Oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic C H bonds by t-BuOOH catalyzed by μ-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine

Highly efficient Cu(II) coordination polymer catalyst for the conversion of hazardous volatile organic compounds

Three novel coordination polymers (CPs), namely [Cu(μ-1κO,2κN-L)2]n (1), [Zn (μ-1κO,2κN-L)2(H2O)2]n (2) and [Cd (μ-1κOO',2κN-L)2]n (3) [where HL = 4-(pyrimidin-5-ylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid], were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ATR-IR, TGA, XPS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Despite having the same organic ligand, the various metal cations had an impact in the subsequent frameworks. Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the intermolecular interactions and to examine the stability of the crystal structures of the three polymers. Their catalytic performances were screened for the peroxidative oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), with toluene and p-xylene selected as model substrates. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH or TBHP) (aq. 70 %) was employed as the oxidant. The catalytic oxidation of toluene yielded benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. The copper CP 1 exhibited the highest total yield for toluene oxidation, reaching approximately 36% in an aqueous medium. For p-xylene oxidation, tolualdehyde, methylbenzyl alcohol, and toluic acid were produced as the primary products, accompanied by minor ones. The experiments were conducted under diverse conditions, manipulating key parameters such as the choice of solvent (water or acetonitrile), type of oxidant (t-BuOOH or H2O2), the concentration of the oxidant and reaction temperature. In the presence of catalyst 1, a maximum total yield of ca. 80% was achieved for p-xylene oxidation.

Degradation of Organic Contaminants by Reactive Iron/Manganese Species: Progress and Challenges

Many iron(II, III, VI)- and manganese(II, IV, VII)-based oxidation processes can generate reactive iron/manganese species (RFeS/RMnS, i.e., Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and Mn(III)/Mn(V)/Mn(VI)), which have mild and selective reactivity toward a wide range of organic contaminants, and thus have drawn significant attention. The reaction mechanisms of these processes are rather complicated due to the simultaneous involvement of multiple radical and/or nonradical species. As a result, the ambiguity in the occurrence of RFeS/RMnS and divergence in the degradation mechanisms of trace organic contaminants in the presence of RFeS/RMnS exist in literature. In order to improve the critical understanding of the RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes, the detection methods of RFeS/RMnS and their roles in the destruction of trace organic contaminants are reviewed with special attention to some specific problems related to the scavenger and probe selection and experimental results analysis potentially resulting in some questionable conclusions. Moreover, the influence of background constituents, such as organic matter and halides, on oxidation efficiency of RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes and formation of byproducts are discussed through their comparison with those in free radicals-dominated oxidation processes. Finally, the prospects of the RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes and the challenges for future applications are presented.

Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Csp3-H Bonds Catalyzed by Yeast-Derived Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Oxygen Codoped Carbon Materials

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen codoped carbon catalysts were successfully synthesized using dried yeast powder as a pyrolysis precursor. The yeast-derived heteroatom-doped carbon (yeast@C) catalysts exhibited outstanding performance in the oxidation of C_sp³-H bonds to ketones and esters, giving excellent product yields (of up to 98% yield) without organic solvents at low O₂ pressure (0.1 MPa). The catalytic oxidation protocol exhibited a broad range of substrates (38 examples) with good functional group tolerance, excellent regioselectivity, and synthetic utility. The yeast-derived heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts showed good reusability and stability after recycling six times without any significant loss of activity. Experimental results and DFT calculations proved the important role of N-oxide (N⁺-O^-) on the surface of yeast@C and a reasonable carbon radical mechanism.

Increasing the steric hindrance around the catalytic core of a self-assembled imine-based non-heme iron catalyst for C-H oxidation

Sterically hindered imine-based non-heme complexes 4 and 5 rapidly self-assemble in acetonitrile at 25 °C, when the corresponding building blocks are added in solution in the proper ratios. Such complexes are investigated as catalysts for the H2O2 oxidation of a series of substrates in order to ascertain the role and the importance of the ligand steric hindrance on the action of the catalytic core 1, previously shown to be an efficient catalyst for aliphatic and aromatic C-H bond oxidation. The study reveals a modest dependence of the output of the oxidation reactions on the presence of bulky substituents in the backbone of the catalyst, both in terms of activity and selectivity. This result supports a previously hypothesized catalytic mechanism, which is based on the hemi-lability of the metal complex. In the active form of the catalyst, one of the pyridine arms temporarily leaves the iron centre, freeing up a lot of room for the access of the substrate.

X-Ray structures, Mössbauer hyperfine parameters, and molecular orbital descriptions of the phthalocyaninato iron(II) azole complexes

The electronic structures of a set of PcFe(azole)2 complexes (azole = imidazole, [Formula: see text]-methylimidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, thiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole, and 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole) were examined by Mössbauer spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the geometric distortions in these compounds were elucidated by X-ray crystallography for imidazole, pyrazole, and thiazole-containing compounds. Predicted by DFT calculations, Mössbauer hyperfine parameters for all compounds are in reasonable agreement with experimental results, and the influence of the [Formula: see text]-donor and [Formula: see text]-acceptor properties of the axial azoles on the electronic structure of the PcFe(azole)2 complexes is demonstrated by comparison with the reference PcFePy2 compound.

New Insight into an Old Problem: Analysis, Interpretation, and Theoretical Modeling of the Absorption and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra of Monomeric and Dimeric Zinc Phthalocyanine Cation Radical

The chemically or spectroelectrochemically generated formation and aggregation of zinc(II) tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine cation radical [ZnPc^tBu]^+•, which was highly soluble in common organic solvents, were investigated using UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies with an emphasis on the influence of the axial ligand on the fingerprint (∼500 nm) and NIR (720∼1000 nm) spectral envelopes. MCD spectroscopy is suggestive that the NIR band at ∼1000 nm observed for the antiferromagnetically coupled cation radical dimer, [ZnPc^tBu]₂²⁺, has no degeneracy, the monomer-dimeric equilibrium is temperature dependent, and higher degree aggregates can be formed at specific conditions. Sixteen different exchange-correlation functionals were tested to accurately predict the energies, intensities, and profiles of the UV-vis and MCD spectra of the phthalocyanine cation radical monomer and dimer. It was found that the M05 exchange-correlation functional (along with several other functionals that include 27-42% of Hartree-Fock exchange) provided an excellent agreement (∼0.1 eV for the degenerate excited states observed by MCD spectroscopy) between theory and experiment for the phthalocyanine cation-radical monomer and dimer. Not only did time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations with M05 exchange-correlation functional correctly predict the nondegenerate NIR charge-transfer band at ∼1000 nm, all degenerate excited states, monomer and dimer energies, and oscillator strengths, but also they correctly described the nature of the experimentally observed at ∼500 nm MCD B-term (fingerprint band) detected for both the monomeric and dimeric phthalocyanine cation radicals. The TDDFT data explain the similarities in the UV-vis and MCD spectra of the monomeric and dimeric species observed between the UV and fingerprint spectral envelopes as well as correctly predicted the antiferromagnetic coupling between the two singly oxidized phthalocyanine macrocycles in the dimer.

The efficient, fast and facile decolorization of organic dyes homogeneously catalyzed by iron octacarboxylic phthalocyanine

To remove the harmful dye contaminants via an efficient, facile and low energy consumption route is a grave challenge in current chemical industry. Though the great progresses of TiO₂ photocatalysis and enzymatic degradation have been witnessed, the strategy for satisfying the above requirements is still worth exploring. Herein, we develop a biomimetic catalysis strategy for the fast decolorization of organic dyes catalyzed by iron octacarboxylic phthalocyanine (FeOCPc) complexes assisted with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (BuOOH). Methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) were used as the model pollutants and experimental results show that the decolorization degree of 25 mg/L MO could achieve 100% within 20 min and 80% for 25 mg/L MB within 30 min. The molar ratio for FeOCPc/MO and FeOCPc/MB is 0.146 and 0.142, respectively. Interestingly, other than the high-valent iron-oxygen active species, tert-butyl peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals were detected as the active species generated during the catalytic oxidation by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurement. This work not only provides a distinctive biomimetic catalysis system of FeOCPc-BuOOH for the fast bleaching of dye pollutants, but also proposes the new insight on a mechanism based on the cooperation catalysis of iron-oxygen active species, tert-butyl peroxyl radicals and hydroxyl radicals.

Synthesis and Structures of Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes Bearing Pyridine-Alkoxide Ligands and Their Catalytic Activity in Alcohol Oxidation

Reaction of Ru₃(CO)₁₂ with two equiv of 6-bromopyridine alcohols 6-bromopyCHROH [(R = C₆H₅ (L1); R = 4-CH₃C₆H₄ (L2); R = 4-OMeC₆H₄ (L3); R = 4-ClC₆H₄ (L4); (R = 4-CF₃C₆H₄ (L5); R = 2-OMeC₆H₄ (L6); R = 2-CF₃C₆H₄ (L7)] and 6-bromopyC(Me)₂OH (L8) in refluxing xylene afforded novel trinuclear ruthenium complexes [6-bromopyCHRO]₂Ru₃(CO)₈ (1a-1g) and [6-bromopyC(Me)₂O]₂Ru₃(CO)₈ (1h). These complexes were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. The structures of all the complexes were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the source of oxidant, complexes 1a-1h displayed high catalytic activities for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols and most of oxidation reactions could be completed within 1 h at room temperature.

Carbene insertion to N–H bonds of 2-aminothiazole and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives catalyzed by iron phthalocyanine

Iron(III) phthalocyaninate decorated with crown ether substituents, [(15C5)4PcFe]Cl, efficiently catalyzed the insertion of carbene derived from ethyl diazoacetate to six amines functionalized with thiazole, thiazoline and thiadiazole heterocycles. The reactions were carried out under practical conditions using EDA:amine stoechiometric ratio with 0.05 mol% catalyst loading. Turnover numbers up to 3360 have been achieved. The aminoacid derivatives bearing heterocyclic moieties were obtained under catalytic conditions for the first time with 36–69% yields in the case of single N–H insertion products and up to 77% in the case of double N–H insertion products.

Oxidative functionalization of C–H compounds induced by the extremely efficient osmium catalysts (a review)

In recent years, osmium complexes have found applications not only in thecis-hydroxylation of olefins but also very efficient in the oxygenation of C–H compounds (saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols) by hydrogen peroxide as well as organic peroxides.

Direct hydroxylation of benzene and aromatics with H2O2 catalyzed by a self-assembled iron complex: evidence for a metal-based mechanism

An imine-based catalyst easily obtained by self-assembly of cheap and commercially available starting materials selectively catalyzes the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds.