1
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Li S, Bettoni S, Mohlin F, Geoghegan JA, Blom AM, Laabei M. Recruitment of C4b-binding protein is not a complement evasion strategy employed by Staphylococcus aureus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001391. [PMID: 37668351 PMCID: PMC10569063 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Complement offers a first line of defence against infection through the opsonization of microbial pathogens, recruitment of professional phagocytes to the infection site and the coordination of inflammatory responses required for the resolution of infection. Staphylococcus aureus is a successful pathogen that has developed multiple mechanisms to thwart host immune responses. Understanding the precise strategies employed by S. aureus to bypass host immunity will be paramount for the development of vaccines and or immunotherapies designed to prevent or limit infection. To gain a better insight into the specific immune evasion mechanisms used by S. aureus we examined the pathogen's interaction with the soluble complement inhibitor, C4b-binding protein (C4BP). Previous studies indicated that S. aureus recruits C4BP using a specific cell-wall-anchored surface protein and that bound C4BP limits complement deposition on the staphylococcal surface. Using flow-cytometric-based bacterial-protein binding assays we observed no interaction between S. aureus and C4BP. Moreover, we offer a precautionary warning that C4BP isolated from plasma can be co-purified with minute quantities of human IgG, which can distort binding analysis between S. aureus and human-derived proteins. Combined our data indicates that recruitment of C4BP is not a complement evasion strategy employed by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Li
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Serena Bettoni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Frida Mohlin
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joan A. Geoghegan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna M. Blom
- Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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2
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Wang H, Liu M. Complement C4, Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694928. [PMID: 34335607 PMCID: PMC8317844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C4, a key molecule in the complement system that is one of chief constituents of innate immunity for immediate recognition and elimination of invading microbes, plays an essential role for the functions of both classical (CP) and lectin (LP) complement pathways. Complement C4 is the most polymorphic protein in complement system. A plethora of research data demonstrated that individuals with C4 deficiency are prone to microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of complement C4 proteins and its genetic structures. In addition, the current development of the regulation of complement C4 activation and its activation derivatives will be reviewed. Moreover, the review will provide the updates on the molecule interactions of complement C4 under the circumstances of bacterial and viral infections, as well as autoimmune diseases. Lastly, more evidence will be presented to support the paradigm that links microbial infections and autoimmune disorders under the condition of the deficiency of complement C4. We provide such an updated overview that would shed light on current research of complement C4. The newly identified targets of molecular interaction will not only lead to novel hypotheses on the study of complement C4 but also assist to propose new strategies for targeting microbial infections, as well as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States.,Department of Basic Science College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
| | - Mengyao Liu
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, United States
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3
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Miller LS, Fowler VG, Shukla SK, Rose WE, Proctor RA. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections: Evidence based on human immunity, genetics and bacterial evasion mechanisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:123-153. [PMID: 31841134 PMCID: PMC7053580 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread emergence of virulent and multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. There is an urgent and unmet clinical need for non-antibiotic immune-based approaches to treat these infections as the increasing antibiotic resistance is creating a serious threat to public health. However, all vaccination attempts aimed at preventing S. aureus invasive infections have failed in human trials, especially all vaccines aimed at generating high titers of opsonic antibodies against S. aureus surface antigens to facilitate antibody-mediated bacterial clearance. In this review, we summarize the data from humans regarding the immune responses that protect against invasive S. aureus infections as well as host genetic factors and bacterial evasion mechanisms, which are important to consider for the future development of effective and successful vaccines and immunotherapies against invasive S. aureus infections in humans. The evidence presented form the basis for a hypothesis that staphylococcal toxins (including superantigens and pore-forming toxins) are important virulence factors, and targeting the neutralization of these toxins are more likely to provide a therapeutic benefit in contrast to prior vaccine attempts to generate antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd S Miller
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Suite 209, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, 315 Trent Drive, Hanes House, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sanjay K Shukla
- Center for Precision Medicine Research, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA.,Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 425 Henry Mall, Room 3445, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Warren E Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Pharmacy Practice Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, 4123 Rennebohm Hall, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1550 Linden Drive, Microbial Sciences Building, Room 1334, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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4
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Zang T, Cuttle L, Broszczak DA, Broadbent JA, Tanzer C, Parker TJ. Characterization of the Blister Fluid Proteome for Pediatric Burn Classification. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:69-85. [PMID: 30520305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Blister fluid (BF) is a novel and viable research matrix for burn injury study, which can reflect both systemic and local microenvironmental responses. The protein abundance in BF from different burn severities were initially observed using a 2D SDS-PAGE approach. Subsequently, a quantitative data independent acquisition (DIA) method, SWATH, was employed to characterize the proteome of pediatric burn blister fluid. More than 600 proteins were quantitatively profiled in 87 BF samples from different pediatric burn patients. These data were correlated with clinically assessed burn depth and time until complete wound re-epithelialization through several different statistical analyses. Several proteins from these analyses exhibited significant abundance change between different burn depth or re-epithelialization groups, and can be considered as potential biomarker candidates. Further gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the significant proteins revealed the most significant burn related biological processes (BP) that are altered with burn depth, including homeostasis and oxygen transport. However, for wounds with re-epithelialization times more or less than 21 days, the significant GO annotations were related to enzyme activity. This quantitative proteomics investigation of burn BF may enable objective classification of burn wound severity and assist with clinical decision-making. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zang
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia.,Wound Management Innovation Co-operative Research Centre , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Leila Cuttle
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia.,Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland University of Technology , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Centre for Children's Health Research , South Brisbane , Queensland 4101 , Australia
| | - Daniel A Broszczak
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia.,School of Science, Faculty of Health Sciences , Australian Catholic University , Brisbane , Queensland 4014 , Australia
| | - James A Broadbent
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Catherine Tanzer
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,Wound Management Innovation Co-operative Research Centre , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia.,Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland University of Technology , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Centre for Children's Health Research , South Brisbane , Queensland 4101 , Australia
| | - Tony J Parker
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
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5
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Chen B, Fan W, Zou J, Zhang S, He J, Shu C, Zhao G, Sun T, Hu Z, Yang YG. Complement Depletion Improves Human Red Blood Cell Reconstitution in Immunodeficient Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1034-1042. [PMID: 28966117 PMCID: PMC5639386 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that human red blood cells (hRBCs) are subject to robust rejection by macrophages in immunodeficient mice. In this study, we found that mouse serum induces hRBC adherence to murine phagocytic cells, including professional phagocytic macrophages and neutrophils and non-professional phagocytic endothelial cells. Complement was found to be responsible for mouse-serum-induced hRBC adherence to murine phagocytic cells. Although hRBC survival was not improved in NOD/SCID mice with complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF), CVF significantly prolonged hRBC survival in mice that were depleted of phagocytic macrophages by clodronate-liposomes. This combination treatment also synergistically improved hRBC reconstitution in human CD34+ cell-grafted mice, offering a valuable model to examine human erythropoiesis and RBC function. These data indicate that complement, which might be dispensable for hRBC rejection by macrophages, is critical in hRBC rejection by other types of murine phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and endothelial cells. Both professional and non-professional phagocytes reject human RBC in mice Complement mediates human RBC destruction by murine phagocytes Phagocyte plus complement inhibition enhances human RBC reconstitution in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zou
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Jin He
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Chang Shu
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- The First Bethune Hospital and Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130061, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 10032, USA.
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6
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Serine-Aspartate Repeat Protein D Increases Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Survival in Blood. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00559-16. [PMID: 27795358 PMCID: PMC5203653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus expresses a panel of cell wall-anchored adhesins, including proteins belonging to the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) family, exemplified by the serine-aspartate repeat protein D (SdrD), which serve key roles in colonization and infection. Deletion of sdrD from S. aureus subsp. aureus strain NCTC8325-4 attenuated bacterial survival in human whole blood ex vivo, which was associated with increased killing by human neutrophils. Remarkably, SdrD was able to inhibit innate immune-mediated bacterial killing independently of other S. aureus proteins, since addition of recombinant SdrD protein and heterologous expression of SdrD in Lactococcus lactis promoted bacterial survival in human blood. SdrD contributes to bacterial virulence in vivo, since fewer S. aureus subsp. aureus NCTC8325-4 ΔsdrD bacteria than bacteria of the parent strain were recovered from blood and several organs using a murine intravenous infection model. Collectively, our findings reveal a new property of SdrD as an important key contributor to S. aureus survival and the ability to escape the innate immune system in blood.
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7
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Hovingh ES, van den Broek B, Jongerius I. Hijacking Complement Regulatory Proteins for Bacterial Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2004. [PMID: 28066340 PMCID: PMC5167704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system plays an important role in the defense against invading pathogens, inflammation and homeostasis. Invading microbes, such as bacteria, directly activate the complement system resulting in the formation of chemoattractants and in effective labeling of the bacteria for phagocytosis. In addition, formation of the membrane attack complex is responsible for direct killing of Gram-negative bacteria. In turn, bacteria have evolved several ways to evade complement activation on their surface in order to be able to colonize and invade the human host. One important mechanism of bacterial escape is attraction of complement regulatory proteins to the microbial surface. These molecules are present in the human body for tight regulation of the complement system to prevent damage to host self-surfaces. Therefore, recruitment of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface results in decreased complement activation on the microbial surface which favors bacterial survival. This review will discuss recent advances in understanding the binding of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface at the molecular level. This includes, new insights that have become available concerning specific conserved motives on complement regulatory proteins that are favorable for microbial binding. Finally, complement evasion molecules are of high importance for vaccine development due to their dominant role in bacterial survival, high immunogenicity and homology as well as their presence on the bacterial surface. Here, the use of complement evasion molecules for vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S. Hovingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bryan van den Broek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
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8
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Jordan RE, Fernandez J, Brezski RJ, Greenplate AR, Knight DM, Raju TS, Lynch AS. A peptide immunization approach to counteract a Staphylococcus aureus protease defense against host immunity. Immunol Lett 2016; 172:29-39. [PMID: 26905931 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens that induce acute and chronic infections, as well as certain cancers, employ numerous strategies to thwart host cellular and humoral immune defenses. One proposed evasion mechanism against humoral immunity is a localized expression of extracellular proteases that cleave the IgG hinge and disable host IgG functions. Host immunity appears to be prepared to counter such a proteolytic tactic by providing a group of autoantibodies, denoted anti-hinge antibodies that specifically bind to cleaved IgGs and provide compensating functional restoration in vitro. These respective counter-measures highlight the complex interrelationships among pathogens and host immunity and suggested to us a possible means for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we combined an investigation of pathogen-mediated proteolysis of host IgGs with an immunization strategy to boost host anti-hinge antibodies. In a Staphylococcus aureus infection model using an artificial tissue cage (wiffle ball) implanted into rabbits, cleaved rabbit IgGs were detected in abundance in the abscesses of untreated animals early after infection. However, in animals previously immunized with peptide analogs of the cleaved IgG hinge to generate substantial anti-hinge antibody titers, S. aureus colony formation was markedly reduced compared to control animals or those similarly immunized with a scrambled peptide sequence. The results of this study demonstrate that extensive local proteolysis of IgGs occurs in a test abscess setting and that immunization to increase host anti-hinge antibodies provided substantial acute protection against bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Jordan
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA.
| | - Jeffrey Fernandez
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - David M Knight
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - T Shantha Raju
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - A Simon Lynch
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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9
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Kumar PS, Mauriello CT, Hair PS, Rister NS, Lawrence C, Raafat RH, Cunnion KM. Glucose-based dialysis fluids inhibit innate defense against Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:575-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Woehl JL, Stapels DAC, Garcia BL, Ramyar KX, Keightley A, Ruyken M, Syriga M, Sfyroera G, Weber AB, Zolkiewski M, Ricklin D, Lambris JD, Rooijakkers SHM, Geisbrecht BV. The extracellular adherence protein from Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement by blocking formation of the C3 proconvertase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6161-6171. [PMID: 25381436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus actively evades many aspects of human innate immunity by expressing a series of small inhibitory proteins. A number of these proteins inhibit the complement system, which labels bacteria for phagocytosis and generates inflammatory chemoattractants. Although the majority of staphylococcal complement inhibitors act on the alternative pathway to block the amplification loop, only a few proteins act on the initial recognition cascades that constitute the classical pathway (CP) and lectin pathway (LP). We screened a collection of recombinant, secreted staphylococcal proteins to determine whether S. aureus produces other molecules that inhibit the CP and/or LP. Using this approach, we identified the extracellular adherence protein (Eap) as a potent, specific inhibitor of both the CP and LP. We found that Eap blocked CP/LP-dependent activation of C3, but not C4, and that Eap likewise inhibited deposition of C3b on the surface of S. aureus cells. In turn, this significantly diminished the extent of S. aureus opsonophagocytosis and killing by neutrophils. This combination of functional properties suggested that Eap acts specifically at the level of the CP/LP C3 convertase (C4b2a). Indeed, we demonstrated a direct, nanomolar-affinity interaction of Eap with C4b. Eap binding to C4b inhibited binding of both full-length C2 and its C2b fragment, which indicated that Eap disrupts formation of the CP/LP C3 proconvertase (C4b2). As a whole, our results demonstrate that S. aureus inhibits two initiation routes of complement by expression of the Eap protein, and thereby define a novel mechanism of immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Woehl
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daphne A C Stapels
- Medical Microbiology; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kasra X Ramyar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Andrew Keightley
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Medical Microbiology; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Syriga
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Georgia Sfyroera
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander B Weber
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michal Zolkiewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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11
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Henningham A, Yamaguchi M, Aziz RK, Kuipers K, Buffalo CZ, Dahesh S, Choudhury B, Van Vleet J, Yamaguchi Y, Seymour LM, Ben Zakour NL, He L, Smith HV, Grimwood K, Beatson SA, Ghosh P, Walker MJ, Nizet V, Cole JN. Mutual exclusivity of hyaluronan and hyaluronidase in invasive group A Streptococcus. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32303-32315. [PMID: 25266727 PMCID: PMC4231703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent analysis of group A Streptococcus (GAS) invasive infections in Australia has shown a predominance of M4 GAS, a serotype recently reported to lack the antiphagocytic hyaluronic acid (HA) capsule. Here, we use molecular genetics and bioinformatics techniques to characterize 17 clinical M4 isolates associated with invasive disease in children during this recent epidemiology. All M4 isolates lacked HA capsule, and whole genome sequence analysis of two isolates revealed the complete absence of the hasABC capsule biosynthesis operon. Conversely, M4 isolates possess a functional HA-degrading hyaluronate lyase (HylA) enzyme that is rendered nonfunctional in other GAS through a point mutation. Transformation with a plasmid expressing hasABC restored partial encapsulation in wild-type (WT) M4 GAS, and full encapsulation in an isogenic M4 mutant lacking HylA. However, partial encapsulation reduced binding to human complement regulatory protein C4BP, did not enhance survival in whole human blood, and did not increase virulence of WT M4 GAS in a mouse model of systemic infection. Bioinformatics analysis found no hasABC homologs in closely related species, suggesting that this operon was a recent acquisition. These data showcase a mutually exclusive interaction of HA capsule and active HylA among strains of this leading human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Systems Biology Research Group, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Kirsten Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cosmo Z Buffalo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Samira Dahesh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jeremy Van Vleet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Yuka Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Lisa M Seymour
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nouri L Ben Zakour
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lingjun He
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Helen V Smith
- Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia, and
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123
| | - Jason N Cole
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia,.
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12
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Mauriello CT, Hair PS, Rohn RD, Rister NS, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Hyperglycemia inhibits complement-mediated immunological control of S. aureus in a rat model of peritonitis. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:762051. [PMID: 25610878 PMCID: PMC4293792 DOI: 10.1155/2014/762051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia from diabetes is associated with increased risk of infection from S. aureus and increased severity of illness. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that elevated glucose (>6 mM) dramatically inhibited S. aureus-initiated complement-mediated immune effectors. Here we report in vivo studies evaluating the extent to which a hyperglycemic environment alters complement-mediated control of S. aureus infection in a rat peritonitis model. Rats were treated with streptozocin to induce diabetes or sham-treated and then inoculated i.p. with S. aureus. Rats were euthanized and had peritoneal lavage at 2 or 24 hours after infection to evaluate early and late complement-mediated effects. Hyperglycemia decreased the influx of IgG and complement components into the peritoneum in response to S. aureus infection and decreased anaphylatoxin generation. Hyperglycemia decreased C4-fragment and C3-fragment opsonization of S. aureus recovered in peritoneal fluids, compared with euglycemic or insulin-rescued rats. Hyperglycemic rats showed decreased phagocytosis efficiency compared with euglycemic rats, which correlated inversely with bacterial survival. These results suggest that hyperglycemia inhibited humoral effector recruitment, anaphylatoxin generation, and complement-mediated opsonization of S. aureus, suggesting that hyperglycemic inhibition of complement effectors may contribute to the increased risk and severity of S. aureus infections in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford T. Mauriello
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Pamela S. Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Reuben D. Rohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- Children's Specialty Group, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Rister
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Neel K. Krishna
- The Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Kenji M. Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- Children's Specialty Group, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
- *Kenji M. Cunnion:
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13
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Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Staphylococcus aureus: the multi headed hydra resists and controls human complement response in multiple ways. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:188-94. [PMID: 24461453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a spectrum of human diseases including pneumonia, tissue and skin infections, endocarditis, pneumonia and sepsis. The increasing number of resistant bacteria and the threat of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) urge for the need to develop new antibacterial compounds. A prerequisite for development of such anti microbial compounds is a better understanding of the complex immune crosstalk between the pathogenic bacterium and its human host. To this end proteins staphylococcal proteins that contribute to innate immune evasion especially to complement control need to be identified and their mode of action needs to be analyzed in order to provide new targets for immune interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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14
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Hair PS, Foley CK, Krishna NK, Nyalwidhe JO, Geoghegan JA, Foster TJ, Cunnion KM. Complement regulator C4BP binds to Staphylococcus aureus surface proteins SdrE and Bbp inhibiting bacterial opsonization and killing. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:114-21. [PMID: 24600566 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a premier human pathogen and the most common cause of osteoarticular, wound, and implanted device infections. We recently demonstrated S. aureus efficiently binds the classical complement regulator C4b-binding protein (C4BP) inhibiting antibody-initiated complement-mediated opsonization. Here we identify S. aureus surface protein SdrE as a C4BP-binding protein. Recombinant SdrE and recombinant bone sialoprotein-binding protein (Bbp), an allelic variant of SdrE, both efficiently bound to C4BP in heat-inactivated human serum. We previously described SdrE as binding alternative pathway regulator factor H. Recombinant SdrE and Bbp efficiently bound C4BP and factor H in serum without apparent interference. Gain of function studies utilizing Lactococcus lactis clones expressing SdrE or Bbp increased serum C4BP and factor H binding, compared with empty-vector control (WT) approximately 2-fold. Correspondingly, classical pathway-mediated C3-fragment opsonization and bacterial killing by human neutrophils decreased by half for L. lactis clones expressing SdrE or Bbp compared with WT. In summary, we identify SdrE and allelic variant Bbp as S. aureus surface proteins that bind the complement regulator C4BP inhibiting classical pathway-mediated bacterial opsonization and killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Caitlin K Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA
| | - Neel K Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA ; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Department of Microbiology, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 855 West Brambleton Avenue, P.O. Box 1980, Norfolk, VA 23501-1980, USA ; Children's Specialty Group, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA, USA ; The Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA, USA
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