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Unconventional β-Glucosidases: A Promising Biocatalyst for Industrial Biotechnology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2993-3016. [PMID: 33871765 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases primarily catalyze removal of terminal glucosyl residues from a variety of glucoconjugates and also perform transglycosylation and reverse hydrolysis. These catalytic properties can be readily exploited for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass as well as for pharmaceutical, food and flavor industries. β-Glucosidases have been either isolated in the native form from the producer organism or recombinantly expressed and gaged for their biochemical properties and substrate specificities. Although almond and Aspergillus niger have been instantly recognizable sources of β-glucosidases utilized for various applications, an intricate pool of novel β-glucosidases from different sources can provide their potent replacements. Moreover, one can envisage the better efficacy of these novel candidates in biofuel and biorefinery industries facilitating efficient degradation of biomass. This article reviews properties of the novel β-glucosidases such as glucose tolerance and activation, substrate specificity, and thermostability which can be useful for their applications in lignocellulose degradation, food industry, and pharmaceutical industry in comparison with the β-glucosidases from the conventional sources. Such β-glucosidases have potential for encouraging white biotechnology.
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Mafa MS, Dirr HW, Malgas S, Krause RWM, Rashamuse K, Pletschke BI. A Novel Dimeric Exoglucanase (GH5_38): Biochemical and Structural Characterisation towards its Application in Alkyl Cellobioside Synthesis. Molecules 2020; 25:E746. [PMID: 32050450 PMCID: PMC7036808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An exoglucanase (Exg-D) from the glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 38 (GH5_38) was heterologously expressed and structurally and biochemically characterised at a molecular level for its application in alkyl glycoside synthesis. The purified Exg-D existed in both dimeric and monomeric forms in solution, which showed highest activity on mixed-linked β-glucan (88.0 and 86.7 U/mg protein, respectively) and lichenin (24.5 and 23.7 U/mg protein, respectively). They displayed a broad optimum pH range from 5.5 to 7 and a temperature optimum from 40 to 60 °C. Kinetic studies demonstrated that Exg-D had a higher affinity towards β-glucan, with a Km of 7.9 mg/mL and a kcat of 117.2 s-1, compared to lichenin which had a Km of 21.5 mg/mL and a kcat of 70.0 s-1. The circular dichroism profile of Exg-D showed that its secondary structure consisted of 11% α-helices, 36% β-strands and 53% coils. Exg-D performed transglycosylation using p-nitrophenyl cellobioside as a glycosyl donor and several primary alcohols as acceptors to produce methyl-, ethyl- and propyl-cellobiosides. These products were identified and quantified via thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We concluded that Exg-D is a novel and promising oligomeric glycoside hydrolase for the one-step synthesis of alkyl glycosides with more than one monosaccharide unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho S. Mafa
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit East Campus, Gate House, School of Molecular and Cell Biology University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (M.S.M.); (H.W.D.)
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Heinrich W. Dirr
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit East Campus, Gate House, School of Molecular and Cell Biology University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (M.S.M.); (H.W.D.)
| | - Samkelo Malgas
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | | | - Brett I. Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
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Kaulpiboon J, Rudeekulthamrong P. Biosynthesis of methyl glucoside and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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An acid-stable β-glucosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus: Gene expression, biochemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:462-469. [PMID: 30063929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases hydrolyze terminal, non-reducing β-d-glucosyl residues and thereby release β-d-glucose. They have applications in the production of biofuels, beverages and pharmaceuticals. In this study, a β-glucosidase derived from Aspergillus aculeatus (BGLA) was expressed, characterized, and the molecular mechanism of its acid denaturation was comprehensively probed. BGLA exhibited maximal activity at pH 5.0-6.0. Its optimal temperature was 70 °C. Its enzyme activity was enhanced by Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+, while Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ had a negative effect. BGLA showed activity on a broad range of substrates including salicin, cellobiose, arbutin, geniposide and polydatin. Finally, the acid-denaturation mechanism of BGLA was probed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results of simulation at pH 2.0 imply that the contact number, solvent accessible surface area and number of hydrogen bonds in BGLA decreased greatly. Moreover, the distance between the residues Asp280 and Glu509 that are part of the active site increased, which eventually destroyed the enzyme's catalytic activity. These MD results explain the molecular mechanism of acid denaturation of BGLA, which will greatly benefit the rational design of more acid-stable β-glucosidase variants in the future.
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Jayakody LN, Liu JJ, Yun EJ, Turner TL, Oh EJ, Jin YS. Direct conversion of cellulose into ethanol and ethyl-β-d-glucoside via engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2859-2868. [PMID: 30011361 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose via engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a sustainable solution to valorize cellulose into fuels and chemicals. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of direct conversion of cellulose into ethanol and a biodegradable surfactant, ethyl-β-d-glucoside, via an engineered yeast strain (i.e., strain EJ2) expressing heterologous cellodextrin transporter (CDT-1) and intracellular β-glucosidase (GH1-1) originating from Neurospora crassa. We identified the formation of ethyl-β-d-glucoside in SSF of cellulose by the EJ2 strain owing to transglycosylation activity of GH1-1. The EJ2 strain coproduced 0.34 ± 0.03 g ethanol/g cellulose and 0.06 ± 0.00 g ethyl-β-d-glucoside/g cellulose at a rate of 0.30 ± 0.02 g·L-1 ·h-1 and 0.09 ± 01 g·L-1 ·h-1 , respectively, during the SSF of Avicel PH-101 cellulose, supplemented only with Celluclast 1.5 L. Herein, we report a possible coproduction of a value-added chemical (alkyl-glucosides) during SSF of cellulose exploiting the transglycosylation activity of GH1-1 in engineered S. cerevisiae. This coproduction could have a substantial effect on the overall technoeconomic feasibility of theSSF of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru N Jayakody
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Timothy Lee Turner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eun Joong Oh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Charoensapyanan R, Ito K, Rudeekulthamrong P, Kaulpiboon J. Enzymatic synthesis of propyl-α-glycosides and their application as emulsifying and antibacterial agents. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Guo D, Xu Y, Kang Y, Han S, Zheng S. Synthesis of octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside catalyzed by Thai rosewood β-glucosidase-displaying Pichia pastoris in an aqueous/organic two-phase system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 85:90-7. [PMID: 26920486 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We explored the ability of a Thai rosewood β-glucosidase-displaying P. pastoris whole-cell biocatalyst (Pp-DCBGL) system to synthesize alkyl β-D-glucosides. The primary investigation centered on the synthesis of octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (octyl-glu, OG). OG could be synthesized through reverse hydrolysis reaction with very low efficiency. Then, OG was synthesized between BG and octanol by a transglycosylation reaction. In a 2-ml reaction system, OG was synthesized with a conversion rate of 51.1% in 3h when 5 mg/ml BG was utilized as the glucosyl donor under optimized conditions. And, even after being reused four times, the Pp-DCBGL was relatively stable. Additionally, a 500-ml-scale reaction system was conducted in a 2-L stirred reactor with a conversion rate of 47.5% in 1.5 h. Moreover, the conversion rate did not decrease after the whole-cell catalyst was reused two times. In conclusion, Pp-DCBGL has high reaction efficiency and operational stability, which is a powerful biocatalyst available for industrial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongHeng Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - YanShan Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - YaJun Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - ShuangYan Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - SuiPing Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kang Y, Wei B, Guo D, Zheng S. Production of Alkyl Polyglucoside Using Pichia pastoris GS115 Displaying Aspergillus aculeatus β-Glucosidase I. LECTURE NOTES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45657-6_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Rather M, Mishra S. β-Glycosidases: An alternative enzyme based method for synthesis of alkyl-glycosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2043-7129-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Krisch J, Bencsik O, Papp T, Vágvölgyi C, Takó M. Characterization of a β-glucosidase with transgalactosylation capacity from the zygomycete Rhizomucor miehei. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 114:555-60. [PMID: 22444635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular β-glucosidase from the zygomycete Rhizomucor miehei NRRL 5282 cultivated in a wheat bran-based solid state fermentation system was characterized. The purified enzyme exhibited an optimum temperature of 68-70 °C and pH of 5.0. It efficiently hydrolyzed oligosaccharides having β-(1→4) glycosidic linkages and exhibited some β- and α-galactosidase activity. The V(max) for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and cellobiose was 468.2 and 115.5 U/mg, respectively, while the K(m) was 0.12 mM for both substrates. The enzyme had transglucosylation and transgalactosylation activities resulting in the formation of glycosides from cellobiose, lactose and ethanol. The enzyme increased the amounts of free phenolic antioxidants in sour cherry pomace indicating that its hydrolyzing activity could potentially be applicable to improve the bioavailability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Mars tér 7, Hungary
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Rather MY, Mishra S, Verma V, Chand S. Biotransformation of methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside to higher chain alkyl glucosides by cell bound β-glucosidase of Pichia etchellsii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:287-294. [PMID: 22225608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the use of Pichia etchellsii whole cells for synthesis of long-chain alkyl glucosides. Methyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (MG) was used in reaction with fatty alcohols, n-hexanol, n-octanol, n-decanol and n-dodecanol to synthesize the respective alkyl glucosides. The initial reaction conditions were first optimized at 2.5 ml scale for synthesis of octyl glucoside (OG) and were 8% water content, 100mM MG and 6h of reaction time and this resulted in ≈ 53% yield. A maximum transglucosylation/hydrolysis ratio of 2.79 was obtained at 100mM MG favoring high product yield. Based on the optimized conditions, a reactor was operated at 50 ml level which resulted in ≈ 60% conversion of MG to OG. A simple high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for quantitation of higher chain glucosides using a refractive index detector. A maximum of 27% and 13% yield was obtained for decyl-, and dodecyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Younis Rather
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Efficient synthesis of octyl-β-d-galactopyranoside by Bacillus spore-displayed β-galactosidase using an amphiphilic 1,2-dimethoxyethane co-solvent. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:232-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rather MY, Mishra S, Chand S. β-Glucosidase catalyzed synthesis of octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside using whole cells of Pichia etchellsii in micro aqueous media. J Biotechnol 2010; 150:490-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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