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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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2
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Wegman AD, Waldran MJ, Bahr LE, Lu JQ, Baxter KE, Thomas SJ, Waickman AT. DENV-specific IgA contributes protective and non-pathologic function during antibody-dependent enhancement of DENV infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011616. [PMID: 37639455 PMCID: PMC10491401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue represents a growing public health burden worldwide, accounting for approximately 100 million symptomatic cases and tens of thousands of fatalities yearly. Prior infection with one serotype of dengue virus (DENV) is the greatest known risk factor for severe disease upon secondary infection with a heterologous serotype, a risk which increases as serotypes co-circulate in endemic regions. This disease risk is thought to be mediated by IgG-isotype antibodies raised during a primary infection, which poorly neutralize heterologous DENV serotypes and instead opsonize virions for uptake by FcγR-bearing cells. This antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection leads to a larger proportion of susceptible cells infected, higher viremia and greater immunopathology. We have previously characterized the induction of a serum IgA response, along with the typical IgM and IgG responses, during dengue infection, and have shown that DENV-reactive IgA can neutralize DENV and competitively antagonize IgG-mediated ADE. Here, we evaluate the potential for IgA itself to cause ADE. We show that IgG, but not IgA, mediated ADE of infection in cells expressing both FcαR and FcγRs. IgG-mediated ADE stimulated significantly higher pro-inflammatory cytokine production by primary human macrophages, while IgA did not affect, or slightly suppressed, this production. Mechanistically, we show that DENV/IgG immune complexes bind susceptible cells significantly more efficiently than DENV/IgA complexes or virus alone. Finally, we show that over the course of primary dengue infection, the expression of FcγRI (CD64) increases during the period of acute viremia, while FcγRIIa (CD32) and FcαR (CD89) expression decreases, thereby further limiting the ability of IgA to facilitate ADE in the presence of DENV. Overall, these data illustrate the distinct protective role of IgA during ADE of dengue infection and highlight the potential therapeutic and prognostic value of DENV-specific IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Wegman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Mitchell J. Waldran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Bahr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Q. Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Kristen E. Baxter
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam T. Waickman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health and Translational Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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3
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Pyzik M, Kozicky LK, Gandhi AK, Blumberg RS. The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:415-432. [PMID: 36726033 PMCID: PMC9891766 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IgGs are essential soluble components of the adaptive immune response that evolved to protect the body from infection. Compared with other immunoglobulins, the role of IgGs is distinguished and enhanced by their high circulating levels, long half-life and ability to transfer from mother to offspring, properties that are conferred by interactions with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn binds to the Fc portion of IgGs in a pH-dependent manner and protects them from intracellular degradation. It also allows their transport across polarized cells that separate tissue compartments, such as the endothelium and epithelium. Further, it is becoming apparent that FcRn functions to potentiate cellular immune responses when IgGs, bound to their antigens, form IgG immune complexes. Besides the protective role of IgG, IgG autoantibodies are associated with numerous pathological conditions. As such, FcRn blockade is a novel and effective strategy to reduce circulating levels of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies and curtail IgG-mediated diseases, with several FcRn-blocking strategies on the path to therapeutic use. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of FcRn-IgG immunobiology, with an emphasis on the functional and pathological aspects, and an overview of FcRn-targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Sand KMK, Gruber MM, Sandlie I, Mathiesen L, Andersen JT, Wadsack C. Contribution of the ex vivo placental perfusion model in understanding transplacental immunoglobulin G transfer. Placenta 2022; 127:77-87. [PMID: 35981406 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The acquisition of humoral immunity in utero is essential for the fetus. The crucial protein, which is responsible for this part of immunity, is immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Immune functions of IgGs are mediated via the interaction of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of IgG with specific Fc γ receptors (FcγRs). However, an atypical FcγR, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), is a key regulator of IgG transfer across the human placenta. During the last four decades ex vivo placental perfusion studies have contributed significantly to the study of mechanisms of IgG transfer across the multicellular placental barrier. METHOD A PubMed search was conducted by using specific keywords: placenta, perfusion and IgG to review manuscripts using human placental perfusion to study the transplacental transfer of IgG. Relevant studies found in reference lists of these manuscripts were also added to the review, and references were included that supported or gave nuance to the discussion of the mechanisms of IgG kinetics in the placenta. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We found twenty publications on the study of transplacental transfer of IgG using human ex vivo placental perfusion, by research groups with partly different settings. This review summarizes knowledge about placental IgG transfer, with a strong focus on the contributions from ex vivo placental perfusion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine Marita Knudsen Sand
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael M Gruber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Mathiesen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, 0424, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
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5
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Wilkinson I, Anderson S, Fry J, Julien LA, Neville D, Qureshi O, Watts G, Hale G. Fc-engineered antibodies with immune effector functions completely abolished. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260954. [PMID: 34932587 PMCID: PMC8691596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elimination of the binding of immunoglobulin Fc to Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) is highly desirable for the avoidance of unwanted inflammatory responses to therapeutic antibodies and fusion proteins. Many different approaches have been described in the literature but none of them completely eliminates binding to all of the Fcγ receptors. Here we describe a set of novel variants having specific amino acid substitutions in the Fc region at L234 and L235 combined with the substitution G236R. They show no detectable binding to Fcγ receptors or to C1q, are inactive in functional cell-based assays and do not elicit inflammatory cytokine responses. Meanwhile, binding to FcRn, manufacturability, stability and potential for immunogenicity are unaffected. These variants have the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wilkinson
- Absolute Antibody Ltd, Wilton, United Kingdom
- mAbsolve Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jeremy Fry
- ProImmune Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Neville
- Reading Scientific Services Limited, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary Watts
- Abzena Limited, Babraham, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Hale
- mAbsolve Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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6
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Brinkhaus M, Douwes RGJ, Bentlage AEH, Temming AR, de Taeye SW, Tammes Buirs M, Gerritsen J, Mok JY, Brasser G, Ligthart PC, van Esch WJE, Verheesen P, de Haard H, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Glycine 236 in the Lower Hinge Region of Human IgG1 Differentiates FcγR from Complement Effector Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3456-3467. [PMID: 33188070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abs of the IgG isotype mediate effector functions like Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis by Fc interactions with FcγRs and complement-dependent cytotoxicity upon IgG-Fc binding to C1q. In this study, we describe the crucial role of the highly conserved dual glycines at position 236-237 in the lower hinge region of human IgG, including the lack of one glycine as found in IgG2. We found several permutations in this region that either silence or largely abrogate FcγR binding and downstream FcγR effector functions, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance, Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. Although the binding regions of FcγRs and C1q on the IgG-Fc largely overlap, IgG1 with a deletion of G236 only silences FcγR-mediated effector functions without affecting C1q-binding or activation. Several mutations resulted in only residual FcγRI binding with differing affinities that are either complement competent or silenced. Interestingly, we also found that IgG2, naturally only binding FcγRIIa, gains binding to FcγRI and FcγRIIIa after insertion of G236, highlighting the crucial importance of G236 in IgG for FcγR interaction. These mutants may become invaluable tools for FcγR-related research as well as for therapeutic purposes in which only complement-mediated functions are required without the involvement of FcγR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben G J Douwes
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Robin Temming
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Tammes Buirs
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoline Gerritsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giso Brasser
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Ligthart
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | | | | | | | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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7
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Ladel S, Maigler F, Flamm J, Schlossbauer P, Handl A, Hermann R, Herzog H, Hummel T, Mizaikoff B, Schindowski K. Impact of Glycosylation and Species Origin on the Uptake and Permeation of IgGs through the Nasal Airway Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1014. [PMID: 33114132 PMCID: PMC7690786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we have recently reported the involvement of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in intranasal transport, the transport mechanisms are far from being elucidated. Ex vivo porcine olfactory tissue, primary cells from porcine olfactory epithelium (OEPC) and the human cell line RPMI 2650 were used to evaluate the permeation of porcine and human IgG antibodies through the nasal mucosa. IgGs were used in their wild type and deglycosylated form to investigate the impact of glycosylation. Further, the expression of FcRn and Fc-gamma receptor (FCGR) and their interaction with IgG were analyzed. Comparable permeation rates for human and porcine IgG were observed in OEPC, which display the highest expression of FcRn. Only traces of porcine IgGs could be recovered at the basolateral compartment in ex vivo olfactory tissue, while human IgGs reached far higher levels. Deglycosylated human IgG showed significantly higher permeation in comparison to the wild type in RPMI 2650 and OEPC, but insignificantly elevated in the ex vivo model. An immunoprecipitation with porcine primary cells and tissue identified FCGR2 as a potential interaction partner in the nasal mucosa. Glycosylation sensitive receptors appear to be involved in the uptake, transport, but also degradation of therapeutic IgGs in the airway epithelial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ladel
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Maigler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Flamm
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Alina Handl
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hermann
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Helena Herzog
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (S.L.); (F.M.); (J.F.); (P.S.); (A.H.); (R.H.); (H.H.)
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8
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Mimoun A, Delignat S, Peyron I, Daventure V, Lecerf M, Dimitrov JD, Kaveri SV, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Relevance of the Materno-Fetal Interface for the Induction of Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:810. [PMID: 32477339 PMCID: PMC7240014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, maternal IgGs are transferred to the fetus from the second trimester of pregnancy onwards. The transplacental delivery of maternal IgG is mediated by its binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) after endocytosis by the syncytiotrophoblast. IgGs present in the maternal milk are also transferred to the newborn through the digestive epithelium upon binding to the FcRn. Importantly, the binding of IgGs to the FcRn is also responsible for the recycling of circulating IgGs that confers them with a long half-life. Maternally delivered IgG provides passive immunity to the newborn, for instance by conferring protective anti-flu or anti-pertussis toxin IgGs. It may, however, lead to the development of autoimmune manifestations when pathological autoantibodies from the mother cross the placenta and reach the circulation of the fetus. In recent years, strategies that exploit the transplacental delivery of antigen/IgG complexes or of Fc-fused proteins have been validated in mouse models of human diseases to impose antigen-specific tolerance, particularly in the case of Fc-fused factor VIII (FVIII) domains in hemophilia A mice or pre-pro-insulin (PPI) in the case of preclinical models of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the FcRn-mediated transcytosis of IgGs, the physiopathological relevance of this phenomenon, and the repercussion for drug delivery and shaping of the immune system during its ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Mimoun
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Peyron
- HITh, INSERM, UMR_S1176, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Victoria Daventure
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles as Efficient Tools in Targeted Therapy of Pregnancy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153642. [PMID: 31349643 PMCID: PMC6695948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimizing exposure of the fetus to medication and reducing adverse off-target effects in the mother are the primary challenges in developing novel drugs to treat pregnancy complications. Nanomedicine has introduced opportunities for the development of novel platforms enabling targeted delivery of drugs in pregnancy. This review sets out to discuss the advances and potential of surface-functionalized nanoparticles in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications. We first describe the human placental anatomy, which is fundamental for developing placenta-targeted therapy, and then we review current knowledge of nanoparticle transplacental transport mechanisms. Meanwhile, recent surface-functionalized nanoparticles for targeting the uterus and placenta are examined. Indeed, surface-functionalized nanoparticles could help prevent transplacental passage and promote placental-specific drug delivery, thereby enhancing efficacy and improving safety. We have achieved promising results in targeting the placenta via placental chondroitin sulfate A (plCSA), which is exclusively expressed in the placenta, using plCSA binding peptide (plCSA-BP)-decorated nanoparticles. Others have also focused on using placenta- and uterus-enriched molecules as targets to deliver therapeutics via surface-functionalized nanoparticles. Additionally, we propose that placenta-specific exosomes and surface-modified exosomes might be potential tools in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications. Altogether, surface-functionalized nanoparticles have great potential value as clinical tools in the targeted therapy of pregnancy complications.
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10
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Pyzik M, Sand KMK, Hubbard JJ, Andersen JT, Sandlie I, Blumberg RS. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn): A Misnomer? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1540. [PMID: 31354709 PMCID: PMC6636548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of an adaptive immune response. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common type of antibody found in circulation and extracellular fluids. Although IgG alone can directly protect the body from infection through the activities of its antigen binding region, the majority of IgG immune functions are mediated via proteins and receptors expressed by specialized cell subsets that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of IgG. Fc gamma (γ) receptors (FcγR) belong to a broad family of proteins that presently include classical membrane-bound surface receptors as well as atypical intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic glycoproteins. Among the atypical FcγRs, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increasingly gained notoriety given its intimate influence on IgG biology and its ability to also bind to albumin. FcRn functions as a recycling or transcytosis receptor that is responsible for maintaining IgG and albumin in the circulation, and bidirectionally transporting these two ligands across polarized cellular barriers. More recently, it has been appreciated that FcRn acts as an immune receptor by interacting with and facilitating antigen presentation of peptides derived from IgG immune complexes (IC). Here we review FcRn biology and focus on newer advances including how emerging FcRn-targeted therapies may affect the immune responses to IgG and IgG IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan J Hubbard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Stapleton NM, Brinkhaus M, Armour KL, Bentlage AEH, de Taeye SW, Temming AR, Mok JY, Brasser G, Maas M, van Esch WJE, Clark MR, Williamson LM, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G. Reduced FcRn-mediated transcytosis of IgG2 due to a missing Glycine in its lower hinge. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7363. [PMID: 31089170 PMCID: PMC6517591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like Fc-receptor, transports immunoglobuline G (IgG) across cell layers, extending IgG half-life in circulation and providing newborns with humoral immunity. IgG1 and IgG2 have similar half-lives, yet IgG2 displays lower foetal than maternal concentration at term, despite all known FcRn binding residues being preserved between IgG1 and IgG2. We investigated FcRn mediated transcytosis of VH-matched IgG1 and IgG2 and mutated variants thereof lacking Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) binding in human cells expressing FcRn. We observed that FcγR binding was not required for transport and that FcRn transported less IgG2 than IgG1. Transport of IgG1 with a shortened lower hinge (ΔGly236, absent in germline IgG2), was reduced to levels equivalent to IgG2. Conversely, transport of IgG2 + Gly236 was increased to IgG1 levels. Gly236 is not a contact residue between IgG and FcRn, suggesting that its absence leads to an altered conformation of IgG, possibly due to a less flexible Fab, positioned closer to the Fc portion. This may sterically hinder FcRn binding and transport. We conclude that the lack of Gly236 is sufficient to explain the reduced FcRn-mediated IgG2 transcytosis and accounts for the low maternal/fetal IgG2 ratio at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Stapleton
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.,HALIX B.V., J.H. Oortweg 15/17, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn L Armour
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,LifeArc, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - A Robin Temming
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Mike R Clark
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.,Clark Antibodies Ltd, 10 Wellington Street, Cambridge, CB1 1HW, UK
| | - Lorna M Williamson
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NHS Blood and Transplant, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 2PT, UK
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Plesmanlaan 125, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands.
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12
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de Taeye SW, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. The Ligands for Human IgG and Their Effector Functions. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E30. [PMID: 31544836 PMCID: PMC6640714 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the humoral immune system is initiated when antibodies recognize an antigen and trigger effector functions through the interaction with Fc engaging molecules. The most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum is Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which is involved in many humoral immune responses, strongly interacting with effector molecules. The IgG subclass, allotype, and glycosylation pattern, among other factors, determine the interaction strength of the IgG-Fc domain with these Fc engaging molecules, and thereby the potential strength of their effector potential. The molecules responsible for the effector phase include the classical IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR), the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), the Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), the first component of the classical complement cascade (C1), and possibly, the Fc-receptor-like receptors (FcRL4/5). Here we provide an overview of the interactions of IgG with effector molecules and discuss how natural variation on the antibody and effector molecule side shapes the biological activities of antibodies. The increasing knowledge on the Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies drives the development of better therapeutic antibodies for cancer immunotherapy or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Kiskova T, Mytsko Y, Schepelmann M, Helmer H, Fuchs R, Miedl H, Wadsack C, Ellinger I. Expression of the neonatal Fc-receptor in placental-fetal endothelium and in cells of the placental immune system. Placenta 2019; 78:36-43. [PMID: 30955709 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Starting from the second trimester of pregnancy, passive immunity is provided to the human fetus by transplacental transfer of maternal IgG. IgG transfer depends on the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. While FcRn localization in the placental syncytiotrophoblast (STB) has been demonstrated unequivocally, FcRn expression in placental-fetal endothelial cells (pFECs), which are part of the materno-fetal barrier, is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the spatio-specific expression pattern of FcRn in placental tissue. METHODS FcRn expression was investigated by western blotting in term placentas and in isolated human placental arterial and venous endothelial cells (HPAEC, HPVEC) using a validated affinity-purified polyclonal anti-peptide antibody against the cytoplasmic tail of FcRn α-chain. In situ localization of FcRn and IgG was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy on tissue sections of healthy term placentas. RESULTS FcRn expression was demonstrated in placental vasculature particularly, in HPAEC, and HPVEC. FcRn was localized in cytokeratin 7+ STB and in CD31+ pFECs in terminal as well as stem villi in situ. Additionally, CD68+ placental macrophages exhibited FcRn expression in situ. Endogenous IgG partially co-localized with FcRn in STB, pFECs, and in placental macrophages. DISCUSSION Placental FcRn expression in endothelial cells and macrophages is analogous to the expression pattern in other organs. FcRn expression in pFECs suggests an involvement of FcRn in IgG transcytosis and/or participation in recycling/salvaging of maternal IgG present in the fetal circulation. FcRn expression in placental macrophages may account for recycling of monomeric IgG and/or processing and presentation of immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezia Kiskova
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya Mytsko
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Schepelmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanns Helmer
- Division of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, University Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Fuchs
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Miedl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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