1
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Sood C, Verma JK, Basak R, Kapoor A, Gupta S, Mukhopadhyay A. Leishmania highjack host lipid body for its proliferation in macrophages by overexpressing host Rab18 and TRAPPC9 by downregulating miR-1914-3p expression. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012024. [PMID: 38412149 PMCID: PMC10898768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids stored in lipid-bodies (LBs) in host cells are potential sources of fatty acids for pathogens. However, the mechanism of recruitment of LBs from the host cells by pathogens to acquire fatty acids is not known. Here, we have found that Leishmania specifically upregulates the expression of host Rab18 and its GEF, TRAPPC9 by downregulating the expression of miR-1914-3p by reducing the level of Dicer in macrophages via their metalloprotease gp63. Our results also show that miR-1914-3p negatively regulates the expression of Rab18 and its GEF in cells. Subsequently, Leishmania containing parasitophorous vacuoles (Ld-PVs) recruit and retain host Rab18 and TRAPPC9. Leishmania infection also induces LB biogenesis in host cells and recruits LBs on Ld-PVs and acquires FLC12-labeled fatty acids from LBs. Moreover, overexpression of miR-1914-3p in macrophages significantly inhibits the recruitment of LBs and thereby suppresses the multiplication of parasites in macrophages as parasites are unable to acquire fatty acids. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism how Leishmania acquire fatty acids from LBs for their growth in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Sood
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Basak
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Kapoor
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarnima Gupta
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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2
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Leroux M, Bouazizi-Ben Messaoud H, Luquain-Costaz C, Jordheim LP, Le Faouder P, Gustin MP, Aoun K, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Enriched PUFA environment of Leishmania infantum promastigotes promotes the accumulation of lipid mediators and favors parasite infectivity towards J774 murine macrophages. Lipids 2023; 58:81-92. [PMID: 36544247 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are the causative agents of visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and of canine leishmaniosis. The macrophage is the predilected host cell of Leishmania in which the promastigote stage is transformed into amastigote. We previously showed changes in the fatty acid composition (FA) of lipids in two strains of Leishmania donovani upon differentiation of promastigote to amastigote, including increased proportions of arachidonic acid (AA) and to a less extent of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Here, we carried out supplementation with AA or DHA on two Leishmania infantum strains, a visceral (MON-1) and a cutaneous (MON-24), to evaluate the role of these FA in parasite/macrophage interactions. The proportions of AA or DHA in total lipids were significantly increased in promastigotes cultured in AA- or DHA-supplemented media compared to controls. The content of FA-derived oxygenated metabolites was enhanced in supplemented strains, generating especially epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (11,12- and 14,15-EET) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (5- and 8- HETE) from AA, and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (14- and 17-HDoHE) from DHA. For both MON-1 and MON-24, AA-supplemented promastigotes showed higher infectivity towards J774 macrophages as evidenced by higher intracellular amastigote numbers. Higher infectivity was observed after DHA supplementation for MON-24 but not MON-1 strain. ROS production by macrophages increased upon parasite infection, but only minor change was observed between control and supplemented parasites. We propose that under high AA or DHA environment that is associated with AA or DHA enrichment of promastigote lipids, FA derivatives can accumulate in the parasite, thereby modulating parasite infectivity towards host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSA-Lyon, Department of Biosciences, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lars P Jordheim
- Inserm 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Core Facility, MetaboHUB, I2MC Inserm U1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gustin
- Inserm 1111, CNRS UMR5308, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, ENS de Lyon, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Karim Aoun
- Pasteur Institute of Tunis, LR 11-IPT-06 Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSA-Lyon, Department of Biosciences, Villeurbanne, France
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3
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Leroux M, Luquain-Costaz C, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolism in Leishmania Parasite Species: Potential Biomarkers or Drug Targets for Leishmaniasis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054702. [PMID: 36902138 PMCID: PMC10003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have received growing interest in Leishmania biology with the characterization of the enzymes allowing the complete fatty acid synthesis of this trypanosomatid parasite. This review presents a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the major classes of lipids and phospholipids in different species of Leishmania with cutaneous or visceral tropism. Specificities relating to the parasite forms, resistance to antileishmanial drugs, and host/parasite interactions are described as well as comparisons with other trypanosomatids. Emphasis is placed on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic and functional specificities, in particular, their conversion into oxygenated metabolites that are inflammatory mediators able to modulate metacyclogenesis and parasite infectivity. The impact of lipid status on the development of leishmaniasis and the potential of fatty acids as therapeutic targets or candidates for nutritional interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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San Francisco J, Astudillo C, Vega JL, Catalán A, Gutiérrez B, Araya JE, Zailberger A, Marina A, García C, Sanchez N, Osuna A, Vilchez S, Ramírez MI, Macedo J, Feijoli VS, Palmisano G, González J. Trypanosoma cruzi pathogenicity involves virulence factor expression and upregulation of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. Virulence 2022; 13:1827-1848. [PMID: 36284085 PMCID: PMC9601562 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular repertoire of Trypanosoma cruzi effects its virulence and impacts the clinical course of the resulting Chagas disease. This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the pathogenicity of T. cruzi. Two T. cruzi cell lines (C8C3hvir and C8C3lvir), obtained from the clone H510 C8C3 and exhibiting different virulence phenotypes, were used to evaluate the parasite's infectivity in mice. The organ parasite load was analysed by qPCR. The proteomes of both T. cruzi cell lines were compared using nLC-MS/MS. Cruzipain (Czp), complement regulatory protein (CRP), trans-sialidase (TS), Tc-85, and sialylated epitope expression levels were evaluated by immunoblotting. High-virulence C8C3hvir was highly infectious in mice and demonstrated three to five times higher infectivity in mouse myocardial cells than low-virulence C8C3lvir. qPCR revealed higher parasite loads in organs of acute as well as chronically C8C3hvir-infected mice than in those of C8C3lvir-infected mice. Comparative quantitative proteomics revealed that 390 of 1547 identified proteins were differentially regulated in C8C3hvir with respect to C8C3lvir. Amongst these, 174 proteins were upregulated in C8C3hvir and 216 were downregulated in C8C3lvir. The upregulated proteins in C8C3hvir were associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ribosomal proteins, and redoxins. Higher levels of Czp, CRP, TS, Tc-85, and sialylated epitopes were expressed in C8C3hvir than in C8C3lvir. Thus, T. cruzi virulence may be related to virulence factor expression as well as upregulation of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan San Francisco
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Astudillo
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Laboratory of Gap Junction Proteins and Parasitic Disease, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Bessy Gutiérrez
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Anabel Marina
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Sanchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Vilchez
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcel I Ramírez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Trypanosomatides, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Parana, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge González
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Trypanosomatides, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Antofagasta, Chile,CONTACT Jorge González
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5
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Poudyal NR, Paul KS. Fatty acid uptake in Trypanosoma brucei: Host resources and possible mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:949409. [PMID: 36478671 PMCID: PMC9719944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.949409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei spp. causes African Sleeping Sickness in humans and nagana, a wasting disease, in cattle. As T. brucei goes through its life cycle in its mammalian and insect vector hosts, it is exposed to distinct environments that differ in their nutrient resources. One such nutrient resource is fatty acids, which T. brucei uses to build complex lipids or as a potential carbon source for oxidative metabolism. Of note, fatty acids are the membrane anchoring moiety of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchors of the major surface proteins, Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) and the Procyclins, which are implicated in parasite survival in the host. While T. brucei can synthesize fatty acids de novo, it also readily acquires fatty acids from its surroundings. The relative contribution of parasite-derived vs. host-derived fatty acids to T. brucei growth and survival is not known, nor have the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid uptake been defined. To facilitate experimental inquiry into these important aspects of T. brucei biology, we addressed two questions in this review: (1) What is known about the availability of fatty acids in different host tissues where T. brucei can live? (2) What is known about the molecular mechanisms mediating fatty acid uptake in T. brucei? Finally, based on existing biochemical and genomic data, we suggest a model for T. brucei fatty acid uptake that proposes two major routes of fatty acid uptake: diffusion across membranes followed by intracellular trapping, and endocytosis of host lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Raj Poudyal
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States,Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center (EPIC), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Kimberly S. Paul
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States,Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center (EPIC), Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States,*Correspondence: Kimberly S. Paul,
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6
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Bouabid C, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Rabhi S, Bichiou H, Hkimi C, Bouglita W, Chaouach M, Eddaikra N, Ghedira K, Guizani-Tabbane L, Botté CY, Rabhi I. Fatty Acid Profiles of Leishmania major Derived from Human and Rodent Hosts in Endemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Areas of Tunisia and Algeria. Pathogens 2022; 11:92. [PMID: 35056040 PMCID: PMC8781279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a protozoal vector-borne disease that affects both humans and animals. In the Mediterranean Basin, the primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. are mainly rodents and canids. Lipidomic approaches have allowed scientists to establish Leishmania spp. lipid profiles for the identification of cell stage specific biomarkers, drug mechanisms of action, and host immune response. Using an in silico approach of global network interaction between genes involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis followed by the GC-MS approach, we were able to characterize the fatty acid profiles of L. major derived from human and rodent hosts. Our results revealed that the lipid profile of L. major showed similarities and differences with those already reported for other Leishmania species. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. FA composition of rodent parasites was characterized by a lower abundance of the precursor C18:2(n-6). One of the rodent clones, which also expressed the lowest lipid abundance in PL and TAG, was the least sensitive clone to the miltefosine drug and has the lowest infection efficiency. Our findings suggest that the lipid composition variation may explain the response of the parasite toward treatment and their ability to infect their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Bouabid
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM-National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sameh Rabhi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Bichiou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Hkimi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BioMathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Bouglita
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunis 2050, Tunisia
| | - Melek Chaouach
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Eddaikra
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology Parasitic Population Genetics, Pasteur Institute of Algiers, Algiers 16000, Algeria
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BioMathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Cyrille Y Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM-National Institute for Health and Medical Research, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules (LR16IPT06), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El-Manar, 13 Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunis 2050, Tunisia
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7
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Parreira de Aquino G, Mendes Gomes MA, Köpke Salinas R, Laranjeira-Silva MF. Lipid and fatty acid metabolism in trypanosomatids. MICROBIAL CELL 2021; 8:262-275. [PMID: 34782859 PMCID: PMC8561143 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.11.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiases and leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases that have been spreading to previously non-affected areas in recent years. Identification of new chemotherapeutics is needed as there are no vaccines and the currently available treatment options are highly toxic and often ineffective. The causative agents for these diseases are the protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, and they alternate between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts during their life cycles. Hence, these parasites must be able to adapt to different environments and compete with their hosts for several essential compounds, such as amino acids, vitamins, ions, carbohydrates, and lipids. Among these nutrients, lipids and fatty acids (FAs) are essential for parasite survival. Trypanosomatids require massive amounts of FAs, and they can either synthesize FAs de novo or scavenge them from the host. Moreover, FAs are the major energy source during specific life cycle stages of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania. Therefore, considering the distinctive features of FAs metabolism in trypanosomatids, these pathways could be exploited for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. In this review, we highlight specific aspects of lipid and FA metabolism in the protozoan parasites T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania spp., as well as the pathways that have been explored for the development of new chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Köpke Salinas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Arya R, Dhembla C, Makde RD, Sundd M, Kundu S. An overview of the fatty acid biosynthesis in the protozoan parasite Leishmania and its relevance as a drug target against leishmaniasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111416. [PMID: 34555376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the fast-growing parasitic diseases worldwide. The treatment of this fatal disease presents a daunting challenge because of its adverse effects, necessity for long-term treatment regime, unavailability of functional drugs, emergence of drug resistance and the related expenditure. This calls for an urgent need for novel drugs and the evaluation of new targets. Proteins of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway are validated as drug targets in pathogenic bacteria and certain viruses. Likewise, this pathway has been speculated as a suitable target against parasite infections. Fatty acid synthesis in parasites seems to be very complex and distinct from the counterpart mammalian host due to the presence of unique mechanisms for fatty acid biosynthesis and acquisition. In recent times, there have been few evidences of the existence of this pathway in the bloodstream form of some pathogens. The fatty acid biosynthesis thus presents a viable and attractive target for emerging therapeutics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying fatty acid metabolism is key to identifying a potential drug target. However, investigations in this direction are still limited and this article attempts to outline the existing knowledge, while highlighting the scope and relevance of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway as a drug target. This review highlights the advances in the treatment of leishmaniasis, the importance of lipids in the pathogen, known facts about the fatty acid biosynthesis in Leishmania and how this pathway can be manipulated to combat leishmaniasis, suggesting novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Chetna Dhembla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Ravindra D Makde
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
| | - Monica Sundd
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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9
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A New Model Trypanosomatid, Novymonas esmeraldas: Genomic Perception of Its " Candidatus Pandoraea novymonadis" Endosymbiont. mBio 2021; 12:e0160621. [PMID: 34399629 PMCID: PMC8406214 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01606-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The closest relative of human pathogen Leishmania, the trypanosomatid Novymonas esmeraldas, harbors a bacterial endosymbiont “Candidatus Pandoraea novymonadis.” Based on genomic data, we performed a detailed characterization of the metabolic interactions of both partners. While in many respects the metabolism of N. esmeraldas resembles that of other Leishmaniinae, the endosymbiont provides the trypanosomatid with heme, essential amino acids, purines, some coenzymes, and vitamins. In return, N. esmeraldas shares with the bacterium several nonessential amino acids and phospholipids. Moreover, it complements its carbohydrate metabolism and urea cycle with enzymes missing from the “Ca. Pandoraea novymonadis” genome. The removal of the endosymbiont from N. esmeraldas results in a significant reduction of the overall translation rate, reduced expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial respiratory activity, and downregulation of several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, enzymes involved in the synthesis of some amino acids, as well as proteins associated with autophagy. At the same time, the genes responsible for protection against reactive oxygen species and DNA repair become significantly upregulated in the aposymbiotic strain of this trypanosomatid. By knocking out a component of its flagellum, we turned N. esmeraldas into a new model trypanosomatid that is amenable to genetic manipulation using both conventional and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated approaches.
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10
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Booth LA, Smith TK. Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi: A review. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2020; 240:111324. [PMID: 32961207 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular membranes of Trypanosoma cruzi, like all eukaryotes, contain varying amounts of phospholipids, sphingolipids, neutral lipids and sterols. A multitude of pathways exist for the de novo synthesis of these lipid families but Trypanosoma cruzi has also become adapted to scavenge some of these lipids from the host. Completion of the TriTryp genomes has led to the identification of many putative genes involved in lipid synthesis, revealing some interesting differences to higher eukaryotes. Although many enzymes involved in lipid synthesis have yet to be characterised, completed experiments have shown the indispensability of some lipid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the bioactive lipids of Trypanosoma cruzi and their effects on the host are becoming increasingly studied. Further studies on lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi will no doubt reveal some attractive targets for therapeutic intervention as well as reveal the interplay between parasite lipids, host response and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh-Ann Booth
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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11
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Yadav S, Mandal H, Saravanan V, Das P, Singh SK. In vitro and in silico analysis of L. donovani enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase - A possible drug target. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6056-6069. [PMID: 32762412 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of increased resistance to the available drugs has created a situation that demands to find out more specific molecular drug targets for Leishmaniasis. The enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR), a regulatory enzyme in type II fatty acid synthesis, was confirmed as a novel drug target and triclosan as its specific inhibitor in many microorganisms. In this study, the triclosan was tested for the leishmanicidal property against Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) and the results of in vitro and ex vivo drug assays on promastigotes and amastigotes showed that triclosan possessed antileishmanial activity with a half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 30 µM. Consequently, adopting in silico approach, we have tested the triclosan's ability to bind with the L. donovani enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (LdENR). The 3D structure of LdENR was modelled, triclosan and cofactors were docked in LdENR model and molecular dynamic simulations were performed to observe the protein-ligands interactions, stability, compactness and binding energy calculation of the ligands-LdENR complexes. The observation showed that triclosan stably interacted with LdENR in presence of both the cofactors (NADPH and NADH), however, simulation results favor NADH as a preferred co-factor for LdENR. These results support that the reduction of L. donovani growth in the in vitro and ex vivo drug assays may be due to the interaction of triclosan with LdENR, which should be confirmed through enzymatic assays. The results of this study suggest that LdENR could be a potential drug target and triclosan as a lead for Leishmaniasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Haraprasad Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Vijayakumar Saravanan
- Division of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), ICMR, Patna, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, ICMR, Patna, India
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12
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Leishmania Encodes a Bacterium-like 2,4-Dienoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase That Is Required for Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Intracellular Parasite Survival. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01057-20. [PMID: 32487758 PMCID: PMC7267886 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01057-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of important diseases in humans. These parasites develop as extracellular promastigotes in the digestive tract of their insect vectors and as obligate intracellular amastigotes that infect macrophages and other phagocytic cells in their vertebrate hosts. Promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation is associated with marked changes in metabolism, including the upregulation of enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, which may reflect adaptation to the intracellular niche. Here, we have investigated the function of one of these enzymes, a putative 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (DECR), which is specifically required for the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Leishmania DECR shows close homology to bacterial DECR proteins, suggesting that it was acquired by lateral gene transfer. It is present in other trypanosomatids that have obligate intracellular stages (i.e., Trypanosoma cruzi and Angomonas) but is absent from dixenous parasites with an exclusively extracellular lifestyle (i.e., Trypanosoma brucei). A DECR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was localized to the mitochondrion in both promastigote and amastigote stages, and the levels of expression increased in the latter stages. A Leishmania major Δdecr null mutant was unable to catabolize unsaturated fatty acids and accumulated the intermediate 2,4-decadienoyl-CoA, confirming DECR's role in β-oxidation. Strikingly, the L. major Δdecr mutant was unable to survive in macrophages and was avirulent in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for intracellular parasite survival and that the bacterial origin of key enzymes in this pathway could be exploited in developing new therapies.IMPORTANCE The Trypanosomatidae are protozoan parasites that infect insects, plants, and animals and have evolved complex monoxenous (single host) and dixenous (two hosts) lifestyles. A number of species of Trypanosomatidae, including Leishmania spp., have evolved the capacity to survive within intracellular niches in vertebrate hosts. The adaptations, metabolic and other, that are associated with development of intracellular lifestyles remain poorly defined. We show that genomes of Leishmania and Trypanosomatidae that can survive intracellularly encode a 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase that is involved in catabolism of a subclass of fatty acids. The trypanosomatid enzyme shows closest similarity to the corresponding bacterial enzymes and is located in the mitochondrion and essential for intracellular growth of Leishmania The findings suggest that acquisition of this gene by lateral gene transfer from bacteria by ancestral monoxenous Trypanosomatidae likely contributed to the development of a dixenous lifestyle of these parasites.
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Crepaldi F, de Toledo JS, do Carmo AO, Ferreira Marques Machado L, de Brito DDV, Serufo AV, Almeida APM, de Oliveira LG, Ricotta TQN, Moreira DDS, Murta SMF, Diniz AB, Menezes GB, López-Gonzálvez Á, Barbas C, Fernandes AP. Mapping Alterations Induced by Long-Term Axenic Cultivation of Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes With a Multiplatform Metabolomic Fingerprint Approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:403. [PMID: 31867285 PMCID: PMC6904349 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are widespread neglected diseases with an incidence of 1.6 million new cases and 40 thousand deaths per year. Leishmania parasites may show distinct, species-specific patterns of virulence that lead to different clinical manifestations. It is well known that successive in vitro passages (SIVP) lead to the attenuation of virulence, but neither the metabolism nor the pathways involved in these processes are well understood. Herein, promastigotes of a virulent L. amazonensis strain recently isolated from mice was compared to SIVP derived and attenuated promastigotes, submitted to 10, 40, and 60 axenic passages and named R10, R40, and R60, respectively. In vitro assays and in vivo tests were performed to characterize and confirmed the attenuation profiles. A metabolomic fingerprint comparison of R0, R10, and R60 was performed by means of capillary electrophoresis, liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To validate the metabolomic data, qPCR for selected loci, flow cytometry to measure aPS exposure, sensitivity to antimony tartrate and ROS production assays were conducted. The 65 identified metabolites were clustered in biochemical categories and mapped in eight metabolic pathways: ABC transporters; fatty acid biosynthesis; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; β-alanine metabolism; glutathione metabolism; oxidative phosphorylation; glycerophospholipid metabolism and lysine degradation. The obtained metabolomic data correlated with previous proteomic findings of the SVIP parasites and the gene expression of 13 selected targets. Late SIVP cultures were more sensitive to SbIII produced more ROS and exposed less phosphatidylserine in their surface. The correspondent pathways were connected to build a biochemical map of the most significant alterations involved with the process of attenuation of L. amazonensis. Overall, the reported data pointed out to a very dynamic and continuous metabolic reprogramming process, accompanied by changes in energetic, lipid and redox metabolisms, membrane remodeling and reshaping of parasite-host cells interactions, causing impacts in chemotaxis, host inflammatory responses and infectivity at the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Crepaldi
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Juliano Simões de Toledo
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Anderson Oliveira do Carmo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Markers, General Biology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Diniz Viana de Brito
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Angela Vieira Serufo
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Martins Almeida
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro Gonzaga de Oliveira
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tiago Queiroga Nery Ricotta
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ariane Barros Diniz
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ángeles López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis, Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Clinical and Toxicological Analysis Department, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Paloque L, Perez-Berezo T, Abot A, Dalloux-Chioccioli J, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Le Faouder P, Pujo J, Teste MA, François JM, Schebb NH, Mainka M, Rolland C, Blanpied C, Dietrich G, Bertrand-Michel J, Deraison C, Valentin A, Cenac N. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites: biosynthesis in Leishmania and role in parasite/host interaction. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:636-647. [PMID: 30626624 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inside the human host, Leishmania infection starts with phagocytosis of infective promastigotes by macrophages. In order to survive, Leishmania has developed several strategies to manipulate macrophage functions. Among these strategies, Leishmania as a source of bioactive lipids has been poorly explored. Herein, we assessed the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites by infective and noninfective stages of Leishmania and further explored the role of these metabolites in macrophage polarization. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid metabolites, precursors of proresolving lipid mediators, was increased in the infective stage of the parasite compared with the noninfective stage, and cytochrome P450-like proteins were shown to be implicated in the biosynthesis of these metabolites. The treatment of macrophages with lipids extracted from the infective forms of the parasite led to M2 macrophage polarization and blocked the differentiation into the M1 phenotype induced by IFN-γ. In conclusion, Leishmania polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, produced by cytochrome P450-like protein activity, are implicated in parasite/host interactions by promoting the polarization of macrophages into a proresolving M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Paloque
- UMR152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,LCC CNRS, UPR8241, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Teresa Perez-Berezo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Abot
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Julien Pujo
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Teste
- LISBP Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Malwina Mainka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Blanpied
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, 31024 Toulouse, France
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15
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A role for trypanosomatid aldo-keto reductases in methylglyoxal, prostaglandin and isoprostane metabolism. Biochem J 2018; 475:2593-2610. [PMID: 30045874 PMCID: PMC6117947 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are the infectious agents causing Chagas disease, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis. Recent work of others has implicated an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) in the susceptibility and resistance of Trypanosoma cruzi to benznidazole, a drug used to treat Chagas disease. Here, we show that TcAKR and homologues in the related parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani do not reductively activate monocyclic (benznidazole, nifurtimox and fexinidazole) or bicyclic nitro-drugs such as PA-824. Rather, these enzymes metabolise a variety of toxic ketoaldehydes, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, suggesting a role in cellular defence against chemical stress. UPLC-QToF/MS analysis of benznidazole bioactivation by T. cruzi cell lysates confirms previous reports identifying numerous drug metabolites, including a dihydro-dihydroxy intermediate that can dissociate to form N-benzyl-2-guanidinoacetamide and glyoxal, a toxic DNA-glycating and cross-linking agent. Thus, we propose that TcAKR contributes to benznidazole resistance by the removal of toxic glyoxal. In addition, three of the four enzymes studied here display activity as prostaglandin F2α synthases, despite the fact that there are no credible cyclooxygenases in these parasites to account for formation of the precursor PGH2 from arachidonic acid. Our studies suggest that arachidonic acid is first converted non-enzymatically in parasite lysates to (PGH2-like) regioisomers by free radical-mediated peroxidation and that AKRs convert these lipid peroxides into isoprostanes, including prostaglandin F2α and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α.
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Abstract
To satisfy its fatty acid needs, the extracellular eukaryotic parasite Trypanosoma brucei relies on two mechanisms: uptake of fatty acids from the host and de novo synthesis. We hypothesized that T. brucei modulates fatty acid synthesis in response to environmental lipid availability. The first committed step in fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase (ACC) and serves as a key regulatory point in other organisms. To test our hypothesis, T. brucei mammalian bloodstream and insect procyclic forms were grown in low-, normal-, or high-lipid media and the effect on T. brucei ACC (TbACC) mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity was examined. In bloodstream form T. brucei, media lipids had no effect on TbACC expression or activity. In procyclic form T. brucei, we detected no change in TbACC mRNA levels but observed 2.7-fold-lower TbACC protein levels and 37% lower TbACC activity in high-lipid media than in low-lipid media. Supplementation of low-lipid media with the fatty acid stearate mimicked the effect of high lipid levels on TbACC activity. In procyclic forms, TbACC phosphorylation also increased 3.9-fold in high-lipid media compared to low-lipid media. Phosphatase treatment of TbACC increased activity, confirming that phosphorylation represented an inhibitory modification. Together, these results demonstrate a procyclic-form-specific environmental lipid response pathway that regulates TbACC posttranscriptionally, through changes in protein expression and phosphorylation. We propose that this environmental response pathway enables procyclic-form T. brucei to monitor the host lipid supply and downregulate fatty acid synthesis when host lipids are abundant and upregulate fatty acid synthesis when host lipids become scarce.IMPORTANCETrypanosoma brucei is a eukaryotic parasite that causes African sleeping sickness. T. brucei is transmitted by the blood-sucking tsetse fly. In order to adapt to its two very different hosts, T. brucei must sense the host environment and alter its metabolism to maximize utilization of host resources and minimize expenditure of its own resources. One key nutrient class is represented by fatty acids, which the parasite can either take from the host or make themselves. Our work describes a novel environmental regulatory pathway for fatty acid synthesis where the parasite turns off fatty acid synthesis when environmental lipids are abundant and turns on synthesis when the lipid supply is scarce. This pathway was observed in the tsetse midgut form but not the mammalian bloodstream form. However, pharmacological activation of this pathway in the bloodstream form to turn fatty acid synthesis off may be a promising new avenue for sleeping sickness drug discovery.
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17
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Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution. Parasitology 2018; 146:1-27. [PMID: 29898792 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities that still needs to be fully elucidated. In addition, as these organisms represent a highly divergent evolutionary lineage, they are strikingly different from the common 'model system' eukaryotes, such as some mammals, plants or fungi. A number of excellent reviews, published over the past decade, were dedicated to specialized topics from the areas of trypanosomatid molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, host-parasite relationships or other aspects of these fascinating organisms. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive review that summarizing recent advances in the studies of trypanosomatids in the last 30 years, a task, which we tried to accomplish with the current paper.
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18
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Millerioux Y, Mazet M, Bouyssou G, Allmann S, Kiema TR, Bertiaux E, Fouillen L, Thapa C, Biran M, Plazolles N, Dittrich-Domergue F, Crouzols A, Wierenga RK, Rotureau B, Moreau P, Bringaud F. De novo biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids in the Trypanosoma brucei procyclic form: Carbon source preferences and metabolic flux redistributions. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007116. [PMID: 29813135 PMCID: PMC5993337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo biosynthesis of lipids is essential for Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for the sleeping sickness. Here, we demonstrate that the ketogenic carbon sources, threonine, acetate and glucose, are precursors for both fatty acid and sterol synthesis, while leucine only contributes to sterol production in the tsetse fly midgut stage of the parasite. Degradation of these carbon sources into lipids was investigated using a combination of reverse genetics and analysis of radio-labelled precursors incorporation into lipids. For instance, (i) deletion of the gene encoding isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, involved in the leucine degradation pathway, abolished leucine incorporation into sterols, and (ii) RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the SCP2-thiolase gene expression abolished incorporation of the three ketogenic carbon sources into sterols. The SCP2-thiolase is part of a unidirectional two-step bridge between the fatty acid precursor, acetyl-CoA, and the precursor of the mevalonate pathway leading to sterol biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. Metabolic flux through this bridge is increased either in the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant or when the degradation of the ketogenic carbon sources is affected. We also observed a preference for fatty acids synthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, since blocking acetyl-CoA production from both glucose and threonine abolished acetate incorporation into sterols, while incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was increased. Interestingly, the growth of the isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase null mutant, but not that of the parental cells, is interrupted in the absence of ketogenic carbon sources, including lipids, which demonstrates the essential role of the mevalonate pathway. We concluded that procyclic trypanosomes have a strong preference for fatty acid versus sterol biosynthesis from ketogenic carbon sources, and as a consequence, that leucine is likely to be the main source, if not the only one, used by trypanosomes in the infected insect vector digestive tract to feed the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Millerioux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stefan Allmann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tiila-Riikka Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eloïse Bertiaux
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Center, Villenave d'Ornon
| | - Chandan Thapa
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc Biran
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Plazolles
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franziska Dittrich-Domergue
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aline Crouzols
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rik K. Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR-5200, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5234, Bordeaux, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR-5536, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Tripodi KEJ, Berardi F, Uttaro AD. Improved Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Desaturases and Elongases by Co-Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
with a Protozoan Acyl-CoA Synthetase. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina E. J. Tripodi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); 2000-Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Florencia Berardi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); 2000-Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Antonio D. Uttaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR); 2000-Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
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20
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Vacchina P, Lambruschi DA, Uttaro AD. Lipoic acid metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi as putative target for chemotherapy. Exp Parasitol 2018; 186:17-23. [PMID: 29409741 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is a cofactor of relevant enzymatic complexes including the glycine cleave system and 2-ketoacid dehydrogenases. Intervention on LA de novo synthesis or salvage could have pleiotropic deleterious effect in cells, making both pathways attractive for chemotherapy. We show that Trypanosoma cruzi was susceptible to treatment with LA analogues. 8-Bromo-octanic acid (BrO) inhibited the growth of epimastigote forms of both Dm28c and CL Brener strains, although only at high (chemotherapeutically irrelevant) concentrations. The methyl ester derivative MBrO, was much more effective, with EC50 values one order of magnitude lower (62-66 μM). LA did not bypass the toxic effect of its analogues. Small monocarboxylic acids appear to be poorly internalized by T. cruzi: [14C]-octanoic acid was taken up 12 fold less efficiently than [14C]-palmitic acid. Western blot analysis of lipoylated proteins allowed the detection of the E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), branched chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. Growth of parasites in medium with 10 fold lower glucose content, notably increased PDH activity and the level of its lipoylated E2 subunit. Treatment with BrO (1 mM) and MBrO (0.1 mM) completely inhibited E2 lipoylation and all three dehydrogenases activities. These observations indicate the lack of specific transporters for octanoic acid and most probably also for BrO and LA, which is in agreement with the lack of a LA salvage pathway, as previously suggested for T. brucei. They also indicate that the LA synthesis/protein lipoylation pathway could be a valid target for drug intervention. Moreover, the free LA available in the host would not interfere with such chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vacchina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Lambruschi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Antonio D Uttaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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21
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Host triacylglycerols shape the lipidome of intracellular trypanosomes and modulate their growth. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006800. [PMID: 29281741 PMCID: PMC5760102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular infection and multi-organ colonization by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, underlie the complex etiology of human Chagas disease. While T. cruzi can establish cytosolic residence in a broad range of mammalian cell types, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain poorly understood. Despite the anticipated capacity for fatty acid synthesis in this parasite, recent observations suggest that intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes may rely on host fatty acid metabolism to support infection. To investigate this prediction, it was necessary to establish baseline lipidome information for the mammalian-infective stages of T. cruzi and their mammalian host cells. An unbiased, quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of lipid fractions was performed with the identification of 1079 lipids within 30 classes. From these profiles we deduced that T. cruzi amastigotes maintain an overall lipid identity that is distinguishable from mammalian host cells. A deeper analysis of the fatty acid moiety distributions within each lipid subclass facilitated the high confidence assignment of host- and parasite-like lipid signatures. This analysis unexpectedly revealed a strong host lipid signature in the parasite lipidome, most notably within its glycerolipid fraction. The near complete overlap of fatty acid moiety distributions observed for host and parasite triacylglycerols suggested that T. cruzi amastigotes acquired a significant portion of their lipidome from host triacylglycerol pools. Metabolic tracer studies confirmed long-chain fatty acid scavenging by intracellular T. cruzi amastigotes, a capacity that was significantly diminished in host cells deficient for de novo triacylglycerol synthesis via the diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1/2). Reduced T. cruzi amastigote proliferation in DGAT1/2-deficient fibroblasts further underscored the importance of parasite coupling to host triacylglycerol pools during the intracellular infection cycle. Thus, our comprehensive lipidomic dataset provides a substantially enhanced view of T. cruzi infection biology highlighting the interplay between host and parasite lipid metabolism with potential bearing on future therapeutic intervention strategies. The development of human Chagas disease is associated with persistent intracellular infection with the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, which displays tropism for tissues with characteristically high fatty acid flux, such as heart and adipose tissues. Previous studies have highlighted fatty acid metabolism as likely critical to support the growth and survival of this intracellular pathogen, however biochemical data supporting this prediction is currently lacking. Employing an untargeted lipid mass spectrometry approach, we defined the lipidome of intracellular T. cruzi parasites and their mammalian host cells. Comparative analyses revealed that the fatty acid signatures in the triacylglycerol (TG) pools were highly conserved between parasite and host, suggesting a major route of fatty acid acquisition by this pathogen via host TG. Metabolic tracer studies demonstrated intracellular parasite incorporation of exogenous palmitate into both neutral and phospholipid subclasses that was diminished in host cells deficient for TG synthesis. Moreover, parasites grown in these cells displayed reduced proliferation, demonstrating the importance of parasite coupling to host TG pools during the intracellular infection cycle.
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Bouazizi-Ben Messaoud H, Guichard M, Lawton P, Delton I, Azzouz-Maache S. Changes in Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition During Intramacrophagic Transformation of Leishmania donovani Complex Promastigotes into Amastigotes. Lipids 2017; 52:433-441. [PMID: 28161835 PMCID: PMC5427136 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania sp., are trypanosomatid parasites that are phagocytized by human and animal macrophages. Transformation from the vector promastigote stage to the intracellular amastigote host cell stage is mandatory, since development in the host depends on the internalization of the parasite. We identified and analyzed the lipids involved in the promastigote to amastigote transformation process in the Leishmania donovani complex. Four lipid classes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides and sterols were studied. The derivatization method of Bligh and Dyer was used to establish the fatty acid composition in each stage of the parasite. To stay within the context of Leishmania infection, we used amastigotes extracted from macrophages after experimental in vitro infection. The purification process was checked by electronic microscopy, the absence of major contamination by host-cell debris and a correct purification yield validated our experimental model. Our results show that free fatty acids and cholesterol increased, whereas triglycerides and ergosterol decreased during the transition between promastigotes to amastigotes. With respect to phospholipid classes, we found increased proportion of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine and lowered proportion of phosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Regarding fatty acid composition, a significant increase of n-7 fatty acids was observed in amastigotes. Overall, the total n-6 fatty acids were decreased in PL. Several of the changes were also observed in TG and free fatty acids. Particularly, n-7 fatty acids and 20:4n-6 were highly increased, whereas n-9 fatty acid and n-6 precursors decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bouazizi-Ben Messaoud
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marion Guichard
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- Inserm U1060 CarMeN Laboratory, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR InterTryp IRD/CIRAD, campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France. .,Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Lyon University, Lyon, France.
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Harijan RK, Mazet M, Kiema TR, Bouyssou G, Alexson SEH, Bergmann U, Moreau P, Michels PAM, Bringaud F, Wierenga RK. The SCP2-thiolase-like protein (SLP) of Trypanosoma brucei is an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. Proteins 2016; 84:1075-96. [PMID: 27093562 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics studies have shown that the genomes of trypanosomatid species each encode one SCP2-thiolase-like protein (SLP), which is characterized by having the YDCF thiolase sequence fingerprint of the Cβ2-Cα2 loop. SLPs are only encoded by the genomes of these parasitic protists and not by those of mammals, including human. Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei SLP gene (TbSLP) increases the doubling time of procyclic T. brucei and causes a 5-fold reduction of de novo sterol biosynthesis from glucose- and acetate-derived acetyl-CoA. Fluorescence analyses of EGFP-tagged TbSLP expressed in the parasite located the TbSLP in the mitochondrion. The crystal structure of TbSLP (refined at 1.75 Å resolution) confirms that TbSLP has the canonical dimeric thiolase fold. In addition, the structures of the TbSLP-acetoacetyl-CoA (1.90 Å) and TbSLP-malonyl-CoA (2.30 Å) complexes reveal that the two oxyanion holes of the thiolase active site are preserved. TbSLP binds malonyl-CoA tightly (Kd 90 µM), acetoacetyl-CoA moderately (Kd 0.9 mM) and acetyl-CoA and CoA very weakly. TbSLP possesses low malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity. Altogether, the data show that TbSLP is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in lipid metabolism. Proteins 2016; 84:1075-1096. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Harijan
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | - Muriel Mazet
- Centre De Résonance Magnétique Des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,Laboratoire De Microbiologie Fondamentale Et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR5234, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Tiila R Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Guillaume Bouyssou
- Laboratoire De Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR-5200, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, Bâtiment A3 - 1er Étage, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine BP81, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave D'Ornon Cedex, 33883, France
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE 141 86, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire De Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR-5200, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, Bâtiment A3 - 1er Étage, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine BP81, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, Villenave D'Ornon Cedex, 33883, France
| | - Paul A M Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, School of Biological Sciences, the King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Centre De Résonance Magnétique Des Systèmes Biologiques (RMSB), UMR5536, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France.,Laboratoire De Microbiologie Fondamentale Et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR5234, Université De Bordeaux, CNRS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Rik K Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
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Das A, Bellofatto V, Rosenfeld J, Carrington M, Romero-Zaliz R, del Val C, Estévez AM. High throughput sequencing analysis of Trypanosoma brucei DRBD3/PTB1-bound mRNAs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 199:1-4. [PMID: 25725478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are early-branched eukaryotes that show an unusual dependence on post-transcriptional mechanisms to regulate gene expression. RNA-binding proteins are crucial in controlling mRNA fate in these organisms, but their RNA substrates remain largely unknown. Here we have analyzed on a global scale the mRNAs associated with the Trypanosoma brucei RNA-binding protein DRBD3/PTB1, by capturing ribonucleoprotein complexes using UV cross-linking and subsequent immunoprecipitation. DRBD3/PTB1 associates with many transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins and translation factors. Consequently, silencing of DRBD3/PTB1 expression altered the protein synthesis rate. DRBD3/PTB1 also binds to mRNAs encoding the enzymes required to obtain energy through the oxidation of proline to succinate. We hypothesize that DRBD3/PTB1 is a key player in RNA regulon-based gene control influencing protein synthesis in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Das
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Vivian Bellofatto
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rosenfeld
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medial School, OIT-High Performance and Research Computing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rocío Romero-Zaliz
- CITIC-UGR, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones de la Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Coral del Val
- CITIC-UGR, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones de la Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio M Estévez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC. Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento, s/n. 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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