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Yue Y, She X, Ding W, Chen S, Xiao Q, Pan B, Zhou L, Yin Y, Li Y, Wang S, Xu M. A novel Senescence-Based prognostic model unveils tumor interactions and drug resistance in colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112197. [PMID: 38733826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, CRC incidence is escalating. The main hurdles are heterogeneity and drug resistance. This research delves into cellular senescence in CRC, aiming to devise a prognostic model and pinpoint mechanisms impacting drug resistance. METHODS Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis confirmed the association between CRC and cellular aging. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-CRC data served as the training set, with GSE38832 and GSE39582 as validation sets. Various bioinformatics methods were employed to construct and validate a risk model. CRC cells with NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) knockout were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Protein blotting and colony formation assays elucidated the role of NOX4 in CRC cell aging and drug resistance. RESULTS A prognostic model, derived from dataset analysis, uncovered a link between high-risk groups and cancer progression. Notable differences in the tumor microenvironment were observed between risk groups. Finally, NOX4 was found to be linked with aging and drug resistance in CRC. CONCLUSION This research presents a novel senescence-based CRC prognosis model. It identifies NOX4's role in CRC drug resistance, suggesting it is a potential treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Yue
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjian She
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyu Chen
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianni Xiao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bei Pan
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linpeng Zhou
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujuan Yin
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youyue Li
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shukui Wang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Basic-Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mu Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Handwerk L, Schreier HK, Kraft D, Shreder K, Hemmersbach R, Hauslage J, Bonig H, Wiesmüller L, Fournier C, Rall-Scharpf M. Simulating Space Conditions Evokes Different DNA Damage Responses in Immature and Mature Cells of the Human Hematopoietic System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13761. [PMID: 37762064 PMCID: PMC10531023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of space radiation and microgravity on DNA damage responses has been discussed controversially, largely due to the variety of model systems engaged. Here, we performed side-by-side analyses of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) cultivated in a 2D clinostat to simulate microgravity before, during and after photon and particle irradiation. We demonstrate that simulated microgravity (SMG) accelerates the early phase of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair of simple, X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in PBL, while repair kinetics in HSPC remained unaltered. Repair acceleration was lost with increasing LET of ion exposures, which increases the complexity of DSBs, precluding NHEJ and requiring end resection for successful repair. Such cell-type specific effect of SMG on DSB repair was dependent on the NF-кB pathway pre-activated in PBL but not HSPC. Already under unperturbed growth conditions HSPC and PBL suffered from SMG-induced replication stress associated with accumulation of single-stranded DNA and DSBs, respectively. We conclude that in PBL, SMG-induced DSBs promote repair of radiation-induced damage in an adaptive-like response. HSPC feature SMG-induced single-stranded DNA and FANCD2 foci, i.e., markers of persistent replication stress and senescence that may contribute to a premature decline of the immune system in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Handwerk
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Kraft
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kateryna Shreder
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.)
| | - Jens Hauslage
- Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (R.H.)
| | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, and German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Wuerttemberg–Hessen, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Klapp V, Álvarez-Abril B, Leuzzi G, Kroemer G, Ciccia A, Galluzzi L. The DNA Damage Response and Inflammation in Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1521-1545. [PMID: 37026695 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic stability in normal cells is crucial to avoid oncogenesis. Accordingly, multiple components of the DNA damage response (DDR) operate as bona fide tumor suppressor proteins by preserving genomic stability, eliciting the demise of cells with unrepairable DNA lesions, and engaging cell-extrinsic oncosuppression via immunosurveillance. That said, DDR sig-naling can also favor tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Indeed, DDR signaling in cancer cells has been consistently linked to the inhibition of tumor-targeting immune responses. Here, we discuss the complex interactions between the DDR and inflammation in the context of oncogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that DDR is intimately connected to the emission of immunomodulatory signals by normal and malignant cells, as part of a cell-extrinsic program to preserve organismal homeostasis. DDR-driven inflammation, however, can have diametrically opposed effects on tumor-targeting immunity. Understanding the links between the DDR and inflammation in normal and malignant cells may unlock novel immunotherapeutic paradigms to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Klapp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Beatriz Álvarez-Abril
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York
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5
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ML323, a USP1 inhibitor triggers cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Apoptosis 2022; 27:545-560. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Beyond the Double-Strand Breaks: The Role of DNA Repair Proteins in Cancer Stem-Cell Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194818. [PMID: 34638302 PMCID: PMC8508278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a tumor cell population maintaining tumor growth and promoting tumor relapse if not wholly eradicated during treatment. CSCs are often equipped with molecular mechanisms making them resistant to conventional anti-cancer therapies whose curative potential depends on DNA damage-induced cell death. An elevated expression of some key DNA repair proteins is one of such defense mechanisms. However, new research reveals that the role of critical DNA repair proteins is extending far beyond the DNA repair mechanisms. This review discusses the diverse biological functions of DNA repair proteins in CSC maintenance and the adaptation to replication and oxidative stress, anti-cancer immune response, epigenetic reprogramming, and intracellular signaling mechanisms. It also provides an overview of their potential therapeutic targeting. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are pluripotent and highly tumorigenic cells that can re-populate a tumor and cause relapses even after initially successful therapy. As with tissue stem cells, CSCs possess enhanced DNA repair mechanisms. An active DNA damage response alleviates the increased oxidative and replicative stress and leads to therapy resistance. On the other hand, mutations in DNA repair genes cause genomic instability, therefore driving tumor evolution and developing highly aggressive CSC phenotypes. However, the role of DNA repair proteins in CSCs extends beyond the level of DNA damage. In recent years, more and more studies have reported the unexpected role of DNA repair proteins in the regulation of transcription, CSC signaling pathways, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, DNA damage signaling plays an essential role in the immune response towards tumor cells. Due to its high importance for the CSC phenotype and treatment resistance, the DNA damage response is a promising target for individualized therapies. Furthermore, understanding the dependence of CSC on DNA repair pathways can be therapeutically exploited to induce synthetic lethality and sensitize CSCs to anti-cancer therapies. This review discusses the different roles of DNA repair proteins in CSC maintenance and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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7
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Droll S, Bao X. Oh, the Mutations You'll Acquire! A Systematic Overview of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem 2021; 55:89-119. [PMID: 34553848 PMCID: PMC8579759 DOI: 10.33594/000000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly two million cases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are diagnosed every year in the United States alone. cSCC is notable for both its prevalence and its propensity for invasion and metastasis. For many patients, surgery is curative. However, patients experiencing immunosuppression or recurrent, advanced, and metastatic disease still face limited therapeutic options and significant mortality. cSCC forms after decades of sun exposure and possesses the highest known mutation rate of all cancers. This mutational burden complicates efforts to identify the primary factors driving cSCC initiation and progression, which in turn hinders the development of targeted therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the mutations and alterations that have been observed in patients’ cSCC tumors, affecting signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and the microenvironment. We also highlight novel therapeutic opportunities in development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephenie Droll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA, .,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Lee H, Park E. Perilla frutescens Extracts Enhance DNA Repair Response in UVB Damaged HaCaT Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041263. [PMID: 33921322 PMCID: PMC8070160 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes in skin are associated with exposure to UV light and are essential for skin maintenance and regeneration. Here, we investigated whether the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla frutescens (Perilla), a well-known Asian herb, affect DNA damage response and repair in skin and keratinocytes exposed to Untraviolet B (UVB) light. First, we examined the protective effects of Perilla leaf extracts in UVB damaged mouse skin in vivo. Second, we cultured calluses using plant tissue culture technology, from Perilla leaf explant and then examined the effects of the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla on UVB exposed keratinocytes. HaCaT cells treated with leaf and callus Perilla extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, smaller DNA fragment tails, and enhanced colony formation after UVB exposure. Interestingly, keratinocytes treated with the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla showed G1/S cell cycle arrest, reduced protein levels of cyclin D1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6), and γH2AX, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (pCHK1) following UVB exposure. These observations suggest that the leaf and callus extracts of Perilla are candidate nutraceuticals for the prevention of keratinocyte aging.
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9
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Pokorná Z, Vysloužil J, Hrabal V, Vojtěšek B, Coates PJ. The foggy world(s) of p63 isoform regulation in normal cells and cancer. J Pathol 2021; 254:454-473. [PMID: 33638205 DOI: 10.1002/path.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p63 exists as two major protein variants (TAp63 and ΔNp63) with distinct expression patterns and functional properties. Whilst downstream target genes of p63 have been studied intensively, how p63 variants are themselves controlled has been relatively neglected. Here, we review advances in understanding ΔNp63 and TAp63 regulation, highlighting their distinct pathways. TAp63 has roles in senescence and metabolism, and in germ cell genome maintenance, where it is activated post-transcriptionally by phosphorylation cascades after DNA damage. The function and regulation of TAp63 in mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells is less clear but may involve epigenetic control through DNA methylation. ΔNp63 functions to maintain stem/progenitor cells in various epithelia and is overexpressed in squamous and certain other cancers. ΔNp63 is transcriptionally regulated through multiple enhancers in concert with chromatin modifying proteins. Many signalling pathways including growth factors, morphogens, inflammation, and the extracellular matrix influence ΔNp63 levels, with inconsistent results reported. There is also evidence for reciprocal regulation, including ΔNp63 activating its own transcription. ΔNp63 is downregulated during cell differentiation through transcriptional regulation, while post-transcriptional events cause proteasomal degradation. Throughout the review, we identify knowledge gaps and highlight discordances, providing potential explanations including cell-context and cell-matrix interactions. Identifying individual p63 variants has roles in differential diagnosis and prognosis, and understanding their regulation suggests clinically approved agents for targeting p63 that may be useful combination therapies for selected cancer patients. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorná
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vysloužil
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hrabal
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borˇivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Ruiz-Torres S, Brusadelli MG, Witte DP, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Sauter S, Nelson AS, Sertorio M, Chlon TM, Lane A, Mehta PA, Myers KC, Bedard MC, Pal B, Supp DM, Lambert PF, Komurov K, Kovacic MB, Davies SM, Wells SI. Inherited DNA Repair Defects Disrupt the Structure and Function of Human Skin. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:424-435.e6. [PMID: 33232662 PMCID: PMC7935766 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a global public health burden originating in epidermal stem and progenitor cells (ESPCs) of the skin and mucosa. To understand how genetic risk factors contribute to SCC, studies of ESPC biology are imperative. Children with Fanconi anemia (FA) are a paradigm for extreme SCC susceptibility caused by germline loss-of-function mutations in FA DNA repair pathway genes. To discover epidermal vulnerabilities, patient-derived pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) conditional for the FA pathway were differentiated into ESPCs and PSC-derived epidermal organotypic rafts (PSC-EORs). FA PSC-EORs harbored diminished cell-cell junctions and increased proliferation in the basal cell compartment. Furthermore, desmosome and hemidesmosome defects were identified in the skin of FA patients, and these translated into accelerated blistering following mechanically induced stress. Together, we demonstrate that a critical DNA repair pathway maintains the structure and function of human skin and provide 3D epidermal models wherein SCC prevention can now be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Ruiz-Torres
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - David P Witte
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Sharon Sauter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Adam S Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mathieu Sertorio
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Timothy M Chlon
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Adam Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Parinda A Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kasiani C Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mary C Bedard
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dorothy M Supp
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kakajan Komurov
- Division of Oncology Discovery, Champions Oncology, Inc., University Plaza Dr #307, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Melinda Butsch Kovacic
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Rehabilitative, Exercise, and Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Allied Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Stella M Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Susanne I Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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11
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Zheng P, Li L. FANCI Cooperates with IMPDH2 to Promote Lung Adenocarcinoma Tumor Growth via a MEK/ERK/MMPs Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:451-463. [PMID: 32021289 PMCID: PMC6970268 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fanconi anemia complementation group I (FANCI) is a key protein in ribosome biogenesis and DNA repair. Here, we aimed to determine the clinical significance, prognostic value and biology functions of FANCI in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods The expression of FANCI in LUAD tissue and its relationship with patient outcomes were assessed using bioinformatics analysis, as well as quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis of LUAD tissue and adjacent normal lung tissue. The chi-squared test and Cox regression analysis were used to analyze the clinical significance of FANCI expression. The biological effects of FANCI knockdown in human LUAD cell lines were investigated by analysis of proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle distribution, migration, and invasion in vitro, and monitoring of tumor xenograft growth in vivo. FANCI interactions with IMPDH2 and involvement in MEK/ERK/MMPs signaling were analyzed using co-immunoprecipitation assays, immunofluorescence microscopy, and Western blotting. Results FANCI was identified as a hub gene for LUAD. FANCI expression was upregulated in LUAD tissues compared with normal lung tissues and was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor outcome. FANCI was also an independent prognostic factor in LUAD patients. Knockdown of FANCI in LUAD cell lines decreased their proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression in vitro, and decreased the growth of xenografts in mice. Direct binding of FANCI to IMPDH2 decreased IMPDH2 degradation, regulated activation of MEK/ERK/MMPs signaling. Overexpression of IMPDH2 reversed the inhibitory effects of FANCI knockdown. Conclusion FANCI may act as an oncogene in LUAD by cooperating with IMPDH2 to promote cell proliferation via the MEK/ERK/MMPs pathway. These results identify FANCI as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zheng
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Jinmen, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Jingchu Center Hospital Affiliated to the Institute of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Jinmen, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Jingchu Center Hospital Affiliated to the Institute of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, People's Republic of China
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12
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Xu M, Qin J, Wang L, Lee HJ, Kao CY, Liu D, Songyang Z, Chen J, Tsai MJ, Tsai SY. Nuclear receptors regulate alternative lengthening of telomeres through a novel noncanonical FANCD2 pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax6366. [PMID: 31633027 PMCID: PMC6785246 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is known to use homologous recombination (HR) to replicate telomeric DNA in a telomerase-independent manner. However, the detailed process remains largely undefined. It was reported that nuclear receptors COUP-TFII and TR4 are recruited to the enriched GGGTCA variant repeats embedded within ALT telomeres, implicating nuclear receptors in regulating ALT activity. Here, we identified a function of nuclear receptors in ALT telomere maintenance that involves a direct interaction between COUP-TFII/TR4 and FANCD2, the key protein in the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. The COUP-TFII/TR4-FANCD2 complex actively induces the DNA damage response by recruiting endonuclease MUS81 and promoting the loading of the PCNA-POLD3 replication complex in ALT telomeres. Furthermore, the COUP-TFII/TR4-mediated ALT telomere pathway does not require the FA core complex or the monoubiquitylation of FANCD2, key steps in the canonical FA pathway. Thus, our findings reveal that COUP-TFII/TR4 regulates ALT telomere maintenance through a novel noncanonical FANCD2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafei Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiming Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Center for Immunotherapy Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sophia Y. Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Debatisse M, Rosselli F. A journey with common fragile sites: From S phase to telophase. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:305-316. [PMID: 30387289 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some regions of the genome, notably common fragile sites (CFSs), are hypersensitive to replication stress and often involved in the generation of gross chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells. CFSs nest within very large genes and display cell-type-dependent instability. Fragile or not, large genes tend to replicate late in S-phase. A number of data now show that transcription perturbs replication completion across the body of large genes, particularly upon replication stress. However, the molecular mechanisms by which transcription elicits such under-replication and subsequent instability remain unclear. We present here our view of the mechanisms responsible for CFS under-replication and those allowing the cells to cope with this problem in G2 and mitosis. We notably focus on the major role played by the FANC proteins in the protection of CFSs from S phase up to late mitosis. We finally discuss a possible rationale for the conservation of large genes across vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Debatisse
- CNRS UMR 8200, Equipe labellisée "La ligue Contre le Cancer", Villejuif, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR 8200, Equipe labellisée "La ligue Contre le Cancer", Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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14
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Ma L, Lin K, Chang G, Chen Y, Yue C, Guo Q, Zhang S, Jia Z, Huang TT, Zhou A, Huang S. Aberrant Activation of β-Catenin Signaling Drives Glioma Tumorigenesis via USP1-Mediated Stabilization of EZH2. Cancer Res 2018; 79:72-85. [PMID: 30425057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin signaling is a critical driver for tumorigenesis, but the mechanism underlying this activation is not completely understood. In this study, we demonstrate a critical role of β-catenin signaling in stabilization of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and control of EZH2-mediated gene repression in oncogenesis. β-Catenin/TCF4 activated the transcription of the deubiquitinase USP1, which then interacted with and deubiquitinated EZH2 directly. USP1-mediated stabilization of EZH2 promoted its recruitment to the promoters of CDKN1B, RUNX3, and HOXA5, resulting in enhanced enrichment of histone H3K27me3 and repression of target gene expression. In human glioma specimens, expression levels of nuclear β-catenin, USP1, and EZH2 correlated with one another. Depletion of β-catenin/USP1/EZH2 repressed glioma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Our findings indicate that a β-catenin-USP1-EZH2 axis orchestrates the interplay between dysregulated β-catenin signaling and EZH2-mediated gene epigenetic silencing during glioma tumorigenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify the β-catenin-USP1-EZH2 signaling axis as a critical mechanism for glioma tumorigenesis that may serve as a new therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neuro-oncology and Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangyu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guoqiang Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chen Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Aidong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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15
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Abstract
The SLX4/FANCP tumor suppressor has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome stability, making pivotal contributions to the repair of interstrand cross-links, homologous recombination, and in response to replication stress genome-wide as well as at specific loci such as common fragile sites and telomeres. SLX4 does so in part by acting as a scaffold that controls and coordinates the XPF-ERCC1, MUS81-EME1, and SLX1 structure-specific endonucleases in different DNA repair and recombination mechanisms. It also interacts with other important DNA repair and cell cycle control factors including MSH2, PLK1, TRF2, and TOPBP1 as well as with ubiquitin and SUMO. This review aims at providing an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the key functions that SLX4 fulfills to maintain genome stability as well as to highlight and discuss areas of uncertainty and emerging concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hugues Guervilly
- a CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes , Marseille , France
| | - Pierre Henri Gaillard
- a CRCM, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Paoli-Calmettes , Marseille , France
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16
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Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by bone marrow failure (BMF), developmental abnormalities and predisposition to cancer. Together with other proteins involved in DNA repair processes and cell division, the FA proteins maintain genome homeostasis, and germline mutation of any one of the genes that encode FA proteins causes FA. Monoallelic inactivation of some FA genes, such as FA complementation group D1 (FANCD1; also known as the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2), leads to adult-onset cancer predisposition but does not cause FA, and somatic mutations in FA genes occur in cancers in the general population. Carcinogenesis resulting from a dysregulated FA pathway is multifaceted, as FA proteins monitor multiple complementary genome-surveillance checkpoints throughout interphase, where monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the FA core complex promotes recruitment of DNA repair effectors to chromatin lesions to resolve DNA damage and mitosis. In this Review, we discuss how the FA pathway safeguards genome integrity throughout the cell cycle and show how studies of FA have revealed opportunities to develop rational therapeutics for this genetic disease and for malignancies that acquire somatic mutations within the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nalepa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut Street, R4-421, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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17
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Mikolaskova B, Jurcik M, Cipakova I, Kretova M, Chovanec M, Cipak L. Maintenance of genome stability: the unifying role of interconnections between the DNA damage response and RNA-processing pathways. Curr Genet 2018; 64:971-983. [PMID: 29497809 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous factors can severely affect the integrity of genetic information by inducing DNA damage and impairing genome stability. The protection of genome integrity is ensured by the so-called "DNA damage response" (DDR), a set of evolutionary-conserved events that, triggered upon DNA damage detection, arrests the cell cycle, and attempts DNA repair. Here, we review the role of the DDR proteins as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, in addition to their roles in DNA damage recognition, signaling, and repair. At the same time, we discuss recent insights into how pre-mRNA splicing factors go beyond their splicing activities and play direct functions in detecting, signaling, and repairing DNA damage. The importance of extensive two-way crosstalk and interaction between the RNA processing and the DDR stems from growing evidence that the defects of their communication lead to genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikolaskova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Jurcik
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - I Cipakova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Kretova
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Cipak
- Department of Genetics, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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18
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Kurre P. Hematopoietic development: a gap in our understanding of inherited bone marrow failure. Exp Hematol 2017; 59:1-8. [PMID: 29248612 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) represent a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders that typically present with cytopenia in early childhood. Efforts to understand the underlying hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) losses have generally focused on postnatal hematopoiesis. However, reflecting the role of many of the involved genes in core cellular functions and the diverse nonhematologic abnormalities seen in patients at birth, studies have begun to explore IBMFS manifestations during fetal development. Here, I consider the current evidence for fetal deficits in the HSC pool and highlight emerging concepts regarding the origins and unique pathophysiology of hematopoietic failure in IBMFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Pediatric Blood & Cancer Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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19
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Niraj J, Caron MC, Drapeau K, Bérubé S, Guitton-Sert L, Coulombe Y, Couturier AM, Masson JY. The identification of FANCD2 DNA binding domains reveals nuclear localization sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8341-8357. [PMID: 28666371 PMCID: PMC5737651 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone-marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The FA pathway consists of at least 21 FANC genes (FANCA-FANCV), and the encoded protein products interact in a common cellular pathway to gain resistance against DNA interstrand crosslinks. After DNA damage, FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated and accumulates on chromatin. FANCD2 plays a central role in the FA pathway, using yet unidentified DNA binding regions. By using synthetic peptide mapping and DNA binding screen by electromobility shift assays, we found that FANCD2 bears two major DNA binding domains predominantly consisting of evolutionary conserved lysine residues. Furthermore, one domain at the N-terminus of FANCD2 bears also nuclear localization sequences for the protein. Mutations in the bifunctional DNA binding/NLS domain lead to a reduction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and increase in mitomycin C sensitivity. Such phenotypes are not fully rescued by fusion with an heterologous NLS, which enable separation of DNA binding and nuclear import functions within this domain that are necessary for FANCD2 functions. Collectively, our results enlighten the importance of DNA binding and NLS residues in FANCD2 to activate an efficient FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshi Niraj
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Karine Drapeau
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Bérubé
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anthony M Couturier
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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20
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Moriel-Carretero M, Ovejero S, Gérus-Durand M, Vryzas D, Constantinou A. Fanconi anemia FANCD2 and FANCI proteins regulate the nuclear dynamics of splicing factors. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4007-4026. [PMID: 29030393 PMCID: PMC5716273 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Moriel-Carretero et al. show that the Fanconi anemia proteins FANCI and FANCD2 associate with the splicing factor SF3B1 and that DNA replication stress induces the FANCI-dependent release of SF3B1 from nuclear speckles. FANCI and FANCD2 prevent accumulation of postcatalytic intron lariats, suggesting that they help coordinate DNA replication and transcription. Proteins disabled in the cancer-prone disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) ensure the maintenance of chromosomal stability during DNA replication. FA proteins regulate replication dynamics, coordinate replication-coupled repair of interstrand DNA cross-links, and mitigate conflicts between replication and transcription. Here we show that FANCI and FANCD2 associate with splicing factor 3B1 (SF3B1), a key spliceosomal protein of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U2 snRNP). FANCI is in close proximity to SF3B1 in the nucleoplasm of interphase and mitotic cells. Furthermore, we find that DNA replication stress induces the release of SF3B1 from nuclear speckles in a manner that depends on FANCI and on the activity of the checkpoint kinase ATR. In chromatin, both FANCD2 and FANCI associate with SF3B1, prevent accumulation of postcatalytic intron lariats, and contribute to the timely eviction of splicing factors. We propose that FANCD2 and FANCI contribute to the organization of functional domains in chromatin, ensuring the coordination of DNA replication and cotranscriptional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moriel-Carretero
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9002, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Ovejero
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9002, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Gérus-Durand
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9002, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dimos Vryzas
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9002, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Angelos Constantinou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9002, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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21
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Spatially restricted loading of BRD2 at DNA double-strand breaks protects H4 acetylation domains and promotes DNA repair. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12921. [PMID: 29018219 PMCID: PMC5635005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-terminal tail of histone H4 recruits repair proteins, including 53BP1, to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and undergoes dynamic acetylation during DSB repair. However, how H4 acetylation (H4Ac) recruits repair proteins and reorganizes chromatin during DNA repair is unclear. Here, we show that the bromodomain protein BRD2 is recruited to DSBs. This recruitment requires binding of BRD2’s tandem bromodomains to H4Ac, which is generated at DSBs by the Tip60/KAT5 acetyltransferase. Binding of BRD2 to H4Ac protects the underlying acetylated chromatin from attack by histone deacetylases and allows acetylation to spread along the flanking chromatin. However, BRD2 recruitment is spatially restricted to a chromatin domain extending only 2 kb either side of the DSB, and BRD2 does not spread into the chromatin domains flanking the break. Instead, BRD2 facilitates recruitment of a second bromodomain protein, ZMYND8, which spreads along the flanking chromatin, but is excluded from the DSB region. This creates a spatially restricted H4Ac/BRD2 domain which reorganizes chromatin at DSBs, limits binding of the L3MBTL1 repressor and promotes 53BP1 binding, while limiting end-resection of DSBs. BRD2 therefore creates a restricted chromatin environment surrounding DSBs which facilitates DSB repair and which is framed by extensive ZMYND8 domains on the flanking chromatin.
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22
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Park E. Data on the effects of anti-cancer drug of resveratrol in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells. Data Brief 2017; 12:68-71. [PMID: 28377996 PMCID: PMC5369870 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The data here is related to the article, "Curcumin enhances poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast cancer cells" (Y.E Choi, and E. Park, 2015) [1]. The article shows that curcumin, as a natural bioactive compound, enhanced DNA damage response and induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells [1]. This data includes that breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 respond to DNA damage after UV irradiation, post to resveratrol treatment. The data shows that resveratrol treatment results in reduction of S-phase cell cycle and induction of γ-H2AX, which is a hallmark of DNA damage after UV irradiation in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231. Moreover, resveratrol sensitizes breast cancer cells to respond to UV treatment as a natural bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Life Science and Nano-Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
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23
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Moszyńska A, Gebert M, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. SNPs in microRNA target sites and their potential role in human disease. Open Biol 2017; 7:170019. [PMID: 28381629 PMCID: PMC5413909 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, the goal of personalized medicine is to determine the correlation between genotype and phenotype. Developing high-throughput genotyping technologies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the 1000 Genomes Project (http://www.internationalgenome.org/about/#1000G_PROJECT) has dramatically enhanced our ability to map where changes in the genome occur on a population level by identifying millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms, particularly those within the coding regions of proteins and at splice junctions, have received the most attention, but it is also now clear that polymorphisms in the non-coding regions are important. In these non-coding regions, the enhancer and promoter regions have received the most attention, whereas the 3'-UTR regions have until recently been overlooked. In this review, we examine how SNPs affect microRNA-binding sites in these regions, and how mRNA stability changes can lead to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Moszyńska
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gebert
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Zhang X, Lu X, Akhter S, Georgescu MM, Legerski RJ. FANCI is a negative regulator of Akt activation. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1134-43. [PMID: 27097374 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1158375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt is a critical mediator of the oncogenic PI3K pathway, and its activation is regulated by kinases and phosphatases acting in opposition. We report here the existence of a novel protein complex that is composed minimally of Akt, PHLPP1, PHLPP2, FANCI, FANCD2, USP1 and UAF1. Our studies show that depletion of FANCI, but not FANCD2 or USP1, results in increased phosphorylation and activation of Akt. This activation is due to a reduction in the interaction between PHLPP1 and Akt in the absence of FANCI. In response to DNA damage or growth factor treatment, the interactions between Akt, PHLPP1 and FANCI are reduced consistent with the known phosphorylation of Akt in response to these stimuli. Furthermore, depletion of FANCI results in reduced apoptosis after DNA damage in accord with its role as a negative regular of Akt. Our findings describe an unexpected function for FANCI in the regulation of Akt and define a previously unrecognized intersection between the PI3K-Akt and FA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Zhang
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Shamima Akhter
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | | | - Randy J Legerski
- a Department of Genetics , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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25
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Pradhan A, Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Kalin TV, Kalinichenko VV. Forkhead transcription factor FoxF1 interacts with Fanconi anemia protein complexes to promote DNA damage response. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1912-26. [PMID: 26625197 PMCID: PMC4811506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box F1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is an important regulator of embryonic development but its role in tumor cells remains incompletely understood. While 16 proteins were characterized in Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex, its interactions with cellular transcriptional machinery remain poorly characterized. Here, we identified FoxF1 protein as a novel interacting partner of the FA complex proteins. Using multiple human and mouse tumor cell lines and Foxf1+/− mice we demonstrated that FoxF1 physically binds to and increases stability of FA proteins. FoxF1 co-localizes with FANCD2 in DNA repair foci in cultured cells and tumor tissues obtained from cisplatin-treated mice. In response to DNA damage, FoxF1-deficient tumor cells showed significantly reduced FANCD2 monoubiquitination and FANCM phosphorylation, resulting in impaired formation of DNA repair foci. FoxF1 knockdown caused chromosomal instability, nuclear abnormalities, and increased tumor cell death in response to DNA-damaging agents. Overexpression of FoxF1 in DNA-damaged cells improved stability of FA proteins, decreased chromosomal and nuclear aberrations, restored formation of DNA repair foci and prevented cell death after DNA damage. These findings demonstrate that FoxF1 is a key component of FA complexes and a critical mediator of DNA damage response in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pradhan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir Ustiyan
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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26
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V(D)J recombination process and the Pre-B to immature B-cells transition are altered in Fanca -/- mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36906. [PMID: 27883081 PMCID: PMC5121645 DOI: 10.1038/srep36906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow (BM) must generate a functional B-cell receptor and overcome the negative selection induced by reactivity with autoantigens. Two rounds of DNA recombination are required for the production of functional immunoglobulin heavy (Ig-HCs) and light (LCs) chains necessary for the continuation of B-lymphocyte development in the BM. Both rounds depend on the joint action of recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) and RAG-2 endonucleases with the DNA non-homologous end-joining pathway. Loss of the FANC gene leads to the chromosome breakage and cancer predisposition syndrome Fanconi anemia. Because the FANC proteins are involved in certain aspects of the recombination process, we sought to determine the impact of the FANC pathway on the Ig diversification process using Fanca−/− mice. In this work we demonstrated that Fanca−/− animals have a mild B-cell differentiation defect characterized by a specific alteration of the IgM− to IgM+ transition of the B220low B-cell population. Pre-B cells from Fanca−/− mice show evidence of impaired kLC rearrangement at the level of the Vk-Jk junction. Furthermore, Fanca−/− mice showed a skewed Vκ gene usage during formation of the LCs Vk-Jk junctions. Therefore, the Fanca protein appears as a yet unidentified factor involved in the primary diversification of Ig.
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27
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Song X, Xie Y, Kang R, Hou W, Sun X, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Tang D. FANCD2 protects against bone marrow injury from ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:443-449. [PMID: 27773819 PMCID: PMC6591579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow injury remains a serious concern in traditional cancer treatment. Ferroptosis is an iron- and oxidative-dependent form of regulated cell death that has become part of an emerging strategy for chemotherapy. However, the key regulator of ferroptosis in bone marrow injury remains unknown. Here, we show that Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2), a nuclear protein involved in DNA damage repair, protects against ferroptosis-mediated injury in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The classical ferroptosis inducer erastin remarkably increased the levels of monoubiquitinated FANCD2, which in turn limited DNA damage in BMSCs. FANCD2-deficient BMSCs were more sensitive to erastin-induced ferroptosis (but not autophagy) than FANCD2 wild-type cells. Knockout of FANCD2 increased ferroptosis-associated biochemical events (e.g., ferrous iron accumulation, glutathione depletion, and malondialdehyde production). Mechanically, FANCD2 regulated genes and/or expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism (e.g., FTH1, TF, TFRC, HAMP, HSPB1, SLC40A1, and STEAP3) and lipid peroxidation (e.g., GPX4). Collectively, these findings indicate that FANCD2 plays a novel role in the negative regulation of ferroptosis. FANCD2 could represent an amenable target for the development of novel anticancer therapies aiming to reduce the side effects of ferroptosis inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China.
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28
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Wang H, Bierie B, Li AG, Pathania S, Toomire K, Dimitrov SD, Liu B, Gelman R, Giobbie-Hurder A, Feunteun J, Polyak K, Livingston DM. BRCA1/FANCD2/BRG1-Driven DNA Repair Stabilizes the Differentiation State of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. Mol Cell 2016; 63:277-292. [PMID: 27373334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal differentiation state is common in BRCA1-deficient mammary epithelial cells, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report a convergence between DNA repair and normal, cultured human mammary epithelial (HME) cell differentiation. Surprisingly, depleting BRCA1 or FANCD2 (Fanconi anemia [FA] proteins) or BRG1, a mSWI/SNF subunit, caused HME cells to undergo spontaneous epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant differentiation. This also occurred when wild-type HMEs were exposed to chemicals that generate DNA interstrand crosslinks (repaired by FA proteins), but not in response to double-strand breaks. Suppressed expression of ΔNP63 also occurred in each of these settings, an effect that links DNA damage to the aberrant differentiation outcome. Taken together with somatic breast cancer genome data, these results point to a breakdown in a BRCA/FA-mSWI/SNF-ΔNP63-mediated DNA repair and differentiation maintenance process in mammary epithelial cells that may contribute to sporadic breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Brian Bierie
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew G Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shailja Pathania
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly Toomire
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stoil D Dimitrov
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anita Giobbie-Hurder
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jean Feunteun
- Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR8200, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David M Livingston
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Renaudin X, Koch Lerner L, Menck CFM, Rosselli F. The ubiquitin family meets the Fanconi anemia proteins. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:36-46. [PMID: 27543315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental defects, predisposition to cancer and chromosomal abnormalities. FA is caused by biallelic mutations that inactivate genes encoding proteins involved in replication stress-associated DNA damage responses. The 20 FANC proteins identified to date constitute the FANC pathway. A key event in this pathway involves the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the collective action of at least 10 different proteins assembled in the FANC core complex. The FANC core complex-mediated monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is essential to assemble the heterodimer in subnuclear, chromatin-associated, foci and to regulate the process of DNA repair as well as the rescue of stalled replication forks. Several recent works have demonstrated that the activity of the FANC pathway is linked to several other protein post-translational modifications from the ubiquitin-like family, including SUMO and NEDD8. These modifications are related to DNA damage responses but may also affect other cellular functions potentially related to the clinical phenotypes of the syndrome. This review summarizes the interplay between the ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins and the FANC proteins that constitute a major pathway for the surveillance of the genomic integrity and addresses the implications of their interactions in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Renaudin
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Leticia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
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30
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RETRACTED: USP1 Regulates Cellular Senescence by Controlling Genomic Integrity. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1401-1411. [PMID: 27160904 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors.
We, the authors, were made aware of irregularities associated in western blots shown in our article. We have further investigated the matter and found that the paper contains multiple examples of incorrect data use and image flipping in four figures, including the vertical flipping and reuse of the panel in Figures 1B and 3D, similar flipping and incorrect blot image in Figure 2C, and incorrect data use in Figure 4A. All of these figures were assembled by the corresponding author (O.B.) who takes full responsibility for the inaccuracies. Under these circumstances, we believe that the most responsible course of action is to retract the paper. We sincerely apologize to the scientific community for any inconvenience resulting from the publication and retraction of this manuscript.
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31
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Bretz AC, Gittler MP, Charles JP, Gremke N, Eckhardt I, Mernberger M, Mandic R, Thomale J, Nist A, Wanzel M, Stiewe T. ΔNp63 activates the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway and limits the efficacy of cisplatin treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3204-18. [PMID: 26819410 PMCID: PMC4838363 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TP63, a member of the p53 gene family gene, encodes the ΔNp63 protein and is one of the most frequently amplified genes in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the head and neck (HNSCC) and lungs (LUSC). Using an epiallelic series of siRNAs with intrinsically different knockdown abilities, we show that the complete loss of ΔNp63 strongly impaired cell proliferation, whereas partial ΔNp63 depletion rendered cells hypersensitive to cisplatin accompanied by an accumulation of DNA damage. Expression profiling revealed wide-spread transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes and in particular Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway components such as FANCD2 and RAD18 - known to be crucial for the repair of cisplatin-induced interstrand crosslinks. In SCC patients ΔNp63 levels significantly correlate with FANCD2 and RAD18 expression confirming ΔNp63 as a key activator of the FA pathway in vivo Mechanistically, ΔNp63 bound an upstream enhancer of FANCD2 inactive in primary keratinocytes but aberrantly activated by ΔNp63 in SCC. Consistently, depletion of FANCD2 sensitized to cisplatin similar to depletion of ΔNp63. Together, our results demonstrate that ΔNp63 directly activates the FA pathway in SCC and limits the efficacy of cisplatin treatment. Targeting ΔNp63 therefore would not only inhibit SCC proliferation but also sensitize tumors to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Catherine Bretz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam P Gittler
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joël P Charles
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Gremke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ines Eckhardt
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wanzel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35043 Marburg, Germany
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32
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TGF-β Inhibition Rescues Hematopoietic Stem Cell Defects and Bone Marrow Failure in Fanconi Anemia. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:668-81. [PMID: 27053300 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited DNA repair disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) attrition. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of BMF could improve the therapeutic options for FA patients. Using a genome-wide shRNA screen in human FA fibroblasts, we identify transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway-mediated growth suppression as a cause of BMF in FA. Blocking the TGF-β pathway improves the survival of FA cells and rescues the proliferative and functional defects of HSPCs derived from FA mice and FA patients. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling in FA HSPCs results in elevated homologous recombination (HR) repair with a concomitant decrease in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), accounting for the improvement in cellular growth. Together, our results suggest that elevated TGF-β signaling contributes to BMF in FA by impairing HSPC function and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of FA.
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Abstract
It is emerging that the pathways that process newly transcribed RNA molecules also regulate the response to DNA damage at multiple levels. Here, we discuss recent insights into how RNA processing pathways participate in DNA damage recognition, signaling, and repair, selectively influence the expression of genome-stabilizing proteins, and resolve deleterious DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops) formed during transcription and RNA processing. The importance of these pathways for the DNA damage response (DDR) is underscored by the growing appreciation that defects in these regulatory connections may be connected to the genome instability involved in several human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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34
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Wang M, Du M, Ma L, Chu H, Lv Q, Ye D, Guo J, Gu C, Xia G, Zhu Y, Ding Q, Yuan L, Fu G, Tong N, Qin C, Yin C, Xu J, Zhang Z. A functional variant in TP63 at 3q28 associated with bladder cancer risk by creating an miR-140-5p binding site. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:65-74. [PMID: 26695686 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The first genome-wide association study (GWAS) for bladder cancer has identified a susceptibility locus at 3q28 in the European ancestry. However, the causal variant at 3q28 remains unknown. We conducted a three-stage fine mapping study to identify potential causal variants in the region. A total of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 120 kb at 3q28 were tested for association with bladder cancer risk among 3,094 bladder cancer cases and 3,738 controls. Resequencing and functional assays were further evaluated. The SNP rs35592567 in the 3'-UTR of TP63 was consistently associated with bladder cancer risk in all three stages. In the combined analysis, the T allele of rs35592567 was significantly associated with a decreased risk for bladder cancer (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.75-0.90, P = 9.797 × 10(-6) in the additive model). Biochemical assays revealed that the T allele reduced the post-transcriptional levels of TP63 mediated by interfering binding efficiency of miR-140-5p. In addition, overexpression of miR-140-5p inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation and attenuated cell migration, invasion and G1 cell-cycle arrest. Together, these results suggest that rs35592567 in TP63 may be a novel causal variant contributing to the susceptibility to bladder cancer, which provides additional insight into the pathogenesis of bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyuan Gu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Xia
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangbo Fu
- Department of Urology, The Huai-An First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Tong
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Fudan Institute of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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35
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Abstract
Both proteolytic and nonproteolytic functions of ubiquitination are essential regulatory mechanisms for promoting DNA repair and the DNA damage response in mammalian cells. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have emerged as key players in the maintenance of genome stability. In this minireview, we discuss the recent findings on human DUBs that participate in genome maintenance, with a focus on the role of DUBs in the modulation of DNA repair and DNA damage signaling.
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36
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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Silencing of RUNX2 enhances gemcitabine sensitivity of p53-deficient human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells through the stimulation of TAp63-mediated cell death. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15010. [PMID: 27551445 PMCID: PMC4981025 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) has been considered to be one of master regulators for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Recently, we have described that RUNX2 attenuates p53/TAp73-dependent cell death of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells bearing wild-type p53 in response to adriamycin. In this study, we have asked whether RUNX2 silencing could enhance gemcitabine (GEM) sensitivity of p53-deficient human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells. Under our experimental conditions, GEM treatment increased the expression level of p53 family TAp63, whereas RUNX2 was reduced following GEM exposure, indicating that there exists an inverse relationship between the expression level of TAp63 and RUNX2 following GEM exposure. To assess whether TAp63 could be involved in the regulation of GEM sensitivity of AsPC-1 cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TAp63 was performed. As expected, silencing of TAp63 significantly prohibited GEM-dependent cell death as compared with GEM-treated non-silencing cells. As TAp63 was negatively regulated by RUNX2, we sought to examine whether RUNX2 knockdown could enhance the sensitivity to GEM. Expression analysis demonstrated that depletion of RUNX2 apparently stimulates the expression of TAp63, as well as proteolytic cleavage of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) after GEM exposure, and further augmented GEM-mediated induction of p53/TAp63-target genes, such as p21WAF1, PUMA and NOXA, relative to GEM-treated control-transfected cells, implying that RUNX2 has a critical role in the regulation of GEM resistance through the downregulation of TAp63. Notably, ablation of TAp63 gave a decrease in number of γH2AX-positive cells in response to GEM relative to control-transfected cells following GEM exposure. Consistently, GEM-dependent phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein was remarkably impaired in TAp63 knockdown cells. Collectively, our present findings strongly suggest that RUNX2-mediated repression of TAp63 contributes at least in part to GEM resistance of AsPC-1 cells, and thus silencing of RUNX2 may be a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of GEM in p53-deficient pancreatic cancer cells.
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Choi YE, Park E. Curcumin enhances poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor sensitivity to chemotherapy in breast cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1442-7. [PMID: 26350251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor has shown promising responses in homologous recombination (HR) repair-deficient cancer cells. More specifically, targeting HR pathway in combination with PARP inhibitor has been an effective chemotherapy strategy by so far. Curcumin has been recognized as anticancer agents for several types of cancers. Here, we demonstrate that curcumin inhibits a critical step in HR pathway, Rad51 foci formation, and accumulates γ-H2AX levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Curcumin also directly reduces HR and induces cell death with cotreatment of PARP inhibitor in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Moreover, curcumin, when combined with ABT-888, could effectively delayed breast tumor formation in vivo. Our study indicates that cotreatment of curcumin and PARP inhibitor might be useful for the combination chemotherapy for aggressive breast cancer treatment as a natural bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eunmi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Life Science and Nano-Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) represents a paradigm of rare genetic diseases, where the quest for cause and cure has led to seminal discoveries in cancer biology. Although a total of 16 FA genes have been identified thus far, the biochemical function of many of the FA proteins remains to be elucidated. FA is rare, yet the fact that 5 FA genes are in fact familial breast cancer genes and FA gene mutations are found frequently in sporadic cancers suggest wider applicability in hematopoiesis and oncology. Establishing the interaction network involving the FA proteins and their associated partners has revealed an intersection of FA with several DNA repair pathways, including homologous recombination, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, and translesion DNA synthesis. Importantly, recent studies have shown a major involvement of the FA pathway in the tolerance of reactive aldehydes. Moreover, despite improved outcomes in stem cell transplantation in the treatment of FA, many challenges remain in patient care.
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High-risk human papillomavirus E6 protein promotes reprogramming of Fanconi anemia patient cells through repression of p53 but does not allow for sustained growth of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Virol 2014; 88:11315-26. [PMID: 25031356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01533-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED DNA repair plays a crucial role in embryonic and somatic stem cell biology and cell reprogramming. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, which promotes error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks, is required for somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Thus, cells from Fanconi anemia patients, which lack this critical pathway, fail to be reprogrammed to iPSC under standard conditions unless the defective FA gene is complemented. In this study, we utilized the oncogenes of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) to overcome the resistance of FA patient cells to reprogramming. We found that E6, but not E7, recovers FA iPSC colony formation and, furthermore, that p53 inhibition is necessary and sufficient for this activity. The iPSC colonies resulting from each of these approaches stained positive for alkaline phosphatase, NANOG, and Tra-1-60, indicating that they were fully reprogrammed into pluripotent cells. However, FA iPSC were incapable of outgrowth into stable iPSC lines regardless of p53 suppression, whereas their FA-complemented counterparts grew efficiently. Thus, we conclude that the FA pathway is required for the growth of iPSC beyond reprogramming and that p53-independent mechanisms are involved. IMPORTANCE A novel approach is described whereby HPV oncogenes are used as tools to uncover DNA repair-related molecular mechanisms affecting somatic cell reprogramming. The findings indicate that p53-dependent mechanisms block FA cells from reprogramming but also uncover a previously unrecognized defect in FA iPSC proliferation independent of p53.
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Costanzo A, Pediconi N, Narcisi A, Guerrieri F, Belloni L, Fausti F, Botti E, Levrero M. TP63 and TP73 in cancer, an unresolved "family" puzzle of complexity, redundancy and hierarchy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2590-9. [PMID: 24983500 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TP53 belongs to a small gene family that includes, in mammals, two additional paralogs, TP63 and TP73. The p63 and p73 proteins are structurally and functionally similar to p53 and their activity as transcription factors is regulated by a wide repertoire of shared and unique post-translational modifications and interactions with regulatory cofactors. p63 and p73 have important functions in embryonic development and differentiation but are also involved in tumor suppression. The biology of p63 and p73 is complex since both TP63 and TP73 genes are transcribed into a variety of different isoforms that give rise to proteins with antagonistic properties, the TA-isoforms that act as tumor-suppressors and DN-isoforms that behave as proto-oncogenes. The p53 family as a whole behaves as a signaling "network" that integrates developmental, metabolic and stress signals to control cell metabolism, differentiation, longevity, proliferation and death. Despite the progress of our knowledge, the unresolved puzzle of complexity, redundancy and hierarchy in the p53 family continues to represent a formidable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Pediconi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Belloni
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fausti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Botti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Huang Y, Leung JWC, Lowery M, Matsushita N, Wang Y, Shen X, Huong D, Takata M, Chen J, Li L. Modularized functions of the Fanconi anemia core complex. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1849-57. [PMID: 24910428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex provides the essential E3 ligase function for spatially defined FANCD2 ubiquitination and FA pathway activation. Of the seven FA gene products forming the core complex, FANCL possesses a RING domain with demonstrated E3 ligase activity. The other six components do not have clearly defined roles. Through epistasis analyses, we identify three functional modules in the FA core complex: a catalytic module consisting of FANCL, FANCB, and FAAP100 is absolutely required for the E3 ligase function, and the FANCA-FANCG-FAAP20 and the FANCC-FANCE-FANCF modules provide nonredundant and ancillary functions that help the catalytic module bind chromatin or sites of DNA damage. Disruption of the catalytic module causes complete loss of the core complex function, whereas loss of any ancillary module component does not. Our work reveals the roles of several FA gene products with previously undefined functions and a modularized assembly of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan Lowery
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Do Huong
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Mouw KW, D'Andrea AD. Crosstalk between the nucleotide excision repair and Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19:130-4. [PMID: 24768451 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved multiple distinct DNA repair pathways to efficiently correct a variety of genotoxic lesions, and decades of study have led to an improved understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of these individual pathways. However, there is now an increasing appreciation that extensive crosstalk exists among DNA repair pathways and that this crosstalk serves to increase the efficiency and diversity of response to damage. The Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways have been shown to share common factors, and often work in concert to repair damage. Genomic studies are now revealing that many tumors harbor somatic mutations in FA/BRCA or NER genes, which may provide a growth advantage, but which could also be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Kim H, Dejsuphong D, Adelmant G, Ceccaldi R, Yang K, Marto JA, D'Andrea AD. Transcriptional repressor ZBTB1 promotes chromatin remodeling and translesion DNA synthesis. Mol Cell 2014; 54:107-118. [PMID: 24657165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Timely DNA replication across damaged DNA is critical for maintaining genomic integrity. Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) allows bypass of DNA lesions using error-prone TLS polymerases. The E3 ligase RAD18 is necessary for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination and TLS polymerase recruitment; however, the regulatory steps upstream of RAD18 activation are less understood. Here, we show that the UBZ4 domain-containing transcriptional repressor ZBTB1 is a critical upstream regulator of TLS. The UBZ4 motif is required for PCNA monoubiquitination and survival after UV damage. ZBTB1 associates with KAP-1, a transcriptional repressor whose phosphorylation relaxes chromatin after DNA damage. ZBTB1 depletion impairs formation of phospho-KAP-1 at UV damage sites and reduces RAD18 recruitment. Furthermore, phosphorylation of KAP-1 is necessary for efficient PCNA modification. We propose that ZBTB1 is required for localizing phospho-KAP-1 to chromatin and enhancing RAD18 accessibility. Collectively, our study implicates a ubiquitin-binding protein in orchestrating chromatin remodeling during DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donniphat Dejsuphong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- Blais Proteomic Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raphael Ceccaldi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kailin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Blais Proteomic Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Liang Q, Dexheimer TS, Zhang P, Rosenthal AS, Villamil MA, You C, Zhang Q, Chen J, Ott CA, Sun H, Luci DK, Yuan B, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Xiao H, Wang Y, Maloney DJ, Zhuang Z. A selective USP1-UAF1 inhibitor links deubiquitination to DNA damage responses. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:298-304. [PMID: 24531842 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination are central to the control of a large number of cellular pathways and signaling networks in eukaryotes. Although the essential roles of ubiquitination have been established in the eukaryotic DNA damage response, the deubiquitination process remains poorly defined. Chemical probes that perturb the activity of deubiquitinases (DUBs) are needed to characterize the cellular function of deubiquitination. Here we report ML323 (2), a highly potent inhibitor of the USP1-UAF1 deubiquitinase complex with excellent selectivity against human DUBs, deSUMOylase, deneddylase and unrelated proteases. Using ML323, we interrogated deubiquitination in the cellular response to UV- and cisplatin-induced DNA damage and revealed new insights into the requirement of deubiquitination in the DNA translesion synthesis and Fanconi anemia pathways. Moreover, ML323 potentiates cisplatin cytotoxicity in non-small cell lung cancer and osteosarcoma cells. Our findings point to USP1-UAF1 as a key regulator of the DNA damage response and a target for overcoming resistance to the platinum-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Thomas S Dexheimer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Andrew S Rosenthal
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A Villamil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Changjun You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Qiuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Christine A Ott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane K Luci
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bifeng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Xiao
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Analysis and Proteomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - David J Maloney
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhihao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder associated with bone marrow (BM) failure and leukemia. Recent studies demonstrate variable immune defects in FA. However, the cause for FA immunodeficiency is unknown. Here we report that deletion of Fanca or Fancd2 dysregulates the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs), shown functionally as exacerbation of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in mice. Recipient mice of Fanca(-/-) or Fancd2(-/-) BM chimeras exhibited severe acute GVHD after allogeneic BM transplantation (BMT). T cells from Fanca(-/-) or Fancd2(-/-) mice induced higher GVHD lethality than those from wild-type (WT) littermates. FA Tregs possessed lower proliferative suppression potential compared with WT Tregs, as demonstrated by in vitro proliferation assay and BMT. Analysis of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs indicated that loss of Fanca or Fancd2 dysregulated Foxp3 target gene expression. Additionally, CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs of Fanca(-/-) or Fancd2(-/-) mice were less efficient in suppressing the production of GVHD-associated inflammatory cytokines. Consistently, aberrant NF-κB activity was observed in infiltrated T cells from FA GVHD mice. Conditional deletion of p65 in FA Tregs decreased GVHD mortality. Our study uncovers an essential role for FA proteins in maintaining Treg homeostasis, possibly explaining, at least in part, the immune deficiency reported in some FA patients.
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The Fanconi anemia pathway has a dual function in Dickkopf-1 transcriptional repression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2152-7. [PMID: 24469828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314226111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with a progressive decline in hematopoietic stem cells, developmental defects, and predisposition to cancer. These various phenotypic features imply a role of FA proteins in molecular events regulating cellular homeostasis. Interestingly, we previously found that the Fanconi C protein (FANCC) interacts with the C-terminal-binding protein-1 (CtBP1) involved in transcriptional regulation. Here we report that FANCC with CtBP1 forms a complex with β-catenin, and that β-catenin activation through glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition leads to FANCC nuclear accumulation and FA pathway activation, as measured by the Fanconi D2 protein (FANCD2) monoubiquitination. β-catenin and FANCC nuclear entry is defective in FA mutant cells and in cells depleted of the Fanconi A protein or FANCD2, suggesting that integrity of the FA pathway is required for FANCC nuclear activity. We also report that FANCC with CtBP1 acts as a negative regulator of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) expression, and that a FA disease-causing mutation in FANCC abrogates this function. Our findings reveal that a defective FA pathway leads to up-regulation of DKK1, a molecule involved in hematopoietic malignancies.
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Abstract
Transcription is apparently risky business. Its intrinsic mutagenic potential must be kept in check by networks of DNA repair factors that monitor the transcription process to repair DNA lesions that could otherwise compromise transcriptional fidelity and genome integrity. Intriguingly, recent studies point to an even more direct function of DNA repair complexes as coactivators of transcription and the unexpected role of "scheduled" DNA damage/repair at gene promoters. Paradoxically, spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks also induce ectopic transcription that is essential for repair. Thus, transcription, DNA damage, and repair may be more physically and functionally intertwined than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yick W. Fong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Balamurugan K, Sterneck E. The many faces of C/EBPδ and their relevance for inflammation and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:917-33. [PMID: 24155666 PMCID: PMC3805898 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD, C/EBPδ) is a transcription factor that modulates many biological processes including cell differentiation, motility, growth arrest, proliferation, and cell death. The diversity of C/EBPδ's functions depends in part on the cell type and cellular context and can have opposing outcomes. For example, C/EBPδ promotes inflammatory signaling, but it can also inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways, and in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, C/EBPδ reduces tumor incidence but promotes tumor metastasis. This review highlights the multifaceted nature of C/EBPδ's functions, with an emphasis on pathways that are relevant for cancer and inflammation, and illustrates how C/EBPδ emerged from the shadow of its family members as a fascinating “jack of all trades.” Our current knowledge on C/EBPδ indicates that, rather than being essential for a specific cellular process, C/EBPδ helps to interpret a variety of cues in a cell-type and context-dependent manner, to adjust cellular functions to specific situations. Therefore, insights into the roles and mechanisms of C/EBPδ signaling can lead to a better understanding of how the integration of different signaling pathways dictates normal and pathological cell functions and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD-21702-1201, U.S.A
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Inactivation of Uaf1 causes defective homologous recombination and early embryonic lethality in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4360-70. [PMID: 24001775 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00870-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitinating enzyme heterodimeric complex USP1-UAF1 regulates the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway. Absence of this complex leads to increased cellular levels of ubiquitinated FANCD2 (FANCD2-Ub) and ubiquitinated PCNA (PCNA-Ub). Mice deficient in the catalytic subunit of the complex, USP1, exhibit an FA-like phenotype and have a cellular deficiency in homologous-recombination (HR) repair. Here, we have characterized mice deficient in the UAF1 subunit. Uaf1(+/-) mice were small at birth and exhibited reduced fertility, thus resembling Usp1(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, homozygous Uaf1(-/-) embryos died at embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5). These mutant embryos were small and developmentally retarded. As expected, Uaf1 deficiency in mice led to increased levels of cellular Fancd2-Ub and Pcna-Ub. Uaf1(+/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibited profound chromosome instability, genotoxin hypersensitivity, and a significant defect in homologous-recombination repair. Moreover, Uaf1(-/-) mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) showed chromosome instability, genotoxin hypersensitivity, and impaired Fancd2 focus assembly. Similar to USP1 knockdown, UAF1 knockdown in tumor cells caused suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, our data demonstrate the important regulatory role of the USP1-UAF1 complex in HR repair through its regulation of the FANCD2-Ub and PCNA-Ub cellular pools.
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