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DiToro D, Murakami N, Pillai S. T-B Collaboration in Autoimmunity, Infection, and Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:386-398. [PMID: 37314442 PMCID: PMC11345790 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted here to provide an up-to-date review of the collaboration between helper T cells and B cells in response to protein and glycoprotein antigens. This collaboration is essential as it not only protects from many pathogens but also contributes to a litany of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiToro
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Chudakov DB, Kotsareva OD, Konovalova MV, Tsaregorodtseva DS, Shevchenko MA, Sergeev AA, Fattakhova GV. Early IgE Production Is Linked with Extrafollicular B- and T-Cell Activation in Low-Dose Allergy Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060969. [PMID: 35746576 PMCID: PMC9231339 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its paramount importance, the predominant association of early IgE production with harmless antigens, via germinal-center B- and T-cell subpopulations or extrafollicular activation, remains unresolved. The aim of this work was to clarify whether the reinforced IgE production following the subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice with low antigen doses in withers adipose tissue might be linked with intensified extrafollicular or germinal-center responses. The mice were immunized three times a week for 4 weeks in the withers region, which is enriched in subcutaneous fat and tissue-associated B cells, with high and low OVA doses and via the intraperitoneal route for comparison. During long-term immunization with both low and high antigen doses in the withers region, but not via the intraperitoneal route, we observed a significant accumulation of B220-CD1d-CD5-CD19+ B-2 extrafollicular plasmablasts in the subcutaneous fat and regional lymph nodes but not in the intraperitoneal fat. Only low antigen doses induced a significant accumulation of CXCR4+ CXCR5- CD4+ extrafollicular T helpers in the withers adipose tissue but not in the regional lymph nodes or abdominal fat. Only in subcutaneous fat was there a combination of extrafollicular helper accumulation. In conclusion, extrafollicular B- and T-cell activation are necessary for early IgE class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Borisovich Chudakov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-330-4011
| | - Olga Dmitrievna Kotsareva
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Maryia Vladimirovna Konovalova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Daria Sergeevna Tsaregorodtseva
- Faculty of Medical Biology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 1194535 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Alexandrovna Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Anton Andreevich Sergeev
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
| | - Gulnar Vaisovna Fattakhova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (O.D.K.); (M.V.K.); (M.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (G.V.F.)
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Corinaldesi C, Holmes AB, Shen Q, Grunstein E, Pasqualucci L, Dalla-Favera R, Basso K. Tracking Immunoglobulin Repertoire and Transcriptomic Changes in Germinal Center B Cells by Single-Cell Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:818758. [PMID: 35095922 PMCID: PMC8789751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.818758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to T-cell-dependent antigens, mature B cells in the secondary lymphoid organs are stimulated to form germinal centers (GCs), which are histological structures deputed to antibody affinity maturation, a process associated with immunoglobulin gene editing by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). GC B cells are heterogeneous and transition across multiple stages before being eliminated by apoptosis or committing to post-GC differentiation as memory B cells or plasma cells. In order to explore the dynamics of SHM and CSR during the GC reaction, we identified GC subpopulations by single-cell (sc) transcriptomics and analyzed the load of immunoglobulin variable (V) region mutations as well as the isotype class distribution in each subpopulation. The results showed that the large majority of GC B cells display a quantitatively similar mutational load in the V regions and analogous IGH isotype class distribution, except for the precursors of memory B cells (PreM) and plasma cells (PBL). PreM showed a bimodal pattern with about half of the cells displaying high V region germline identity and enrichment for unswitched IGH, while the rest of the cells carried a mutational load similar to the bulk of GC B cells and showed a switched isotype. PBL displayed a bias toward expression of IGHG and higher V region germline identity compared to the bulk of GC B cells. Genes implicated in SHM and CSR were significantly induced in specific GC subpopulations, consistent with the occurrence of SHM in dark zone cells and suggesting that CSR can occur within the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antony B. Holmes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiong Shen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eli Grunstein
- Department of Otolaringology Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katia Basso
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Moriyama M, Nakamura S. Th1/Th2 Immune Balance and Other T Helper Subsets in IgG4-Related Disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 401:75-83. [PMID: 27744510 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and a strong infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in various organs. IgG4-RD patients also frequently suffer from allergic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. It is well known that T helper type 2 (Th2) cells have an important role in the initiation of allergic diseases, and Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 promote class switching to IgG4. Therefore, IgG4-RD is considered to be a Th2-predominant disease. However, other Th subsets, including regulatory T cells and T follicular helper cells, have recently received increasing attention with regard to the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. Exploring the interconnected network of Th subsets in IgG4-RD is a highly promising field of investigation. In this review, we focus on the localization and functions of individual Th subsets to clarify the involvement of these cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Moriyama
- OCT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Varricchi G, Harker J, Borriello F, Marone G, Durham SR, Shamji MH. T follicular helper (Tfh ) cells in normal immune responses and in allergic disorders. Allergy 2016; 71:1086-94. [PMID: 26970097 DOI: 10.1111/all.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh ) are located within germinal centers of lymph nodes. Cognate interaction between Tfh , B cells, and IL-21 drives B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells thereby leading to antibody production. Tfh cells and IL-21 are involved in infectious and autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, vaccination, and cancer. Human peripheral blood CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells comprise different subsets of Tfh -like cells. Despite the importance of the IgE response in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, little is known about the role of follicular and blood Tfh cells and IL-21 in human and experimental allergic disease. Here, we review recent advances regarding the phenotypic and functional characteristics of both follicular and blood Tfh cells and of the IL-21/IL-21R system in the context of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Varricchi
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - J. Harker
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section; Faculty of Medicine; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - F. Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); School of Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - G. Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); School of Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
| | - S. R. Durham
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - M. H. Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
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Jandl C, King C. Cytokines in the Germinal Center Niche. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010005. [PMID: 31557986 PMCID: PMC6698856 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted, glycoproteins that specifically affect the interactions and communications between cells. Cytokines are produced transiently and locally, acting in a paracrine or autocrine manner, and they are extremely potent, ligating high affinity cell surface receptors to elicit changes in gene expression and protein synthesis in the responding cell. Cytokines produced during the differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells within the germinal center (GC) niche play an important role in ensuring that the humoral immune response is robust, whilst retaining flexibility, during the generation of affinity matured antibodies. Cytokines produced by B cells, antigen presenting cells and stromal cells are important for the differentiation of Tfh cells and Tfh cell produced cytokines act both in an autocrine fashion to firm Tfh cell differentiation and in a paracrine fashion to support the differentiation of memory B cells and plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines during the GC reaction with a particular focus on the influence of cytokines on Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Cecile King
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincents Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Li W, Liu YJ, Zhao XL, Shang SQ, Wu L, Ye Q, Xu H. Th1/Th2 Cytokine Profile and Its Diagnostic Value in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 26:e3807. [PMID: 26848377 PMCID: PMC4733293 DOI: 10.5812/ijp.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine can alter in pathogenic infection in children with pneumonia. OBJECTIVES To evaluate Th1/Th2 cytokine profile and its diagnostic value in M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS Children with M. pneumoniae mono-infection and 30 healthy children were tested with cytokines assay. We used real time PCR to detect M. pneumoniae in children with pneumonia. RESULTS M. pneumoniae test was positive in 2188 (16.62%) out of 13161 pneumonia children. Children aged 5 - 9 years had the highest rate and summer was a season with high rate of M. pneumoniae incidence in Zhejiang province. During the course of study, in 526 pneumonia children with M. pneumoniae mono-infection and 30 healthy children cytokines assay was performed. IL-2 level of M. pneumoniae pneumonia children was lower than that of healthy children (median levels, pg/mL: IL-2: 3.2 vs. 5.7, P = 0.00), while IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were higher than in healthy children (median levels, pg/mL: IL-4: 3.2 vs. 1.5, P = 0.00; IL-10: 5.6 vs. 2.5, P = 0.001; IFN-γ: 20.4 vs. 4.8, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS IL-2 decreases and IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ increase in children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, which has a promising prospect in diagnosis of this disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao-le Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shi-qiang Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lang Wu
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Ye Q, Shao WX, Shang SQ, Pan YX, Shen HQ, Chen XJ. Epidemiological characteristics and immune status of children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. J Med Virol 2014; 87:323-9. [PMID: 25123681 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections are the dominant cause of pneumonia in children. In order to determine the epidemiological characteristics and immune status of children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus, a prospective study was performed among patients with RSV infection. Comparisons between RSV pneumonia group and normal control group, RSV pneumonia group had lower IL-2 (median levels, pg/ml: 3.8 vs. 5.1, P < 0.01), and higher IL-4 (median levels, pg/ml: 3.2 vs. 2.4, P < 0.01), IL-10 (median levels, pg/ml: 12.2 vs. 2.3, P < 0.01), and IFN-γ (median levels, pg/ml: 13.4 vs. 4.6, P < 0.01). The level of IgE among pneumonia patients caused by RSV increased sharply (median levels, mg/L: 48.1 vs. 8.8, P < 0.01). Another amazing finding is that after birth, the degree of IgE of the children infected by RSV increases gradually with age. This effect is at its peak in 0.6 years old. The IgE and eosinophil levels were higher when patients suffered from RSV pneumonia with wheeze (IgE median levels, IU/ml: with wheeze: 72.74 vs. without wheeze: 11.5, P < 0.05; eosinophil median levels, ×10(9) /l: with wheeze: 0.21 vs. without wheeze: 0.05, P < 0.05). The main morbidity crowd is the children under the age of 1 year old. The downregulation of IL2 and the upregulation of IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and IgE happen after RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children is a risk factor for developing allergic diseases. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:986527. [PMID: 24977240 PMCID: PMC3996910 DOI: 10.1155/2014/986527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection is the dominant cause of pneumonia in children. We sought to determine the relationship between MP infection and secondary allergic disease and to clarify the associated mechanisms of inflammatory response. A prospective study was performed among 1330 patients diagnosed with pneumonia to investigate the patient immune status by determining the correlation between MP infection, immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, and a spectrum of associated serum cytokines. Serum IgE, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 levels for MPP patients in the acute phase were obviously higher than those in the recovery phase (P < 0.01). MPP patients with allergic conditions had increased serum IgE levels and increased IL-4/INF-γ ratio, and IgE and Eosinophil Cationic Protein were further elevated in patients who eventually developed secondary asthma changes. Patients with severe pneumonia and high clinical pulmonary infection scores presented higher levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in serum than those with low scores (P < 0.01). The proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that secreted IL-4 was significantly increased in MPP patients with elevated IgE. Our data demonstrate a significant correlation between MP infection and IgE levels, which is associated with a Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance.
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Yang Z, Robinson MJ, Allen CDC. Regulatory constraints in the generation and differentiation of IgE-expressing B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:64-70. [PMID: 24632082 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
B cells expressing antibodies of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) isotype are rare, yet are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of allergies and asthma. This review discusses recent methodological advances that permit sensitive probing of IgE-expressing (IgE(+)) B cells in vivo and have accordingly clarified the basic behavior and fate of IgE(+) B cells during immune responses in mouse models. IgE antibody secreting plasma cells can arise from extrafollicular foci, germinal centers, and memory B cells. However, compared to B cells expressing other isotypes, IgE(+) B cells are susceptible to multiple additional regulatory constraints that restrict the size of the IgE(+) B cell pool at each stage, coordinately limiting the overall magnitude, affinity, and duration of the IgE antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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T helper subsets in Sjögren's syndrome and IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2013; 51:81-8. [PMID: 23920005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic disease characterized by the elevation of serum IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in multiple target organs, including the pancreas, kidney, biliary tract and salivary glands. In contrast, Mikulicz's disease (MD) has been considered a subtype of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) based on histopathological similarities. However, it is now recognized that MD is an IgG4-RD distinguishable from SS and called as IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis (IgG4-DS). Regarding immunological aspects, it is generally accepted that CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SS. Since it is well known that IgG4 is induced by Th2 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, IgG4-DS is speculated to be a unique inflammatory disorder characterized by Th2 immune reactions. However, the involvement of Th cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-DS remains to be clarified. Exploring the role of Th cell subsets in IgG4-DS is a highly promising field of investigation. In this review, we focus on the selective localization and respective functions of Th cell subsets and discuss the differences between SS and IgG4-DS to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases.
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Abstract
Various molecules participate in different phases of allergic reactions. This means that many genes are encoding molecules related to allergic reactions, such as cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors as effect or molecules. The transcriptional repressor BCL6 has emerged as a multifunctional regulator of lymphocyte differentiation and immune responses. BCL6-deficient (BCL6) mice display T helper type 2 (Th2)-type inflammation, which is caused by abnormality of both lymphoid cells and nonlymphoid cells. Thus, BCL6 apparently contributes to negative regulation of various central molecules such as cytokines, in particular Th2 cytokines, CC chemokines, and immunoglobulin E in allergic diseases. Therefore, BCL6 may be a molecular target for Th2-type allergic diseases.
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were discovered just over a decade ago as germinal centre T cells that help B cells make antibodies. Included in this role is affinity maturation and isotype switching. It is here that their functions become less clear. Tfh cells principally produce IL-21 which inhibits class switching to IgE. Recent studies have questioned whether the germinal centre is the main site of IgE class switching or IgE affinity maturation. In this review, I will examine the evidence that these cells are responsible for regulating IgE class switching and the relationship between Tfh cells and T helper 2 (Th2) effector cells.
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Abstract
IgE antibodies are involved in allergic reactions. High affinity IgE antibodies can cause anaphylaxis when cross-linked by minute amounts of antigen. The issue of how the IgE response is initiated and maintained is addressed in this review. A model has been proposed by which IgE(+) cells expressing antibodies that bind with high affinity to their antigens are generated through an IgG1 intermediate, which goes through affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC) before undergoing sequential switching to IgE. Mice deficient in IgG1 produce IgE at almost normal levels, but the IgE antibodies produced in IgG1-deficient mice lack the antigen-binding strength and the somatic mutations associated with affinity maturation. A GFP reporter strain, which expresses a modified IgE molecule, was recently developed and was utilized to challenge the sequential switching model. Several molecules that are highly expressed in GC can antagonize class switching to IgE in GC antagonize partially class switching to IgE; in addition, GC IgE(+) cells are gradually lost from GC as the immune response progresses, as shown with another recently developed, Venus-expressing IgE reporter mouse strain. In contrast, as a population, IgG1 cells thrive in the GC environment. Membrane IgE-expressing plasmablasts and plasma cells (PC) were recognized as a major component of the IgE response in secondary lymphoid organs. The swift development of IgE cells toward the PC fate, together with the affinity maturation of the IgE response via an IgG intermediate, represent the most salient features of the IgE immune responses, which make them distinct from IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Xiong
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Wesemann DR, Magee JM, Boboila C, Calado DP, Gallagher MP, Portuguese AJ, Manis JP, Zhou X, Recher M, Rajewsky K, Notarangelo LD, Alt FW. Immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE with increased direct Sμ to Sε recombination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2733-46. [PMID: 22143888 PMCID: PMC3244039 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To be added. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class-switch recombination (CSR) replaces initially expressed Cμ (IgM) constant regions (CH) exons with downstream CH exons. Stimulation of B cells with anti-CD40 plus interleukin-4 induces CSR from Cμ to Cγ1 (IgG1) and Cε (IgE), the latter of which contributes to the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. Although Cε CSR can occur directly from Cμ, most mature peripheral B cells undergo CSR to Cε indirectly, namely from Cμ to Cγ1, and subsequently to Cε. Physiological mechanisms that influence CSR to Cγ1 versus Cε are incompletely understood. In this study, we report a role for B cell developmental maturity in IgE CSR. Based in part on a novel flow cytometric IgE CSR assay, we show that immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE versus IgG1 through a mechanism involving increased direct CSR from Cμ to Cε. Our findings suggest that IgE dysregulation in certain immunodeficiencies may be related to impaired B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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