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Sándor N, Schneider AE, Matola AT, Barbai VH, Bencze D, Hammad HH, Papp A, Kövesdi D, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The human factor H protein family - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1135490. [PMID: 38410512 PMCID: PMC10894998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement is an ancient and complex network of the immune system and, as such, it plays vital physiological roles, but it is also involved in numerous pathological processes. The proper regulation of the complement system is important to allow its sufficient and targeted activity without deleterious side-effects. Factor H is a major complement regulator, and together with its splice variant factor H-like protein 1 and the five human factor H-related (FHR) proteins, they have been linked to various diseases. The role of factor H in inhibiting complement activation is well studied, but the function of the FHRs is less characterized. Current evidence supports the main role of the FHRs as enhancers of complement activation and opsonization, i.e., counter-balancing the inhibitory effect of factor H. FHRs emerge as soluble pattern recognition molecules and positive regulators of the complement system. In addition, factor H and some of the FHR proteins were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells, a non-canonical function outside the complement cascade. Recent efforts have intensified to study factor H and the FHRs and develop new tools for the distinction, quantification and functional characterization of members of this protein family. Here, we provide an update and overview on the versatile roles of factor H family proteins, what we know about their biological functions in healthy conditions and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Veronika H. Barbai
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hani Hashim Hammad
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Abstract
The complement cascade comprises soluble and cell surface proteins and is an important arm of the innate immune system. Once activated, the complement system rapidly generates large quantities of protein fragments that are potent mediators of inflammatory, vasoactive and metabolic responses. Although complement is crucial to host defence and homeostasis, its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation can also drive tissue injury. For example, the complement system has been known for more than 50 years to be activated by glomerular immune complexes and to contribute to autoimmune kidney disease. Notably, the latest research shows that complement is also activated in kidney diseases that are not traditionally thought of as immune-mediated, including haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, diabetic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Several complement-targeted drugs have been approved for the treatment of kidney disease, and additional anti-complement agents are being investigated in clinical trials. These drugs are categorically different from other immunosuppressive agents and target pathological processes that are not effectively inhibited by other classes of immunosuppressants. The development of these new drugs might therefore have considerable benefits in the treatment of kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Petr
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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3
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Heurich M, McCluskey G. Complement and coagulation crosstalk - Factor H in the spotlight. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152707. [PMID: 37633063 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The immune complement and the coagulation systems are blood-based proteolytic cascades that are activated by pathway-specific triggers, based on protein-protein interactions and enzymatic cleavage reactions. Activation of these systems is finely balanced and controlled through specific regulatory mechanisms. The complement and coagulation systems are generally viewed as distinct, but have common evolutionary origins, and several interactions between these homologous systems have been reported. This complement and coagulation crosstalk can affect activation, amplification and regulatory functions in both systems. In this review, we summarize the literature on coagulation factors contributing to complement alternative pathway activation and regulation and highlight molecular interactions of the complement alternative pathway regulator factor H with several coagulation factors. We propose a mechanism where factor H interactions with coagulation factors may contribute to both complement and coagulation activation and regulation within the haemostatic system and fibrin clot microenvironment and introduce the emerging role of factor H as a modulator of coagulation. Finally, we discuss the potential impact of these protein interactions in diseases associated with factor H dysregulation or deficiency as well as evidence of coagulation dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - Geneviève McCluskey
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Hémostase, Inflammation, Thrombose HITH U1176, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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4
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Li X, Wang H, Schmidt CQ, Ferreira VP, Yancopoulou D, Mastellos DC, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. The Complement-Targeted Inhibitor Mini-FH Protects against Experimental Periodontitis via Both C3-Dependent and C3-Independent Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:453-461. [PMID: 37306457 PMCID: PMC10524879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A minimized version of complement factor H (FH), designated mini-FH, was previously engineered combining the N-terminal regulatory domains (short consensus repeat [SCR]1-4) and C-terminal host-surface recognition domains (SCR19-20) of the parent molecule. Mini-FH conferred enhanced protection, as compared with FH, in an ex vivo model of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria driven by alternative pathway dysregulation. In the current study, we tested whether and how mini-FH could block another complement-mediated disease, namely periodontitis. In a mouse model of ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), mini-FH inhibited periodontal inflammation and bone loss in wild-type mice. Although LIP-subjected C3-deficient mice are protected relative to wild-type littermates and exhibit only modest bone loss, mini-FH strikingly inhibited bone loss even in C3-deficient mice. However, mini-FH failed to inhibit ligature-induced bone loss in mice doubly deficient in C3 and CD11b. These findings indicate that mini-FH can inhibit experimental periodontitis even in a manner that is independent of its complement regulatory activity and is mediated by complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18). Consistent with this notion, a complement receptor 3-interacting recombinant FH segment that lacks complement regulatory activity (specifically encompassing SCRs 19 and 20; FH19-20) was also able to suppress bone loss in LIP-subjected C3-deficient mice. In conclusion, mini-FH appears to be a promising candidate therapeutic for periodontitis by virtue of its ability to suppress bone loss via mechanisms that both include and go beyond its complement regulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Q. Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Viviana P. Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Dimitrios C. Mastellos
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos’, INRASTES, Division of Biodiagnostic Science and Technologies, Athens, Greece
| | - John D. Lambris
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Smith LC, Crow RS, Franchi N, Schrankel CS. The echinoid complement system inferred from genome sequence searches. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104584. [PMID: 36343741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate complement cascade is an essential host protection system that functions at the intersection of adaptive and innate immunity. However, it was originally assumed that complement was present only in vertebrates because it was activated by antibodies and functioned with adaptive immunity. Subsequently, the identification of the key component, SpC3, in sea urchins plus a wide range of other invertebrates significantly expanded the concepts of how complement functions. Because there are few reports on the echinoid complement system, an alternative approach to identify complement components in echinoderms is to search the deduced proteins encoded in the genomes. This approach identified known and putative members of the lectin and alternative activation pathways, but members of the terminal pathway are absent. Several types of complement receptors are encoded in the genomes. Complement regulatory proteins composed of complement control protein (CCP) modules are identified that may control the activation pathways and the convertases. Other regulatory proteins without CCP modules are also identified, however regulators of the terminal pathway are absent. The expansion of genes encoding proteins with Macpf domains is noteworthy because this domain is a signature of perforin and proteins in the terminal pathway. The results suggest that the major functions of the echinoid complement system are detection of foreign targets by the proteins that initiate the activation pathways resulting in opsonization by SpC3b fragments to augment phagocytosis and destruction of the foreign targets by the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Ryley S Crow
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Catherine S Schrankel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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de Boer ECW, Thielen AJF, Langereis JD, Kamp A, Brouwer MC, Oskam N, Jongsma ML, Baral AJ, Spaapen RM, Zeerleder S, Vidarsson G, Rispens T, Wouters D, Pouw RB, Jongerius I. The contribution of the alternative pathway in complement activation on cell surfaces depends on the strength of classical pathway initiation. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1436. [PMID: 36721662 PMCID: PMC9881211 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The complement system is an important component of innate immunity. The alternative pathway (AP) amplification loop is considered an essential feed forward mechanism for complement activation. However, the role of the AP in classical pathway (CP) activation has only been studied in ELISA settings. Here, we investigated its contribution on physiologically relevant surfaces of human cells and bacterial pathogens and in antibody-mediated complement activation, including in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) setting with autoantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs). Methods We evaluated the contribution of the AP to complement responses initiated through the CP on human RBCs by serum of AIHA patients and recombinant antibodies. Moreover, we studied complement activation on Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli. The effect of the AP was examined using either AP-depleted sera or antibodies against factor B and factor D. Results We show that the amplification loop is redundant when efficient CP activation takes place. This is independent of the presence of membrane-bound complement regulators. The role of the AP may become significant when insufficient CP complement activation occurs, but this depends on antibody levels and (sub)class. Our data indicate that therapeutic intervention in the amplification loop will most likely not be effective to treat antibody-mediated diseases. Conclusion The AP can be bypassed through efficient CP activation. The AP amplification loop has a role in complement activation during conditions of modest activation via the CP, when it can allow for efficient complement-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther CW de Boer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Astrid JF Thielen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, RadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Angela Kamp
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mieke C Brouwer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nienke Oskam
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L Jongsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - April J Baral
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Hematology, Luzerner KantonsspitalLuzern and University of BernBernSwitzerland,Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Centre for Infectious Disease ControlNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Sanquin Health SolutionsAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's HospitalAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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7
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Bechtler C, Koutsogiannaki S, Umnyakova E, Hamid A, Gautam A, Sarigiannis Y, Pouw RB, Lamers C, Rabbani S, Schmidt CQ, Lambris JD, Ricklin D. Complement-regulatory biomaterial coatings: Activity and selectivity profile of the factor H-binding peptide 5C6. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:123-138. [PMID: 36328123 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials in modern medicine has enabled advanced drug delivery strategies and led to reduced morbidity and mortality in a variety of interventions such as transplantation or hemodialysis. However, immune-mediated reactions still present a serious complication of these applications. One of the drivers of such reactions is the complement system, a central part of humoral innate immunity that acts as a first-in-line defense system in its own right but also coordinates other host defense responses. A major regulator of the complement system is the abundant plasma protein factor H (FH), which impairs the amplification of complement responses. Previously, we could show that it is possible to recruit FH to biomedical surfaces using the phage display-derived cyclic peptide 5C6 and, consequently, reduce deposition of C3b, an activation product of the complement system. However, the optimal orientation of 5C6 on surfaces, structural determinants within the peptide for the binding, and the exact binding region on FH remained unknown. Here, we show that the cyclic core and C-terminal region of 5C6 are essential for its interaction with FH and that coating through its N-terminus strongly increases FH recruitment and reduces C3-mediated opsonization in a microparticle-based assay. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that 5C6 selectively binds to FH but not to related proteins. The observation that 5C6 also binds murine FH raises the potential for translational evaluation in animal models. This work provides important insight for the future development of 5C6 as a probe or therapeutic entity to reduce complement activation on biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials have evolved into core technologies critical to biomedical and drug delivery applications alike, yet their safe and efficient use may be adversely impacted by immune responses to the foreign materials. Taking inspiration from microbial immune evasion strategies, our group developed a peptide-based surface coating that recruits factor H (FH), a host regulator of the complement system, from plasma to the material surface and prevents unwanted activation of this innate immunity pathway. In this study, we identified the molecular determinants that define the interaction between FH and the coated peptide, developed tethering strategies with largely enhanced binding capacity and provided important insight into the target selectivity and species specificity of the FH-binding peptide, thereby paving the way for preclinical development steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bechtler
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ekaterina Umnyakova
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amal Hamid
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yiannis Sarigiannis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lamers
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Molecular Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Thurman JM, Harrison RA. The susceptibility of the kidney to alternative pathway activation-A hypothesis. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:327-338. [PMID: 36369971 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The glomerulus is often the prime target of dysregulated alternative pathway (AP) activation. In particular, AP activation is the key driver of two severe kidney diseases: atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy. Both conditions are associated with a variety of predisposing molecular defects in AP regulation, such as genetic variants in complement regulators, autoantibodies targeting AP proteins, or autoantibodies that stabilize the AP convertases (C3- and C5-activating enzymes). It is noteworthy that these are systemic AP defects, yet in both diseases pathologic complement activation primarily affects the kidneys. In particular, AP activation is often limited to the glomerular capillaries. This tropism of AP-mediated inflammation for the glomerulus points to a unique interaction between AP proteins in plasma and this particular anatomic structure. In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data linking the molecular causes of aberrant control of the AP with activation in the glomerulus, and the possible causes of this tropism. Based on these data, we propose a model for why the kidney is so uniquely and frequently targeted in patients with AP defects. Finally, we discuss possible strategies for preventing pathologic AP activation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Gibson BG, Cox TE, Marchbank KJ. Contribution of animal models to the mechanistic understanding of Alternative Pathway and Amplification Loop (AP/AL)-driven Complement-mediated Diseases. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:194-216. [PMID: 36203396 PMCID: PMC10092198 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review aimed to capture the key findings that animal models have provided around the role of the alternative pathway and amplification loop (AP/AL) in disease. Animal models, particularly mouse models, have been incredibly useful to define the role of complement and the alternative pathway in health and disease; for instance, the use of cobra venom factor and depletion of C3 provided the initial insight that complement was essential to generate an appropriate adaptive immune response. The development of knockout mice have further underlined the importance of the AP/AL in disease, with the FH knockout mouse paving the way for the first anti-complement drugs. The impact from the development of FB, properdin, and C3 knockout mice closely follows this in terms of mechanistic understanding in disease. Indeed, our current understanding that complement plays a role in most conditions at one level or another is rooted in many of these in vivo studies. That C3, in particular, has roles beyond the obvious in innate and adaptive immunity, normal physiology, and cellular functions, with or without other recognized AP components, we would argue, only extends the reach of this arm of the complement system. Humanized mouse models also continue to play their part. Here, we argue that the animal models developed over the last few decades have truly helped define the role of the AP/AL in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth G. Gibson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical ScienceNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics CentreaHUS ServiceNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Thomas E. Cox
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical ScienceNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics CentreaHUS ServiceNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical ScienceNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics CentreaHUS ServiceNewcastle upon TyneUK
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10
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Renner B, Laskowski J, Poppelaars F, Ferreira VP, Blaine J, Antonioli AH, Hannan JP, Kovacs JM, van Kooten C, You Z, Pickering MC, Holers VM, Thurman JM. Factor H related proteins modulate complement activation on kidney cells. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1331-1344. [PMID: 36063874 PMCID: PMC9691546 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation at a particular location is determined by the balance of activating and inhibitory proteins. Factor H is a key regulator of the alternative pathway of complement, and genetic or acquired impairments in Factor H are associated with glomerular injury. The human Factor H-related proteins (FHRs) comprise a family of five proteins that are structurally related to Factor H. Variations in the genes or expression levels of the FHRs are also associated with glomerular disease, although the mechanisms of glomerular protection/injury are incompletely understood. To explore the role of the FHRs on complement regulation/dysregulation in the kidney, we expressed and purified recombinant murine FHRs (FHRs A, B, C and E). These four distinct FHRs contain binding regions with high amino acid sequence homology to binding regions within Factor H, but we observed different interactions of the FHRs with Factor H binding ligands, including heparin and C3d. There was differential binding of the FHRs to the resident kidney cell types (mesangial, glomerular endothelial, podocytes, and tubular epithelial). All four FHRs caused complement dysregulation on kidney cell surfaces in vitro, although the magnitude of the effect differed among the FHRs and also varied among the different kidney cells. However, only FHR E caused glomerular complement dysregulation when injected in vivo but did not exacerbate injury when injected into mice with ischemic acute kidney injury, an alternative pathway-mediated model. Thus, our experiments demonstrate that the FHRs have unique, and likely context-dependent, effects on the different cell types within the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Renner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Laskowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Judith Blaine
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jonathan P Hannan
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James M Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiying You
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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11
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Song J, Zhao R, Yan C, Luo S, Xi J, Ding P, Li L, Hu W, Zhao C. A Targeted Complement Inhibitor CRIg/FH Protects Against Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Rats via Immune Modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746068. [PMID: 35154091 PMCID: PMC8825366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-induced complement activation may cause injury of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and is thus considered as a primary pathogenic factor in human myasthenia gravis (MG) and animal models of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). In this study, we tested whether CRIg/FH, a targeted complement inhibitor, could attenuate NMJ injury in rat MG models. We first demonstrated that CRIg/FH could inhibit complement-dependent cytotoxicity on human rhabdomyosarcoma TE671 cells induced by MG patient-derived IgG in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic effect of CRIg/FH in a passive and an active EAMG rodent model. In both models, administration of CRIg/FH could significantly reduce the complement-mediated end-plate damage and suppress the development of EAMG. In the active EAMG model, we also found that CRIg/FH treatment remarkably reduced the serum concentration of autoantibodies and of the cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17, and upregulated the percentage of Treg cells in the spleen, which was further verified in vitro. Therefore, our findings indicate that CRIg/FH may hold the potential for the treatment of MG via immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Yan
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Sushan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Xi
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
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12
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Kamala O, Malik TH, Hallam TM, Cox TE, Yang Y, Vyas F, Luli S, Connelly C, Gibson B, Smith-Jackson K, Denton H, Pappworth IY, Huang L, Kavanagh D, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. Homodimeric Minimal Factor H: In Vivo Tracking and Extended Dosing Studies in Factor H Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752916. [PMID: 34956184 PMCID: PMC8696033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is associated with dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement and treatment options remain inadequate. Factor H (FH) is a potent regulator of the AP. An in-depth analysis of FH-related protein dimerised minimal (mini)-FH constructs has recently been published. This analysis showed that addition of a dimerisation module to mini-FH not only increased serum half-life but also improved complement regulatory function, thus providing a potential treatment option for C3G. Herein, we describe the production of a murine version of homodimeric mini-FH [mHDM-FH (mFH1-5^18-20^R1-2)], developed to reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody formation during long-term experiments in murine models of C3G and other complement-driven pathologies. Our analysis of mHDM-FH indicates that it binds with higher affinity and avidity to WT mC3b when compared to mouse (m)FH (mHDM-FH KD=505 nM; mFH KD=1370 nM) analogous to what we observed with the respective human proteins. The improved binding avidity resulted in enhanced complement regulatory function in haemolytic assays. Extended interval dosing studies in CFH-/- mice (5mg/kg every 72hrs) were partially effective and bio-distribution analysis in CFH-/- mice, through in vivo imaging technologies, demonstrates that mHDM-FH is preferentially deposited and remains fixed in the kidneys (and liver) for up to 4 days. Extended dosing using an AAV- human HDM-FH (hHDM-FH) construct achieved complete normalisation of C3 levels in CFH-/- mice for 3 months and was associated with a significant reduction in glomerular C3 staining. Our data demonstrate the ability of gene therapy delivery of mini-FH constructs to enhance complement regulation in vivo and support the application of this approach as a novel treatment strategy in diseases such as C3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Kamala
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Talat H. Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hallam
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Cox
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Yang
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Falguni Vyas
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Saimir Luli
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Connelly
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Gibson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Smith-Jackson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Denton
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Y. Pappworth
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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13
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Zhai L, Bell A, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Bollu L, Nguyen B, Genet M, Kim M, Chen P, Mi X, Wu JD, Schipma MJ, Wray B, Griffiths J, Unwin RD, Clark SJ, Acharya R, Bao R, Horbinski C, Lukas RV, Schiltz GE, Wainwright DA. Tumor Cell IDO Enhances Immune Suppression and Decreases Survival Independent of Tryptophan Metabolism in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6514-6528. [PMID: 34479957 PMCID: PMC8639612 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary brain tumor that has not benefited from immunotherapy to date. More than 90% of GBM expresses the tryptophan (Trp) metabolic enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO). This observation supported the historical hypothesis that IDO suppresses the antitumor immune response solely through a mechanism that requires intratumoral Trp depletion. However, recent findings led us to investigate the alternative hypothesis that IDO suppresses the anti-GBM immune response independent of its association with Trp metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IDO-deficient GBM cell lines reconstituted with IDO wild-type or IDO enzyme-null cDNA were created and validated in vitro and in vivo. Microarray analysis was conducted to search for genes that IDO regulates, followed by the analysis of human GBM cell lines, patient GBM and plasma, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Ex vivo cell coculture assays, syngeneic and humanized mouse GBM models, were used to test the alternative hypothesis. RESULTS Nonenzymic tumor cell IDO activity decreased the survival of experimental animals and increased the expression of complement factor H (CFH) and its isoform, factor H like protein 1 (FHL-1) in human GBM. Tumor cell IDO increased CFH and FHL-1 expression independent of Trp metabolism. Increased intratumoral CFH and FHL-1 levels were associated with poorer survival among patients with glioma. Similar to IDO effects, GBM cell FHL-1 expression increased intratumoral regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells while it decreased overall survival in mice with GBM. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a nonmetabolic IDO-mediated enhancement of CFH expression and provides a new therapeutic target for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - April Bell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lakshmi Bollu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brenda Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinlei Mi
- Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian Wray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Griffiths
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Clark
- University Eye Clinic, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Acharya
- University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Riyue Bao
- University of Pittsburgh Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rimas V Lukas
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Department of Chemistry, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Li J, Shen Y, Tian H, Xie S, Ji Y, Li Z, Lu J, Lu H, Liu B, Liu F. The role of complement factor H in gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:562. [PMID: 34404360 PMCID: PMC8369714 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement factor H (CFH) has been found to be associated with insulin resistance. This study assessed the correlation between CFH and other clinical parameters, and determined whether CFH played a role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS A total of 397 pregnant women were included for analysis in this nested case-control study. Clinical parameters and serum were collected within the 11-17th gestational age at the first prenatal visit. At 24-28 weeks of gestation, a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and subjects were divided into a GDM (n = 80) and a non-GDM control group (n = 317). The delivery data were also followed. The serum CFH level was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS CFH was higher in GDM than in non-GDM controls (280.02 [58.60] vs. 264.20 [68.77]; P = 0.014). CFH level was moderately associated with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), BMI and total triglycerides (TG), and slightly associated with gestational age, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) in GDM and non-GDM (all P < 0.05). Moreover, CFH level was moderately correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and slightly correlated with age, uric acid (UA) and total bilirubin (TB) in non-GDM (all P < 0.05). After adjustment for clinical confounding factors, BMI, TG, gestational age, ALP, TB, age and UA were independent risk factors for log10 CFH levels (all P < 0.05) in all subjects. In addition, overweight or obese pregnant women, women with hypertriglyceridemia and women in the second trimester had significantly higher CFH levels than normal weight and underweight group (P < 0.001), the non-hypertriglyceridemia group (P < 0.001) and women in the first trimester group (P < 0.05) in all pregnant women respectively. Following binary logistic regression, CFH was not independently associated with GDM and related pregnant outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The CFH in 11-17th weeks of gestation might be affected by many factors, including BMI, TG, gestational age, ALP, TB, age and UA. CFH was not an independent risk factor for GDM and avderse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215228, China
| | - Hairong Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jin Shan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Shuting Xie
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jin Shan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jin Shan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Junxi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Huijuan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jin Shan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center of Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Diabetes, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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15
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Casiraghi F, Ordonez PYR, Azzollini N, Todeschini M, Rottoli D, Donadelli R, Gramignoli R, Benigni A, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Amnion epithelial cells are an effective source of factor H and prevent kidney complement deposition in factor H-deficient mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:332. [PMID: 34112227 PMCID: PMC8194190 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (FH) is the main plasma regulator of the alternative pathway of complement. Genetic and acquired abnormalities in FH cause uncontrolled complement activation amplifying, with the consequent accumulation of complement components on the renal glomeruli. This leads to conditions such as C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). There is no effective therapy for these diseases. Half of the patients progress to end-stage renal disease and the condition recurs frequently in transplanted kidneys. Combined liver/kidney transplantation is a valid option for these patients, but the risks of the procedure and donor organ shortages hamper its clinical application. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies for providing a normal FH supply. Human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC) have stem cell characteristics, including the capability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vivo.Here, we administered hAEC into the livers of newborn Cfh-/- mice, which spontaneously developed glomerular complement deposition and renal lesions resembling human C3G. hAEC engrafted at low levels in the livers of Cfh-/- mice and produced sufficient human FH to prevent complement activation and glomerular C3 and C9 deposition. However, long-term engraftment was not achieved, and eventually hAEC elicited a humoral immune response in immunocompetent Cfh-/- mice.hAEC cell therapy could be a valuable therapeutic option for patients undergoing kidney transplantation in whom post-transplant immunosuppression may protect allogeneic hAEC from rejection, while allogeneic cells provide normal FH to prevent disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Casiraghi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy.
| | | | - Nadia Azzollini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marta Todeschini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Rottoli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberta Donadelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via GB Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo, Italy
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16
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Song H, Zhang M, Li X, Xu F, Zhang D, Zhu X, Zhang J, Qin W, Shi S, Wen J. Generation and Characterization of Mouse Models of C3 Glomerulonephritis With CFI D288G and P467S Mutations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649801. [PMID: 34149444 PMCID: PMC8209374 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 glomerulopathy (C3GP) is a disease entity caused by abnormality of the complement alternative pathway (AP) and characterized by C3 deposition in glomeruli. Many variations or mutations of complement factors are believed to underlie the susceptibility to C3GP, but there is a lack of experimental evidence. We have recently reported a patient with C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) and compound heterozygosity of two novel variations in the complement factor (CFI). Here, we generated a mouse model to mimic the CFI variations for studying pathogenicity of CFI variations in C3GN development. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to make mutant mouse lines that carried D288G and P467S mutations in CFI, respectively, and crossed them to generate mice with compound heterozygosity of CFI D288G and P467S. The mice were all normal in either SPF (specific pathogen free) or regular environment. When treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin that mimics infection and sepsis, the mice developed albuminuria, kidney function impairment, and C3 glomerular deposition at levels comparable with the wild-type mice. The mice with other genotypes concerning CFI D288G and P467S were also tested in parallel. Unexpectedly, we found that the D288G homozygotes all developed severe mesangial deposition of C3 in the LPS model, indicating that CFI D288G variation was involved in the C3 deposition, a key feature of C3GN. The mouse lines generated in the present study can be used to further study the role of CFI variations in C3GN development; in addition, they may be used to screen and test infections and environmental factors capable of triggering C3GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Difei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weisong Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiqiu Wen
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Poppelaars F, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Jongerius I, Baeumner AJ, Steiner MS, Józsi M, Toonen EJM, Pauly D. A Family Affair: Addressing the Challenges of Factor H and the Related Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660194. [PMID: 33868311 PMCID: PMC8044877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common denominator of diseases. The complement system, an intrinsic part of the innate immune system, is a key driver of inflammation in numerous disorders. Recently, a family of proteins has been suggested to be of vital importance in conditions characterized by complement dysregulation: the human Factor H (FH) family. This group of proteins consists of FH, Factor H-like protein 1 and five Factor H-related proteins. The FH family has been linked to infectious, vascular, eye, kidney and autoimmune diseases. In contrast to FH, the functions of the other highly homologous proteins are largely unknown and, hence, their role in the different disease-specific pathogenic mechanisms remains elusive. In this perspective review, we address the major challenges ahead in this emerging area, including 1) the controversies about the functional roles of the FH protein family, 2) the discrepancies in quantification of the FH protein family, 3) the unmet needs for validated tools and 4) limitations of animal models. Next, we also discuss the opportunities that exist for the immunology community. A strong multidisciplinary approach is required to solve these obstacles and is only possible through interdisciplinary collaboration between biologists, chemists, geneticists and physicians. We position this review in light of our own perspective, as principal investigators of the SciFiMed Consortium, a consortium aiming to create a comprehensive analytical system for the quantitative and functional assessment of the entire FH protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo-and Biosensors, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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18
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de Jong S, Gagliardi G, Garanto A, de Breuk A, Lechanteur YTE, Katti S, van den Heuvel LP, Volokhina EB, den Hollander AI. Implications of genetic variation in the complement system in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100952. [PMID: 33610747 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of vision loss among the elderly in the Western world. While AMD is a multifactorial disease, the complement system was identified as one of the main pathways contributing to disease risk. The strong link between the complement system and AMD was demonstrated by genetic associations, and by elevated complement activation in local eye tissue and in the systemic circulation of AMD patients. Several complement inhibitors have been and are being explored in clinical trials, but thus far with limited success, leaving the majority of AMD patients without treatment options to date. This indicates that there is still a gap of knowledge regarding the functional implications of the complement system in AMD pathogenesis and how to bring these towards clinical translation. Many different experimental set-ups and disease models have been used to study complement activation in vivo and in vitro, and recently emerging patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and genome-editing techniques open new opportunities to study AMD disease mechanisms and test new therapeutic strategies in the future. In this review we provide an extensive overview of methods employed to understand the molecular processes of complement activation in AMD pathogenesis. We discuss the findings, advantages and challenges of each approach and conclude with an outlook on how recent, exciting developments can fill in current knowledge gaps and can aid in the development of effective complement-targeting therapeutic strategies in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Gagliardi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anita de Breuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yara T E Lechanteur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suresh Katti
- Gemini Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena B Volokhina
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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19
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Skerka C, Pradel G, Halder LD, Zipfel PF, Zipfel SLH, Strauß O. Factor H-related protein 1: a complement regulatory protein and guardian of necrotic-type surfaces. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2823-2831. [PMID: 33085794 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1) is a member of the factor H protein family, which is involved in regulating innate immune complement reactions. Genetic modification of the encoding gene, CFHR1 on human chromosome 1, is involved in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, C3 glomerulopathy and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, indicating an important role for FHR-1 in human health. Recent research data demonstrate that FHR-1 levels increase in IgA nephropathy and anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) vasculitis and that FHR-1 induces strong inflammation in monocytes on necrotic-type surfaces, suggesting a complement-independent role. These new results increase our knowledge about the role of this complement protein in pathology and provide a new therapeutic target, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases induced by necrosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about FHR-1 and discusses its role in complement reactions and inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Svante L H Zipfel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Liao H, Klaus C, Neumann H. Control of Innate Immunity by Sialic Acids in the Nervous Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155494. [PMID: 32752058 PMCID: PMC7432451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are the most abundant terminal sugar residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells. The nervous tissue is the organ with the highest expression level of Sias. The ‘sialylation’ of glycoconjugates is performed via sialyltransferases, whereas ‘desialylation’ is done by sialidases or is a possible consequence of oxidative damage. Sialic acid residues on the neural cell surfaces inhibit complement and microglial activation, as well as phagocytosis of the underlying structures, via binding to (i) complement factor H (CFH) or (ii) sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (SIGLEC) receptors. In contrast, activated microglial cells show sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, and further stimulates innate immunity via microglia and complement activation. The desialylation conveys neurons to become susceptible to phagocytosis, as well as triggers a microglial phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst and inflammation. Dysfunctions of the ‘Sia–SIGLEC’ and/or ‘Sia–complement’ axes often lead to neurological diseases. Thus, Sias on glycoconjugates of the intact glycocalyx and its desialylation are major regulators of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Neumann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-6885-500; Fax: +49-228-6885-501
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21
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Li X, Hao Z, Liu X, Li W. Deficiency of Mouse FHR-1 Homolog, FHR-E, Accelerates Sepsis, and Acute Kidney Injury Through Enhancing the LPS-Induced Alternative Complement Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1123. [PMID: 32636836 PMCID: PMC7316958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative complement pathway (AP) plays an important role in the development of sepsis, which is life threatening. Deficiency of factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1), which is a regulator of AP, has been considered as a susceptible factor for atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and other types of nephropathy when an inducer such as infection exists. However, the underlying mechanism of the disease development is largely unknown. There is no report on CFHR1 gene knockout in any animal infection model and its function in vivo is still unclear. Here, a Cfhr1 knockout mouse was generated for investigating AP in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). We found that murine FHR-1 homolog (FHR-E) deficiency enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AP activation both in vitro and in vivo and that Cfhr1 knockout mice exhibited more severe sepsis and AKI in response to LPS challenge. These results indicated that FHR-E deficiency promoted LPS-induced sepsis and AKI through AP over-activation, providing a mouse model for studying AP regulation and sepsis. This study revealed the function of FHR-E in vivo, which may further provide hints to the pathogenesis of FHR-1 deficiency-related diseases by enhancing LPS-induced AP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China.,Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China.,Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing, China.,Genetics and Birth Defects Control Center, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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22
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Halkjær L, Troldborg A, Pedersen H, Jensen L, Hansen AG, Hansen TK, Bjerre M, Østergaard JA, Thiel S. Complement Receptor 2 Based Immunoassay Measuring Activation of the Complement System at C3-Level in Plasma Samples From Mice and Humans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:774. [PMID: 32431705 PMCID: PMC7214740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed at establishing a sensitive and robust assay for estimation of systemic complement activation at complement component C3 level in mouse and human plasma samples. In order to capture the activation products iC3b and C3dg in a specific and physiological relevant manner we utilized a construct consisting of the iC3b/C3dg-binding site of human complement receptor 2 (CR2) attached to an Fc-part of mouse IgG. This construct binds C3dg and iC3b from both mice and humans. We purified the CR2-IgG construct from mouse B myeloma cell line supernatants, J558L-CR2-IgG, by protein G affinity chromatography. The CR2-IgG construct was used for capturing C3 fragments in microtiter wells and an anti-mouse or an anti-human-C3 antibody was used for detection of bound C3 fragments. Initially we tested the specificity of the assays with the use of purified C3 fragments. Further, with the use of the CR2-based assay, we measured an up to three-fold higher signal in activated mouse serum as compared to non-activated mouse serum, whereas activated serum from a C3 knock-out mouse gave no signal. We tested in vivo generated samples from a mouse experiment; complement activation was induced by injecting cobra venom factor or heat aggregated IgG into C57bl6 mice, followed by withdrawal of EDTA blood samples at different time points and measurement of iC3b/C3dg. We observed a clear time-dependent distinction in signals between samples with expected high and low complement activation. Furthermore, with the use of the assay for human C3 fragments, we observed that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 144) had significantly higher iC3b/C3dg levels as compared to healthy individuals (n = 144) (p < 0.0001). We present two functional immunoassays, that are able to measure systemic levels of the C3-activation products iC3b and C3dg in mice and humans. To our knowledge, these are the first assays for complement activation that use a physiological relevant capture construct such as CR2. These assays will be a relevant tool when investigating mouse models and human diseases involving the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Halkjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Troldborg
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Bjerre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Appel Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Shi Y, Yao W, Sun L, Li G, Liu H, Ding P, Hu W, Xu H. The new complement inhibitor CRIg/FH ameliorates lupus nephritis in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:424. [PMID: 31752725 PMCID: PMC6873683 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds The aberrant activation of complement system is critically involved in lupus nephropathy. Recent study showed complement C3 inhibitor was effective in the treatment of lupus nephropathy. In this study, we investigate the effect of a novel complement C3 inhibitor, CRIg/FH, in the treatment of lupus nephropathy in MRL/lpr lupus mice. Methods We treated MRL/lpr female mice with a dose escalation of CRIg/FH (10, 5 and 2 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection twice weekly since 12 weeks age. In addition, MRL/lpr mice treated with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline or oral prednisone, along with C57BL/6 J healthy mice were maintained to serve as controls. We started 8-h urine collection weekly to screen proteinuria by measuring the levels of urine urea/creatinine. Serum samples was collected at week 16 and 20 to measure levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and immunological markers (C3, C4, A-ds-DNA) before the mice were sacrificed at 20 weeks age to collect kidneys for histopathological examinations. Results Overt skin lesions were observed in MRL/lpr mice treated with normal saline, while skin lesion was not observed in CRIg/FH treated MRL/lpr mice. There was no overt proteinuria observed in MRL/lpr mice treated with CRIg/FH. Serum creatinine and BUN levels in MRL/lpr mice was maintained in highest CRIg/FH dose (10 mg/kg twice a week) to be significantly lower than that in prednisone treated MRL/lpr mice at 20 weeks age. In addition, CRIg/FH treatment in MRL/lpr mice results in a significantly elevated serum C3 and C4 levels when compared to prednisone treatment at both 16 and 20 weeks. Furthermore, our study identified that serum level of A-ds-DNA was also significantly lower in CRIg/FH treatment than that in predisone treated MRL/lpr mice. Renal pathology confirmed that kidneys from CRIg/FH treated MRL/lpr mice suffered less from nephritis and complement disposition. Conclusion Our results showed that the complement inhibitor CRIg/FH can protect MRL/lpr mice from lupus nephropathy by preserving renal function and glomerulus complement activation. Our findings support the positive effect of complement inhibitors in the treatment of lupus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Wen Yao
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Li Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Guomin Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hong Xu
- Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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24
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Complement activation and regulation in rheumatic disease. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Escamilla-Rivera V, Solorio-Rodríguez A, Uribe-Ramírez M, Lozano O, Lucas S, Chagolla-López A, Winkler R, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A. Plasma protein adsorption on Fe 3O 4-PEG nanoparticles activates the complement system and induces an inflammatory response. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2055-2067. [PMID: 30988608 PMCID: PMC6438142 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s192214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) interaction with the body milieu is crucial to guarantee their efficiency and biocompatibility in nanomedicine. Polymer coating to IONP, with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is an accepted strategy to prevent toxicity and excessive protein binding. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the feature of IONP adsorption of complement proteins, their activation and consequent inflammatory response as a strategy to further elucidate their biocompatibility. METHODS Three types of IONP with different surface characteristics were used: bare (IONP-bare), coated with PVP (IONP-PVP) and PEG-coated (IONP-PEG). IONPs were incubated with human plasma and adsorbed proteins were identified. BALB/c mice were intravenously exposed to IONP to evaluate complement activation and proinflammatory response. RESULTS Protein corona fingerprinting showed that PEG surface around IONP promoted a selective adsorption of complement recognition molecules which would be responsible for the complement system activation. Furthermore, IONP-PEG activated in vitro, the complement system and induced a substantial increment of C3a and C4a anaphylatoxins while IONP-bare and IONP-PVP did not. In vivo IONP-PEG induced an increment in complement activation markers (C5a and C5b-9), and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). CONCLUSION The engineering of nanoparticles must incorporate the association between complement proteins and nanomedicines, which will regulate the immunostimulatory effects through a selective adsorption of plasma proteins and will enable a safer application of IONP in human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Escamilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México,
| | - A Solorio-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México,
| | - M Uribe-Ramírez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México,
| | - O Lozano
- Namur Nanosafety Centre, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - S Lucas
- Namur Nanosafety Centre, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Research Centre for the Physics of Matter and Radiation, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - A Chagolla-López
- Departmento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
| | - R Winkler
- Departmento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Mass Spectrometry Group, Beutenberg Campus, Jena, Germany
| | - A De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México,
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26
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Ma H, Liu C, Shi B, Zhang Z, Feng R, Guo M, Lu L, Shi S, Gao X, Chen W, Sun L. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Control Complement C5 Activation by Factor H in Lupus Nephritis. EBioMedicine 2018; 32:21-30. [PMID: 29885865 PMCID: PMC6020800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) caused by uncontrolled activation of the complement system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit clinical efficacy for severe LN in our previous studies, but the underlying mechanisms of MSCs regulating complement activation remain largely unknown. Here we show that significantly elevated C5a and C5b-9 were found in patients with LN, which were notably correlated with proteinuria and different renal pathological indexes of LN. MSCs suppressed systemic and intrarenal activation of C5, increased the plasma levels of factor H (FH), and ameliorated renal disease in lupus mice. Importantly, MSCs transplantation up-regulated the decreased FH in patients with LN. Mechanistically, interferon-α enhanced the secretion of FH by MSCs. These data demonstrate that MSCs inhibit the activation of pathogenic C5 via up-regulation of FH, which improves our understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuoya Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihai Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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27
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Koskinen AR, Cheng ZZ, Pickering MC, Kairemo K, Meri T, Cook HT, Meri S, Jokiranta TS. Distribution of exogenous complement factor H in mice in vivo. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12671. [PMID: 29706017 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Factor H is an important regulator of complement activation in plasma and on cell surfaces in both humans and mice. If FH function is compromised, inappropriate complement activation on self-surfaces can have disastrous effects as seen in the kidney diseases atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy. As FH constructs have been proposed to be used in treatment for these diseases, we studied the distribution of exogenous FH fragments in mice. Full-length mFH, mFH1-5 and mFH18-20 fragments were radiolabelled, and their distribution was examined in WT, FH-/- and FH-/- C3-/- mice in vivo. Whole body scintigraphy revealed accumulation of radioactivity in the abdominal part of the mice, but also to the thyroid gland and urinary bladder. At organ level in WT mice, some full-length FH accumulated in internal organs, but most of it remained in the circulation. Both of the mFH fragments accumulated in the kidneys and were excreted in urine. For mFH1-5, urinary secretion is the likely cause for the accumulation. Concentration of mFH18-20 to kidneys was slower, and at tissue level, mFH18-20 was localized at the proximal tubuli in WT and FH-/- C3-/- mice. No C3-independent binding to glomeruli was detected. In conclusion, these results show that glomerular glycosaminoglycans and sialic acids alone do not collect FH in kidneys. Deposition of C3 fragments is also needed, which implies that in aHUS, the problem is in simultaneous recognition of C3 fragments and glycosaminoglycans or sialic acids by FH, not just the inability of FH to recognize glomerular endothelium as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Koskinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Z-Z Cheng
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M C Pickering
- Center for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Kairemo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H T Cook
- Center for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T S Jokiranta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Ledeen RW, Kopitz J, Abad-Rodríguez J, Gabius HJ. Glycan Chains of Gangliosides: Functional Ligands for Tissue Lectins (Siglecs/Galectins). PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:289-324. [PMID: 29747818 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signals on the cell surface are responsible for adhesion and communication. Of relevance in this respect, their chemical properties endow carbohydrates with the capacity to store a maximum of information in a minimum of space. One way to present glycans on the cell surface is their covalent conjugation to a ceramide anchor. Among the resulting glycosphingolipids, gangliosides are special due to the presence of at least one sialic acid in the glycan chains. Their spatial accessibility and the dynamic regulation of their profile are factors that argue in favor of a role of glycans of gangliosides as ligands (counterreceptors) for carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). Indeed, as discovered first for a bacterial toxin, tissue lectins bind gangliosides and mediate contact formation (trans) and signaling (cis). While siglecs have a preference for higher sialylated glycans, certain galectins also target the monosialylated pentasaccharide of ganglioside GM1. Enzymatic interconversion of ganglioside glycans by sialidase action, relevant for neuroblastoma cell differentiation and growth control in vitro, for axonogenesis and axon regeneration, as well as for proper communication between effector and regulatory T cells, changes lectin-binding affinity profoundly. The GD1a-to-GM1 "editing" is recognized by such lectins, for example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (siglec-4) losing affinity and galectin-1 gaining reactivity, and then translated into postbinding signaling. Orchestrations of loss/gain of affinity, of ganglioside/lectin expression, and of lectin presence in a network offer ample opportunities for fine-tuning. Thus glycans of gangliosides such as GD1a and GM1 are functional counterreceptors by a pairing with tissue lectins, an emerging aspect of ganglioside and lectin functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cserhalmi M, Csincsi ÁI, Mezei Z, Kopp A, Hebecker M, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The Murine Factor H-Related Protein FHR-B Promotes Complement Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1145. [PMID: 28974948 PMCID: PMC5610720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor H-related (FHR) proteins consist of varying number of complement control protein domains that display various degrees of sequence identity to respective domains of the alternative pathway complement inhibitor factor H (FH). While such FHR proteins are described in several species, only human FHRs were functionally investigated. Their biological role is still poorly understood and in part controversial. Recent studies on some of the human FHRs strongly suggest a role for FHRs in enhancing complement activation via competing with FH for binding to certain ligands and surfaces. The aim of the current study was the functional characterization of a murine FHR, FHR-B. To this end, FHR-B was expressed in recombinant form. Recombinant FHR-B bound to human C3b and was able to compete with human FH for C3b binding. FHR-B supported the assembly of functionally active C3bBb alternative pathway C3 convertase via its interaction with C3b. This activity was confirmed by demonstrating C3 activation in murine serum. In addition, FHR-B bound to murine pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and this interaction resulted in murine C3 fragment deposition due to enhanced complement activation in mouse serum. FHR-B also induced C3 deposition on C-reactive protein, the extracellular matrix (ECM) extract Matrigel, and endothelial cell-derived ECM when exposed to mouse serum. Moreover, mouse C3 deposition was strongly enhanced on necrotic Jurkat T cells and the mouse B cell line A20 by FHR-B. FHR-B also induced lysis of sheep erythrocytes when incubated in mouse serum with FHR-B added in excess. Altogether, these data demonstrate that, similar to human FHR-1 and FHR-5, mouse FHR-B modulates complement activity by promoting complement activation via interaction with C3b and via competition with murine FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Cserhalmi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Csincsi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mezei
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Kopp
- Junior Research Group for Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Hebecker
- Junior Research Group for Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sanchez-Larrayoz AF, Elhosseiny NM, Chevrette MG, Fu Y, Giunta P, Spallanzani RG, Ravi K, Pier GB, Lory S, Maira-Litrán T. Complexity of Complement Resistance Factors Expressed by Acinetobacter baumannii Needed for Survival in Human Serum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2803-2814. [PMID: 28855313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterial pathogen with increasing impact in healthcare settings, due in part to this organism's resistance to many antimicrobial agents, with pneumonia and bacteremia as the most common manifestations of disease. A significant proportion of clinically relevant A. baumannii strains are resistant to killing by normal human serum (NHS), an observation supported in this study by showing that 12 out of 15 genetically diverse strains of A. baumannii are resistant to NHS killing. To expand our understanding of the genetic basis of A. baumannii serum resistance, a transposon (Tn) sequencing (Tn-seq) approach was used to identify genes contributing to this trait. An ordered Tn library in strain AB5075 with insertions in every nonessential gene was subjected to selection in NHS. We identified 50 genes essential for the survival of A. baumannii in NHS, including already known serum resistance factors, and many novel genes not previously associated with serum resistance. This latter group included the maintenance of lipid asymmetry genetic pathway as a key determinant in protecting A. baumannii from the bactericidal activity of NHS via the alternative complement pathway. Follow-up studies validated the role of eight additional genes identified by Tn-seq in A. baumannii resistance to killing by NHS but not by normal mouse serum, highlighting the human species specificity of A. baumannii serum resistance. The identification of a large number of genes essential for serum resistance in A. baumannii indicates the degree of complexity needed for this phenotype, which might reflect a general pattern that pathogens rely on to cause serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaro F Sanchez-Larrayoz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Noha M Elhosseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Giunta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Raúl G Spallanzani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Keerthikka Ravi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Stephen Lory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tomás Maira-Litrán
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Role of the immune system in cardiac tissue damage and repair following myocardial infarction. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:739-751. [PMID: 28600668 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system plays a crucial role in the initiation, development, and resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI). The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes the death of cardiomyocytes and leads to the exposure of danger-associated molecular patterns that are recognized by the immune system to initiate inflammation. RESULTS At the initial stage of post-MI inflammation, the immune system further damages cardiac tissue to clear cell debris. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by immune cells and the inability of the anti-oxidant system to neutralize ROS cause oxidative stress that further aggravates inflammation. On the other hand, the cells of both innate and adaptive immune system and their secreted factors are critically instrumental in the very dynamic and complex processes of regulating inflammation and mediating cardiac repair. CONCLUSIONS It is important to decipher the balance between detrimental and beneficial effects of the immune system in MI. This enables us to identify better therapeutic targets for reducing the infarct size, sustaining the cardiac function, and minimizing the likelihood of heart failure. This review discusses the role of both innate and adaptive immune systems in cardiac tissue damage and repair in experimental models of MI.
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Józsi M. Factor H Family Proteins in Complement Evasion of Microorganisms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:571. [PMID: 28572805 PMCID: PMC5435753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic microbes possess various means to avoid destruction by our immune system. These include interactions with the host complement system that may facilitate pathogen entry into cells and tissues, expression of molecules that defuse the effector complement components and complexes, and acquisition of host complement inhibitors to downregulate complement activity on the surface of the pathogen. A growing number of pathogenic microorganisms have acquired the ability to bind the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) from body fluids and thus hijack its host protecting function. In addition to FH, binding of FH-related (FHR) proteins was also demonstrated for several microbes. Initial studies assumed that these proteins are complement inhibitors similar to FH. However, recent evidence suggests that FHR proteins may rather enhance complement activation both directly and also by competing with the inhibitor FH for binding to certain ligands and surfaces. This mini review focuses on the role of the main alternative pathway regulator FH in host–pathogen interactions, as well as on the emerging role of the FHR proteins as enhancers of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Józsi
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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On the value of therapeutic interventions targeting the complement system in acute myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2017; 182:103-122. [PMID: 27810412 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in the inflammatory response subsequent to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study is to create a systematic overview of studies that have investigated therapeutic administration of complement inhibitors in both AMI animal models and human clinical trials. To enable extrapolation of observations from included animal studies toward post-AMI clinical trials, ex vivo studies on isolated hearts and proof-of-principle studies on inhibitor administration before experimental AMI induction were excluded. Positive therapeutic effects in AMI animal models have been described for cobra venom factor, soluble complement receptor 1, C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-inh), FUT-175, C1s-inhibitor, anti-C5, ADC-1004, clusterin, and glycosaminoglycans. Two types of complement inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials, being C1-inh and anti-C5. Pexelizumab (anti-C5) did not result in reproducible beneficial effects for AMI patients. Beneficial effects were reported in AMI patients for C1-inhibitor, albeit in small patient groups. In general, despite the absence of consistent positive effects in clinical trials thus far, the complement system remains a potentially interesting target for therapy in AMI patients. Based on the study designs of previous animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss several issues which require attention in the design of future studies: adjustment of clinical trial design to precise mechanism of action of administered inhibitor, optimizing the duration of therapy, and optimization of time point(s) on which therapeutic effects will be evaluated.
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Lubbers R, van Essen MF, van Kooten C, Trouw LA. Production of complement components by cells of the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:183-194. [PMID: 28249350 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune defence. It contributes not only to local inflammation, removal and killing of pathogens, but it also assists in shaping of the adaptive immune response. Besides a role in inflammation, complement is also involved in physiological processes such as waste disposal and developmental programmes. The complement system comprises several soluble and membrane-bound proteins. The bulk of the soluble proteins is produced mainly by the liver. While several complement proteins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, other complement proteins are produced by only a few related cell types. As these data suggest that local production by specific cell types may have specific functions, more detailed studies have been employed recently analysing the local and even intracellular role of these complement proteins. Here we review the current knowledge about extrahepatic production and/or secretion of complement components. More specifically, we address what is known about complement synthesis by cells of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lubbers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M F van Essen
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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35
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The s48/45 six-cysteine proteins: mediators of interaction throughout the Plasmodium life cycle. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:409-423. [PMID: 27899328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During their life cycle Plasmodium parasites rely upon an arsenal of proteins that establish key interactions with the host and vector, and between the parasite sexual stages, with the purpose of ensuring infection, reproduction and proliferation. Among these is a group of secreted or membrane-anchored proteins known as the six-cysteine (6-cys) family. This is a small but important family with only 14 members thus far identified, each stage-specifically expressed during the parasite life cycle. 6-cys proteins often localise at the parasite surface or interface with the host and vector, and are conserved in different Plasmodium species. The unifying feature of the family is the s48/45 domain, presumably involved in adhesion and structurally related to Ephrins, the ligands of Eph receptors. The most prominent s48/45 members are currently under functional investigation and are being pursued as vaccine candidates. In this review, we examine what is known about the 6-cys family, their structure and function, and discuss future research directions.
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36
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Arachchillage DRJ, Mackie IJ, Efthymiou M, Chitolie A, Hunt BJ, Isenberg DA, Khamashta M, Machin SJ, Cohen H. Rivaroxaban limits complement activation compared with warfarin in antiphospholipid syndrome patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2177-2186. [PMID: 27541499 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Complement activation has a pathogenic role in thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Coagulation proteases such as factor Xa can activate complement proteins. Complement activation markers were elevated in anticoagulated thrombotic APS patients. Complement activation decreased in APS patients switching from warfarin to rivaroxaban. SUMMARY Background Complement activation may play a major role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Coagulation proteases such as factor Xa can activate complement proteins. Aims To establish whether rivaroxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, limits complement activation compared with warfarin in APS patients with previous venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods A total of 111 APS patients with previous VTE, on warfarin target INR 2.5, had blood samples taken at baseline and at day 42 after randomization in the RAPS (Rivaroxaban in Antiphospholipid Syndrome) trial. Fifty-six patients remained on warfarin and 55 switched to rivaroxaban. Fifty-five normal controls (NC) were also studied. Markers of complement activation (C3a, C5a, terminal complement complex [SC5b-9] and Bb fragment) were assessed. Results APS patients had significantly higher complement activation markers compared with NC at both time-points irrespective of the anticoagulant. There were no differences between the two patient groups at baseline, or patients remaining on warfarin at day 42. In 55 patients randomized to rivaroxaban, C3a, C5a and SC5b-9 were lower at day 42 (median (ng mL-1 ) [confidence interval] 64 [29-125] vs. 83 [35-147], 9 [2-15] vs. 12 [4-18] and 171 [56-245] vs. 201 [66-350], respectively) but levels of Bb fragment were unchanged. There were no correlations between rivaroxaban levels and complement activation markers. Conclusions APS patients with previous VTE on warfarin exhibit increased complement activation, which is likely to occur via the classical pathway and is decreased by rivaroxaban administration. Rivaroxaban may therefore potentially provide an additional benefit to its anticoagulant effect in this patient group by limiting complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R J Arachchillage
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - I J Mackie
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Efthymiou
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Chitolie
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - B J Hunt
- Thrombosis and Haemophilia, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - D A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Khamashta
- Lupus Research Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - S J Machin
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - H Cohen
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Biryukov S, Angov E, Landmesser ME, Spring MD, Ockenhouse CF, Stoute JA. Complement and Antibody-mediated Enhancement of Red Blood Cell Invasion and Growth of Malaria Parasites. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:207-216. [PMID: 27333049 PMCID: PMC4972486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a deadly pathogen. The invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites is a target for vaccine development. Although anti-merozoite antibodies can block invasion in vitro, there is no efficacy in vivo. To explain this discrepancy we hypothesized that complement activation could enhance RBC invasion by binding to the complement receptor 1 (CR1). Here we show that a monoclonal antibody directed against the merozoite and human polyclonal IgG from merozoite vaccine recipients enhanced RBC invasion in a complement-dependent manner and that soluble CR1 inhibited this enhancement. Sialic acid-independent strains, that presumably are able to bind to CR1 via a native ligand, showed less complement-dependent enhancement of RBC invasion than sialic acid-dependent strains that do not utilize native CR1 ligands. Confocal fluorescent microscopy revealed that complement-dependent invasion resulted in aggregation of CR1 at the RBC surface in contact with the merozoite. Finally, total anti-P. berghei IgG enhanced parasite growth and C3 deficiency decreased parasite growth in mice. These results demonstrate, contrary to current views, that complement activation in conjunction with antibodies can paradoxically aid parasites invade RBCs and should be considered in future design and testing of merozoite vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Evelina Angov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | - Mary E Landmesser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Michele D Spring
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | | | - José A Stoute
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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38
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Berger BE. The Alternative Pathway of Complement and the Evolving Clinical-Pathophysiological Spectrum of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:177-90. [PMID: 27524217 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Complement-mediated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) comprises approximately 90% of cases of aHUS, and results from dysregulation of endothelial-anchored complement activation with resultant endothelial damage. The discovery of biomarker ADAMTS13 has enabled a more accurate diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and an appreciation of overlapping clinical features of TTP and aHUS. Given our present understanding of the pathogenic pathways involved in aHUS, it is unlikely that a specific test will be developed. Rather the use of biomarker data, complement functional analyses, genomic analyses and clinical presentation will be required to diagnose aHUS. This approach would serve to clarify whether a thrombotic microangiopathy present in a complement-amplifying condition arises from the unmasking of a genetically driven aHUS versus a time-limited complement storm-mediated aHUS due to direct endothelial damage in which no genetic predisposition is present. Although both scenarios result in the phenotypic expression of aHUS and involve the alternate pathway of complement activation, long-term management would differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Berger
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Xie J, Kiryluk K, Li Y, Mladkova N, Zhu L, Hou P, Ren H, Wang W, Zhang H, Chen N, Gharavi AG. Fine Mapping Implicates a Deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3 in Protection from IgA Nephropathy in Han Chinese. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3187-3194. [PMID: 26940089 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An intronic variant at the complement factor H (CFH) gene on chromosome 1q32 (rs6677604) associates with risk of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but the association signal has not been uniformly replicated in Han Chinese populations. We investigated whether the causal sequence variant resides in the CFH gene or the neighboring complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1) gene and CFHR3, which harbor an 84-kb combined deletion (CFHR3,1Δ) in linkage disequilibrium with rs6677604. Imputation of 1000 Genomes Project data did not suggest new causal single-nucleotide variants within the CFH cluster. We next performed copy number analysis across the CFH locus in two independent Han Chinese case-control cohorts (combined n=3581). The CFHR3,1Δ and rs6677604-A alleles were rare (4.4% in patients and 7.1% in controls) and in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other (r2=0.95); of these alleles, CFHR3,1Δ associated more significantly with decreased risk of IgAN (odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.46 to 0.70; P=8.5 × 10-8 versus OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.75; P=1.6 × 10-6 for rs6677604-A). Moreover, CFHR3,1Δ explained all of the association signal at rs6677604 and remained significant after conditioning on rs6677604 genotype (P=0.01). Exploratory analyses of clinical and histopathologic parameters using the Oxford classification criteria revealed a suggestive association of CFHR3,1Δ with reduced tubulointerstitial injury (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.79). These data indicate that dysregulated activity of the alternative complement pathway contributes to IgAN pathogenesis in both Asians and Europeans and implicate CFHR3,1Δ as the functional allele at this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Xie
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Yifu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Nikol Mladkova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Li Zhu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Hou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Department of Nephrology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
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Pennington KL, DeAngelis MM. Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Aging Human Retina. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:51-79. [PMID: 26966390 PMCID: PMC4777243 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, have complex etiologies with environmental, genetic, and epigenetic contributions to disease pathology. Much effort has gone into elucidating both the genetic and the environmental risk factors for these retinal diseases. However, little is known about how these genetic and environmental risk factors bring about molecular changes that lead to pathology. Epigenetic mechanisms have received extensive attention of late for their promise of bridging the gap between environmental exposures and disease development via their influence on gene expression. Recent studies have identified epigenetic changes that associate with the incidence and/or progression of each of these retinal diseases. Therefore, these epigenetic modifications may be involved in the underlying pathological mechanisms leading to blindness. Further genome-wide epigenetic studies that incorporate well-characterized tissue samples, consider challenges similar to those relevant to gene expression studies, and combine the genome-wide epigenetic data with genome-wide genetic and expression data to identify additional potentially causative agents of disease are needed. Such studies will allow researchers to create much-needed therapeutics to prevent and/or intervene in disease progression. Improved therapeutics will greatly enhance the quality of life and reduce the burden of disease management for millions of patients living with these potentially blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Pennington
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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van der Maten E, Westra D, van Selm S, Langereis JD, Bootsma HJ, van Opzeeland FJH, de Groot R, Ruseva MM, Pickering MC, van den Heuvel LPWJ, van de Kar NCAJ, de Jonge MI, van der Flier M. Complement Factor H Serum Levels Determine Resistance to Pneumococcal Invasive Disease. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1820-7. [PMID: 26802141 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of life-threatening infections. Complement activation plays a vital role in opsonophagocytic killing of pneumococci in blood. Initial complement activation via the classical and lectin pathways is amplified through the alternative pathway amplification loop. Alternative pathway activity is inhibited by complement factor H (FH). Our study demonstrates the functional consequences of the variability in human serum FH levels on host defense. Using an in vivo mouse model combined with human in vitro assays, we show that the level of serum FH correlates with the efficacy of opsonophagocytic killing of pneumococci. In summary, we found that FH levels determine a delicate balance of alternative pathway activity, thus affecting the resistance to invasive pneumococcal disease. Our results suggest that variation in FH expression levels, naturally occurring in the human population, plays a thus far unrecognized role in the resistance to invasive pneumococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marieta M Ruseva
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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