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Crump KB, Alminnawi A, Bermudez‐Lekerika P, Compte R, Gualdi F, McSweeney T, Muñoz‐Moya E, Nüesch A, Geris L, Dudli S, Karppinen J, Noailly J, Le Maitre C, Gantenbein B. Cartilaginous endplates: A comprehensive review on a neglected structure in intervertebral disc research. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1294. [PMID: 38156054 PMCID: PMC10751983 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cartilaginous endplates (CEP) are key components of the intervertebral disc (IVD) necessary for sustaining the nutrition of the disc while distributing mechanical loads and preventing the disc from bulging into the adjacent vertebral body. The size, shape, and composition of the CEP are essential in maintaining its function, and degeneration of the CEP is considered a contributor to early IVD degeneration. In addition, the CEP is implicated in Modic changes, which are often associated with low back pain. This review aims to tackle the current knowledge of the CEP regarding its structure, composition, permeability, and mechanical role in a healthy disc, how they change with degeneration, and how they connect to IVD degeneration and low back pain. Additionally, the authors suggest a standardized naming convention regarding the CEP and bony endplate and suggest avoiding the term vertebral endplate. Currently, there is limited data on the CEP itself as reported data is often a combination of CEP and bony endplate, or the CEP is considered as articular cartilage. However, it is clear the CEP is a unique tissue type that differs from articular cartilage, bony endplate, and other IVD tissues. Thus, future research should investigate the CEP separately to fully understand its role in healthy and degenerated IVDs. Further, most IVD regeneration therapies in development failed to address, or even considered the CEP, despite its key role in nutrition and mechanical stability within the IVD. Thus, the CEP should be considered and potentially targeted for future sustainable treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B. Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, InselspitalBern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ahmad Alminnawi
- GIGA In Silico MedicineUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Paola Bermudez‐Lekerika
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, InselspitalBern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Roger Compte
- Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologySt. Thomas' Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Francesco Gualdi
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Terence McSweeney
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Estefano Muñoz‐Moya
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication TechnologiesUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Andrea Nüesch
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population HealthUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico MedicineUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Stefan Dudli
- Center of Experimental RheumatologyDepartment of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Physical Medicine and RheumatologyBalgrist University Hospital, Balgrist Campus, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
- Finnish Institute of Occupational HealthOuluFinland
- Rehabilitation Services of South Karelia Social and Health Care DistrictLappeenrantaFinland
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Department of Information and Communication TechnologiesUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Christine Le Maitre
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population HealthUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, InselspitalBern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Čižmárová B, Hubková B, Tomečková V, Birková A. Flavonoids as Promising Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076324. [PMID: 37047297 PMCID: PMC10094312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals represent a large and diverse group of naturally occurring compounds, bioactive nutrients, or phytonutrients produced by plants, widely found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains products, legumes, beans, herbs, seeds, nuts, tea, and dark chocolate. They are classified according to their chemical structures and functional properties. Flavonoids belong to the phenolic class of phytochemicals with potential solid pharmacological effects as modulators of multiple signal transduction pathways. Their beneficial effect on the human body is associated with their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties. Flavonoids are also widely used in various nutritional, pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic applications. In our review, we discuss the positive effect of flavonoids on chronic skin diseases such as vitiligo, psoriasis, acne, and atopic dermatitis.
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Samadi A, Sartipi Z, Ahmad Nasrollahi S, Sheikholeslami B, Nassiri Kashani M, Rouini MR, Dinarvand R, Firooz A. Efficacy assessments of tretinoin-loaded nano lipid carriers in acne vulgaris: a double blind, split-face randomized clinical study. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:553-561. [PMID: 34146120 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we assessed the efficacy and safety of Nano lipid carrier (NLC) drug delivery system containing tretinoin (NLC-TRE) in comparison with the conventional 0.05% tretinoin cream (TRE cream) in mild to moderate acne vulgaris. A stable and appropriate NLC-TRE formulation was prepared using a high-pressure homogenizer and particle characterization and physicochemical properties were evaluated under accelerated conditions. Efficacy assessment was performed via a split-face clinical study, by comparing the number of acne lesions, porphyrin production and skin biophysical parameters in both sides of the face randomly treated with NLC-TRE and TRE cream. Plasma concentration of tretinoin after topical application of NLC-TRE was measured for primary safety evaluation. We acquired a stable, spherical nanoparticles with particle size of 118.5 nm, PI equal to 0.485 and ZP of - 44.7 mV. The rate of decrease of acne lesions was significantly higher in NLC- TRE side (p value < 0.001). The size and intensity of porphyrin production in pilosebaceous follicles were significantly reduced only on NLC-TRE side (p value < 0.01). The plasma concentration of the tretinoin, after 8 weeks' application remained lower than the toxic levels. The NLC-TRE formula provides better efficiency and good loading capacity of TRE in the drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniseh Samadi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 415 Taleqani Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Sartipi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 415 Taleqani Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 415 Taleqani Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mansour Nassiri Kashani
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 415 Taleqani Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Firooz
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 415 Taleqani Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Di Lodovico S, Menghini L, Ferrante C, Recchia E, Castro-Amorim J, Gameiro P, Cellini L, Bessa LJ. Hop Extract: An Efficacious Antimicrobial and Anti-biofilm Agent Against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococci Strains and Cutibacterium acnes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1852. [PMID: 32903686 PMCID: PMC7438819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to Staphylococcus genus, in particular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, together with Cutibacterium acnes are the main strains involved in skin disease. The increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria has revived attention on natural compounds as alternative agents for the treatment management. Among these, hop extract, a hydroalcoholic solution obtained from experimental crops of Humulus lupulus L. variety cascade (hop), displays diverse biological properties including an antimicrobial one. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and the capacity to inhibit the biofilm formation of a characterized hop extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis multidrug-resistant strains and against a C. acnes strain. The hop extract was characterized by (i) phytochemical analysis through a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorimetric method, (ii) biocompatibility test with Artemia salina L., (iii) cytotoxicity against two cell lines, (iv) docking analysis, and (v) antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities by detection of zones inhibition, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), biomass quantification, and cell viability. The hop extract was biocompatible and non-cytotoxic at all tested concentrations. HPLC analysis revealed significant levels of gallic acid, resveratrol, and rutin. This last compound was the most representative displaying a high affinity against PBP2a and KAS III (Ki values in the submicromolar range). The characterized hop extract showed a good antimicrobial action with MICs ranging from 1 to 16 μg/mL and was able to inhibit the biofilm formation of all tested strains, except for two S. aureus strains. The biofilm formed in presence of the hop extract was significantly reduced in most cases, even when present at a concentration of 1/4 MIC. The live/dead images showed a remarkable inhibition in the biofilm formation by hop extract with a weak killing action. Overall, the tested hop extract is a good candidate to further explore for its use in the prevention of infection particularly, by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Lodovico
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Recchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Juliana Castro-Amorim
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gameiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lucinda J. Bessa
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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De Canha MN, Komarnytsky S, Langhansova L, Lall N. Exploring the Anti-Acne Potential of Impepho [ Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet] to Combat Cutibacterium acnes Virulence. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1559. [PMID: 32082144 PMCID: PMC7002546 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (previously Propionibacterium acnes), plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of the dermatological skin disorder acne vulgaris. The methanolic extract of Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet (HO-MeOH) was investigated for its ability to target bacterial growth and pathogenic virulence factors associated with acne progression. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of HO-MeOH identified α-humulene (3.94%), α-curcumene (3.74%), and caryophyllene (8.12%) as major constituents, which correlated with previous reports of other Helichrysum species. The HO-MeOH extract exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against C. acnes (ATCC 6919) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.81 µg/ml. It enhanced the antimicrobial activity of benzoyl peroxide (BPO). The extract showed high specificity against C. acnes cell aggregation at sub-inhibitory concentrations, preventing biofilm formation. Mature C. acnes biofilms were disrupted at a sub-inhibitory concentration of 3.91 µg/ml. At 100 µg/ml, HO-MeOH reduced interleukin-1α (IL-1α) cytokine levels in C. acnes-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT) by 11.08%, highlighting its potential as a comedolytic agent for the treatment of comedonal acne. The extract exhibited a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 157.50 µg/ml against lipase enzyme activity, an enzyme responsible for sebum degradation, ultimately causing inflammation. The extract's anti-inflammatory activity was tested against various targets associated with inflammatory activation by the bacterium. The extract inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-8 by 48.31% when compared to C. acnes-induced HaCaT cells at 7.81 µg/ml. It exhibited cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) enzyme inhibition with an IC50 of 22.87 µg/ml. Intracellular nitric oxide (NO) was inhibited by 40.39% at 7.81 µg/ml when compared with NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. The intracellular NO inhibition was potentially due to the 2.14 fold reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. The HO-MeOH extract exhibited an IC50 of 145.45 µg/ml against virulent hyaluronidase enzyme activity, which is responsible for hyaluronan degradation and scar formation. This study provides scientific validation for the traditional use of H. odoratissimum as an ointment for pimples, not only due to its ability to control C. acnes proliferation but also due to its inhibitory activity on various targets associated with bacterial virulence leading to acne progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Nuno De Canha
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Lenka Langhansova
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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Hop Extract Acts as an Antioxidant with Antimicrobial Effects against Propionibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus Aureus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020223. [PMID: 30634461 PMCID: PMC6359372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne is associated with hyperkeratosis, elevated levels of skin sebum and growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Furthermore, P. acnes promotes inflammation by inducing IL-6 production and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of a hop-CO2-extract with 50% humulone and lupulone. The susceptibility of P. acnes and S. aureus to the hop extract was tested by using the broth microdilution technique. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for P. acnes and S. aureus were 3.1 and 9.4 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the hop extract showed an antioxidative effect with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.43 µg/mL as well as additional anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the IL-6 expression (IC50: 0.8 µg/mL). In addition, a gel formulation with 0.3% hop extract (w/w) had antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. aureus (inhibition zone value: 5.5 mm and 3 mm, respectively) which was significantly superior to the placebo gel. The positive control (a gel with the antibiotic clindamycin) showed an inhibition zone of 9 mm. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects hop extract might be a treatment option for acne-prone skin.
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Kuehnast T, Cakar F, Weinhäupl T, Pilz A, Selak S, Schmidt MA, Rüter C, Schild S. Comparative analyses of biofilm formation among different Cutibacterium acnes isolates. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:1027-1035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Dudli S, Miller S, Demir-Deviren S, Lotz JC. Inflammatory response of disc cells against Propionibacterium acnes depends on the presence of lumbar Modic changes. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:1013-1020. [PMID: 28884220 PMCID: PMC5842102 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intervertebral disc with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is suggested to be an etiology of Modic type I changes in the adjacent bone marrow. However it is unknown if disc cells can respond to P. acnes and if bone marrow cells respond to bacterial and disc metabolites draining from infected discs. METHODS Human disc cells (n = 10) were co-cultured with 10- and 100-fold excess of P. acnes over disc cells for 3 h and 24 h. Lipopolysaccharide was used as positive control. Expression of IL1, IL6, IL8, and CCL2 by disc cells was quantified by quantitative PCR. Lipase activity was measured in culture supernatants (n = 6). Human vertebral bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs) (n = 2) were cultured in conditioned media from disc cell/P. acnes co-cultures and expression of IL1, IL6, IL8, and CCL2 was measured after 24 h. RESULTS All disc cells responded to lipopolysaccharide but only 6/10 responded to P. acnes with increased cytokine expression. Cytokine increase was time- but not P. acnes concentration-dependent. Disc cell responsiveness was associated with the presence of lumbar Modic changes in the donor. Lipase activity was increased independent of disc cell responsiveness. BMNCs responded with inflammatory activity only when cultured in supernatants from responsive disc cell lines. CONCLUSION Disc cell responsiveness to P. acnes associates with the presence of lumbar Modic changes. Furthermore, bone marrow cells had an inflammatory response to the cocktail of disc cytokines and P. acnes metabolites. These data indicate that low virulent P. acnes infection of the disc is a potential exacerbating factor to Modic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dudli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Lengghalde 5, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry St, Suite 290, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - S Demir-Deviren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1500 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - J C Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Spittaels KJ, Coenye T. Developing an in vitro artificial sebum model to study Propionibacterium acnes biofilms. Anaerobe 2017; 49:21-29. [PMID: 29175428 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to develop a new model system to study Propionibacterium acnes biofilms. This model should be representative for the conditions encountered in the pilosebaceous unit. METHODS AND RESULTS The new model, consists of an artificial sebum pellet supported by a silicone disc. Sebum pellets were inoculated with various P. acnes strains isolated from both normal and acneic skin. Growth and biofilm formation was verified by conventional plating at different time points, as well as by resazurin assays and fluorescence microscopy after LIVE/DEAD staining. The artificial sebum pellets were also used in assays to measure the production of certain virulence factors implicated in the pathogenesis of acne, including lipase, protease and the presence of CAMP factors. CONCLUSION The artificial sebum model can sustain biofilm growth of P. acnes, as was determined by increasing CFU counts for up to 1 week after inoculation. Metabolic activity and biofilm formation were confirmed using resazurin staining and fluorescence microscopy respectively. The production of virulence factors in this model was demonstrated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Jan Spittaels
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Garg N, Luzzatto-Knaan T, Melnik AV, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Floros DJ, Petras D, Gregor R, Dorrestein PC, Phelan VV. Natural products as mediators of disease. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:194-219. [PMID: 27874907 PMCID: PMC5299058 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2016Humans are walking microbial ecosystems, each harboring a complex microbiome with the genetic potential to produce a vast array of natural products. Recent sequencing data suggest that our microbial inhabitants are critical for maintaining overall health. Shifts in microbial communities have been correlated to a number of diseases including infections, inflammation, cancer, and neurological disorders. Some of these clinically and diagnostically relevant phenotypes are a result of the presence of small molecules, yet we know remarkably little about their contributions to the health of individuals. Here, we review microbe-derived natural products as mediators of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tal Luzzatto-Knaan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexey V. Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Dimitrios J. Floros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rachel Gregor
- Department of Chemistry and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Vanessa V. Phelan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Wang B, Wang A, Cao Z, Zhu G. Characterization of a novel highly thermostable esterase from the Gram-positive soil bacteriumStreptomyces lividansTK64. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2016; 63:334-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baojuan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
- College of Physical Education; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology and Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources; College of Life Sciences; Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
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Unusual carboxylesterase bearing a GGG(A)X-type oxyanion hole discovered in Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23. Biochimie 2014; 104:108-16. [PMID: 24929101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strain Paenibacillus barcinonensis BP-23, previously isolated from Ebro's river delta (Spain), bears a complex hydrolytic system showing the presence of at least two enzymes with activity on lipidic substrates. EstA, a cell-bound B-type carboxylesterase from the strain was previously isolated and characterized. The gene coding for a second putative lipase, located upstream cellulase Cel5A, was obtained using a genome walking strategy and cloned in Escherichia coli for further characterization. The recombinant clone obtained displayed high activity on medium/short-chain fatty acid-derivative substrates. The enzyme, named Est23, was purified and characterized, showing maximum activity on pNP-caprylate (C8:0) or MUF-heptanoate (C7:0) under conditions of moderate temperature and pH. Although Est23 displays a GGG(A)X-type oxyanion hole, described as an important motif for tertiary alcohol ester resolution, neither conversion nor enantiomeric resolution of tertiary alcohols could be detected. Amino acid sequence alignment of Est23 with those of known bacterial lipase families and with closely related proteins suggests that the cloned enzyme does not belong to any of the described bacterial lipase families. A phylogenetic tree including Est23 and similar amino acid sequences showed that the enzyme belongs to a differentiated sequence cluster which probably constitutes a new family of bacterial lipolytic enzymes.
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Vyas A, Kumar Sonker A, Gidwani B. Carrier-based drug delivery system for treatment of acne. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:276260. [PMID: 24688376 PMCID: PMC3934386 DOI: 10.1155/2014/276260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 95% of the population suffers at some point in their lifetime from acne vulgaris. Acne is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. This inflammatory skin disorder is most common in adolescents but also affects neonates, prepubescent children, and adults. Topical conventional systems are associated with various side effects. Novel drug delivery systems have been used to reduce the side effect of drugs commonly used in the topical treatment of acne. Topical treatment of acne with active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) makes direct contact with the target site before entering the systemic circulation which reduces the systemic side effect of the parenteral or oral administration of drug. The objective of the present review is to discuss the conventional delivery systems available for acne, their drawbacks, and limitations. The advantages, disadvantages, and outcome of using various carrier-based delivery systems like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so forth, are explained. This paper emphasizes approaches to overcome the drawbacks and limitations associated with the conventional system and the advances and application that are poised to further enhance the efficacy of topical acne formulations, offering the possibility of simplified dosing regimen that may improve treatment outcomes using novel delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Avinesh Kumar Sonker
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Bina Gidwani
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
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15
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Kumar A, Baboota S, Agarwal SP, Ali J, Ahuja A. Treatment of acne with special emphasis on herbal remedies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Special Rhodococcus sp. CR-53 esterase Est4 contains a GGG(A)X-oxyanion hole conferring activity for the kinetic resolution of tertiary alcohols. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8559-68. [PMID: 23334513 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococci are highly adaptable bacteria, capable to degrade or transform a large number of organic compounds, including recalcitrant or toxic products. However, little information is available on the lipases of the genus Rhodococcus, except for LipR, the first lipase isolated and described from strain Rhodococcus CR-53. Taking into consideration the interest raised by the enzymes produced by actinomycetes, a search for new putative lipases was performed in strain Rhodococcus CR-53. We describe here the isolation, cloning, and characterization of intracellular esterase Est4, a mesophilic enzyme showing preference for short-chain-length acyl groups, without interfacial activation. Est4 displays moderate thermal and pH stability and low tolerance to most tested ions, being inhibited by detergents like sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100®. Nevertheless, the enzyme shows good long-term stability when stored at 4-20 °C and neutral pH. Amino acid sequence analysis of Est4 revealed a protein of 313 amino acids without a signal peptide, bearing most of the conserved blocks that define bacterial lipase family IV, thus being assigned to this family. Detection of a GGG(A)X oxyanion hole in the enzyme motivated the evaluation of Est4 ability to convert tertiary alcohol esters. The newly discovered esterase Est4 from Rhodococcus CR-53 successfully hydrolyzed the tertiary alcohol esters linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-phenylbut-3-yn-2-yl acetate.
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Panizza P, Syfantou N, Pastor FIJ, Rodríguez S, Díaz P. Acidic lipase Lip I.3 from a Pseudomonas fluorescens-like strain displays unusual properties and shows activity on secondary alcohols. J Appl Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23190193 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Identification, cloning, expression and characterization of a novel lipase--Lip I.3--from strain Pseudomonas CR-611. METHODS AND RESULTS The corresponding gene was identified and isolated by PCR-amplification, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by refolding from inclusion bodies. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed high homology with members of the bacterial lipase family I.3, showing 97% identity to a putative lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1, and 93% identity to a crystallized extracellular lipase from Pseudomonas sp. MIS38. A typical C-terminal type I secretion signal and several putative Ca(2+) binding sites were also identified. Experimental data confirmed that Lip I.3 requires Ca(2+) ions for correct folding and activity. The enzyme differs from the previously reported family I.3 lipases in optimal pH, being the first acidophilic lipase reported in this family. Furthermore, Lip I.3 shows a strong preference for medium chain fatty acid esters and does not display interfacial activation. When tested for activity on secondary alcohol hydrolysis, Lip I.3 displayed higher efficiency on aromatic alcohols rather than on alkyl alcohols. CONCLUSIONS A new family I.3 lipase with unusual properties has been isolated, cloned and described. This will contribute to a better knowledge of family I.3 lipases, a family that has been scarcely explored, and that might provide a novel source of biocatalysts. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The unusual properties shown by Lip I.3 and the finding of activity and enantioselectivity on secondary alcohol esters may contribute to the development of new enzymatic tools for applied biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Panizza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Patil V, Bandivadekar A, Debjani D. Inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes lipase by extracts of Indian medicinal plants. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:234-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Rhodococcus sp. strain CR-53 LipR, the first member of a new bacterial lipase family (family X) displaying an unusual Y-type oxyanion hole, similar to the Candida antarctica lipase clan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1724-32. [PMID: 22226953 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06332-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipases constitute the most important group of biocatalysts for synthetic organic chemistry. Accordingly, there is substantial interest in developing new valuable lipases. Considering the lack of information concerning the lipases of the genus Rhodococcus and taking into account the interest raised by the enzymes produced by actinomycetes, a search for putative lipase-encoding genes from Rhodococcus sp. strain CR-53 was performed. We isolated, cloned, purified, and characterized LipR, the first lipase described from the genus Rhodococcus. LipR is a mesophilic enzyme showing preference for medium-chain-length acyl groups without showing interfacial activation. It displays good long-term stability and high tolerance for the presence of ions and chemical agents in the reaction mixture. Amino acid sequence analysis of LipR revealed that it displays four unique amino acid sequence motifs that clearly separate it from any other previously described family of bacterial lipases. Using bioinformatics tools, LipR could be related only to several uncharacterized putative lipases from different bacterial origins, all of which display the four blocks of consensus amino acid sequence motifs that contribute to define a new family of bacterial lipases, namely, family X. Therefore, LipR is the first characterized member of the new bacterial lipase family X. Further confirmation of this new family of lipases was performed after cloning Burkholderia cenocepacia putative lipase, bearing the same conserved motifs and clustering in family X. Interestingly, all lipases grouping in the new bacterial lipase family X display a Y-type oxyanion hole, a motif conserved in the Candida antarctica lipase clan but never found among bacterial lipases. This observation contributes to confirm that LipR and its homologs belong to a new family of bacterial lipases.
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Ibrahim MM. Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes of N,N-bis(2-picolyl)glycine as structural phosphotriestrase models: The catalyzed detoxification of paraoxon. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Holland C, Mak TN, Zimny-Arndt U, Schmid M, Meyer TF, Jungblut PR, Brüggemann H. Proteomic identification of secreted proteins of Propionibacterium acnes. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:230. [PMID: 20799957 PMCID: PMC3224659 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is a human skin commensal that resides preferentially within sebaceous follicles; however, it also exhibits many traits of an opportunistic pathogen, playing roles in a variety of inflammatory diseases such as acne vulgaris. To date, the underlying disease-causing mechanisms remain ill-defined and knowledge of P. acnes virulence factors remains scarce. Here, we identified proteins secreted during anaerobic cultivation of a range of skin and clinical P. acnes isolates, spanning the four known phylogenetic groups. Results Culture supernatant proteins of P. acnes were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and all Coomassie-stained spots were subsequently identified by MALDI mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). A set of 20 proteins was secreted in the mid-exponential growth phase by the majority of strains tested. Functional annotation revealed that many of these common proteins possess degrading activities, including glycoside hydrolases with similarities to endoglycoceramidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and muramidase; esterases such as lysophospholipase and triacylglycerol lipase; and several proteases. Other secreted factors included Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) factors, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and several hypothetical proteins, a few of which are unique to P. acnes. Strain-specific differences were apparent, mostly in the secretion of putative adhesins, whose genes exhibit variable phase variation-like sequence signatures. Conclusions Our proteomic investigations have revealed that the P. acnes secretome harbors several proteins likely to play a role in host-tissue degradation and inflammation. Despite a large overlap between the secretomes of all four P. acnes phylotypes, distinct differences between predicted host-tissue interacting proteins were identified, providing potential insight into the differential virulence properties of P. acnes isolates. Thus, our data presents a rich resource for guiding much-needed investigations on P. acnes virulence factors and host interacting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Jiang W, Xu B, Lin Q, Li J, Liu F, Zeng X, Chen H. Metal-promoted hydrolysis of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate by trivalent manganese complexes with Schiff base ligands in Gemini micellar solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ruiz C, Falcocchio S, Pastor FIJ, Saso L, Diaz P. Helicobacter pylori EstV: identification, cloning, and characterization of the first lipase isolated from an epsilon-proteobacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2423-31. [PMID: 17293528 PMCID: PMC1855603 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02215-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipases are attracting an enormous amount of attention due to their wide biotechnological applications and due to their roles as virulence factors in some bacteria. Helicobacter pylori is a significant and widespread pathogen which produces a lipase(s) and phospholipases that seem to play a role in mucus degradation and the release of proinflammatory and cytotoxic compounds. However, no H. pylori lipase(s) has been isolated and described previously. Therefore, a search for putative lipase-encoding genes was performed by comparing the amino acid sequences of 53 known lipolytic enzymes with the deduced proteome of H. pylori. As a result, we isolated, cloned, purified, and characterized EstV, a novel lipolytic enzyme encoded by open reading frame HP0739 of H. pylori 26695, and classified it in family V of the bacterial lipases. This enzyme has the properties of a small, cell-bound carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) that is active mostly with short-chain substrates and does not exhibit interfacial activation. EstV is stable and does not require additional cofactors, and the maximum activity occurs at 50 degrees C and pH 10. This unique enzyme is the first lipase isolated from H. pylori that has been described, and it might contribute to ulcer development, as inhibition by two antiulcer substances (beta-aescin and glycyrrhizic acid) suggests. EstV is also the first lipase from an epsilon-proteobacterium to be described. Furthermore, this enzyme is a new member of family V, probably the least-known family of bacterial lipases, and the first lipase of this family for which kinetic behavior, inhibition by natural substances, and other key biochemical features are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ruiz
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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