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Xu L, Xu H, Tang C. Aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress of experimental models based on disease pathogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:354-365. [PMID: 38819039 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders that lead to permanent visual loss and motor dysfunction. To date, no effective treatment exists as the exact causative mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, experimental models of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are essential for exploring its pathogenesis and in screening for therapeutic targets. Since most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4, which is highly expressed on the membrane of astrocyte endfeet, most current experimental models are based on aquaporin-4-IgG that initially targets astrocytes. These experimental models have successfully simulated many pathological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, such as aquaporin-4 loss, astrocytopathy, granulocyte and macrophage infiltration, complement activation, demyelination, and neuronal loss; however, they do not fully capture the pathological process of human neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this review, we summarize the currently known pathogenic mechanisms and the development of associated experimental models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms for further investigation, and provide guidance on experimental model choices. In addition, this review summarizes the latest information on pathologies and therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders based on experimental models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, offering further therapeutic targets and a theoretical basis for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Scaria PV, Roth N, Schwendt K, Muratova OV, Alani N, Lambert LE, Barnafo EK, Rowe CG, Zaidi IU, Rausch KM, Narum DL, Petsch B, Duffy PE. mRNA vaccines expressing malaria transmission-blocking antigens Pfs25 and Pfs230D1 induce a functional immune response. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38184666 PMCID: PMC10771442 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) are designed to inhibit the sexual stage development of the parasite in the mosquito host and can play a significant role in achieving the goal of malaria elimination. Preclinical and clinical studies using protein-protein conjugates of leading TBV antigens Pfs25 and Pfs230 domain 1 (Pfs230D1) have demonstrated the feasibility of TBV. Nevertheless, other promising vaccine platforms for TBV remain underexplored. The recent success of mRNA vaccines revealed the potential of this technology for infectious diseases. We explored the mRNA platform for TBV development. mRNA constructs of Pfs25 and Pfs230D1 variously incorporating signal peptides (SP), GPI anchor, and Trans Membrane (TM) domain were assessed in vitro for antigen expression, and selected constructs were evaluated in mice. Only mRNA constructs with GPI anchor or TM domain that resulted in high cell surface expression of the antigens yielded strong immune responses in mice. These mRNA constructs generated higher transmission-reducing functional activity versus the corresponding alum-adjuvanted protein-protein conjugates used as comparators. Pfs25 mRNA with GPI anchor or TM maintained >99% transmission reducing activity through 126 days, the duration of the study, demonstrating the potential of mRNA platform for TBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthupparampil V Scaria
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | | | | | - Olga V Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Nada Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Emma K Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Christopher G Rowe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Irfan U Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - Kelly M Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA
| | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, MD, 20892-2903, USA.
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Richards T, Perron JC, Patel K, Wurpel J, Reznik SE, Schanne F. Therapeutic Intervention of Neuroinflammatory Alzheimer Disease Model by Inhibition of Classical Complement Pathway with the Use of Anti-C1r Loaded Exosomes. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3399248. [PMID: 37886595 PMCID: PMC10602145 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3399248/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease associated with memory decline, cognitive impairment, amyloid plaque formation and tau tangles. Neuroinflammation has been shown to be a precursor to apparent amyloid plaque accumulation and subsequent synaptic loss and cognitive decline. In this study, the ability of a novel, small molecule, T-ALZ01, to inhibit neuroinflammatory processes was analyzed. T-ALZ01, an inhibitor of complement component C1r, demonstrated a significant reduction in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α in vitro. An LPS-induced animal model, whereby animals were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mg/kg LPS, was used to analyze the effect of T-ALZ01 on neuroinflammation in vivo. Moreover, exosomes (nanosized, endogenous extracellular vehicles) were used as drug delivery vehicles to facilitate intranasal administration of T-ALZ01 across the blood-brain barrier. T-ALZ01 demonstrated significant reduction in degenerating neurons and the activation of resident microglia and astrocytes, as well as inflammatory markers in vivo. This study demonstrates a significant use of small molecule complement inhibitors via exosome drug delivery as a possible therapeutic in disorders characterized by neuroinflammation, such AD.
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Remlinger J, Bagnoud M, Meli I, Massy M, Linington C, Chan A, Bennett JL, Hoepner R, Enzmann V, Salmen A. Modelling MOG antibody-associated disorder and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in animal models: Spinal cord manifestations. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104892. [PMID: 37499337 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) or aquaporin 4 (AQP4-IgG) are associated with CNS inflammatory disorders. We directly compared MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis exacerbated by MOG- and AQP4-IgG (versus isotype IgG, Iso-IgG). Disease severity was highest after MOG-IgG application. MOG- and AQP4-IgG administration increased disease incidence compared to Iso-IgG. Inflammatory lesions appeared earlier and with distinct localizations after AQP4-IgG administration. AQP4 intensity was more reduced after AQP4- than MOG-IgG administration at acute disease phase. The described models are suitable for comparative analyses of pathological features associated with MOG- and AQP4-IgG and the investigation of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Remlinger
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Maud Bagnoud
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Meli
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Marine Massy
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Programs in Neuroscience and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland.
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Yick LW, Ma OKF, Chan EYY, Yau KX, Kwan JSC, Chan KH. T follicular helper cells contribute to pathophysiology in a model of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161003. [PMID: 36649074 PMCID: PMC9977492 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are inflammatory autoimmune disorders of the CNS. IgG autoantibodies targeting the aquaporin-4 water channel (AQP4-IgGs) are the pathogenic effector of NMOSD. Dysregulated T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been implicated in loss of B cell tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The contribution of Tfh cells to disease activity and therapeutic potential of targeting these cells in NMOSD remain unclear. Here, we established an autoimmune model of NMOSD by immunizing mice against AQP4 via in vivo electroporation. After AQP4 immunization, mice displayed AQP4 autoantibodies in blood circulation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and IgG infiltration in spinal cord parenchyma. Moreover, AQP4 immunization induced motor impairments and NMOSD-like pathologies, including astrocytopathy, demyelination, axonal loss, and microglia activation. These were associated with increased splenic Tfh, Th1, and Th17 cells; memory B cells; and plasma cells. Aqp4-deficient mice did not display motor impairments and NMOSD-like pathologies after AQP4 immunization. Importantly, abrogating ICOS/ICOS-L signaling using anti-ICOS-L antibody depleted Tfh cells and suppressed the response of Th1 and Th17 cells, memory B cells, and plasma cells in AQP4-immunized mice. These findings were associated with ameliorated motor impairments and spinal cord pathologies. This study suggests a role of Tfh cells in the pathophysiology of NMOSD in a mouse model with AQP4 autoimmunity and provides an animal model for investigating the immunological mechanisms underlying AQP4 autoimmunity and developing therapeutic interventions targeting autoimmune reactions in NMOSD.
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Nguyen DH, Herrmann T, Härtl B, Draganov D, Minev I, Neuharth F, Gomez A, Alamillo A, Schneider LE, Kleinholz D, Minev B, Santidrian AF. Development of Allogeneic Stem Cell-Based Platform for Delivery and Potentiation of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246136. [PMID: 36551636 PMCID: PMC9777144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the repurposing and optimization of the TK-positive (thymidine kinase) vaccinia virus strain ACAM1000/ACAM2000™ as an oncolytic virus. This virus strain has been widely used as a smallpox vaccine and was also used safely in our recent clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). The vaccinia virus was amplified in CV1 cells and named CAL1. CAL1 induced remarkable oncolysis in various human and mouse cancer cells and preferentially amplified in cancer cells, supporting the use of this strain as an oncolytic virus. However, the therapeutic potential of CAL1, as demonstrated with other oncolytic viruses, is severely restricted by the patients' immune system. Thus, to develop a clinically relevant oncolytic virotherapy agent, we generated a new off-the-shelf therapeutic called Supernova1 (SNV1) by loading CAL1 virus into allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC). Culturing the CAL1-infected stem cells allows the expression of virally encoded proteins and viral amplification prior to cryopreservation. We found that the CAL1 virus loaded into AD-MSC was resistant to humoral inactivation. Importantly, the virus-loaded stem cells (SNV1) released larger number of infectious viral particles and virally encoded proteins, leading to augmented therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in animal tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Hoang Nguyen
- Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (D.H.N.); (A.F.S.); Tel.: +1-858-794-9600 (A.F.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Boris Minev
- Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonio F. Santidrian
- Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (D.H.N.); (A.F.S.); Tel.: +1-858-794-9600 (A.F.S.)
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Yednock T, Fong DS, Lad EM. C1q and the classical complement cascade in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Int J Retina Vitreous 2022; 8:79. [PMID: 36348407 PMCID: PMC9641935 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-022-00431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal neurodegenerative disorder. Human genetic data support the complement system as a key component of pathogenesis in AMD, which has been further supported by pre-clinical and recent clinical studies. However, the involvement of the different complement pathways (classical, lectin, alternative), and thus the optimal complement inhibition target, has yet to be fully defined. There is evidence that C1q, the initiating molecule of the classical pathway, is a key driver of complement activity in AMD. C1q is expressed locally by infiltrating phagocytic cells and C1q-activating ligands are present at disease onset and continue to accumulate with disease progression. The accumulation of C1q on photoreceptor synapses with age and disease is consistent with its role in synapse elimination and neurodegeneration that has been observed in other neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, genetic deletion of C1q, local pharmacologic inhibition within the eye, or genetic deletion of downstream C4 prevents photoreceptor cell damage in mouse models. Hence, targeting the classical pathway in GA could provide a more specific therapeutic approach with potential for favorable efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Yednock
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Donald S Fong
- Annexon Biosciences, 1400 Sierra Point Parkway Building C, 2nd Floor, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA.
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, 2351 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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Stathopoulos P, Dalakas MC. The role of complement and complement therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:933-945. [PMID: 35899480 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized in the majority of cases by the presence of IgG1 autoantibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), both capable of activating complement. AREAS COVERED We review evidence of complement involvement in NMOSD pathophysiology from pathological, in vitro, in vivo, human studies, and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In AQP4 NMOSD, complement deposition is a prominent pathological feature, while in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated complement-dependent pathogenicity of AQP4 antibodies. Consistent with these studies, the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab was remarkably effective and safe in a phase 2/3 trial of AQP4-NMOSD patents leading to FDA-approved indication. Several other anti-complement agents, either approved or in trials for other neuro-autoimmunities, like myasthenia, CIDP, and GBS, are also relevant to NMOSD generating an exciting group of evolving immunotherapies. Limited but compelling in vivo and in vitro data suggest that anti-complement therapeutics may be also applicable to a subset of MOG NMOSD patients with severe disease. Overall, anticomplement agents, along with the already approved anti-IL6 and anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies sartralizumab and inebilizumab, are rapidly changing the therapeutic algorithm in NMOSD, a previously difficult-to-treat autoimmune neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Stathopoulos
- Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Neuroimmunology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gordillo Altamirano FL, Kostoulias X, Subedi D, Korneev D, Peleg AY, Barr JJ. Phage-antibiotic combination is a superior treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in a preclinical study. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104045. [PMID: 35537278 PMCID: PMC9097682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical phage therapy is often delivered alongside antibiotics. However, the phenomenon of phage-antibiotic synergy has been mostly studied in vitro. Here, we assessed the in vivo bactericidal effect of a phage-antibiotic combination on Acinetobacter baumannii AB900 using phage øFG02, which binds to capsular polysaccharides and leads to antimicrobial resensitisation in vitro. METHODS We performed a two-stage preclinical study using a murine model of severe A. baumannii AB900 bacteraemia. In the first stage, with an endpoint of 11 h, mice (n = 4 per group) were treated with either PBS, ceftazidime, phage øFG02, or the combination of phage and ceftazidime. The second stage involved only the latter two groups (n = 5 per group), with a prolonged endpoint of 16 h. The primary outcome was the average bacterial burden from four body sites (blood, liver, kidney, and spleen). Bacterial colonies from phage-treated mice were retrieved and screened for phage-resistance. FINDINGS In the first stage, the bacterial burden (CFU/g of tissue) of the combination group (median: 4.55 × 105; interquartile range [IQR]: 2.79 × 105-2.81 × 106) was significantly lower than the PBS (median: 2.42 × 109; IQR: 1.97 × 109-3.48 × 109) and ceftazidime groups (median: 3.86 × 108; IQR: 2.15 × 108-6.35 × 108), but not the phage-only group (median: 1.28 × 107; IQR: 4.71 × 106-7.13 × 107). In the second stage, the combination treatment (median: 1.72 × 106; IQR: 5.11 × 105-4.00 × 106) outperformed the phage-only treatment (median: 7.46 × 107; IQR: 1.43 × 107-1.57 × 108). Phage-resistance emerged in 96% of animals receiving phages, and all the tested isolates (n = 11) had loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in capsule biosynthesis and increased sensitivity to ceftazidime. INTERPRETATION øFG02 reliably drives the in vivo evolution of A. baumannii AB900 towards a capsule-deficient, phage-resistant phenotype that is resensitised to ceftazidime. This mechanism highlights the clinical potential of using phage therapy to target A. baumannii and restore antibiotic activity. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Gordillo Altamirano
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xenia Kostoulias
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Infection Program, Department of Microbiology Monash University, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinesh Subedi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denis Korneev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Science, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Infection Program, Department of Microbiology Monash University, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jeremy J Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Onishchenko N, Tretiakova D, Vodovozova E. Spotlight on the protein corona of liposomes. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:57-78. [PMID: 34364016 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although an established drug delivery platform, liposomes have not fulfilled their true potential. In the body, interactions of liposomes are mediated by the layer of plasma proteins adsorbed on the surface, the protein corona. The review aims to collect the data of the last decade on liposome protein corona, tracing the path from interactions of individual proteins to the effects mediated by the protein corona in vivo. It offers a classification of the approaches to exploitation of the protein corona-rather than elimination thereof-based on the bilayer composition-corona composition-molecular interactions-biological performance framework. The multitude of factors that affect each level of this relationship urge to the widest implementation of bioinformatics tools to predict the most effective liposome compositions relying on the data on protein corona. Supplementing the picture with new pieces of accurately reported experimental data will contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of the predictions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The review focuses on liposomes as an established nanomedicine platform and analyzes the available data on how the protein corona formed on liposome surface in biological fluids affects performance of the liposomes. The review offers a rigorous account of existing literature and critical analysis of methodology currently applied to the assessment of liposome-plasma protein interactions. It introduces a classification of the approaches to exploitation of the protein corona and tailoring liposome carriers to advance the field of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the benefit of patients.
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11
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Li Y, Wang G, Griffin L, Banda NK, Saba LM, Groman EV, Scheinman R, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Complement opsonization of nanoparticles: Differences between humans and preclinical species. J Control Release 2021; 338:548-556. [PMID: 34481928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays a key role in opsonization and immune clearance of engineered nanoparticles. Understanding the efficiency, inter-subject, and inter-strain differences of complement opsonization in preclinical species can help with translational nanomedicine development and improve our ability to model complement response in humans. Dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and a wide range of non-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle formulations are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging and as clinically approved iron supplements. Previously we found that opsonization of SPIO nanoworms (NW) with the third complement protein (C3) proceeds mostly via the alternative pathway in humans, and via the lectin pathway in mice. Here, we studied the pathway and efficiency of opsonization of 106 nm SPIO NW with C3 in different preclinical species and commonly used laboratory strains. In sera of healthy human donors (n = 6), C3 opsonization proceeded exclusively through the alternative pathway. On the other hand, the C3 opsonization in dogs (6 breeds), rats (4 strains) and mice (5 strains) sera was either partially or completely dependent on the complement Ca2+-sensitive pathways (lectin and/or classical). Specifically, C3 opsonization in sera of Long Evans rat strain, and mouse strains widely used in nanomedicine research (BALB/c, C57BL/6 J, and A/J) was only through the Ca2+-dependent pathways. Dogs and humans had the highest between-subject variability in C3 opsonization levels, while rat and mouse sera showed the lowest between-strain variability. Furthermore, using a panel of SPIO nanoparticles of different sizes and dextran coatings, we found that the level of C3 opsonization (C3 molecules per milligram Fe) in human sera was lower than in animal sera. At the same time, there was a strong predictive value of complement opsonization in dog and rat sera; nanoparticles with higher C3 deposition in animals showed higher deposition in humans, and vice versa. Notably, the opsonization decreased with decreasing size in all sera. The studies highlight the importance of the consideration of species and strains for predicting human complement responses (opsonization) towards nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Guankui Wang
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lynn Griffin
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ernest V Groman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert Scheinman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Moein Moghimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Translational Bio-Nanosciences Laboratory, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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12
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Yang M, Wu E, Tang W, Qian J, Zhan C. Interplay between nanomedicine and protein corona. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6713-6727. [PMID: 34328485 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is recognized as a promising agent for diverse biomedical applications; however, its safety and efficiency in clinical practice remains to be enhanced. A priority issue is the protein corona (PC), which imparts unique biological identities to prototype and determines the actual biological functions in biological fluids. Decades of work has already illuminated abundant considerations that influence the composition of the protein corona. Thereinto, the physical assets of nanomedicines (e.g., size and shape, surface properties, nanomaterials) and the biological environment collectively play fundamental roles in shaping the PC, including the types and quantities of plasma proteins. The properties of nanomedicines are dependent on certain factors. This review aims to explore the applications of nanomedicines by regulating their interplay with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Ercan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Center of Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. and MOE Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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13
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Cells to the Rescue: Emerging Cell-Based Treatment Approaches for NMOSD and MOGAD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157925. [PMID: 34360690 PMCID: PMC8347572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are gaining momentum as promising treatments for rare neurological autoimmune diseases, including neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. The development of targeted cell therapies is hampered by the lack of adequate animal models that mirror the human disease. Most cell-based treatments, including HSCT, CAR-T cell, tolerogenic dendritic cell and mesenchymal stem cell treatment have entered early stage clinical trials or have been used as rescue treatment in treatment-refractory cases. The development of antigen-specific cell-based immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases is slowed down by the rarity of the diseases, the lack of surrogate outcomes and biomarkers that are able to predict long-term outcomes and/or therapy effectiveness as well as challenges in the manufacturing of cellular products. These challenges are likely to be overcome by future research.
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14
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Wen J, Wang L, Ren J, Kranz E, Chen S, Wu D, Kanazawa T, Chen I, Lu Y, Kamata M. Nanoencapsulated rituximab mediates superior cellular immunity against metastatic B-cell lymphoma in a complement competent humanized mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001524. [PMID: 33593826 PMCID: PMC7888328 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the numerous applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer therapeutics, animal models available to test the therapeutic efficacy of new mAbs are limited. NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice are one of the most highly immunodeficient strains and are universally used as a model for testing cancer-targeting mAbs. However, this strain lacks several factors necessary to fully support antibody-mediated effector functions-including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)-due to the absence of immune cells as well as a mutation in the Hc gene, which is needed for a functional complement system. METHODS We have developed a humanized mouse model using a novel NSG strain, NOD.Cg-Hc1 Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG-Hc1), which contains the corrected mutation in the Hc gene to support CDC in addition to other mechanisms endowed by humanization. With this model, we reevaluated the anticancer efficacies of nanoencapsulated rituximab after xenograft of the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line 2F7-BR44. RESULTS As expected, xenografted humanized NSG-Hc1 mice supported superior lymphoma clearance of native rituximab compared with the parental NSG strain. Nanoencapsulated rituximab with CXCL13 conjugation as a targeting ligand for lymphomas further enhanced antilymphoma activity in NSG-Hc1 mice and, more importantly, mediated antilymphoma cellular responses. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NSG-Hc1 mice can serve as a feasible model for both studying antitumor treatment using cancer targeting as well as understanding induction mechanisms of antitumor cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emiko Kranz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Toshio Kanazawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irvin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Arts and Humanities, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressed on astrocytes. Binding of AQP4-specific antibodies (NMO-IgG) triggers activation of the complement cascade, which is responsible for astrocyte loss and secondary demyelination. Although the role for the cytolytic complement proteins in astrocyte destruction in NMO is well established, little is known regarding the initial phase of astrocyte injury. In this issue of the JCI, Chen and colleagues evaluated the precytolytic phase when NMO-IgG binds astrocytes in vivo in the absence of exogenous complement. NMO-IgG alone caused astrocyte activation and AQP4 loss. Surprisingly, microglia, CNS-resident innate immune cells that produce endogenous complement, were required for clinical manifestations of disease, a finding that suggests microglia may serve as a therapeutic target in NMO.
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16
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Cai C, Hu Z, Yu X. Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:610121. [PMID: 33363057 PMCID: PMC7758250 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Lausen M, Thomsen ME, Christiansen G, Karred N, Stensballe A, Bennike TB, Birkelund S. Analysis of complement deposition and processing on Chlamydia trachomatis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 210:13-32. [PMID: 33206237 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infections worldwide, with over 120 million annual cases. C. trachomatis infections are associated with severe reproductive complications in women such as extrauterine pregnancy and tubal infertility. The infections are often long lasting, associated with immunopathology, and fail to elicit protective immunity which makes recurrent infections common. The immunological mechanisms involved in C. trachomatis infections are only partially understood. Murine infection models suggest that the complement system plays a significant role in both protective immunity and immunopathology during primary Chlamydia infections. However, only limited structural and mechanistic evidence exists on complement-mediated immunity against C. trachomatis. To expand our current knowledge on this topic, we analyzed global complement deposition on C. trachomatis using comprehensive in-depth mass spectrometry-based proteomics. We show that factor B, properdin, and C4b bind to C. trachomatis demonstrating that C. trachomatis-induced complement activation proceeds through at least two activation pathways. Complement activation leads to cleavage and deposition of C3 and C5 activation products, causing initiation of the terminal complement pathway and deposition of C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 on C. trachomatis. Interestingly, using immunoelectron microscopy, we show that C5b-9 deposition occurred sporadically and only in rare cases formed complete lytic terminal complexes, possibly caused by the presence of the negative regulators vitronectin and clusterin. Finally, cleavage analysis of C3 demonstrated that deposited C3b is degraded to the opsonins iC3b and C3dg and that this complement opsonization facilitates C. trachomatis binding to human B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Lausen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Eggert Thomsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Gunna Christiansen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nichlas Karred
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Tue Bjerg Bennike
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
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18
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Yick LW, Tang CH, Ma OKF, Kwan JSC, Chan KH. Memantine ameliorates motor impairments and pathologies in a mouse model of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:236. [PMID: 32782018 PMCID: PMC7418436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases characterized by recurrent episodes of acute optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) autoantibodies, which target the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytic membrane, are pathogenic in NMOSD. Glutamate excitotoxicity, which is triggered by internalization of AQP4-glutamate transporter complex after AQP4-IgG binding to astrocytes, is involved in early NMOSD pathophysiologies. We studied the effects of memantine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, on motor impairments and spinal cord pathologies in mice which received human AQP4-IgG. Methods Purified IgG from AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD patients were passively transferred to adult C57BL/6 mice with disrupted blood-brain barrier. Memantine was administered by oral gavage. Motor impairments of the mice were assessed by beam walking test. Spinal cords of the mice were assessed by immunofluorescence and ELISA. Results Oral administration of memantine ameliorated the motor impairments induced by AQP4-IgG, no matter the treatment was initiated before (preventive) or after (therapeutic) disease flare. Memantine profoundly reduced AQP4 and astrocyte loss, and attenuated demyelination and axonal loss in the spinal cord of mice which had received AQP4-IgG. The protective effects of memantine were associated with inhibition of apoptosis and suppression of neuroinflammation, with decrease in microglia activation and neutrophil infiltration and reduction of increase in levels of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, memantine elevated growth factors including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the spinal cord. Conclusions Our findings support that glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation play important roles in complement-independent pathophysiology during early development of NMOSD lesions, and highlight the potential of oral memantine as a therapeutic agent in NMOSD acute attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung-Wah Yick
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho Tang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oscar Ka-Fai Ma
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Shing-Cheong Kwan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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19
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Huang WC, Liao YJ, Hashimoto M, Chen KF, Chu C, Hsu PC, Wang S, Teng CH. cjrABC-senB hinders survival of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli in the bloodstream through triggering complement-mediated killing. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:86. [PMID: 32762693 PMCID: PMC7412671 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is a common gram-negative organism causing various infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and neonatal meningitis. The cjrABC-senB gene cluster of E. coli contributes to ExPEC virulence in the mouse model of UTIs. Consistently, the distribution of cjrABC-senB is epidemiologically associated with human UTIs caused by E. coli. cjrABC-senB, which has previously been proposed to encode an iron uptake system, may facilitate ExPEC survival in the iron availability-restricted urinary tract. Given that the bloodstream is also an iron limited environment to invading bacteria, the pathogenic role of cjrABC-senB in ExPEC bacteremia, however, remains to be investigated. METHODS The ability of ExPEC RS218 strains with and without cjrABC-senB to survive in the mouse bloodstream and human serum was evaluated. Subsequently, the role of this gene cluster in the ExPEC interaction with the complement system was evaluated. Finally, the distribution of cjrABC-senB in human clinical E. coli isolates was determined by PCR. The frequency of cjrABC-senB in bacteremia isolates that were not associated with UTIs (non-UTI bacteremia isolates) was compared with that in UTI-associated isolates and fecal isolates. RESULTS Expression of cjrABC-senB attenuated the survival of RS218 in the mouse bloodstream and human serum. The cjrABC-senB-harboring strains triggered enhanced classical- and alternative-complement pathway activation and became more vulnerable to complement-mediated killing in serum. cjrA was identified as the major gene responsible for the attenuated serum survival. Expressing cjrABC-senB and cjrA increased bacterial susceptibility to detergent and induced periplasmic protein leakage, suggesting that the expression of these genes compromises the integrity of the outer membrane of ExPEC. In addition, the frequency of cjrABC-senB in non-UTI bacteremia isolates was significantly lower than that in UTI-associated isolates, while the frequencies in non-UTI bacteremia isolates and fecal isolates showed no significant difference. Consistently, this epidemiological investigation suggests that cjrABC-senB does not contribute to E. coli bacteremia in humans. CONCLUSION The contribution of cjrABC-senB to the pathogenesis of ExPEC is niche dependent and contradictory because the genes facilitate ExPEC UTIs but hinder bacteremia. The contradictory niche-dependent characteristic may benefit the development of novel strategies against E. coli-caused infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chuen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shuying Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hao Teng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 4th F, 367 Sheng Li Road, North District, Tainan City, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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20
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Chen E, Chen BM, Su YC, Chang YC, Cheng TL, Barenholz Y, Roffler SR. Premature Drug Release from Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Coated Liposomal Doxorubicin via Formation of the Membrane Attack Complex. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7808-7822. [PMID: 32142248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies are present in many healthy individuals as well as in patients receiving polyethylene glycol-functionalized drugs. Antibodies against PEG-coated nanocarriers can accelerate their clearance, but their impact on nanodrug properties including nanocarrier integrity is unclear. Here, we show that anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies bind to PEG molecules on the surface of PEG-coated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil, Doxisome, LC-101, and Lipo-Dox), resulting in complement activation, formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-9) in the liposomal membrane, and rapid release of encapsulated doxorubicin from the liposomes. Drug release depended on both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Doxorubicin release of up to 40% was also observed in rats treated with anti-PEG IgG and PEG-coated liposomal doxorubicin. Our results demonstrate that anti-PEG antibodies can disrupt the membrane integrity of PEG-coated liposomal doxorubicin through activation of complement, which may alter therapeutic efficacy and safety in patients with high levels of pre-existing antibodies against PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 1001, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yechezekel Barenholz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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21
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Giannoccaro MP, Wright SK, Vincent A. In vivo Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Neurological Disorders: Animal Models and Potential Implications. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1394. [PMID: 32116982 PMCID: PMC7013005 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the discovery of antibodies directed against neuronal surface antigens (NSA-Abs) in patients with different forms of encephalitis has provided a basis for immunotherapies in previously undefined disorders. Nevertheless, despite the circumstantial clinical evidence of the pathogenic role of these antibodies in classical autoimmune encephalitis, specific criteria need to be applied in order to establish the autoimmune nature of a disease. A growing number of studies have begun to provide proof of the pathogenicity of NSA-Abs and insights into their pathogenic mechanisms through passive transfer or, more rarely, through active immunization animal models. Moreover, the increasing evidence that NSA-Abs in the maternal circulation can reach the fetal brain parenchyma during gestation, causing long-term effects, has led to models of antibody-induced neurodevelopmental disorders. This review summarizes different methodological approaches and the results of the animal models of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antibody-mediated disorders and discuss the results and the limitations. We also summarize recent experiments that demonstrate that maternal antibodies to NMDAR and CASPR2 can alter development in the offspring with potential lifelong susceptibility to neurological or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna and IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhvir K. Wright
- School of Life and Health Sciences & Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Duan T, Verkman AS. Experimental animal models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress and shortcomings. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:13-25. [PMID: 31587392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a heterogeneous group of neuroinflammatory conditions associated with demyelination primarily in spinal cord and optic nerve, and to a lesser extent in brain. Most NMOSD patients are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), the principal water channel in astrocytes. There has been interest in establishing experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD (herein referred to as NMO) in order to elucidate NMO pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate drug candidates. An important outcome of early NMO animal models was evidence for a pathogenic role of AQP4-IgG. However, available animal models of NMO, based largely on passive transfer to rodents of AQP4-IgG or transfer of AQP4-sensitized T cells, often together with pro-inflammatory maneuvers, only partially recapitulate the clinical and pathological features of human NMO, and are inherently biased toward humoral or cellular immune mechanisms. This review summarizes current progress and shortcomings in experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD, and opines on the import of advancing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Duan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143.,Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
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24
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Kurtovic L, Boyle MJ, Opi DH, Kennedy AT, Tham WH, Reiling L, Chan JA, Beeson JG. Complement in malaria immunity and vaccines. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:38-56. [PMID: 31556468 PMCID: PMC6972673 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Developing efficacious vaccines for human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a major global health priority, although this has proven to be immensely challenging over the decades. One major hindrance is the incomplete understanding of specific immune responses that confer protection against disease and/or infection. While antibodies to play a crucial role in malaria immunity, the functional mechanisms of these antibodies remain unclear as most research has primarily focused on the direct inhibitory or neutralizing activity of antibodies. Recently, there is a growing body of evidence that antibodies can also mediate effector functions through activating the complement system against multiple developmental stages of the parasite life cycle. These antibody‐complement interactions can have detrimental consequences to parasite function and viability, and have been significantly associated with protection against clinical malaria in naturally acquired immunity, and emerging findings suggest these mechanisms could contribute to vaccine‐induced immunity. In order to develop highly efficacious vaccines, strategies are needed that prioritize the induction of antibodies with enhanced functional activity, including the ability to activate complement. Here we review the role of complement in acquired immunity to malaria, and provide insights into how this knowledge could be used to harness complement in malaria vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriye Kurtovic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander T Kennedy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Wai-Hong Tham
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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25
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Zenklusen I, Jongo S, Abdulla S, Ramadhani K, Lee Sim BK, Cardamone H, Flannery EL, Nguyen T, Fishbaugher M, Steel RWJ, Betz W, Carmago N, Mikolajczak S, Kappe SHI, Hoffman SL, Sack BK, Daubenberger C. Immunization of Malaria-Preexposed Volunteers With PfSPZ Vaccine Elicits Long-Lived IgM Invasion-Inhibitory and Complement-Fixing Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1569-1578. [PMID: 29438525 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The assessment of antibody responses after immunization with radiation-attenuated, aseptic, purified, cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (Sanaria PfSPZ Vaccine) has focused on IgG isotype antibodies. Here, we aimed to investigate if P. falciparum sporozoite binding and invasion-inhibitory IgM antibodies are induced following immunization of malaria-preexposed volunteers with PfSPZ Vaccine. Methods Using serum from volunteers immunized with PfSPZ, we measured vaccine-induced IgG and IgM antibodies to P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) via ELISA. Function of this serum as well as IgM antibody fractions was measured via in vitro in an inhibition of sporozoite invasion assay. These IgM antibody fractions were also measured for binding to sporozoites by immunofluorescence assay and complement fixation on whole sporozoites. Results We found that in addition to anti-PfCSP IgG, malaria-preexposed volunteers developed anti-PfCSP IgM antibodies after immunization with PfSPZ Vaccine and that these IgM antibodies inhibited P. falciparum sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes in vitro. These IgM plasma fractions also fixed complement to whole P. falciparum sporozoites. Conclusions This is the first finding that PfCSP and P. falciparum sporozoite-binding IgM antibodies are induced following immunization of PfSPZ Vaccine in malaria-preexposed individuals and that IgM antibodies can inhibit P. falciparum sporozoite invasion into hepatocytes in vitro and fix complement on sporozoites. These findings indicate that the immunological assessment of PfSPZ Vaccine-induced antibody responses could be more sensitive if they include parasite-specific IgM in addition to IgG antibodies. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02132299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Zenklusen
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Jongo
- Ifakara Health Institute, Clinical Trial Unit, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Clinical Trial Unit, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Kamaka Ramadhani
- Ifakara Health Institute, Clinical Trial Unit, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Ryan W J Steel
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Will Betz
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nelly Carmago
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Brandon K Sack
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Lin YC, Liao YJ, Lee YH, Tseng SF, Liu JY, Chen YS, Shui HA, Lin FZ, Lin KH, Chen YC, Tsai MC, Sytwu HK, Wang CC, Chuang YP. Staphylococcal phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C potentiates lung injury via complement sensitisation. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13085. [PMID: 31290210 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated from patients with community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is associated with staphylococcal phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC); however, the role of PI-PLC in the pathogenesis and progression of ARDS remains unknown. Here, we showed that recombinant staphylococcal PI-PLC possesses enzyme activity that causes shedding of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CD55 and CD59 from human umbilical vein endothelial cell surfaces and triggers cell lysis via complement activity. Intranasal infection with PI-PLC-positive S. aureus resulted in greater neutrophil infiltration and increased pulmonary oedema compared with a plc-isogenic mutant. Although indistinguishable proinflammatory genes were induced, the wild-type strain activated higher levels of C5a in lung tissue accompanied by elevated albumin instillation and increased lactate dehydrogenase release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with the plc- mutant. Following treatment with cobra venom factor to deplete complement, the wild-type strain with PI-PLC showed a reduced ability to trigger pulmonary permeability and tissue damage. PI-PLC-positive S. aureus induced the formation of membrane attack complex, mainly on type II pneumocytes, and reduced the level of CD55/CD59, indicating the importance of complement regulation in pulmonary injury. In conclusion, S. aureus PI-PLC sensitised tissue to complement activation leading to more severe tissue damage, increased pulmonary oedema, and ARDS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jou Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Tseng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jah-Yao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheng Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Zhi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chuang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Duan T, Smith AJ, Verkman AS. Complement-independent bystander injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica produced by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:112. [PMID: 31296268 PMCID: PMC6621951 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (herein called NMO) involves AQP4-IgG binding to astrocytes, resulting in astrocyte injury by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanisms. The rapid disease progression, severe tissue damage, and abundant leukocyte infiltration seen in some NMO patients suggest a more direct mechanism for demyelination and neurologic deficit than secondary injury from astrocyte loss. Here, we report evidence for an ‘ADCC bystander mechanism’ in NMO involving injury to nearby cells by leukocytes following their activation by AQP4-bound AQP4-IgG on astrocytes. In model cocultures containing AQP4-expressing and null CHO cells, AQP4-IgG and complement killed bystander null cells to ~ 100 μm away from AQP4-expressing cells; AQP4-IgG and NK cells produced bystander killing to ~ 300 μm, with perforin deposition seen on injured null cells. Bystander cytotoxicity was also seen with neutrophil-mediated ADCC and in astrocyte-neuron cocultures. Mechanistic studies, including real-time imaging, suggested that leukocytes activated by an AQP4-dependent ADCC mechanism injure bystander cells by direct targeted exocytosis on neighboring cells and not by diffusion of soluble granule contents. In support of this conclusion, ADCC bystander injury was preferentially reduced by an RGDS peptide that inhibits integrin adhesion. Evidence for ADCC bystander injury to oligodendrocytes and neurons was also found in mice following intracerebral injection of AQP4-IgG and NK cells, which was inhibited by RGDS peptide. These results establish a novel cellular pathogenesis mechanism in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMO and provide evidence that inflammatory mechanisms can cause widespread tissue damage in NMO independently of the secondary effects from astrocyte loss.
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28
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New Zealand White Rabbits Effectively Clear Borrelia burgdorferi B31 despite the Bacterium's Functional vlsE Antigenic Variation System. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00164-19. [PMID: 30988058 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00164-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne bacterium responsible for approximately 300,000 annual cases of Lyme disease (LD) in the United States, with increasing incidences in other parts of the world. The debilitating nature of LD is mainly attributed to the ability of B. burgdorferi to persist in patients for many years despite strong anti-Borrelia antibody responses. Antimicrobial treatment of persistent infection is challenging. Similar to infection of humans, B. burgdorferi establishes long-term infection in various experimental animal models except for New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, which clear the spirochete within 4 to 12 weeks. LD spirochetes have a highly evolved antigenic variation vls system, on the lp28-1 plasmid, where gene conversion results in surface expression of the antigenically variable VlsE protein. VlsE is required for B. burgdorferi to establish persistent infection by continually evading otherwise potent antibodies. Since the clearance of B. burgdorferi is mediated by humoral immunity in NZW rabbits, the previously reported results that LD spirochetes lose lp28-1 during rabbit infection could potentially explain the failure of B. burgdorferi to persist. However, the present study unequivocally disproves that previous finding by demonstrating that LD spirochetes retain the vls system. However, despite the vls system being fully functional, the spirochete fails to evade anti-Borrelia antibodies of NZW rabbits. In addition to being protective against homologous and heterologous challenges, the rabbit antibodies significantly ameliorate LD-induced arthritis in persistently infected mice. Overall, the current data indicate that NZW rabbits develop a protective antibody repertoire, whose specificities, once defined, will identify potential candidates for a much-anticipated LD vaccine.
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29
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Fang L, Kang X, Wang Z, Wang S, Wang J, Zhou Y, Chen C, Sun X, Yan Y, Kermode AG, Peng L, Qiu W. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-IgG Contributes to Oligodendrocytopathy in the Presence of Complement, Distinct from Astrocytopathy Induced by AQP4-IgG. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:853-866. [PMID: 31041694 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) is detectable in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) without aquaporin-4 IgG (AQP4-IgG), but its pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, we explored the pathogenic mechanisms of MOG-IgG in vitro and in vivo and compared them with those of AQP4-IgG. MOG-IgG-positive serum induced complement activation and cell death in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells transfected with human MOG. In C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, MOG-IgG only caused lesions in the presence of complement. Interestingly, AQP4-IgG induced astroglial damage, while MOG-IgG mainly caused myelin loss. MOG-IgG also induced astrocyte damage in mouse brains in the presence of complement. Importantly, we also observed ultrastructural changes induced by MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG. These findings suggest that MOG-IgG directly mediates cell death by activating complement in vitro and producing NMOSD-like lesions in vivo. AQP4-IgG directly targets astrocytes, while MOG-IgG mainly damages oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xinmei Kang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shisi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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30
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Liu Y, Given KS, Owens GP, Macklin WB, Bennett JL. Distinct patterns of glia repair and remyelination in antibody-mediated demyelination models of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Glia 2018; 66:2575-2588. [PMID: 30240044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system with evidence of antibody-mediated pathology. Using ex vivo organotypic mouse cerebellar slice cultures, we have demonstrated that recombinant antibodies (rAbs) cloned from cerebrospinal fluid plasmablasts of MS and NMO patients target myelin- and astrocyte-specific antigens to induce disease-specific oligodendrocyte loss and myelin degradation. In this study, we examined glial cell responses and myelin integrity during recovery from disease-specific antibody-mediated injury. Following exposure to MS rAb and human complement (HC) in cerebellar explants, myelinating oligodendrocytes repopulated the demyelinated tissue and formed new myelin sheaths along axons. Remyelination was accompanied by pronounced microglial activation. In contrast, following treatment with NMO rAb and HC, there was rapid regeneration of astrocytes and pre-myelinating oligodendrocytes but little formation of myelin sheaths on preserved axons. Deficient remyelination was associated with progressive axonal loss and the return of microglia to a resting state. Our results indicate that antibody-mediated demyelination in MS and NMO show distinct capacities for recovery associated with differential injury to adjacent axons and variable activation of microglia. Remyelination was rapid in MS rAb plus HC-induced demyelination. By contrast, oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination failed following NMO rAb-mediated injury despite the rapid restoration of astrocytes and preservation of axons in early lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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31
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Abstract
Like many other pathological infectious processes, sepsis is mainly studied in vivo using mice models. Over the past 30 years, such studies have led to significant achievements in understanding of the sepsis pathophysiology. However, unfortunately, none of them led to any «discoveries» in the treatment of patients. In this review, we question the relevance of the experimental models applied, list some aspects rarely taken into account and discuss ways to resolve the deadlock.The text is a translation of the article: Cavail-lon J. M. New methods of treating sepsis: failure of animal models, Bull. Assoc. Anc. El. Inst. Pastor, 2017, 59,230, 58—60. Translation from French by «Akademperevod», Moscow, Russia.
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32
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Yick LW, Ma OKF, Ng RCL, Kwan JSC, Chan KH. Aquaporin-4 Autoantibodies From Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Patients Induce Complement-Independent Immunopathologies in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1438. [PMID: 29988553 PMCID: PMC6026644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are central nervous system inflammatory disorders causing significant morbidities and mortality. The majority of NMOSD patients have autoimmunity against aquaporin-4 (AQP4), evidenced by seropositivity for autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4–IgG). AQP4–IgG is pathogenic with neuroinflammation initiated upon binding of AQP4–IgG to astrocytic AQP4. Complement activation contributes to astrocytic cytotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and tissue necrosis in NMOSD, but the role of complement-independent mechanisms is uncertain. We studied the complement-independent pathogenic effects of AQP4–IgG by passive transfer of IgG from NMOSD patients to mice with breached blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mice, pretreated with bacterial proteins, received daily intraperitoneal injections of IgG purified from AQP4–IgG-seropositive NMOSD patients [IgG(AQP4+)], or IgG from AQP4–IgG-seronegative patients [IgG(AQP4−)] or healthy subjects [IgG(Healthy)] for 8 days. Motor function was tested by walking across narrow beams, and spinal cords were collected for immunofluorescent analysis. We found that human IgG infiltrated into cord parenchyma of mice with breached BBB without deposition of complement activation products. Spinal cord of mice that received IgG(AQP4+) demonstrated loss of AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (suggestive of astrocyte loss), decrease in excitatory amino acid transporter 2, microglial/macrophage activation, neutrophil infiltration, patchy demyelination, and loss in axonal integrity. Mice that received IgG(AQP4+) required longer time with more paw slips to walk across narrow beams indicative of motor slowing and incoordination. Our findings suggest that AQP4–IgG induces complement-independent cord pathologies, including astrocytopathy, neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axonal injuries/loss, which are associated with subtle motor impairments. These complement-independent pathophysiologies likely contribute to early NMOSD lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung-Wah Yick
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oscar Ka-Fai Ma
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roy Chun-Laam Ng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Shing-Cheong Kwan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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33
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Tradtrantip L, Felix CM, Spirig R, Morelli AB, Verkman A. Recombinant IgG1 Fc hexamers block cytotoxicity and pathological changes in experimental in vitro and rat models of neuromyelitis optica. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:345-353. [PMID: 29428821 PMCID: PMC6322534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous human immunoglobulin G (IVIG) may have therapeutic benefit in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO), in part because of the anti-inflammatory properties of the IgG Fc region. Here, we evaluated recombinant Fc hexamers consisting of the IgM μ-tailpiece fused with the Fc region of human IgG1. In vitro, the Fc hexamers prevented cytotoxicity in aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressing cells and in rat spinal cord slice cultures exposed to NMO anti-AQP4 autoantibody (AQP4-IgG) and complement, with >500-fold greater potency than IVIG or monomeric Fc fragments. Fc hexamers at low concentration also prevented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity produced by AQP4-IgG and natural killer cells. Serum from rats administered a single intravenous dose of Fc hexamers at 50 mg/kg taken at 8 h did not produce complement-dependent cytotoxicity when added to AQP4-IgG-treated AQP4-expressing cell cultures. In an experimental rat model of NMO produced by intracerebral injection of AQP4-IgG, Fc hexamers at 50 mg/kg administered before and at 12 h after AQP4-IgG fully prevented astrocyte injury, complement activation, inflammation and demyelination. These results support the potential therapeutic utility of recombinant IgG1 Fc hexamers in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukmanee Tradtrantip
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian M. Felix
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - A.S. Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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34
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Peschl P, Schanda K, Zeka B, Given K, Böhm D, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Lutterotti A, Rostásy K, Höftberger R, Berger T, Macklin W, Lassmann H, Bradl M, Bennett JL, Reindl M. Human antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein can cause complement-dependent demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:208. [PMID: 29070051 PMCID: PMC5657084 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with a subset of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. However, whether human MOG antibodies are pathogenic or an epiphenomenon is still not completely clear. Although MOG is highly conserved within mammals, previous findings showed that not all human MOG antibodies bind to rodent MOG. We therefore hypothesized that human MOG antibody-mediated pathology in animal models may only be evident using species-specific MOG antibodies. Methods We screened 80 human MOG antibody-positive samples for their reactivity to mouse and rat MOG using either a live cell-based assay or immunohistochemistry on murine, rat, and human brain tissue. Selected samples reactive to either human MOG or rodent MOG were subsequently tested for their ability to induce complement-mediated damage in murine organotypic brain slices or enhance demyelination in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model in Lewis rats. The MOG monoclonal antibody 8-18-C5 was used as a positive control. Results Overall, we found that only a subset of human MOG antibodies are reactive to mouse (48/80, 60%) or rat (14/80, 18%) MOG. Purified serum antibodies from 10 human MOG antibody-positive patients (8/10 reactive to mouse MOG, 6/10 reactive to rat MOG), 3 human MOG-negative patients, and 3 healthy controls were tested on murine organotypic brain slices. Purified IgG from one patient with high titers of anti-human, mouse, and rat MOG antibodies and robust binding to myelin tissue produced significant, complement-mediated myelin loss in organotypic brain slices, but not in the EAE model. Monoclonal 8-18-C5 MOG antibody caused complement-mediated demyelination in both the organotypic brain slice model and in EAE. Conclusion This study shows that a subset of human MOG antibodies can induce complement-dependent pathogenic effects in a murine ex vivo animal model. Moreover, a high titer of species-specific MOG antibodies may be critical for demyelinating effects in mouse and rat animal models. Therefore, both the reactivity and titer of human MOG antibodies must be considered for future pathogenicity studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0984-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Peschl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bleranda Zeka
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherine Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Denise Böhm
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Saiz
- Service of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Rostásy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Witten/Herdecke University, Children's Hospital Datteln, Datteln, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Low expression of complement inhibitory protein CD59 contributes to humoral autoimmunity against astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:173-182. [PMID: 28476558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is primarily an anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody-mediated, central nervous system-restricted channelopathy. Patients frequently develop central nervous system-restricted lesions even though autoantigen aquaporin 4 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is broadly distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral organs. The cause of such tissue-specific immune response remains largely unknown. We confirmed here that CD59, an inhibitory regulator of the complement membrane attack complex, is expressed and co-localized with aquaporin 4 in peripheral organs but is only minimally expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system. In addition, we further found that CD59 overexpression in mouse brains decreased demyelination, blocked the loss of astrocytes and aquaporin 4, and inhibited membrane attack complex formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Inactivation of CD59 in mouse peripheral aquaporin 4-expressing cells and tissues led to complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In accordance with the mouse data, human samples presented higher expression of CD59 in many aquaporin 4-expressing peripheral tissues but not in astrocytes. Silencing or blocking CD59 in aquaporin 4-expressing human tracheal epithelial and skeletal muscle cells induced membrane attack complex formation and cytotoxicity, which suggests a protective role of CD59 in anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies-mediated complement toxicity. Our findings suggest that low CD59 expression in astrocytes may contribute to central nervous system-restricted lesions in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Restoring CD59 expression in astrocytes may serve as a novel therapeutic target of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
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Yao X, Verkman AS. Complement regulator CD59 prevents peripheral organ injury in rats made seropositive for neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:57. [PMID: 28750658 PMCID: PMC5532786 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO) involves complement-dependent cytotoxicity initiated by AQP4-IgG binding to astrocyte AQP4. We recently reported that rats lacking complement inhibitor protein CD59 were highly susceptible to development of NMO pathology in brain and spinal cord following direct AQP4-IgG administration (Yao and Verkman, Acta Neuropath Commun 2017, 5:15). Here, we report evidence that CD59 is responsible for protection of peripheral, AQP4-expressing tissues in seropositive NMO. Rats made seropositive by intraperitoneal injection of AQP4-IgG developed marked weakness by 24 h and died soon thereafter. Serum creatine phosphokinase at 24 h was >900-fold greater in seropositive CD59-/- rats than in seropositive CD59+/+ (or control) rats. AQP4-expressing cells in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in stomach, of seropositive CD59-/- rats showed injury with deposition of AQP4-IgG and activated complement C5b-9, and inflammation. Organ injury in seropositive CD59-/- rats was prevented by a complement inhibitor. Significant pathological changes in seropositive CD59-/- rats were not seen in optic nerve, spinal cord or brain, including circumventricular tissue. These results implicate a major protective role of CD59 outside of the central nervous system in seropositive NMO, and hence offer an explanation as to why peripheral, AQP4-expressing cells are largely unaffected in NMO.
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Role of the immune system in cardiac tissue damage and repair following myocardial infarction. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:739-751. [PMID: 28600668 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system plays a crucial role in the initiation, development, and resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI). The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes the death of cardiomyocytes and leads to the exposure of danger-associated molecular patterns that are recognized by the immune system to initiate inflammation. RESULTS At the initial stage of post-MI inflammation, the immune system further damages cardiac tissue to clear cell debris. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by immune cells and the inability of the anti-oxidant system to neutralize ROS cause oxidative stress that further aggravates inflammation. On the other hand, the cells of both innate and adaptive immune system and their secreted factors are critically instrumental in the very dynamic and complex processes of regulating inflammation and mediating cardiac repair. CONCLUSIONS It is important to decipher the balance between detrimental and beneficial effects of the immune system in MI. This enables us to identify better therapeutic targets for reducing the infarct size, sustaining the cardiac function, and minimizing the likelihood of heart failure. This review discusses the role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in cardiac tissue damage and repair in experimental models of MI.
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Yao X, Verkman AS. Marked central nervous system pathology in CD59 knockout rats following passive transfer of Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:15. [PMID: 28212662 PMCID: PMC5316191 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which pathogenesis involves complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) produced by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies targeting aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) on astrocytes. We reported evidence previously, using CD59-/- mice, that the membrane-associated complement inhibitor CD59 modulates CDC in NMO (Zhang and Verkman, J. Autoimmun. 53:67-77, 2014). Motivated by the observation that rats, unlike mice, have human-like complement activity, here we generated CD59-/- rats to investigate the role of CD59 in NMO and to create NMO pathology by passive transfer of AQP4-IgG under conditions in which minimal pathology is produced in normal rats. CD59-/- rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology showed no overt phenotype at baseline except for mild hemolysis. CDC assays in astrocyte cultures and cerebellar slices from CD59-/- rats showed much greater sensitivity to AQP4-IgG and complement than those from CD59+/+ rats. Intracerebral administration of AQP4-IgG in CD59-/- rats produced marked NMO pathology, with astrocytopathy, inflammation, deposition of activated complement, and demyelination, whereas identically treated CD59+/+ rats showed minimal pathology. A single, intracisternal injection of AQP4-IgG in CD59-/- rats produced hindlimb paralysis by 3 days, with inflammation and deposition of activated complement in spinal cord, optic nerves and brain periventricular and surface matter, with most marked astrocyte injury in cervical spinal cord. These results implicate an important role of CD59 in modulating NMO pathology in rats and demonstrate amplification of AQP4-IgG-induced NMO disease with CD59 knockout.
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Wang G, Griffin JI, Inturi S, Brenneman B, Banda NK, Holers VM, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. In Vitro and In Vivo Differences in Murine Third Complement Component (C3) Opsonization and Macrophage/Leukocyte Responses to Antibody-Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoworms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:151. [PMID: 28239384 PMCID: PMC5309246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Balancing surface functionalization and low immune recognition of nanomedicines is a major challenge. Opsonization with the third component of the complement protein (C3) plays a major role in immune cell recognition of nanomedicines. We used dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoworms (SPIO NWs) to study the effect of surface functionalization on C3 opsonization in mouse serum and subsequent macrophage/leukocyte recognition in vitro as well as on intravenous injection into mice. Previously, we found that in mouse serum, SPIO NWs became opsonized with C3 via complement lectin pathway. Crosslinking the dextran shell with epichlorohydrin significantly decreased C3 opsonization and uptake by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Crosslinked nanoworms (NWs) further functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or with PEG-antibody (Ab) (~160 IgG molecules/particle) did not show an increase in C3 opsonization and peritoneal macrophage uptake in vitro. Following tail vein injection into mice, plain crosslinked NWs and PEGylated crosslinked NWs showed very low C3 opsonization and mouse leukocyte uptake. However, Ab-decorated crosslinked NWs showed significant C3 opsonization and high level of complement-dependent uptake by leukocytes in mice. Decreasing the number of conjugated Abs to 46 IgG molecules/particle significantly reduced C3 opsonization and leukocyte uptake. Using fresh mouse lepirudin plasma rather than serum showed better correlation with C3 opsonization in vivo. The reason for this difference could be related to the known instability of complement classical pathway in mouse sera. Our data illustrate that fine-tuning in nanoparticle surface functionalization with Abs is required to avoid excessive complement activation and complement-mediated immune uptake in mice, and raise issues with in vitro immunological assays of nanomedicines intended to mimic in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guankui Wang
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - James I Griffin
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Swetha Inturi
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Barbara Brenneman
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen's Campus , Stockton-on-Tees , UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO , USA
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Liu Y, Harlow DE, Given KS, Owens GP, Macklin WB, Bennett JL. Variable sensitivity to complement-dependent cytotoxicity in murine models of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:301. [PMID: 27905992 PMCID: PMC5134246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), have demonstrated that autoantibodies against the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) induce astrocyte damage through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In developing experimental models of NMO using cells, tissues or animals from mice, co-administration of AQP4-IgG and normal human serum, which serves as the source of human complement (HC), is required. The sensitivity of mouse CNS cells to HC and CDC in these models is not known. Methods We used HC and recombinant monoclonal antibodies (rAbs) against AQP4 to investigate CDC on mouse neurons, astrocytes, differentiated oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs) in the context of purified monocultures, neuroglial mixed cultures, and organotypic cerebellar slices. Results We found that murine neurons, OLs, and OPCs were sensitive to HC in monocultures. In mixed murine neuroglial cultures, HC-mediated toxicity to neurons and OLs was reduced; however, astrocyte damage induced by an AQP-specific rAb #53 and HC increased neuronal and oligodendroglial loss. OPCs were resistant to HC toxicity in neuroglial mixed cultures. In mouse cerebellar slices, damage to neurons and OLs following rAb #53-mediated CDC was further reduced, but in contrast to neuroglial mixed cultures, astrocyte damage sensitized OPCs to complement damage. Finally, we established that some injury to neurons, OLs, and OPCs in cell and slice cultures resulted from the activation of HC by anti-tissue antibodies to mouse cells. Conclusions Murine neurons and oligodendroglia demonstrate variable sensitivity to activated complement based on their differentiation and culture conditions. In organotypic cultures, the protection of neurons, OLs, and OPCs against CDC is eliminated by targeted astrocyte destruction. The activation of human complement proteins on mouse CNS cells necessitates caution when interpreting the results of mouse experimental models of NMO using HC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0767-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine S Given
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory P Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Evgin L, Ilkow CS, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, de Souza CT, Stubbert L, Huh MS, Jennings VA, Marguerie M, Acuna SA, Keller BA, Lefebvre C, Falls T, Le Boeuf F, Auer RA, Lambris JD, McCart JA, Stojdl DF, Bell JC. Complement inhibition enables tumor delivery of LCMV glycoprotein pseudotyped viruses in the presence of antiviral antibodies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16027. [PMID: 27909702 PMCID: PMC5111574 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The systemic delivery of therapeutic viruses, such as oncolytic viruses or vaccines, is limited by the generation of neutralizing antibodies. While pseudotyping of rhabdoviruses with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein has previously allowed for multiple rounds of delivery in mice, this strategy has not translated to other animal models. For the first time, we provide experimental evidence that antibodies generated against the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein mediate robust complement-dependent viral neutralization via activation of the classical pathway. We show that this phenotype can be capitalized upon to deliver maraba virus pseudotyped with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein in a Fischer rat model in the face of neutralizing antibody through the use of complement modulators. This finding changes the understanding of the humoral immune response to arenaviruses, and also describes methodology to deliver viral vectors to their therapeutic sites of action without the interference of neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bourgeois-Daigneault
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lawton Stubbert
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael S Huh
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monique Marguerie
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio A Acuna
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian A Keller
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Falls
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Auer
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Felix CM, Levin MH, Verkman AS. Complement-independent retinal pathology produced by intravitreal injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:275. [PMID: 27765056 PMCID: PMC5072328 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is often associated with retinal abnormalities including thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and microcystic changes. Here, we demonstrate that passive transfer of an anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibody (AQP4-IgG) produces primary retinal pathology. Methods AQP4-IgG was delivered to adult rat retinas by intravitreal injection. Rat retinas and retinal explant cultures were assessed by immunofluorescence. Results Immunofluorescence showed AQP4-IgG deposition on retinal Müller cells, with greatly reduced AQP4 expression and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein by 5 days. There was mild retinal inflammation with microglial activation but little leukocyte infiltration and loss of retinal ganglion cells by 30 days with thinning of the ganglion cell complex. Interestingly, the loss of AQP4 was complement independent as seen in cobra venom factor-treated rats and in normal rats administered a mutated AQP4-IgG lacking complement effector function. Exposure of ex vivo retinal cultures to AQP4-IgG produced a marked reduction in AQP4 expression by 24 h, which was largely prevented by inhibitors of endocytosis or lysosomal acidification. Conclusions Passive transfer of AQP4-IgG results in primary, complement-independent retinal pathology, which might contribute to retinal abnormalities seen in NMO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Felix
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0521, USA
| | - Marc H Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0521, USA.
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Herwerth M, Kalluri SR, Srivastava R, Kleele T, Kenet S, Illes Z, Merkler D, Bennett JL, Misgeld T, Hemmer B. In vivo imaging reveals rapid astrocyte depletion and axon damage in a model of neuromyelitis optica-related pathology. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:794-805. [PMID: 26946517 PMCID: PMC5021140 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which resembles multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO differs from MS, however, in the distribution and histology of neuroinflammatory lesions and shows a more aggressive clinical course. Moreover, the majority of NMO patients carry immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), an astrocytic water channel. Antibodies against AQP4 can damage astrocytes by complement, but NMO histopathology also shows demyelination, and — importantly—axon injury, which may determine permanent deficits following NMO relapses. The dynamics of astrocyte injury in NMO and the mechanisms by which toxicity spreads to axons are not understood. Methods Here, we establish in vivo imaging of the spinal cord, one of the main sites of NMO pathology, as a powerful tool to study the formation of experimental NMO‐related lesions caused by human AQP4 antibodies in mice. Results We found that human AQP4 antibodies caused acute astrocyte depletion with initial oligodendrocyte survival. Within 2 hours of antibody application, we observed secondary axon injury in the form of progressive swellings. Astrocyte toxicity and axon damage were dependent on AQP4 antibody titer and complement, specifically C1q. Interpretation In vivo imaging of the spinal cord reveals the swift development of NMO‐related acute axon injury after AQP4 antibody‐mediated astrocyte depletion. This approach will be useful in studying the mechanisms underlying the spread of NMO pathology beyond astrocytes, as well as in evaluating potential neuroprotective interventions. Ann Neurol 2016;79:794–805
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Herwerth
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sudhakar Reddy Kalluri
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Kenet
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
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Evgin L, Acuna SA, Tanese de Souza C, Marguerie M, Lemay CG, Ilkow CS, Findlay CS, Falls T, Parato KA, Hanwell D, Goldstein A, Lopez R, Lafrance S, Breitbach CJ, Kirn D, Atkins H, Auer RC, Thurman JM, Stahl GL, Lambris JD, Bell JC, McCart JA. Complement inhibition prevents oncolytic vaccinia virus neutralization in immune humans and cynomolgus macaques. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1066-1076. [PMID: 25807289 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have shown promising clinical activity when administered by direct intratumoral injection. However, natural barriers in the blood, including antibodies and complement, are likely to limit the ability to repeatedly administer OVs by the intravenous route. We demonstrate here that for a prototype of the clinical vaccinia virus based product Pexa-Vec, the neutralizing activity of antibodies elicited by smallpox vaccination, as well as the anamnestic response in hyperimmune virus treated cancer patients, is strictly dependent on the activation of complement. In immunized rats, complement depletion stabilized vaccinia virus in the blood and led to improved delivery to tumors. Complement depletion also enhanced tumor infection when virus was directly injected into tumors in immunized animals. The feasibility and safety of using a complement inhibitor, CP40, in combination with vaccinia virus was tested in cynomolgus macaques. CP40 pretreatment elicited an average 10-fold increase in infectious titer in the blood early after the infusion and prolonged the time during which infectious virus was detectable in the blood of animals with preexisting immunity. Capitalizing on the complement dependence of antivaccinia antibody with adjunct complement inhibitors may increase the infectious dose of oncolytic vaccinia virus delivered to tumors in virus in immune hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio A Acuna
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Monique Marguerie
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal G Lemay
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina S Ilkow
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Scott Findlay
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Falls
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelley A Parato
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hanwell
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alyssa Goldstein
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Lopez
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Lafrance
- Animal Resources Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Harold Atkins
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory L Stahl
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J Andrea McCart
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Saadoun S, Papadopoulos MC. Role of membrane complement regulators in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1644-54. [PMID: 25698168 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515571446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear why AQP4-IgG primarily causes central nervous system lesions by activating complement, but generally spares peripheral AQP4-expressing organs. OBJECTIVES To determine whether peripheral AQP4-expressing cells are protected from complement-mediated damage by expressing complement regulators. METHODS Human tissue and cultured human cells were immunostained for aquaporin-4 (AQP4), CD46, CD55 and CD59. We also determined the vulnerability to AQP4-IgG and complement-mediated damage of astrocytes cultured alone or co-cultured with endothelial cells. RESULTS In normal brain, astrocyte end-feet express AQP4, but are devoid of CD46, CD55 and CD59. Immunoreactivity for CD46, CD55 and CD59 is not increased in or around neuromyelitis optica lesions. In kidney AQP4 is co-expressed with CD46 and CD55, in stomach AQP4 is co-expressed with CD46 and in skeletal muscle AQP4 is co-expressed with CD46. Astrocytes cultured alone co-express AQP4 and CD59 but, in astrocyte-endothelial co-cultures, AQP4 is found in cell processes devoid of CD59. Astrocytes co-cultured with endothelial cells are more vulnerable to AQP4-IgG and complement-mediated lysis than astrocytes cultured alone. CONCLUSIONS Complement regulators protect peripheral organs, but not the central nervous system, from AQP4-IgG and complement-mediated damage. Our findings may explain why neuromyelitis optica primarily damages the central nervous system, but spares peripheral organs.
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Tradtrantip L, Asavapanumas N, Phuan PW, Verkman AS. Potential therapeutic benefit of C1-esterase inhibitor in neuromyelitis optica evaluated in vitro and in an experimental rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106824. [PMID: 25191939 PMCID: PMC4156393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which binding of anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes causes complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and inflammation resulting in oligodendrocyte and neuronal injury. There is compelling evidence for a central role of complement in NMO pathogenesis. Here, we evaluated the potential of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-inh) for complement-targeted therapy of NMO. C1-inh is an anti-inflammatory plasma protein with serine protease inhibition activity that has a broad range of biological activities on the contact (kallikrein), coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement systems. C1-inh is approved for therapy of hereditary angioedema (HAE) and has been studied in a small safety trial in acute NMO relapses (NCT 01759602). In vitro assays of NMO-IgG-dependent CDC showed C1-inh inhibition of human and rat complement, but with predicted minimal complement inhibition activity at a dose of 2000 units in humans. Inhibition of complement by C1-inh was potentiated by ∼10-fold by polysulfated macromolecules including heparin and dextran sulfate. In rats, intravenous C1-inh at a dose 30-fold greater than that approved to treat HAE inhibited serum complement activity by <5%, even when supplemented with heparin. Also, high-dose C1-inh did not reduce pathology in a rat model of NMO produced by intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG. Therefore, although C1r and C1s are targets of C1-inh, our in vitro data with human serum and in vivo data in rats suggest that the complement inhibition activity of C1-inh in serum is too low to confer clinical benefit in NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukmanee Tradtrantip
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nithi Asavapanumas
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - A. S. Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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