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Mourino-Alvarez L, Perales-Sanchez I, Berna-Rico E, Abbad-Jaime de Aragon C, Corbacho-Alonso N, Sastre-Oliva T, Juarez-Alia C, Ballester-Martinez A, Castellanos-Gonzalez M, Llamas-Velasco M, Jaen P, Solis J, Fernandez-Friera L, Mehta NN, Gelfand JM, Barderas MG, Gonzalez-Cantero A. Association of the Complement System with Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Psoriasis: Findings from an Observational Cohort Study. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1075-1087.e2. [PMID: 38036288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory disease that affects the skin and joints and is associated with multiple comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. Consequently, patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, a chronic pathology that shares common inflammatory and immune-response mechanisms with psoriasis, including vascular inflammation and complement activation. To better understand the relationship between atherosclerosis and psoriasis, a proteomics study followed by a bioinformatics analysis was carried out, with a subsequent validation step using ELISA and western blotting. When the plasma from patients with psoriasis alone was compared with that from patients with psoriasis and atherosclerosis, 31 proteins of interest related to the complement system and oxygen transport were identified. After the validation phase, 11 proteins appeared to define the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis, indicating the importance of complement cascades in the development of atherosclerotic plaques in individuals with psoriasis. These results are a step forward in understanding the pathological pathways implicated in the cardiovascular risk associated with this population, which may represent an interesting starting point for developing predictive tools that improve the follow-up of these patients and design more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mourino-Alvarez
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Inés Perales-Sanchez
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Emilio Berna-Rico
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Abbad-Jaime de Aragon
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Corbacho-Alonso
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tamara Sastre-Oliva
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Cristina Juarez-Alia
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Asunción Ballester-Martinez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mar Llamas-Velasco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Jaen
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Solis
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Atria Clinic, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernandez-Friera
- Atria Clinic, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; HM Hospitales-Centro Integral de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares HM-CIEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neha N Mehta
- Department of Cardiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Joel M Gelfand
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria G Barderas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, IDISCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Alvaro Gonzalez-Cantero
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain.
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Maffia P, Mauro C, Case A, Kemper C. Canonical and non-canonical roles of complement in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y. [PMID: 38600367 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the major contributor to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Immune responses have a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, with the complement system being an acknowledged contributor. Chronic activation of liver-derived and serum-circulating canonical complement sustains endothelial inflammation and innate immune cell activation, and deposition of complement activation fragments on inflamed endothelial cells is a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. However, increasing evidence indicates that liver-independent, cell-autonomous and non-canonical complement activities are underappreciated contributors to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, complement activation can also have atheroprotective properties. These specific detrimental or beneficial contributions of the complement system to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are dictated by the location of complement activation and engagement of its canonical versus non-canonical functions in a temporal fashion during atherosclerosis progression. In this Review, we summarize the classical and the emerging non-classical roles of the complement system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and discuss potential strategies for therapeutic modulation of complement for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Maffia
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ayden Case
- Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Schulz K, Donat C, Punjabi M, Glatz K, Kaufmann B, Trendelenburg M. Complement C1q and von Willebrand factor interaction in atherosclerosis of human carotid artery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265387. [PMID: 38155969 PMCID: PMC10753016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall, with cholesterol crystal (CC) deposition being a hallmark of the disease. As evidence for a cross-talk between complement activation and hemostasis on CC surfaces has been limited to in vitro data, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of C1q-vWF complexes in human atherosclerosis ex vivo. We used immunofluorescence staining and a proximity ligation assay (PLA, Duolink®) to examine the presence, localization, and co-localization of C1q and vWF in frozen sections of human carotid arteries with atherosclerosis or without atherosclerotic changes as well as material from thrombendarteriectomy. We observed significantly higher levels of C1q and vWF in healthy tissue compared to diseased material and greater co-localization in the PLA in healthy samples than in diseased samples. In diseased samples, fluorescence signals were highest in locations encompassing atheroma and foam cells. While there was overall reduced signal in areas with CCs, the staining was spotty, and there was evidence of co-localization on individual CCs. Thus, we demonstrate the presence of C1q-vWF complexes in human carotid arteries ex vivo, which was most abundant in healthy endothelial and subendothelial space and reduced in diseased tissue. C1q-vWF interaction can also be demonstrated on the CC surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schulz
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Donat
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mukesh Punjabi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Glatz
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Kaufmann
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Seidel F, Kleemann R, van Duyvenvoorde W, van Trigt N, Keijzer N, van der Kooij S, van Kooten C, Verschuren L, Menke A, Kiliaan AJ, Winter J, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Baas F, Fluiter K, Morrison MC. Therapeutic Intervention with Anti-Complement Component 5 Antibody Does Not Reduce NASH but Does Attenuate Atherosclerosis and MIF Concentrations in Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810736. [PMID: 36142647 PMCID: PMC9506266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation is an important driver in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and atherosclerosis. The complement system, one of the first lines of defense in innate immunity, has been implicated in both diseases. However, the potential therapeutic value of complement inhibition in the ongoing disease remains unclear. Methods: After 20 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice were treated twice a week with an established anti-C5 antibody (BB5.1) or vehicle control. A separate group of mice was kept on a chow diet as a healthy reference. After 12 weeks of treatment, NASH was analyzed histopathologically, and genome-wide hepatic gene expression was analyzed by next-generation sequencing and pathway analysis. Atherosclerotic lesion area and severity were quantified histopathologically in the aortic roots. Results: Anti-C5 treatment considerably reduced complement system activity in plasma and MAC deposition in the liver but did not affect NASH. Anti-C5 did, however, reduce the development of atherosclerosis, limiting the total lesion size and severity independently of an effect on plasma cholesterol but with reductions in oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Conclusion: We show, for the first time, that treatment with an anti-C5 antibody in advanced stages of NASH is not sufficient to reduce the disease, while therapeutic intervention against established atherosclerosis is beneficial to limit further progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Seidel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Trigt
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van der Kooij
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Transplant Center, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Department Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johnathan Winter
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Fluiter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kiss MG, Binder CJ. The multifaceted impact of complement on atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2022; 351:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chakravarty D, Ray AG, Chander V, Mabalirajan U, Mondal PC, Siddiqui KN, Sinha BP, Konar A, Bandyopadhyay A. Systemic deficiency of vitronectin is associated with aortic inflammation and plaque progression in ApoE-Knockout mice. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:121-137. [PMID: 35141476 PMCID: PMC8814562 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal cell spreading and interplay of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), inflammatory cells, and cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are critical for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. The role of vitronectin (VTN), a major cell attachment glycoprotein, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains elusive. In this study, we attempt to examine the pathological role of VTN in arterial plaque progression and inflammation. We found that, relative expression analysis of VTN from the liver of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Knockout mice revealed that atherosclerotic progression induced by feeding mice with high cholesterol diet (HCD) causes a significant downregulation of VTN mRNA as well as protein after 60 days. Promoter assay confirmed that cholesterol modulates the expression of VTN by influencing its promoter. Mimicking VTN reduction with siRNA in HCD fed ApoE Knockout mice, accelerated athero-inflammation with an increase in NF-kB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 at the site of the plaque along with upregulation of inflammatory proteins like MCP-1 and IL-1β in the plasma. Also, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and MMP-12 expression were increased and collagen content was decreased in the plaque, in VTN deficient condition. This might pose a challenge to plaque integrity. Human subjects with acute coronary syndrome or having risk factors of atherosclerosis have lower levels of VTN compared to healthy controls suggesting a clinical significance of plasma VTN in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. We establish that, VTN plays a pivotal role in cholesterol-driven atherosclerosis and aortic inflammation and might be a useful indicator for atherosclerotic plaque burden and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasmita Chakravarty
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Aleepta Guha Ray
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Vivek Chander
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | | | | | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory DisorderCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Aditya Konar
- Department of Laboratory Animal FacilityCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Arun Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory DisorderCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
- Department of Laboratory Animal FacilityCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
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Al‐Ahmadi W, Webberley TS, Joseph A, Harris F, Chan Y, Alotibi R, Williams JO, Alahmadi A, Decker T, Hughes TR, Ramji DP. Pro-atherogenic actions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 serine 727 phosphorylation in LDL receptor deficient mice via modulation of plaque inflammation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21892. [PMID: 34569651 PMCID: PMC9549671 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100571rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the vasculature regulated by cytokines. We have previously shown that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) plays an important role in serine 727 phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) transactivation domain, which is required for maximal interferon-γ signaling, and the regulation of modified LDL uptake by macrophages in vitro. Unfortunately, the roles of ERK1/2 and STAT1 serine 727 phosphorylation in atherosclerosis are poorly understood and were investigated using ERK1 deficient mice (ERK2 knockout mice die in utero) and STAT1 knock-in mice (serine 727 replaced by alanine; STAT1 S727A). Mouse Atherosclerosis RT² Profiler PCR Array analysis showed that ERK1 deficiency and STAT1 S727A modification produced significant changes in the expression of 18 and 49 genes, respectively, in bone marrow-derived macrophages, with 17 common regulated genes that included those that play key roles in inflammation and cell migration. Indeed, ERK1 deficiency and STAT1 S727A modification attenuated chemokine-driven migration of macrophages with the former also impacting proliferation and the latter phagocytosis. In LDL receptor deficient mice fed a high fat diet, both ERK1 deficiency and STAT1 S727A modification produced significant reduction in plaque lipid content, albeit at different time points. The STAT1 S727A modification additionally caused a significant reduction in plaque content of macrophages and CD3 T cells and diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy index. In addition, there was a significant increase in plasma IL-2 levels and a trend toward increase in plasma IL-5 levels. These studies demonstrate important roles of STAT1 S727 phosphorylation in particular in the regulation of atherosclerosis-associated macrophage processes in vitro together with plaque lipid content and inflammation in vivo, and support further assessment of its therapeutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Joseph
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Ffion Harris
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Yee‐Hung Chan
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Reem Alotibi
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Alaa Alahmadi
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMax F. Perutz LaboratoriesUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Systems Immunity Research InstituteSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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8
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Dai S, Liu F, Ren M, Qin Z, Rout N, Yang XF, Wang H, Tomlinson S, Qin X. Complement Inhibition Targeted to Injury Specific Neoepitopes Attenuates Atherogenesis in Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:731315. [PMID: 34651027 PMCID: PMC8505745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.731315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Previous studies have indicated an important role for complement in atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress in the vessel wall. However, it remains unclear how complement is activated in the process of atherogenesis. An accepted general model for complement activation in the context of ischemia reperfusion injury is that ischemia induces the exposure of neoepitopes that are recognized by natural self-reactive IgM antibodies, and that in turn activate complement. Objective: We investigated whether a similar phenomenon may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and whether interfering with this activation event, together with inhibition of subsequent amplification of the cascade at the C3 activation step, can provide protection against atherogenesis. Methods and Results: We utilized C2scFv-Crry, a novel construct consisting of a single chain antibody (scFv) linked to Crry, a complement inhibitor that functions at C3 activation. The scFv moiety was derived from C2 IgM mAb that specifically recognizes phospholipid neoepitopes known to be expressed after ischemia. C2scFv-Crry targeted to the atherosclerotic plaque of Apoe -/- mice, demonstrating expression of the C2 neoepitope. C2scFv-Crry administered twice per week significantly attenuated atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta and aortic root of Apoe -/- mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for either 2 or 4 months, and treatment reduced C3 deposition and membrane attack complex formation as compared to vehicle treated mice. C2scFv-Crry also inhibited the uptake of oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL) by peritoneal macrophages, which has been shown to play a role in pathogenesis, and C2scFv-Crry-treated mice had decreased lipid content in the lesion with reduced oxLDL levels in serum compared to vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, C2scFv-Crry reduced the deposition of endogenous total IgM in the plaque, although it did not alter serum IgM levels, further indicating a role for natural IgM in initiating complement activation. Conclusion: Neoepitope targeted complement inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Dai
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fengming Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mi Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Zhongnan Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Su D, Hooshmand MJ, Galvan MD, Nishi RA, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ. Complement C6 deficiency exacerbates pathophysiology after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19500. [PMID: 33177623 PMCID: PMC7659012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the membrane attack complex, composed of complement components C5b-9, has been connected to lytic cell death and implicated in secondary injury after a CNS insult. However, studies to date have utilized either non-littermate control rat models, or mouse models that lack significant C5b-9 activity. To investigate what role C5b-9 plays in spinal cord injury and recovery, we generated littermate PVG C6 wildtype and deficient rats and tested functional and histological recovery after moderate contusion injury using the Infinite Horizon Impactor. We compare the effect of C6 deficiency on recovery of locomotor function and histological injury parameters in PVG rats under two conditions: (1) animals maintained as separate C6 WT and C6-D homozygous colonies; and (2) establishment of a heterozygous colony to generate C6 WT and C6-D littermate controls. The results suggest that maintenance of separate homozygous colonies is inadequate for testing the effect of C6 deficiency on locomotor and histological recovery after SCI, and highlight the importance of using littermate controls in studies involving genetic manipulation of the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Su
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mitra J Hooshmand
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Manuel D Galvan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Nishi
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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10
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Ka J, Pak B, Han O, Lee S, Jin SW. Comparison of transcriptomic changes between zebrafish and mice upon high fat diet reveals evolutionary convergence in lipid metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:638-643. [PMID: 32768193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an abnormal elevation of lipid level in blood, which affects more than 100 million people in US. Zebrafish has recently emerged as a model to study pathophysiology associated with hyperlipidemia. As a poikilotherm, the innate response toward a high fat diet regimen in zebrafish is likely to be distinct from humans, and therefore, additional caution is warranted to appropriately interpret results obtained from zebrafish model. However, to date, detailed comparative analyses on similarities and dissimilarities between zebrafish and mammals, in particular, at molecular level, have not been reported yet. Here, we identified changes in hepatic specific transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish fed with a high fat diet regimen and comparatively analyzed transcriptomic changes in zebrafish and mice. While a number of previously identified risk factors for human hyperlipidemia has been upregulated in zebrafish fed with a high fat diet regimen, zebrafish hepatic transcriptome does not share high similarity with mice. Despite these differences, KEGG pathway analyses revealed that similar signaling pathways upregulated in zebrafish and mice as a response to a high fat diet. Our data show that these two species may utilize species-specific set of genes to upregulate common signaling pathways, indicating evolutionary convergence between poikilotherm and homeotherm in regulating lipid metabolism and validating the use of zebrafish as a model for human hyperlipidemia and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ka
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Boryeong Pak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Orjin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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11
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Niyonzima N, Bakke SS, Gregersen I, Holm S, Sandanger Ø, Orrem HL, Sporsheim B, Ryan L, Kong XY, Dahl TB, Skjelland M, Sørensen KK, Rokstad AM, Yndestad A, Latz E, Gullestad L, Andersen GØ, Damås JK, Aukrust P, Mollnes TE, Halvorsen B, Espevik T. Cholesterol crystals use complement to increase NLRP3 signaling pathways in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102985. [PMID: 32927275 PMCID: PMC7494683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During atherogenesis, cholesterol precipitates into cholesterol crystals (CC) in the vessel wall, which trigger plaque inflammation by activating the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. We investigated the relationship between CC, complement and NLRP3 in patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS We analysed plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and carotid plaques from patients with advanced atherosclerosis applying ELISAs, multiplex cytokine assay, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and gene profiling. FINDINGS Transcripts of interleukin (IL)-1beta(β) and NLRP3 were increased and correlated in PBMC from patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Priming of these cells with complement factor 5a (C5a) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) before incubation with CC resulted in increased IL-1β protein when compared to healthy controls. As opposed to healthy controls, systemic complement was significantly increased in patients with stable angina pectoris or ACS. In carotid plaques, complement C1q and C5b-9 complex accumulated around CC-clefts, and complement receptors C5aR1, C5aR2 and C3aR1 were higher in carotid plaques compared to control arteries. Priming human carotid plaques with C5a followed by CC incubation resulted in pronounced release of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-1α. Additionally, mRNA profiling demonstrated that C5a and TNF priming followed by CC incubation upregulated plaque expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that CC are important local- and systemic complement activators, and we reveal that the interaction between CC and complement could exert its effect by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus promoting the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Niyonzima
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Siril S Bakke
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Øystein Sandanger
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde L Orrem
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Xiang Yi Kong
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Mona Skjelland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Kirsten Krohg Sørensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Eicke Latz
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Institute of Innate Immunity, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Gullestad
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; KG Jebsen TREC, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway; Research Laboratory, Norland Hospital, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim 7030, Norway; The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Norway.
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12
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Donat C, Thanei S, Trendelenburg M. Binding of von Willebrand Factor to Complement C1q Decreases the Phagocytosis of Cholesterol Crystals and Subsequent IL-1 Secretion in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2712. [PMID: 31824501 PMCID: PMC6881245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C1q, the initiation molecule of the classical pathway, exerts various immunomodulatory functions independent of complement activation. Non-classical functions of C1q include the clearance of apoptotic cells and cholesterol crystals (CC), as well as the modulation of cytokine secretion by immune cells such as macrophages. Moreover, C1q has been shown to act as a binding partner for von Willebrand factor (vWF), initiation molecule of primary hemostasis. However, the consequences of this C1q-vWF interaction on the phagocytosis of CC by macrophages has remained elusive until now. Here, we used CC-C1q-vWF complexes to study immunological effects on human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs). HMDMs were investigated by analyzing surface receptor expression, phagocytosis of CC complexes, cytokine secretion, and caspase-1 activity. We found that vWF only bound to CC in a C1q-dependent manner. Exposure of macrophages to CC-C1q-vWF complexes resulted in an upregulated expression of phagocytosis-mediating receptors MerTK, LRP-1, and SR-A1 as well as CD14, LAIR1, and PD-L1 when compared to CC-C1q without vWF, whereas phagocytosis of CC-C1q complexes was hampered in the presence of vWF. In addition, we observed a diminished caspase-1 activation and subsequent reduction in pro-inflammatory IL-1β cytokine secretion, IL-1β/IL-1RA ratio and IL-1α/IL-1RA ratio. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that vWF binding to C1q substantially modulates the effects of C1q on HMDMs. In this way, the C1q-vWF interaction might be beneficial in dampening inflammation, e.g., in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Donat
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Thanei
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marten Trendelenburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Martin-Ventura JL, Martinez-Lopez D, Roldan-Montero R, Gomez-Guerrero C, Blanco-Colio LM. Role of complement system in pathological remodeling of the vascular wall. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:207-215. [PMID: 31377677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. The clinical complications associated to arterial wall rupture involve intimal cap rupture in complicated atherosclerotic plaques and medial rupture in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The mechanisms underlying pathological vascular remodeling include lipid accumulation, cell proliferation, redox imbalance, proteolysis, leukocyte infiltration, cell death, and eventually, thrombosis. The complement system could participate in vascular remodeling by several mechanisms, from an initial protective response that aims in the clearing of cell debris to a potential deleterious role participating in leukocyte chemotaxis and cell activation and bridging innate and adaptive immunity. We have reviewed the presence and distribution of complement components, as well as the triggers of complement activation in atherosclerotic plaques and AAA, to later assess the functional consequences of complement modulation in experimental models of pathological vascular remodeling and the potential role of complement components as potential circulating biomarkers of CVD. On the whole, complement system is a key mechanism involved in vascular remodelling, which could be useful in the diagnostic/prognostic setting, as well as a potential therapeutic target, of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and CIBERCV, Spain.
| | - Diego Martinez-Lopez
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Raquel Roldan-Montero
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Guerrero
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Lab, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and CIBERCV, Spain
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14
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Hokstad I, Deyab G, Wang Fagerland M, Lyberg T, Hjeltnes G, Førre Ø, Agewall S, Mollnes TE, Hollan I. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are associated with reduced complement activation in spondylarthropathies: An observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220079. [PMID: 31335881 PMCID: PMC6650069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is involved in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, and might play a role in accelerated atherogenesis in spondylarthropathies (SpA). Hence, we examined complement activation in SpA, and its relationship to antirheumatic treatment, inflammatory and cardiovascular markers. METHODS From PSARA, a prospective observational study, we examined 51 SpA patients (31 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and 20 ankylosing spondylitis (AS)), starting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor alone (n = 25), combined with methotrexate (MTX) (n = 10), or MTX monotherapy (n = 16). Complement activation was determined by the soluble terminal complement complex (sC5b-9), inflammation by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and endothelial function by finger plethysmography (Endopat) at baseline, after 6 weeks and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS SpA patients had sC5b-9 levels at (PsA) or above (AS) the upper limit of the estimated reference range. Median sC5b-9 levels decreased significantly from baseline to 6 weeks, with no significant difference between the AS and PsA group. Notably, a significant reduction in sC5b-9 was observed after administration of TNF inhibitor ± MTX, whereas no significant changes were observed in patients treated with MTX alone. Between 6 weeks and 6 months, sC5b-9 remained stable across all subgroups. Reduction in sC5b-9 was independently related to decreased ESR and CRP, and to increased high density cholesterol and total cholesterol. Reduction in sC5b-9 from baseline to 6 weeks was associated with improved EF in age and gender adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION TNF-inhibition, but not MTX monotherapy, led to rapid and sustained reduction of complement activation in SpA. Thus, the observed decrease in cardiovascular morbidity in patients treated with TNF-inhibitors might be partly due to its beneficial effect on complement. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials (NCT00902005), retrospectively registered on the 14th of May 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hokstad
- Lillehammer Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gia Deyab
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Morten Wang Fagerland
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Lyberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Førre
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Agewall
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ivana Hollan
- Lillehammer Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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15
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Dysferlin-deficiency has greater impact on function of slow muscles, compared with fast, in aged BLAJ mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214908. [PMID: 30970035 PMCID: PMC6457631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlinopathies are a form of muscular dystrophy caused by gene mutations resulting in deficiency of the protein dysferlin. Symptoms manifest later in life in a muscle specific manner, although the pathomechanism is not well understood. This study compared the impact of dysferlin-deficiency on in vivo and ex vivo muscle function, and myofibre type composition in slow (soleus) and fast type (extensor digitorum longus; EDL) muscles using male dysferlin-deficient (dysf-/-) BLAJ mice aged 10 months, compared with wild type (WT) C57Bl/6J mice. There was a striking increase in muscle mass of BLAJ soleus (+25%) (p<0.001), with no strain differences in EDL mass, compared with WT. In vivo measures of forelimb grip strength and wheel running capacity showed no strain differences. Ex vivo measures showed the BLAJ soleus had faster twitch contraction (-21%) and relaxation (-20%) times, and delayed post fatigue recovery (ps<0.05); whereas the BLAJ EDL had a slower relaxation time (+11%) and higher maximum rate of force production (+25%) (ps<0.05). Similar proportions of MHC isoforms were evident in the soleus muscles of both strains (ps>0.05); however, for the BLAJ EDL, there was an increased proportion of type IIx MHC isoform (+5.5%) and decreased type IIb isoform (-5.5%) (ps<0.01). This identification of novel differences in the impact of dysferlin-deficiency on slow and fast twitch muscles emphasises the importance of evaluating myofibre type specific effects to provide crucial insight into the mechanisms responsible for loss of function in dysferlinopathies; this is critical for the development of targeted future clinical therapies.
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16
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Si W, He P, Wang Y, Fu Y, Li X, Lin X, Chen F, Cao G, Zhang H. Complement Complex C5b-9 Levels Are Associated with the Clinical Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Carotid Plaque Stability. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:279-286. [PMID: 30173313 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The terminal complement complex C5b-9 plays an important role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and carotid atherosclerosis. However, the associations between serum C5b-9, the severity and outcome of AIS, and the stability of carotid plaques have not been well investigated. In this clinical study, 70 patients with AIS and 70 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum C5b-9 levels at 72 h after stroke onset were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infarct size, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and carotid plaque and stenosis were evaluated. Serum C5b-9 levels were significantly higher in AIS patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001) and were correlated with infarction sizes (p = 0.045) and the NIHSS (P = 0.035). Furthermore, 90-day mRS analysis demonstrated that the patients with poor outcomes had higher serum C5b-9 levels than those with good outcomes (P < 0.001). Moreover, serum C5b-9 levels in AIS patients with unstable carotid plaques were much higher than in those with stable carotid plaques (P = 0.009). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that C5b-9 could be an independent risk factor for AIS (P < 0.001) and unstable carotid plaques (P = 0.015). Therefore, complement complex C5b-9 may be a potential biomarker in predicting the severity and outcome, as well as the stability of carotid plaques, in AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Si
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Pingping He
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xiaoru Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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17
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Tay C, Liu YH, Kanellakis P, Kallies A, Li Y, Cao A, Hosseini H, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A, Kyaw T. Follicular B Cells Promote Atherosclerosis via T Cell–Mediated Differentiation Into Plasma Cells and Secreting Pathogenic Immunoglobulin G. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:e71-e84. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
B cells promote or protect development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the role of MHCII (major histocompatibility II), CD40 (cluster of differentiation 40), and Blimp-1 (B-lymphocyte–induced maturation protein) expression by follicular B (FO B) cells in development of atherosclerosis together with the effects of IgG purified from atherosclerotic mice.
Approach and Results—
Using mixed chimeric
Ldlr
−/−
mice whose B cells are deficient in MHCII or CD40, we demonstrate that these molecules are critical for the proatherogenic actions of FO B cells. During development of atherosclerosis, these deficiencies affected T–B cell interactions, germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and IgG. As FO B cells differentiating into plasma cells require Blimp-1, we also assessed its role in the development of atherosclerosis. Blimp-1-deficient B cells greatly attenuated atherosclerosis and immunoglobulin—including IgG production, preventing IgG accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions; Blimp-1 deletion also attenuated lesion proinflammatory cytokines, apoptotic cell numbers, and necrotic core. To determine the importance of IgG for atherosclerosis, we purified IgG from atherosclerotic mice. Their transfer but not IgG from nonatherosclerotic mice into
Ldlr
−/−
mice whose B cells are Blimp-1-deficient increased atherosclerosis; transfer was associated with IgG accumulating in atherosclerotic lesions, increased lesion inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic cell numbers, and necrotic core size.
Conclusions—
The mechanism by which FO B cells promote atherosclerosis is highly dependent on their expression of MHCII, CD40, and Blimp-1. FO B cell differentiation into IgG-producing plasma cells also is critical for their proatherogenic actions. Targeting B–T cell interactions and pathogenic IgG may provide novel therapeutic strategies to prevent atherosclerosis and its adverse cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tay
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Yu-Han Liu
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Peter Kanellakis
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Axel Kallies
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (A.K.)
| | - Yi Li
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Anh Cao
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Hamid Hosseini
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases (P.T., B.-H.T., T.K)
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases (P.T., B.-H.T., T.K)
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
- Department of Immunology (A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- From the Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.T., Y.-H.L., P.K., Y.L., A.C., H.H., A.B., T.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases (P.T., B.-H.T., T.K)
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18
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Fu X, Ju J, Lin Z, Xiao W, Li X, Zhuang B, Zhang T, Ma X, Li X, Ma C, Su W, Wang Y, Qin X, Liang S. Target deletion of complement component 9 attenuates antibody-mediated hemolysis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute shock in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30239. [PMID: 27444648 PMCID: PMC4957234 DOI: 10.1038/srep30239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal complement membrane attack complex (MAC) formation is induced initially by
C5b, followed by the sequential condensation of the C6, C7, C8. Polymerization of C9
to the C5b-8 complex forms the C5b-9 (or MAC). The C5b-9 forms lytic or non lytic
pores in the cell membrane destroys membrane integrity. The biological
functionalities of MAC has been previously investigated by using either the mice
deficient in C5 and C6, or MAC’s regulator CD59. However, there is no
available C9 deficient mice (mC9−/−)
for directly dissecting the role of C5b-9 in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Further, since C5b-7 and C5b-8 complexes form non lytic pore, it may also plays
biological functionality. To better understand the role of terminal complement
cascades, here we report a successful generation of
mC9−/−. We demonstrated that lack
of C9 attenuates anti-erythrocyte antibody-mediated hemolysis or LPS-induced acute
shock. Further, the rescuing effect on the acute shock correlates with the less
release of IL-1β in
mC9−/−, which is associated with
suppression of MAC-mediated inflammasome activation in
mC9−/−. Taken together, these
results not only confirm the critical role of C5b-9 in complement-mediated hemolysis
and but also highlight the critical role of C5b-9 in inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Fu
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Jiyu Ju
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Zhijuan Lin
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiling Xiao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Baoxiang Zhuang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Weiliang Su
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19140, USA
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, P.R.China
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Arvidsson I, Rebetz J, Loos S, Herthelius M, Kristoffersson AC, Englund E, Chromek M, Karpman D. Early Terminal Complement Blockade and C6 Deficiency Are Protective in EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli–Infected Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1276-86. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Triantafilou M, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Triantafilou K. Complementing the inflammasome. Immunology 2016; 147:152-64. [PMID: 26572245 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an ancient surveillance system able to sense microbial invaders as well as aberrations in normal cell function. No longer viewed as a static and non-specific part of immunity, the innate immune system employs a plethora of specialized pattern recognition sensors to monitor and achieve homeostasis; these include the Toll-like receptors, the retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptors, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NLRs), the C-type lectins and the complement system. In order to increase specificity and diversity, innate immunity uses homotypic and heterotypic associations among these different components. Multi-molecular assemblies are formed both on the cell surface and in the cytosol to respond to pathogen and danger signals. Diverse, but tailored, responses to a changing environment are orchestrated depending on the the nature of the challenge and the repertoire of interacting receptors and components available in the sensing cell. It is now emerging that innate immunity operates a system of 'checks and balances' where interaction among the sensors is key in maintaining normal cell function. Complement sits at the heart of this alarm system and it is becoming apparent that it is capable of interacting with all the other pathways to effect a tailored immune response. In this review, we will focus on complement interactions with NLRs, the so-called 'inflammasomes', describing the molecular mechanisms that have been revealed so far and discussing the circumstantial evidence that exists for these interactions in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Triantafilou
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathy Triantafilou
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Bloom AC, Collins FL, Van't Hof RJ, Ryan ES, Jones E, Hughes TR, Morgan BP, Erlandsson M, Bokarewa M, Aeschlimann D, Evans BAJ, Williams AS. Deletion of the membrane complement inhibitor CD59a drives age and gender-dependent alterations to bone phenotype in mice. Bone 2016; 84:253-261. [PMID: 26721735 PMCID: PMC4764651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis are characterised by aberrant region-specific bone formation and abnormal bone mineral content. A recent study suggested a role for the complement membrane attack complex in experimental models of osteoarthritis. Since CD59a is the principal regulator of the membrane attack complex in mice, we evaluated the impact of CD59a gene deletion upon maintenance of bone architecture. In vivo bone morphology analysis revealed that male CD59a-deficient mice have increased femur length and cortical bone volume, albeit with reduced bone mineral density. However, this phenomenon was not observed in female mice. Histomorphometric analysis of the trabecular bone showed increased rates of bone homeostasis, with both increased bone resorption and mineral apposition rate in CD59a-deficient male mice. When bone cells were studied in isolation, in vitro osteoclastogenesis was significantly increased in male CD59a-deficient mice, although osteoblast formation was not altered. Our data reveal, for the first time, that CD59a is a regulator of bone growth and homeostasis. CD59a ablation in male mice results in longer and wider bones, but with less density, which is likely a major contributing factor for their susceptibility to osteoarthritis. These findings increase our understanding of the role of complement regulation in degenerative arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Bloom
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fraser L Collins
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rob J Van't Hof
- Bone Research Group, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University ofLiverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Ryan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malin Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair, Dental School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bronwen A J Evans
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anwen S Williams
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Gonzalez-Calero L, Martin-Lorenzo M, de la Cuesta F, Maroto AS, Baldan-Martin M, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Pulido-Olmo H, Segura J, Barderas MG, Ruilope LM, Vivanco F, Alvarez-Llamas G. Urinary alpha-1 antitrypsin and CD59 glycoprotein predict albuminuria development in hypertensive patients under chronic renin-angiotensin system suppression. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:8. [PMID: 26772976 PMCID: PMC4715311 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a multi-factorial disease of increasing prevalence and a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality even in the presence of adequate treatment. Progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurs frequently during chronic renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) suppression, and albuminuria is a marker of CV risk. High prevalence of albuminuria in treated hypertensive patients has been demonstrated, but there are no available markers able to predict evolution. The aim of this study was the identification of novel indicators of albuminuria progression measurable in urine of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. METHODS 1143 hypertensive patients under chronic treatment were followed for a minimum period of 3 years. Among them, 105 diabetic and non-diabetic patients were selected and classified in three groups according to albuminuria development during follow-up: (a) patients with persistent normoalbuminuria; (b) patients developing de novo albuminuria; (c) patients with maintained albuminuria. Differential urine analysis was performed by 2D gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and further confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied. RESULTS CD59 glycoprotein and alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) resulted already altered in patients developing albuminuria de novo, with a similar response in those with maintained albuminuria. A prospective study in a sub-group of normoalbuminuric patients who were clinically followed up for at least 1 year from urine sampling, revealed CD59 and AAT proteins significantly varied in the urine collected from normoalbuminurics who will negatively progress, serving as predictors of future albuminuria development. CONCLUSIONS CD59 and AAT proteins are significantly altered in hypertensive patients developing albuminuria. Interestingly, CD59 and AAT are able to predict, in normoalbuminuric individuals, who will develop albuminuria in the future, being potential predictors of vascular damage and CV risk. These findings contribute to early identify patients at risk of developing albuminuria even when this classical predictor is still in the normal range, constituting a novel strategy towards a prompt and more efficient therapeutic intervention with better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez-Calero
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Laboratorio de Inmunoalergia y Proteomica, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, REDinREN, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Martin-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Laboratorio de Inmunoalergia y Proteomica, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, REDinREN, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando de la Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Vascular, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Aroa S Maroto
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Laboratorio de Inmunoalergia y Proteomica, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, REDinREN, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Baldan-Martin
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Vascular, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Unidad de Hipertension, Instituto de Investigacion i + 12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Helena Pulido-Olmo
- Unidad de Hipertension, Instituto de Investigacion i + 12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julian Segura
- Unidad de Hipertension, Instituto de Investigacion i + 12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria G Barderas
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia Vascular, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos SESCAM, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Unidad de Hipertension, Instituto de Investigacion i + 12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Vivanco
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Laboratorio de Inmunoalergia y Proteomica, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, REDinREN, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Llamas
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Laboratorio de Inmunoalergia y Proteomica, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, REDinREN, Avda Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Complement is a key component of immunity with crucial inflammatory and opsonic properties; inappropriate activation of complement triggers or exacerbates inflammatory disease. Complement dysregulation is a core feature of some diseases and contributes to pathology in many others. Approved agents have been developed for and are highly effective in some orphan applications, but their progress to use in more common diseases has been slow. Numerous challenges, such as target concentration or high turnover, limit the efficacy of these agents in humans. Numerous novel agents targeting different parts of the complement system in different ways are now emerging from pre-clinical studies and are entering Phase I/II trials; these agents bring the potential for more-effective and more-specific anti-complement therapies in disease. Other agents, both biologic and small molecule, are in Phase II or III trials for both rare and common diseases — administration routes include localized (for example, intravitreal) and systemic routes. There is an urgent need to develop biomarkers and imaging methods that enable monitoring of the effects and efficacy of anti-complement agents.
The complement cascade, a key regulator of innate immunity, is a rich source of potential therapeutic targets for diseases including autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative disorders. Morgan and Harris discuss the progress made in modulating the complement system and the existing challenges, including dosing, localization of the drug to the target and how to interfere with protein–protein interactions. The complement system is a key innate immune defence against infection and an important driver of inflammation; however, these very properties can also cause harm. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of complement can cause local and/or systemic inflammation, tissue damage and disease. Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. Drug design is facilitated by the increasingly detailed structural understanding of the molecules involved in the complement system. Only two anti-complement drugs are currently on the market, but many more are being developed for diseases that include infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic disorders. In this Review, we describe the history, current landscape and future directions for anti-complement therapies.
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Vlaicu SI, Tatomir A, Rus V, Mekala AP, Mircea PA, Niculescu F, Rus H. The role of complement activation in atherogenesis: the first 40 years. Immunol Res 2015; 64:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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C-Reactive Protein: An In-Depth Look into Structure, Function, and Regulation. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:653045. [PMID: 27433484 PMCID: PMC4897210 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult population worldwide, with atherosclerosis being its key pathophysiologic component. Atherosclerosis possesses a fundamental chronic inflammatory aspect, and the involvement of numerous inflammatory molecules has been studied in this scenario, particularly C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a plasma protein with strong phylogenetic conservation and high resistance to proteolysis, predominantly synthesized in the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF. CRP may intervene in atherosclerosis by directly activating the complement system and inducing apoptosis, vascular cell activation, monocyte recruitment, lipid accumulation, and thrombosis, among other actions. Moreover, CRP can dissociate in peripheral tissue—including atheromatous plaques—from its native pentameric form into a monomeric form, which may also be synthesized de novo in extrahepatic sites. Each form exhibits distinct affinities for ligands and receptors, and exerts different effects in the progression of atherosclerosis. In view of epidemiologic evidence associating high CRP levels with cardiovascular risk—reflecting the biologic impact it bears on atherosclerosis—measurement of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP has been proposed as a tool for assessment of cardiovascular risk.
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Koch M, Zernecke A. The hemostatic system as a regulator of inflammation in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:735-44. [PMID: 25491152 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. As part of a tightly connected cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation, there is growing evidence that the coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We here discuss the presence of coagulation factors in atherosclerotic lesions and the overall effects of hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability on atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we focus on the unifying common pathway of coagulation, which can be initiated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, and discuss the functions of the coagulation factors FX, thrombin, and FXIII as regulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis. In particular, we review the non-hemostatic and immune-modulatory functions of these factors in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as monocytes/macrophages, but also other cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells, that may control the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Their multiple roles in coagulation, but also their non-hemostatic functions in different cell types in inflammation and immunity, may harbor great potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Koch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Xu C, Yang Q, Xiong H, Wang L, Cai J, Wang F, Li S, Chen J, Wang C, Wang D, Xiong X, Wang P, Zhao Y, Wang X, Huang Y, Chen S, Yin D, Li X, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang J, Li H, Ke T, Ren X, Wu Y, Wu G, Wan J, Zhang R, Wu T, Wang J, Xia Y, Yang Y, Cheng X, Liao Y, Chen Q, Zhou Y, He Q, Tu X, Wang QK. Candidate pathway-based genome-wide association studies identify novel associations of genomic variants in the complement system associated with coronary artery disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:887-94. [PMID: 25249547 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic variants identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) explain <20% of heritability of coronary artery disease (CAD), thus many risk variants remain missing for CAD. Identification of new variants may unravel new biological pathways and genetic mechanisms for CAD. To identify new variants associated with CAD, we developed a candidate pathway-based GWAS by integrating expression quantitative loci analysis and mining of GWAS data with variants in a candidate pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Mining of GWAS data was performed to analyze variants in 32 complement system genes for positive association with CAD. Functional variants in genes showing positive association were then identified by searching existing expression quantitative loci databases and validated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A follow-up case-control design was then used to determine whether the functional variants are associated with CAD in 2 independent GeneID Chinese populations. Candidate pathway-based GWAS identified positive association between variants in C3AR1 and C6 and CAD. Two functional variants, rs7842 in C3AR1 and rs4400166 in C6, were found to be associated with expression levels of C3AR1 and C6, respectively. Significant association was identified between rs7842 and CAD (P=3.99×10(-6); odds ratio, 1.47) and between rs4400166 and CAD (P=9.30×10(-3); odds ratio, 1.24) in the validation cohort. The significant findings were confirmed in the replication cohort (P=1.53×10(-5); odds ratio, 1.37 for rs7842; P=8.41×10(-3); odds ratio, 1.21 for rs4400166). CONCLUSIONS Integration of GWAS with biological pathways and expression quantitative loci is effective in identifying new risk variants for CAD. Functional variants increasing C3AR1 and C6 expression were shown to confer significant risk of CAD for the first time.
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Cheng J, Fei M, Fei M, Sang X, Sang X, Cheng Z, Gui S, Zhao X, Sheng L, Sun Q, Hu R, Wang L, Hong F. Gene expression profile in chronic mouse liver injury caused by long-term exposure to CeCl3. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:837-846. [PMID: 23139204 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated lanthanide (Ln) accumulation in the liver, and the corresponding damage; however, very little work has been done to evaluate the relationship between Ln-induced liver injury and its gene expression profile in mice. In this study, liver injury and gene-expressed profiles in male mice induced by oral administration of CeCl3 (2 mg/kg) via gavage for 90 consecutive days were investigated. The results showed that cerium accumulation, liver inflammation, and hepatocyte necrosis were observed. CeCl3 exposure significantly decreased the counts of white blood cells, lymphocyte, and platelet, the reticulocyte count (Ret) and neutrophilic granulocyte percentages as well as A/G ratio, whereas markedly increased the activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase, and the concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Furthermore, microarray results of liver showed that the differential expression of 675 known function genes involved in immune/inflammation response, apoptosis, metabolic process, cell cycle, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, signal transduction, transcription, translation, and transportation in CeCl3 exposed livers, respectively. Specifically, the significant downregulation of Nt5e led to inflammation, overexpressed Cyp4a12a and great suppression of Cdkn1a resulted in hepatocyte apoptosis, marked elevation of Cel, and Cyp7b1 expression caused the metabolic disorders in mouse liver after long-term CeCl3 exposure. Therefore, these genes may be in great relation to liver damages induced by exposure to CeCl3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Liu F, Wu L, Wu G, Wang C, Zhang L, Tomlinson S, Qin X. Targeted mouse complement inhibitor CR2-Crry protects against the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:237-43. [PMID: 24685815 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and immune vascular disease, and clinical and experimental evidence has indicated an important role of complement activation products, including the terminal membrane attack complex (MAC), in atherogenesis. Here, we investigated whether complement inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy to treat/prevent atherogenesis using CR2-Crry, a recently described complement inhibitor that specifically targets to sites of C3 activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Previous studies demonstrated that loss of CD59 (a membrane inhibitor of MAC formation) accelerated atherogenesis in Apoe deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice. Here, both CD59 sufficient and CD59 deficient mice in an Apoe deficient background (namely, mCd59 ab(+/+)/Apoe(-/-) and mCd59 ab(-/-)/Apoe(-/-)) were treated with CR2-Crry for 4 and 2 months respectively, while maintained on a high fat diet. Compared to control treatment, CR2-Crry treatment resulted in significantly fewer atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and aortic root, and inhibited the accelerated atherogenesis seen in mCd59 ab(+/+)/Apoe(-/-) and mCd59 ab(-/-)/Apoe(-/-) mice. CR2-Crry treatment also resulted in significantly reduced C3 and MAC deposition in the vasculature of both mice, as well as a significant reduction in the number of infiltrating macrophages and T cells. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeted complement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, #44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Gongxiong Wu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, #44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph A. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Abstract
The complement system is an intricate network of serum proteins that mediates humoral innate immunity through an amplification cascade that ultimately leads to recruitment of inflammatory cells or opsonisation or killing of pathogens. One effector arm of this network is the terminal pathway of complement, which leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) composed of complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9. Upon formation of C5 convertases via the classical or alternative pathways of complement activation, C5b is generated from C5 by proteolytic cleavage, nucleating a series of association and polymerisation reactions of the MAC-constituting complement components that culminate in pore formation of pathogenic membranes. Recent structures of MAC components and homologous proteins significantly increased our understanding of oligomerisation, membrane association and integration, shedding light onto the molecular mechanism of this important branch of the innate immune system.
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Libby P, Lichtman AH, Hansson GK. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. Immunity 2013; 38:1092-104. [PMID: 23809160 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the traditional view, atherosclerosis results from a passive buildup of cholesterol in the artery wall. Yet, burgeoning evidence implicates inflammation and immune effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease. Both innate and adaptive immunity operate during atherogenesis and link many traditional risk factors to altered arterial functions. Inflammatory pathways have become targets in the quest for novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease, a growing contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here we review current experimental and clinical knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through an immunological lens and how host defense mechanisms essential for survival of the species actually contribute to this chronic disease but also present new opportunities for its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB7, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Laudisi F, Spreafico R, Evrard M, Hughes TR, Mandriani B, Kandasamy M, Morgan BP, Sivasankar B, Mortellaro A. Cutting edge: the NLRP3 inflammasome links complement-mediated inflammation and IL-1β release. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1006-10. [PMID: 23817414 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a potent component of the innate immune response, promoting inflammation and orchestrating defense against pathogens. However, dysregulation of complement is critical to several autoimmune and inflammatory syndromes. Elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β is often linked to such diseases. In this study, we reveal the mechanistic link between complement and IL-1β secretion using murine dendritic cells. IL-1β secretion occurs following intracellular caspase-1 activation by inflammasomes. We show that complement elicits secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18 in vitro and in vivo via the NLRP3 inflammasome. This effect depends on the inflammasome components NLRP3 and ASC, as well as caspase-1 activity. Interestingly, sublethal complement membrane attack complex formation, but not the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo. These findings provide insight into the molecular processes underlying complement-mediated inflammation and highlight the possibility of targeting IL-1β to control complement-induced disease and pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Laudisi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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Lindberg S, Pedersen SH, Mogelvang R, Galatius S, Flyvbjerg A, Jensen JS, Bjerre M. Soluble form of membrane attack complex independently predicts mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 2012; 164:786-92. [PMID: 23137511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is an important mediator of inflammation, which plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Animal studies suggest that activation of the complement cascade resulting in the formation of soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC), contributes to both atherosclerosis and plaque rupture and may be the direct cause of tissue damage related to ischemia/reperfusion injury. However clinical data of sMAC during an AMI is sparse. Accordingly the aim was to investigate the prognostic role of sMAC in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS We included 725 STEMI-patients admitted to a single, high-volume invasive heart centre, treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), from September 2006 to December 2008. Blood samples were drawn immediately before PCI. Plasma sMAC was measured using an in-house immunoassay. Endpoints were all-cause mortality (n = 62) and the combined endpoint (n = 122) of major cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as cardiovascular mortality and admission due recurrent AMI or heart failure. Follow-up time was 12 months. RESULTS During 12 months of follow-up 62 patients died from all causes and 122 patients reached the combined end-point of MACE. Patients with high sMAC (>75th percentile) had increased risk of both all-cause mortality and MACE. Even after adjustment for confounding risk factors by Cox-regression analyses, high levels of sMAC remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.81 [95% CI 1.06-3.06; P = .029]) and MACE (hazard ratio 1.70 [95% CI 1.16-2.48; P = .006]). CONCLUSIONS High plasma sMAC independently predicts all-cause mortality and MACE in STEMI-patients treated with PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Lindberg
- Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Elvington A, Atkinson C, Zhu H, Yu J, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, Kindy MS, Tomlinson S. The alternative complement pathway propagates inflammation and injury in murine ischemic stroke. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4640-7. [PMID: 23028050 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating an important role for complement in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, or ischemic stroke. The role of the alternative complement pathway in ischemic stroke has not been investigated, and there is conflicting data on the role of the terminal pathway. In this study, we show that compared with wild-type mice, mice deficient in the alternative pathway protein factor B or mice treated with the alternative pathway inhibitor CR2-fH have improved outcomes after 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion. Factor B-deficient or CR2-fH-treated mice were protected in terms of improved neurologic function and reduced cerebral infarct, demyelination, P-selectin expression, neutrophil infiltration, and microthrombi formation. Mice deficient in both the classical and lectin pathways (C1q/MBL deficient) were also protected from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and there was no detectable C3d deposition in the ipsilateral brain of these mice. These data demonstrate that the alternative pathway is not alone sufficient to initiate complement activation and indicate that the alternative pathway propagates cerebral injury via amplification of the cascade. Deficiency of C6, a component of the terminal cytolytic membrane attack complex, had no effect on outcome after ischemic stroke, indicating that the membrane attack complex is not involved in mediating injury in this model. We additionally show that the protective effect of factor B deficiency and CR2-fH treatment is sustained in the subacute stage of infarct development, adding to the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elvington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hovland A, Lappegård KT, Mollnes TE. LDL Apheresis and Inflammation - Implications for Atherosclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:229-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shishido SN, Varahan S, Yuan K, Li X, Fleming SD. Humoral innate immune response and disease. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:142-58. [PMID: 22771788 PMCID: PMC3576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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38
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Nishio N, Teranishi M, Uchida Y, Sugiura S, Ando F, Shimokata H, Sone M, Otake H, Kato K, Yoshida T, Tagaya M, Hibi T, Nakashima T. Contribution of complement factor H Y402H polymorphism to sudden sensorineural hearing loss risk and possible interaction with diabetes. Gene 2012; 499:226-30. [PMID: 22426290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is one of the most common diseases encountered by otolaryngologists; however, the etiology is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the association between SSNHL and polymorphism of complement factor H (CFH) Y402H, which is implicated in age-related macular degeneration. We conducted a case-control study, in which the cases were 72 SSNHL patients and the controls were 2161 residents selected randomly from the resident register. The odds ratio (OR) for SSNHL risk was determined using the additive-genetic model of CFH Y402H polymorphism. The OR for SSNHL risk was 1.788 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-3.172) with no adjustments and 1.820 (CI: 1.025-3.232) after adjusting for age and sex. Of the three lifestyle-related diseases hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, only diabetes was significantly associated with SSNHL risk. We classified both the controls and SSNHL patients into those with or without diabetes, and the OR for SSNHL risk was 6.326 (CI: 1.885-21.225) in diabetic subjects and 1.214 (CI: 0.581-2.538) in nondiabetic subjects. We conclude that CFH Y402H polymorphism and SSNHL risk are significantly related, and that diabetic CFH Y402H minor allele carriers may be susceptible to SSNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Frauenknecht V, Schroeder V. [Complement--a phylogenetically old system as a new player in the development of atherosclerosis]. Hamostaseologie 2012; 32:276-85. [PMID: 22392002 DOI: 10.5482/ha-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary artery disease and ischaemic stroke are caused by chronic inflammation in arterial vessel walls. The complement system is part of the innate immune system. It is involved in many processes contributing to onset and development of atherosclerotic plaques up to the final stage of acute thrombotic events. This is due to its prominent role in inflammatory processes. In addition, there is increasing evidence that interactions between complement and coagulation provide a link between inflammation and thrombosis. On the other hand, the complement system also has an atheroprotective function through the clearance of apoptotic material. The knowledge of these complex mechanisms will become increasingly important, also for clinicians, since it may lead to novel therapeutic and diagnostic options. Therapies targeting the complement system have the potential to reduce tissue damage caused by acute ischaemic events. Whether early anti-inflammatory and anti-complement therapy may be able to prevent atherosclerosis, remains a hot topic for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Frauenknecht
- Universitätsklinik für Hämatologie, Hämostase Forschungslabor, Universitätsspital und Universität Bern, Schweiz
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Carter AM. Complement activation: an emerging player in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:402783. [PMID: 24278688 PMCID: PMC3820556 DOI: 10.6064/2012/402783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence indicates a fundamental role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesion formation, plaque rupture, and thrombosis. An increasing body of evidence supports a functional role for complement activation in the pathogenesis of CVD through pleiotropic effects on endothelial and haematopoietic cell function and haemostasis. Prospective and case control studies have reported strong relationships between several complement components and cardiovascular outcomes, and in vitro studies and animal models support a functional effect. Complement activation, in particular, generation of C5a and C5b-9, influences many processes involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, including promotion of endothelial cell activation, leukocyte infiltration into the extracellular matrix, stimulation of cytokine release from vascular smooth muscle cells, and promotion of plaque rupture. Complement activation also influences thrombosis, involving components of the mannose-binding lectin pathway, and C5b-9 in particular, through activation of platelets, promotion of fibrin formation, and impairment of fibrinolysis. The participation of the complement system in inflammation and thrombosis is consistent with the physiological role of the complement system as a rapid effector system conferring protection following vessel injury. However, in the context of CVD, these same processes contribute to development of atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Carter
- Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- *Angela M. Carter:
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There is an increased risk of atherosclerosis in hereditary angioedema. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:212-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Francescut L, Steiner T, Byrne S, Cianflone K, Francis S, Stover C. The role of complement in the development and manifestation of murine atherogenic inflammation: novel avenues. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:260-72. [PMID: 22116497 DOI: 10.1159/000332435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease which manifests in the arterial vascular tree. It is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and contributes significantly to mortality in the developed world. Triggers for this inflammatory process are elevated levels of cholesterol, bacterial infection and obesity. The immune response in atherosclerosis is essentially pro-atherogenic, leading to lipid accumulation and cellular changes within the arterial wall. Small-animal models of atherosclerosis are used to study the relevance of candidate factors (cells, genes, diets) in the development and progression of lesions. From a multidisciplinary viewpoint, there are challenges and limitations to this approach. Activation of complement determines or modifies the outcome of acute and chronic inflammation. This review dissects the role of complement in the early development as well as the progressive manifestation of murine atherosclerosis and the advances in knowledge provided by the use of specific mouse models. It gives a critical overview of existing models, analyses seemingly conflicting results obtained with complement-deficient mouse models, highlights the importance of interrelationships between pro-coagulpant activity, adipose tissue, macrophages and complement, and uncovers exciting avenues of topical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Francescut
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Lewis RD, Perry MJ, Guschina IA, Jackson CL, Morgan BP, Hughes TR. CD55 deficiency protects against atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice via C3a modulation of lipid metabolism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1601-7. [PMID: 21816131 PMCID: PMC3181373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in the Western world, is driven by chronic inflammation within the artery wall. Elements of the complement cascade are implicated in the pathogenesis, because complement proteins and their activation products are found in the atherosclerotic plaque. We examined the role of CD55, a membrane inhibitor of the complement component 3 (C3) convertase, which converts C3 into C3a and C3b, in atherosclerosis. CD55-deficient (CD55−/−) mice were crossed onto the atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient (apoE−/−) background. High fat–fed male apoE−/−/CD55−/− mice were strongly protected from developing atherosclerosis compared with apoE−/− controls. Lipid profiling showed significantly lower levels of triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, and cholesterol in apoE−/−/CD55−/− mice than that in controls after high-fat feeding, whereas body fat in apoE−/−/CD55−/− mice content was increased. Plasma levels of C3 fell, whereas concentrations of C3adesArg (alias acylation stimulating protein; ASP), produced by serum carboxypeptidase N–mediated desargination of C3a, increased in nonfasted high fat–fed apoE−/−/CD55−/− mice, indicating complement activation. Thus, complement dysregulation in the absence of CD55 provoked increased C3adesArg production that, in turn, caused altered lipid handling, resulting in atheroprotection and increased adiposity. Interventions that target complement activation in adipose tissue should be explored as lipid-decreasing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Lewis
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Fischetti F, Candido R, Toffoli B, Durigutto P, Bernardi S, Carretta R, Tedesco F, Fabris B. Innate immunity, through late complement components activation, contributes to the development of early vascular inflammation and morphologic alterations in experimental diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and the complement system plays a central role in innate immunity. Increasing evidence exists that the complement system is activated within atherosclerotic plaques. However, the role of complement in atherogenesis is not fully understood. Whereas complement activation by the classic and lectin pathway may be protective by removing apoptotic cells and cell debris from atherosclerotic plaques, activation of the complement cascade by the alternative pathway and beyond the C3 convertase with formation of anaphylatoxins and the terminal complement complex may be proatherogenic and may play a role in plaque destabilization leading to its rupture and the onset of acute cardiovascular events. In this review article we present evidence for complement activation within atherosclerotic plaques and we discuss recent data derived from experimental animal models that suggest a dual role of complement in the development of the disease. In addition, we summarize the role of complement components as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Speidl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Reduced expression of CD55 and CD59 on peripheral blood cells from Systemic lupus erythematosus: Profitable to diagnose some complications? Cell Immunol 2011; 271:15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Bora NS, Jha P, Lyzogubov VV, Kaliappan S, Liu J, Tytarenko RG, Fraser DA, Morgan BP, Bora PS. Recombinant membrane-targeted form of CD59 inhibits the growth of choroidal neovascular complex in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33826-33. [PMID: 20736175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the effect of recombinant, membrane-targeted CD59 (rCD59-APT542) on the growth and size of fully developed neovascular complex using the murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in C57BL/6 mice using an argon laser, and the animals received rCD59-APT542 via intravitreal (ivt) route. Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and total complement hemolytic assay demonstrated that exogenously administered rCD59-APT542 was incorporated as well as retained in RPE and choroid and was functionally active in vivo. Single ivt injection during the growth of the CNV (i.e. at day 3 post-laser) resulted in ∼79% inhibition of the further growth of neovascular complex. The size of the CNV complex was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by the administration of rCD59-APT542 after the CNV complex has fully developed (i.e. at day 7 post-laser). Treatment with rCD59-APT542 blocked the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC), increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in the neovascular complex. On the basis of results presented here we conclude that recombinant membrane targeted CD59 inhibited the growth of the CNV complex and reduced the size of fully developed CNV in the laser-induced mouse model. We propose that a combination of two mechanisms: increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation, both resulting from local inhibition of MAC, may be responsible for inhibition of CNV by rCD59-APT542.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini S Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, Pat and Willard Walker Eye Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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