 PMCID: PMC5133982 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DDX3 is a highly conserved member of ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicases with multiple functions in RNA metabolism and cellular signaling. Here, we describe a novel function for DDX3 in regulating the mitochondrial stress response in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania. We show that genetic inactivation of DDX3 leads to the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with a defect in hydrogen peroxide detoxification. Upon stress, ROS production is greatly enhanced, causing mitochondrial membrane potential loss, mitochondrial fragmentation, and cell death. Importantly, this phenotype is exacerbated upon oxidative stress in parasites forced to use the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory machinery. Furthermore, we show that in the absence of DDX3, levels of major components of the unfolded protein response as well as of polyubiquitinated proteins increase in the parasite, particularly in the mitochondrion, as an indicator of mitochondrial protein damage. Consistent with these findings, immunoprecipitation and mass-spectrometry studies revealed potential interactions of DDX3 with key components of the cellular stress response, particularly the antioxidant response, the unfolded protein response, and the AAA-ATPase p97/VCP/Cdc48, which is essential in mitochondrial protein quality control by driving proteosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins. Complementation studies using DDX3 deletion mutants lacking conserved motifs within the helicase core support that binding of DDX3 to ATP is essential for DDX3's function in mitochondrial proteostasis. As a result of the inability of DDX3-depleted Leishmania to recover from ROS damage and to survive various stresses in the host macrophage, parasite intracellular development was impaired. Collectively, these observations support a central role for the Leishmania DDX3 homolog in preventing ROS-mediated damage and in maintaining mitochondrial protein quality control.
Collapse
|
17
|
Figarella K, Marsiccobetre S, Arocha I, Colina W, Hasegawa M, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez-Acosta A, Duszenko M, Benaim G, Uzcategui NL. Ergosterone-coupled Triazol molecules trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and acidocalcisomal Ca 2+ release in Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 3:14-28. [PMID: 28357313 PMCID: PMC5354587 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.01.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania causes a variety of sicknesses
with different clinical manifestations known as leishmaniasis. The chemotherapy
currently in use is not adequate because of their side effects, resistance
occurrence, and recurrences. Investigations looking for new targets or new
active molecules focus mainly on the disruption of parasite specific pathways.
In this sense, ergosterol biosynthesis is one of the most attractive because it
does not occur in mammals. Here, we report the synthesis of ergosterone coupled
molecules and the characterization of their biological activity on
Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Molecule synthesis
involved three steps: ergosterone formation using Jones oxidation, synthesis of
Girard reagents, and coupling reaction. All compounds were obtained in good
yield and high purity. Results show that ergosterone-triazol molecules (Erg-GTr
and Erg-GTr2) exhibit an antiproliferative effect in low micromolar
range with a selectivity index ~10 when compared to human dermic fibroblasts.
Addition of Erg-GTr or Erg-GTr2 to parasites led to a rapid
[Ca2+]cyt increase and acidocalcisomes alkalinization,
indicating that Ca2+ was released from this organelle. Evaluation of
cell death markers revealed some apoptosis-like indicators, as
phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA damage, and cytosolic vacuolization and
autophagy exacerbation. Furthermore, mitochondrion hyperpolarization and
superoxide production increase were detected already 6 hours after drug
addition, denoting that oxidative stress is implicated in triggering the
observed phenotype. Taken together our results indicate that ergosterone-triazol
coupled molecules induce a regulated cell death process in the parasite and may
represent starting point molecules in the search of new chemotherapeutic agents
to combat leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Figarella
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics, Biotechnology Center, IDEA Foundation. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - S Marsiccobetre
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics, Biotechnology Center, IDEA Foundation. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - I Arocha
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics, Biotechnology Center, IDEA Foundation. Caracas, Venezuela
| | - W Colina
- Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Chemistry, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - M Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Chemistry, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - M Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Natural Products, School of Chemistry, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - A Rodriguez-Acosta
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Ultrastructure, Institute for Anatomy, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - M Duszenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, Tuebingen University, Germany
| | - G Benaim
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Bioquímica de Parásitos, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA) and Instituto de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - N L Uzcategui
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Ultrastructure, Institute for Anatomy, Central University of Venezuela, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mitochondrial Proteomics of Antimony and Miltefosine Resistant Leishmania infantum. Proteomes 2015; 3:328-346. [PMID: 28248274 PMCID: PMC5217391 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimony (SbIII) and miltefosine (MIL) are important drugs for the treatment of Leishmania parasite infections. The mitochondrion is likely to play a central role in SbIII and MIL induced cell death in this parasite. Enriched mitochondrial samples from Leishmania promastigotes selected step by step for in vitro resistance to SbIII and MIL were subjected to differential proteomic analysis. A shared decrease in both mutants in the levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase was observed, as well as a differential abundance in two calcium-binding proteins and the unique dynamin-1-like protein of the parasite. Both mutants presented a shared increase in the succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase and the abundance of numerous hypothetical proteins was also altered in both mutants. In general, the proteomic changes observed in the MIL mutant were less pronounced than in the SbIII mutant, probably due to the early appearance of a mutation in the miltefosine transporter abrogating the need for a strong mitochondrial adaptation. This study is the first analysis of the Leishmania mitochondrial proteome and offers powerful insights into the adaptations to this organelle during SbIII and MIL drug resistance.
Collapse
|
19
|
Functional analysis of iron superoxide dismutase-A in wild-type and antimony-resistant Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum lines. Parasitol Int 2015; 64:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
McCall LI, Zhang WW, Dejgaard K, Atayde VD, Mazur A, Ranasinghe S, Liu J, Olivier M, Nilsson T, Matlashewski G. Adaptation of Leishmania donovani to cutaneous and visceral environments: in vivo selection and proteomic analysis. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1033-59. [PMID: 25536015 DOI: 10.1021/pr5010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania protozoa. Two main forms are found in the Old World, self-limited cutaneous leishmaniasis and potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, with parasite dissemination to liver, bone marrow, and spleen. The Leishmania donovani species complex is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, but atypical L. donovani strains can cause cutaneous leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that L. donovani can adapt to survive in response to restrictions imposed by the host environment. To assess this, we performed in vivo selection in BALB/c mice with a cutaneous L. donovani clinical isolate to select for parasites with increased capacity to survive in visceral organs. We then performed whole cell proteomic analysis and compared this visceral-selected strain to the original cutaneous clinical isolate and to a visceral leishmaniasis clinical isolate. Overall, there were no major shifts in proteomic profiles; however, translation, biosynthetic processes, antioxidant protection, and signaling were elevated in visceral strains. Conversely, transport and trafficking were elevated in the cutaneous strain. Overall, these results provide new insight into the adaptability of Leishmania parasites to the host environment and on the factors that mediate their ability to survive in different organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kima PE. Leishmania molecules that mediate intracellular pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:721-6. [PMID: 25107580 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of a complex disease called leishmaniasis. Many activities of infected cells including their responses to a range of stimuli are modulated by Leishmania parasites. This review will profile some of the parasite molecules that target host cell processes for which there has been recent progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elmahallawy EK, Jiménez-Aranda A, Martínez AS, Rodriguez-Granger J, Navarro-Alarcón M, Gutiérrez-Fernández J, Agil A. Activity of melatonin against Leishmania infantum promastigotes by mitochondrial dependent pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:84-93. [PMID: 24973643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially fatal disease, remains a major international health problem. Only a limited number of effective antileishmanial agents are available for chemotherapy, and many of them are expensive with severe side effects or have a markedly reduced effectiveness due to the development of drug resistance. Hence, there is a genuine need to develop a novel effective and less toxic antileishmanial drug. Melatonin, a neurohormone found in animals, plants, and microbes, can participate in various biological and physiological functions. Several in vitro or in vivo studies have reported the inhibitory effect of melatonin against many parasites via various mechanisms, including modulation of intracellular concentrations of calcium in the parasite and/or any other suggested mechanism. Importantly, many of available antileishmanial drugs have been reported to exert their effects by disrupting calcium homeostasis in the parasite. The objective of the present study was to test the efficacy of exogenous melatonin against Leishmania infantum promastigotes in vitro. Interestingly, melatonin not only demonstrated a significant antileishmanial activity of against promastigote viability in tested cultures but was also accompanied by an alteration of the calcium homeostasis of parasite mitochondrion, represented by earlier mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and by changes in some mitochondrial parameters are critical to parasite survival. These pioneering findings suggest that melatonin may be a candidate for the development of novel effective antileishmanial agents either alone or in associations with other drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Zoonotic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Aroa Jiménez-Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute (CIBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Javier Rodriguez-Granger
- Service of Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro-Alarcón
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute (CIBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Canuto GAB, Castilho-Martins EA, Tavares MFM, Rivas L, Barbas C, López-Gonzálvez Á. Multi-analytical platform metabolomic approach to study miltefosine mechanism of action and resistance in Leishmania. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3459-76. [PMID: 24722876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Miltefosine (MT) (hexadecylphosphocholine) was implemented to cope with resistance against antimonials, the classical treatment in Leishmaniasis. Given the scarcity of anti- Leishmania (L) drugs and the increasing appearance of resistance, there is an obvious need for understanding the mechanism of action and development of such resistance. Metabolomics is an increasingly popular tool in the life sciences due to it being a relatively fast and accurate technique that can be applied either with a particular focus or in a global manner to reveal new knowledge about biological systems. Three analytical platforms, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) to obtain a broad picture of metabolic changes in the parasite. Impairment of the polyamine metabolism from arginine (Arg) to trypanothione in susceptible parasites treated with MT was in some way expected, considering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production described for MT. Importantly, in resistant parasites an increase in the levels of amino acids was the most outstanding feature, probably related to the adaptation of the resistant strain for its survival inside the parasitophorous vacuole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vincent IM, Weidt S, Rivas L, Burgess K, Smith TK, Ouellette M. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of miltefosine action in Leishmania infantum reveals changes to the internal lipid metabolism. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2014; 4:20-7. [PMID: 24596665 PMCID: PMC3940234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are many theories as to the mode of action of miltefosine against Leishmania including alterations to the membrane lipid content, induction of apoptosis and modulation of macrophage responses. Here we perform untargeted metabolomics to elucidate the metabolic changes involved in miltefosine action. Over 800 metabolites were detected, 10% of which were significantly altered after 3.75 h. Many of the changes related to an increase in alkane fragment and sugar release. Fragment release is synchronised with reactive oxygen species production, but native membrane phospholipids remain intact. Signs of DNA damage were also detected as were changes to the levels of some thiols and polyamines. After 5 h of miltefosine treatment the cells showed depleted levels of most metabolites, indicating that the cells' outer membrane integrity had become compromised and internal metabolites were escaping upon cell death. In miltefosine resistant cells, the drug was not internalised and the changes to the internal metabolite levels were not seen. In contrast, cells resistant to antimony (SbIII) had similar corresponding alterations to the levels of internal metabolites as wild-type cells. A detailed knowledge of the mode of action of miltefosine will be important to inform the design of combination therapies to combat leishmaniasis, something that the research community should be prioritising in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Vincent
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics Facility, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Schools of Biology & Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), The North Haugh, The University, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mishra J, Singh S. Miltefosine resistance in Leishmania donovani involves suppression of oxidative stress-induced programmed cell death. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:397-406. [PMID: 23968687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Miltefosine (MIL), an alkylphospholipid, is the first orally administrable anti-leishmanial drug. But due to its long half-life, miltefosine is highly vulnerable for resistance. Hence it is important to understand the mechanism of resistance and to elucidate its action on Leishmania. Here we investigate the miltefosine induced process of programmed cell death in wild type (miltefosine sensitive) and in laboratory generated resistant strains of Leishmania donovani. Results indicate that miltefosine induced apoptosis like death in a time and dose dependent manner in wild-type cells, but not in MIL-resistant cell line. The miltefosine resistant cells remained protected against miltefosine-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, gradual ATP loss and cytochrome C release from mitochondria into the cytosol. Comparative transcriptomic study showed significantly increased expression of FeSODA and SIR2 genes, putatively involved in oxidative stress associated apoptotic cell death. We hypothesize that oxidative stress mediated apoptosis as an alternative mechanism of miltefosine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Mishra
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In the single mitochondrion of protozoan trypanosomatid parasites there are several sites for the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a class of molecules that exhibit a dual role in cells, either as regulatory mediators or as cytotoxic effectors. RECENT ADVANCES Formation of ROS in trypanosomatid mitochondria can be induced by various drug compounds. Importantly, it can also be triggered by specific physiologic stimuli, indicating that this phenomenon may occur in living parasites as well. Elimination of ROS in these organelles is attributed to the activity of two iron-dependent superoxide dismutases (FeSODs) and up to three different peroxidases (a cytochrome c peroxidase and two thiol peroxidases). CRITICAL ISSUES Data regarding the formation of ROS in trypanosomatid mitochondria are limited and nonsystematic. Another critical issue refers to the exact contribution of mitochondrial FeSODs and peroxidases for ROS removal, given that their antioxidant activity is not essential when abrogated individually. This suggests some level of functional overlapping or that ROS produced in mitochondria under normal conditions can be removed noncatalytically. Also still unsolved is the mechanism by which mitochondrial thiol peroxidases are regenerated to their reduced (active) form. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The production of intramitochondrial ROS under physiologic conditions and their implication in parasite biology should be further clarified. The relative importance of enzymatic versus nonenzymatic mechanisms for ROS elimination in trypanosomatid mitochondria also requires investigation. Simultaneous depletion of several redundant antioxidant enzymes and determination of noncatalytic antioxidants are possible ways to achieve this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Tomás
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Das M, Saudagar P, Sundar S, Dubey VK. Miltefosine-unresponsiveLeishmania donovanihas a greater ability than miltefosine-responsiveL. donovanito resist reactive oxygen species. FEBS J 2013; 280:4807-15. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Das
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi India
| | - Vikash K. Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mittra B, Andrews NW. IRONy OF FATE: role of iron-mediated ROS in Leishmania differentiation. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:489-96. [PMID: 23948431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania experiences extreme environmental changes as it alternates between insect and mammalian hosts. In some species, differentiation of insect promastigotes into mammalian-infective amastigotes is induced by elevated temperature and low pH, conditions found within macrophage parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). However, the signaling events controlling amastigote differentiation remain poorly understood. Recent studies revealed a novel role for iron uptake in orchestrating the differentiation of amastigotes, through a mechanism that involves production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is independent from pH and temperature changes. ROS are generally thought to be deleterious for pathogens, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that they can also function as signaling molecules regulating Leishmania differentiation, in a process that is tightly controlled by iron availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|