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Smith MJ, Penny T, Pham Y, Sutherland AE, Jenkin G, Fahey MC, Paton MCB, Finch-Edmondson M, Miller SL, McDonald CA. Neuroprotective Action of Tacrolimus before and after Onset of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Brain Injury in Rats. Cells 2023; 12:2659. [PMID: 37998394 PMCID: PMC10669941 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Neonatal brain injury can lead to permanent neurodevelopmental impairments. Notably, suppressing inflammatory pathways may reduce damage. To determine the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neonatal brain injury, we investigated the effect of treating neonatal rat pups with the immunosuppressant tacrolimus at two time points: before and after hypoxic-ischaemic (HI)-induced injury. (2) Methods: To induce HI injury, postnatal day (PND) 10 rat pups underwent single carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 90 min). Pups received daily tacrolimus (or a vehicle) starting either 3 days before HI on PND 7 (pre-HI), or 12 h after HI (post-HI). Four doses were tested: 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg/day. Pups were euthanised at PND 17 or PND 50. (3) Results: All tacrolimus doses administered pre-HI significantly reduced brain infarct size and neuronal loss, increased the number of resting microglia and reduced cellular apoptosis (p < 0.05 compared to control). In contrast, only the highest dose of tacrolimus administered post-HI (0.25 mg/kg/day) reduced brain infarct size (p < 0.05). All doses of tacrolimus reduced pup weight compared to the controls. (4) Conclusions: Tacrolimus administration 3 days pre-HI was neuroprotective, likely mediated through neuroinflammatory and cell death pathways. Tacrolimus post-HI may have limited capacity to reduce brain injury, with higher doses increasing rat pup mortality. This work highlights the benefits of targeting neuroinflammation during the acute injurious period. More specific targeting of neuroinflammation, e.g., via T-cells, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J. Smith
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Tayla Penny
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Yen Pham
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Amy E. Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michael C. Fahey
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Madison C. B. Paton
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Speciality of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (M.C.B.P.); (M.F.-E.)
| | - Megan Finch-Edmondson
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Speciality of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (M.C.B.P.); (M.F.-E.)
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Courtney A. McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.J.S.); (T.P.); (Y.P.); (A.E.S.); (G.J.); (M.C.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Ding Y, Han Z, Ji X. Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia Combined with Other Neuroprotective Strategies on Ischemic Stroke: Review of Evidence. Aging Dis 2018; 9:507-522. [PMID: 29896438 PMCID: PMC5988605 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally, and its incidence is increasing. The only treatment approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for acute ischemic stroke is thrombolytic treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. As an alternative, therapeutic hypothermia has shown excellent potential in preclinical and small clinical studies, but it has largely failed in large clinical studies. This has led clinicians to explore the combination of therapeutic hypothermia with other neuroprotective strategies. This review examines preclinical and clinical progress towards developing highly effective combination therapy involving hypothermia for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linlei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Jeng KS, Chu SH, Huang CC, Lin CK, Lin CC, Chen KH. Loss of speech after living-related donor liver transplantation: detection of the lesion by diffusion tensor image. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:880-2. [PMID: 24767371 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of speech after living-related liver transplantation is uncommon. Either immunosuppressive agents, related sequelae, or a neurological event may cause it. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old man developed dysarthria and dysphagia on the 10th day after living-related donor liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis with Child-Pugh class C. Brain magnetic resonance images and electroencephalograms could not detect any lesion, but the diffusion tensor image showed a subacute lacunar infarction at right midbrain. The patient's speech improved 1 month after rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS Some unexpected neurological events, such as loss of speech, may occur after liver transplantation. The differential diagnosis becomes very important before active treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging supplemented with diffusion tensor imaging is an effective imaging study in establishing the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Jeng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - S H Chu
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C C Huang
- Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C K Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C C Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K H Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Immunosuppressant FK506: Focusing on neuroprotective effects following brain and spinal cord injury. Life Sci 2012; 91:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sharifi ZN, Abolhassani F, Zarrindast MR, Movassaghi S, Rahimian N, Hassanzadeh G. Effects of FK506 on Hippocampal CA1 Cells Following Transient Global Ischemia/Reperfusion in Wistar Rat. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2012:809417. [PMID: 21941688 PMCID: PMC3175409 DOI: 10.1155/2012/809417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient global cerebral ischemia causes loss of pyramidal cells in CA1 region of hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the neurotrophic effect of the immunosuppressant agent FK506 in rat after global cerebral ischemia. Both common carotid arteries were occluded for 20 minutes followed by reperfusion. In experimental group 1, FK506 (6 mg/kg) was given as a single dose exactly at the time of reperfusion. In the second group, FK506 was administered at the beginning of reperfusion, followed by its administration intraperitoneally (IP) 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after reperfusion. FK506 failed to show neurotrophic effects on CA1 region when applied as a single dose of 6 mg/kg. The cell number and size of the CA1 pyramidal cells were increased, also the number of cell death decreased in this region when FK506 was administrated 48 h after reperfusion. This work supports the possible use of FK506 in treatment of ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra-Nadia Sharifi
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Pezeshkpour Alley, Vali-e-Asr Street, 15948-34111 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abolhassani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Movassaghi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shariati Street, Zargandeh Street, 19168 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Rahimian
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib Street, 14197-31357 Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Enghelab Street, 14176-13151 Tehran, Iran
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Lämmer AB, Beck A, Grummich B, Förschler A, Krügel T, Kahn T, Schneider D, Illes P, Franke H, Krügel U. The P2 receptor antagonist PPADS supports recovery from experimental stroke in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19983. [PMID: 21611146 PMCID: PMC3096654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After ischemia of the CNS, extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) can reach high concentrations due to cell damage and subsequent increase of membrane permeability. ATP may cause cellular degeneration and death, mediated by P2X and P2Y receptors. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The effects of inhibition of P2 receptors by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) on electrophysiological, functional and morphological alterations in an ischemia model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were investigated up to day 28. Spontaneously hypertensive rats received PPADS or vehicle intracerebroventricularly 15 minutes prior MCAO for up to 7 days. The functional recovery monitored by qEEG was improved by PPADS indicated by an accelerated recovery of ischemia-induced qEEG changes in the delta and alpha frequency bands along with a faster and sustained recovery of motor impairments. Whereas the functional improvements by PPADS were persistent at day 28, the infarct volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging and the amount of TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced by PPADS only until day 7. Further, by immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we identified both neurons and astrocytes as TUNEL-positive after MCAO. CONCLUSION The persistent beneficial effect of PPADS on the functional parameters without differences in the late (day 28) infarct size and apoptosis suggests that the early inhibition of P2 receptors might be favourable for the maintenance or early reconstruction of neuronal connectivity in the periinfarct area after ischemic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B. Lämmer
- Department of Neurology,
Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen,
Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of
Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Beck
- Department of Neurology,
Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen,
Germany
| | - Benjamin Grummich
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Förschler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional
Radiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Krügel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Kahn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional
Radiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and
Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mitochondria, oxidative metabolism and cell death in stroke. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:80-91. [PMID: 19751827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke most commonly results from occlusion of a major artery in the brain and typically leads to the death of all cells within the affected tissue. Mitochondria are centrally involved in the development of this tissue injury due to modifications of their major role in supplying ATP and to changes in their properties that can contribute to the development of apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In animal models of stroke, the limited availability of glucose and oxygen directly impairs oxidative metabolism in severely ischemic regions of the affected tissue and leads to rapid changes in ATP and other energy-related metabolites. In the less-severely ischemic "penumbral" tissue, more moderate alterations develop in these metabolites, associated with near normal glucose use but impaired oxidative metabolism. This tissue remains potentially salvageable for at least the first few hours following stroke onset. Early restoration of blood flow can result in substantial recovery of energy-related metabolites throughout the affected tissue. However, glucose oxidation is markedly decreased due both to lower energy requirements in the post-ischemic tissue and limitations on the mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. A secondary deterioration of mitochondrial function subsequently develops that may contribute to progression to cell loss. Mitochondrial release of multiple apoptogenic proteins has been identified in ischemic and post-ischemic brain, mostly in neurons. Pharmacological interventions and genetic modifications in rodent models strongly implicate caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis and the mitochondrial permeability transition as important contributors to tissue damage, particularly when induced by short periods of temporary focal ischemia.
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Su D, Su Z, Wang J, Yang S, Ma J. UCF-101, A Novel Omi/HtrA2 Inhibitor, Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:854-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Hu R, Yin CL, Wu N, Cui GY, Meng H, Wu XG, Luo HS, Gang T, Hu S, Shi J, Lin JK, Feng H. Traditional Chinese herb Dihuang Yinzi (DY) plays neuroprotective and anti-dementia role in rats of ischemic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 121:444-450. [PMID: 19000752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Traditional Chinese herb Dihuang Yinzi (DY) is well known to treat neurological diseases by traditional Chinese medical practitioners. This study is to elucidate its neuroprotective and anti-dementia role in ischemic brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of DY on the pathohistological changes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Morris water maze task, expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) of hippocampi of rats with ischemic brain injury were investigated. RESULTS This study showed that DY not only significantly decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells but also reduced the LDH release of hippocampus of model rat. Morris water maze test showed that the ability of learning and memory of rats dramatically impaired after ischemic brain injury. However, DY ameliorated the impairment of learning and memory of ischemic rats. Furthermore, western blotting and immunohistochemical data showed that the expression of extracellular regulated protein and synaptophysin, which correlates with synaptic formation and function, decreased after ischemic insult. However, DY inhibited the reduction of ERK an SYP expression in a dose-dependent way. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DY possesses neuroprotective and anti-dementia properties, at least in part, by preventing the loss of neural cells and synapses in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan 29, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Chabas JF, Alluin O, Rao G, Garcia S, Lavaut MN, Legré R, Magalon G, Marqueste T, Feron F, Decherchi P. FK506 Induces Changes in Muscle Properties and Promotes Metabosensitive Nerve Fiber Regeneration. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:97-108. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Chabas
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (UMR CNRS 6184), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Faculté de Médecine Nord, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Jean Roche, Marseille, France
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Alluin
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Rao
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Garcia
- Service Hospitalier d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques Humaines, Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lavaut
- Service Hospitalier d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques Humaines, Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Institut de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Régis Legré
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Guy Magalon
- Services de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
| | - François Feron
- Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (UMR CNRS 6184), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Faculté de Médecine Nord, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Jean Roche, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules Marey (UMR CNRS 6233), Université de la Méditerranée (Aix-Marseille II), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy–Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, France
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Neuroprotective effect of diazoxide on brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion during deep hypothermia. J Neurol Sci 2008; 268:18-27. [PMID: 18068190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diazoxide on apoptosis and the relative mechanisms in a model of brain injury induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) during deep hypothermia. METHODS Three-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly and equitably divided into sham-operated group, placebo-treated group and diazoxide-treated group respectively. Specific examination of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in the three groups continuously during the operation by laser Doppler flowmetry. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was showed DNA fragmentation. The mRNA expressions of cytochrome c and full-length caspase-3 were determined by RT-PCR, while the protein expressions of cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by immunohistochemistry at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 72 h and 7 days after I/R, respectively. Cytosolic release of cytochrome c at 24 h after I/R was also confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS rCBF was significantly decreased in both of placebo-treated and diazoxide-treated group just after ischemia in the time interval 0-5 min, and had no obvious changes in all the time intervals during the operation. Diazoxide preconditioning significantly decreased the percentage of TUNEL-positive staining cells. The mRNA expressions of cytochrome c and full-length caspase-3 in diazoxide-treated group were significantly decreased. In addition, diazoxide provided a significant reduction in the protein expressions of cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the neuroprotective effects of diazoxide against cerebral I/R injury during deep hypothermia correlated with the reduction of DNA fragmentation, prevention of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and inhibition of caspase-3 activation.
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Reeves TM, Phillips LL, Lee NN, Povlishock JT. Preferential neuroprotective effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on unmyelinated axons following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2007; 1154:225-36. [PMID: 17481596 PMCID: PMC2703421 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior investigations of traumatic axonal injury (TAI), and pharmacological treatments of TAI pathology, have focused exclusively on the role of myelinated axons, with no systematic observations directed towards unmyelinated axon pathophysiology. Recent electrophysiological evidence, however, indicates that unmyelinated axons are more vulnerable than myelinated axons in a rodent model of experimental TAI. Given their susceptibility to TAI, the present study examines whether unmyelinated axons also respond differentially to FK506, an immunophilin ligand with well-established neuroprotective efficacy in the myelinated fiber population. Adult rats received 3.0 mg/kg FK506 intravenously at 30 min prior to midline fluid percussion injury. In brain slice electrophysiological recordings, conducted at 24 h postinjury, compound action potentials (CAPs) were evoked in the corpus callosum, and injury effects quantified separately for CAP waveform components generated by myelinated axons (N1 wave) and unmyelinated axons (N2 wave). The amplitudes of both CAP components were suppressed postinjury, although this deficit was 16% greater for the N2 CAP. While FK506 treatment provided significant neuroprotection for both N1 and N2 CAPs, the drug benefit for the N2 CAP amplitude was 122% greater than that for the N1 CAPs, and improved postinjury strength-duration and refractoriness properties only in N2 CAPs. Immunocytochemical observations, of TAI reflected in intra-axonal pooling of amyloid precursor protein, indicated that FK506 reduced the extent of postinjury impairments to axonal transport and subsequent axonal damage. Collectively, these studies further substantiate a distinctive role of unmyelinated axons in TAI, and suggest a highly efficacious neuroprotective strategy to target this axonal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Reeves
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1217 E. Marshall Street, Room 740, Medical Campus Box 980709, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Choi YS, Lin SL, Lee B, Kurup P, Cho HY, Naegele JR, Lombroso PJ, Obrietan K. Status epilepticus-induced somatostatinergic hilar interneuron degeneration is regulated by striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2999-3009. [PMID: 17360923 PMCID: PMC2701360 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4913-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxic cell death is one of the precipitating events in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy. Of particular prominence is the loss of GABAergic hilar neurons. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of these cells are not well understood, activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway has been implicated in neuroprotective responses to excitotoxicity in other neuronal populations. Here, we report that high levels of the striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), a key regulator of ERK/MAPK signaling, are found in vulnerable somatostatin-immunoreactive hilar interneurons. Under both control conditions and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), ERK/MAPK activation was repressed in STEP-immunoreactive hilar neurons. This contrasts with robust SE-induced ERK/MAPK activation in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, a cell region that does not express STEP. During pilocarpine-induced SE, in vivo disruption of STEP activity allowed activation of the MAPK pathway, leading to immediate-early gene expression and significant rescue from cell death. Thus, STEP increases the sensitivity of neurons to SE-induced excitotoxicity by specifically blocking a latent neuroprotective response initiated by the MAPK pathway. These findings identify a key set of signaling events that render somatostatinergic hilar interneurons vulnerable to SE-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Stanley L. Lin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, and
| | - Boyoung Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Hee-Yeon Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Janice R. Naegele
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, and
| | - Paul J. Lombroso
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Karl Obrietan
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Noto T, Furuichi Y, Ishiye M, Matsuoka N, Aramori I, Mutoh S, Yanagihara T. Tacrolimus (FK506) Limits Accumulation of Granulocytes and Platelets and Protects against Brain Damage after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:313-7. [PMID: 17268072 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuroprotective effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on the ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by transient focal brain ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 60 min in rats. Neuronal damage visualized as a decrease of MAP2 immunoreactivity was observed in the cerebral cortex at 9 h after MCA occlusion and further expanded at 24 h. Hypoxic areas visualized with an immunohistochemical reaction for 2-nitroimidazole, a hypoxia marker (hypoxyprobe-1), and accumulation of granulocytes and platelets were also observed at 9 h and 24 h after MCA occlusion. Tacrolimus (1 mg/kg, i.v.), administered immediately after MCA occlusion, attenuated cortical damage and decreased the hypoxyprobe-1 positive area, as well as the number of granulocytes and platelets at 24 h after MCA occlusion. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that tacrolimus reduced the number of blood vessels positively stained for ICAM-1, E-selectin and P-selection. These results suggested that tacrolimus limited attachment of granulocytes and platelets to blood vessels by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules and protected neuronal tissue from hypoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Noto
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharmaceutical Inc., Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Li JY, Furuichi Y, Matsuoka N, Mutoh S, Yanagihara T. Tacrolimus (FK506) attenuates biphasic cytochrome c release and Bad phosphorylation following transient cerebral ischemia in mice. Neuroscience 2006; 142:789-97. [PMID: 16935431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK506) has a neuroprotective action on cerebral infarction produced by cerebral ischemia, however, detailed mechanisms underlying this action have not been fully elucidated. We examined temporal profiles of survival-and death-related signals, Bad phosphorylation, release of cytochrome c (cyt.c), activation of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation in the brain during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in mice, and then examined the effect of tacrolimus on these signals. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient MCAo by intraluminal suture insertion for 60 min. Tacrolimus (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after MCAo. There were biphasic increases in the release of cyt.c in the ischemic core and penumbra; with the first increase toward the end of the occlusion period and the second increase 3-12 h after reperfusion. Tacrolimus significantly inhibited the increase of cytosolic cyt.c during ischemia and reperfusion. Phosphorylated Bad, Ser-136 (P-Bad(136)) and Ser-155 (P-Bad(155)) were detected 30 min after MCAo and after reperfusion in the ischemic cortex, respectively. Tacrolimus increased P-Bad(136) during ischemia and prolonged P-Bad(155) expression after reperfusion. Tacrolimus also decreased caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated DNA nick-end labeling-positive cells, and reduced the size of infarct 24 h after reperfusion. Our study provided the first evidence that the neuroprotective action of tacrolimus involved inhibition of biphasic cyt.c release from mitochondria, possibly via up-regulation of Bad phosphorylation at different sites after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Li
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
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