Efficiency of cationic gemini surfactants with 3-azamethylpentamethylene spacer as corrosion inhibitors for stainless steel in hydrochloric acid

Surfactants as biodegradable sustainable inhibitors for corrosion control in diverse media and conditions: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Corrosion is a challenging and potentially harmful process that involves the continuing, impulsive deterioration of metallic structures via reactions involving environmental components and electro- or chemical processes. To inhibit corrosion, various additives are added. Traditional additives, on the other hand, contain environmentally hazardous substances. Surfactants are less expensive, easier to manufacture, and have high inhibitory efficacy and low toxicity compared to standard corrosion inhibitors. They are often employed as corrosion inhibitors to protect metallic materials against corrosion.

METHODS

Surfactant molecules' amphiphilic nature promotes adsorption at surfaces such as the metal/metal oxide-water interface. Surfactant adsorption on metals and metal oxides forms a barrier that can prevent corrosion.

SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS

This review of surfactants as corrosion inhibitors aims to offer a systemic evaluation of various surfactant physical and chemical properties, surfactant influence in corrosion inhibition, and surfactant used in corrosion inhibition that can be used to enhance the efficacy of surfactant use as corrosion inhibitors in a variety of environments. The effect of several parameters on the potential to suppress corrosion of surfactant molecule series is also discussed here.

Comprehensive Review on the Use of Biocides in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

A microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) causes huge economic losses and serious environmental damage every year. The prevention and control measures for MIC mainly include physical, chemical, and biological methods. Among them, biocide application is the most cost-effective method. Although various biocides have their own advantages in preventing and treating MIC, most biocides have the problem of polluting the environment and increasing microorganism resistance. Therefore, it has stimulated the exploration of continuously developing new environmentally friendly and efficient biocides. In this review, the application advantages and research progress of various biocides used to prevent and control MIC are discussed. Also, this review provides a resource for the research and rational use of biocides regarding MIC mitigation and prevention.

Theoretical and electrochemical evaluation of tetra-cationic surfactant as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl

Recently, scientist study the role of surfactants for carbon steel corrosion protection. In the present study, newly tetra-cationic surfactant (CS4: 1,N1'-(ethane-1,2-diyl) bis (N1, N2-didodecyl-N2-(2- (((E)-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzylidene)amino)ethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium) chloride) based on Schiff-base compound(5,5'-((1E,17E)-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaazaoctadeca-1,17-diene-1,18-diyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol) was synthesised, purified and characterized using FTIR and ¹HNMR spectroscopy. The synthesized Tetra-cationic surfactant (CS4) was evaluated as anti-corrosion for carbon steel (CS-metal) in aggressive 1 M HCl using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques (PDP). CS4 compound had a good surface-active property by reducing the surface tension as a result to the hydrophobic chains role. The prepared CS4 behaved as hybrid inhibitor (mixed-type) by blocking the anodic and cathodic sites. CS4 exhibited good inhibition efficiency reached 95.69%. The surface morphology of CS-metal was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)confirming the anti-corrosive effect of CS4 compound returned into the adsorption process of CS4 molecules over CS-metal which obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibitive effect of CS4 was supported by theoretical quantum chemical studies using the density functional theory (DFT), Monte Carlo (MC) and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation.

Analysis of the protection of copper corrosion by using amino acid inhibitors

Since the human body is one of the highly aggressive environments, the materials utilized for an implant should have high resistance to degradation and corrosion. One of the commonly used biomaterials in medicine is copper (Cu). The Cu corrosion can result in the release of ions in the body with high toxicity, thereby causing inflammatory diseases. Based on the literature, as biomolecules, amino acids act as a corrosion inhibitor in aggressive solutions. The current work aims at scrutinizing the inhibition impact of L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-Valine (L-Val), which have been rarely investigated, upon the corrosion process of Cu. We undertook density functional theory computations to scrutinize the inhibitory impact of L-Arg and L-Val as well as their conformers upon Cu corrosion. Also, we scrutinized the computed parameters according to the back donation of electrons between Cu and the inhibitors, transported electron fraction, energy gap, softness, hardness, E_HOMO, and E_LUMO. According to the theoretical indices of L-Arg, it prefers adsorption. We examined the inhibitory efficiency of L-Arg against corrosion and found that it is a promising inhibitor.

Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salts and 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives on Hydrogen Absorption by Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The treatment of low-carbon steel items with hydrochloric acid solutions is used in many industrial technologies. This process is accompanied not only by metal corrosion losses, but also by hydrogen absorption by the metal. In this study, the kinetics of hydrogen cathodic reduction on low-carbon steel in 2 M HCl containing corrosion inhibitors, namely, quaternary ammonium salts and a 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole, have been studied. Adsorption isotherms of corrosion inhibitors on cathodically polarized steel surface have been obtained. XPS data provide valuable information on the composition and structure of protective layers formed on steel in HCl solutions containing inhibitors. The main rate constants of the stages of gaseous hydrogen evolution and incorporation of hydrogen atoms into the metal have been determined. The addition of quaternary ammonium salts or 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole inhibits the cathodic reduction of hydrogen and its penetration into steel in the HCl solution. 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole is the most efficient inhibitor of hydrogen absorption. The inhibitory effect of this compound is caused by a decrease in the ratio of the hydrogen concentration in the metal phase to the degree of surface coverage with hydrogen. The maximum decrease in hydrogen concentration in the metal bulk in the presence of the 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole is 8.2-fold, which determines the preservation of the plastic properties of steel as it corrodes in HCl solutions. The high efficiency of the 3-substituted 1,2,4-triazole as an inhibitor of hydrogen cathodic reduction and absorption results from strong (chemical) adsorption of this compound on the steel surface and the formation of a polymolecular protective layer.

Green inhibitor of carbon steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid: Eruca sativa seed extract (experimental and theoretical studies)

The adsorption activity and inhibition effect of Eruca sativa seed extract as a green inhibitor for the dissolution of carbon steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution were investigated. In this study, we used a chemical technique (gravimetric method), electrochemical techniques, electrical frequency modulation (EFM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques, and theoretical studies. In addition to these techniques, we examined the surface morphology of the carbon steel utilizing different methods. The measurements of the polarization technique indicate that this extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed. The adsorption of Eruca sativa seed extracts on the alloy obeys the Langmuir and Henry adsorption isotherms. The extract gives an excellent inhibition efficiency 94.8% by a gravimetric method at 0.3 g L-1 from the extract. The relationship between the calculated % IE from experiments and the theoretical studies was established.

Experimental and theoretical study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by nonanedioic acid derivative in hydrochloric acid solution

The corrosion performance of mild steel (MS) in 1M HCl solution was examined by weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements in the absence and presence of nonanedihydrazide. PDP measurements indicated that nonanedihydrazide acts as a mixed inhibitor due to its adsorption on the MS surface, exhibiting an inhibition efficiency of more than 97%. The surface morphology investigation of the protective layer on the MS surface confirmed that adsorption of nonanedihydrazide molecules occurred via chemical adsorption following Langmuir's isotherm model. The effect of temperature on the corrosion performance in the presence of nonanedihydrazide was investigated in the range of 303-333 K, showing that the inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in the inhibitor concentration and decreased with an increase in temperature. A new green corrosion inhibitor was synthesised and theoretical computations were conducted to completely understand the inhibition mechanism. Nonanedihydrazide molecules were investigated by DFT (density functional theory) using the B3LYP functional to evaluate the relationship of corrosion inhibition performance and the molecular structure. The computed theoretical parameters presented significant support for understanding the inhibitive mechanism revealed by the inhibitory molecules and are in good agreement with WL, PDP, EIS, (EFM), and OCP results.

Cationic gemini surfactant properties, its potential as a promising bioapplication candidate, and strategies for improving its biocompatibility: A review

Gemini surfactants consist of two cationic monomers of a surfactant linked together with a spacer. The specific structure of a cationic gemini surfactant is the reason for both its high surface activity and its ability to decrease the surface tension of water. The high surface activity and unique structure of gemini surfactants result in outstanding properties, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, anticorrosion properties, unique aggregation behaviour, the ability to form various structures reversibly in response to environmental conditions, and interactions with biomacromolecules such as DNA and proteins. These properties can be tailored by selecting the optimal structure of a gemini surfactant in terms of the nature and length of its alkyl substituents, spacer, and head group. Additionally, regarding their properties, comparison with their monomeric counterparts demonstrates that gemini surfactants have higher performance efficacy at lower concentrations. Hence, less material is needed, and the toxicity is lower. However, there are some limitations regarding their biocompatibility that have led researchers to develop amino acid-based and sugar-based gemini surfactants. Owing to their remarkable properties, cationic gemini surfactants are promising candidates for bioapplications such as drug delivery systems, gene carriers, and biomaterial surface modification.

The performance of three novel Gemini surfactants as inhibitors for acid steel corrosion: experimental and theoretical studies

Adipic acid was used to synthesize three nonionic Gemini surfactants containing different numbers of propylene oxide units in their structures. The produced surfactants have been characterized employing FTIR and 1H-NMR spectra. Some of the physical properties of them, namely, surface tension, maximum surface excess concentration, surface pressure, critical micelle concentration, and the minimal area of the surface taken by a single molecule, were computed. The inhibitory effect of the synthesized surfactants on the corrosion of C-steel (C45) in 1.0 M HCl solution was studied. Gravimetric and electrochemical methods were used for corrosion rate measurements. The outcomes acquired from the used methods showed that every one of the three surfactants works as a strong inhibitor for steel acidic corrosion. By raising surfactant concentration and exposure time, the inhibition proficiency improves. The inhibition efficiency exceeded 90% for the three compounds. The higher the propylene oxide units contained in the surfactant molecule the higher is its inhibition efficiency. Based on the findings, a mechanism for inhibitory action was proposed. Moreover, the density functional theory (DFT) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were investigated for the three inhibitors. The calculated parameters were correlated with the inhibition efficiency.

Antimicrobial Activity of Gemini Surfactants with Ether Group in the Spacer Part

Due to their large possibility of the structure modification, alkylammonium gemini surfactants are a rapidly growing class of compounds. They exhibit significant surface, aggregation and antimicrobial properties. Due to the fact that, in order to achieve the desired utility effect, the minimal concentration of compounds are used, they are in line with the principle of greenolution (green evolution) in chemistry. In this study, we present innovative synthesis of the homologous series of gemini surfactants modified at the spacer by the ether group, i.e., 3-oxa-1,5-pentane-bis(N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromides). The critical micelle concentrations were determined. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the synthesized compounds were determined against bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; yeast Candida albicans ATCC 10231; and molds Aspergillus niger ATCC 16401 and Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 60739. We also investigated the relationship between antimicrobial activity and alkyl chain length or the nature of the spacer. The obtained results indicate that the synthesized compounds are effective microbicides with a broad spectrum of biocidal activity.

Application of surfactants as anticorrosive materials: A comprehensive review

Corrosion is the degradation of a metal due to its reaction with the environment. One of the most efficient ways of securing metal surfaces from corrosion is the use of corrosion inhibitors. Their efficacy is connected to their chemical composition, their molecular structures, and their adsorption affinities on the metal surface. This review article focuses on the prospects of different types of monomeric and gemini surfactants, mixed surfactants systems, surfactants- additives mixed systems, inhibitors-surfactants (as additives) mixed systems, and ionic liquid based surfactants as promising corrosion-inhibiting formulations in the aqueous phase and the role of surfactants in developing protective coatings. The analysis starts with an accurate overview of the characteristics, types, and structure-property-performance relationship of anti-corrosion formulations of such inhibitors.

Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution Using Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants Based on Schiff Base: Electrochemical and Computational Investigations

Two ethoxylated nonionic surfactants (L400 and L600) based on Schiff base are prepared from polyoxyethylene, glyoxalic acid, and phenylenediamine. They are evaluated electrochemically as carbon steel corrosion inhibitors in 1 M HCl by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel techniques and complemented with microscopic analysis methods. The obtained Tafel data indicate the mixed-type behavior of the inhibitor used. The inhibition efficiency touches the peak at 1 × 10-4 M, exhibiting 92 and 94% for L400 and L600, respectively. The presence of the tested inhibitors decreases corrosion current density (i corr) and double-layer capacitance (C dl) due to the formation of a protective adsorption layer in place of the already adsorbed water and aggressive Cl- ions. Both L400 and L600 adsorption modes follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The density functional theory (DFT) calculated indices (ΔE gap and E HOMO) indicate the superiority of L600 over the L400 counterpart as a reactive compound. Adsorption of L600 and L400 over the Fe(1 1 0) in simulated acidic medium is investigated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to verify their inhibition performance and are matched with adsorption free energy ΔG ads calculated values. Both experimental and theoretical data are in agreement.

Recent advances on micellar catalysis in water

Water is the universal solvent in nature to catalyze the biological transformation processes. However, owing to the immiscibility of many reagents in water, synthesis chemistry relies heavily on organic solvent. Micellar media is a green alternative to traditional petroleum feedstock derived solvents, which is recently attracting increasing research attention. The present review deals with the recent advances in micellar catalysis with an emphasis on the new "tailor-made" surfactants for various reactions. A brief overview of commercial surfactants, including anionic micelles, cationic micelles, and nonionic micelles is presented. More importantly, an attempt was made to discuss systematically the recent research progress on new surfactants by introducing structures, micellar effects and recycling process, aiming to serve as the basis for future development of surfactants.

Influence of Hydroxyl Groups on the Inhibitive Corrosion of Gemini Surfactant for Carbon Steel

The corrosion inhibition performance of propanediyl-1,3-bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide) and propanediyl-1,3-bis(N,N-dihydroxyethyl-N-dodecylammonium bromide), abbreviated as PDDB and PDHDB, respectively, for carbon steel in 1.0 mol·L^-1 hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using the gravimetric method and various electrochemical techniques, together with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. Results show that PDHDB always has a better inhibition performance relative to PDDB, which can be attributed to the introduction of hydroxyl groups at the hydrophilic headgroups, thereby causing an extra interaction between inhibitors and the metal surface and favoring its adsorption. These findings highlight that the modification to the headgroups of Gemini-type inhibitors may be another effective approach to improving their inhibition performance.

The Synthesis, Self-Assembled Structures, and Microbicidal Activity of Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Branched Tridecyl Chains

Cationic gemini surfactants with polymethylene spacer and linear alkyl chains containing an even number of carbon atoms have been extensively studied in the recent past, with the emphasis put on the determination of their aggregation behaviour in aqueous solution and their biological properties. However, the information on the aggregation of branched gemini surfactants with an odd number of carbon atoms in their alkyl chains is only sparsely reported in the literature. To help cover this gap in the research of cationic gemini surfactants, a series of branched bisammonium cationic gemini surfactants with an odd number of carbon atoms in alkyl chains (tridecane-2-yl chains) and a polymethylene spacer with a variable length ranging from 3 to 12 carbon atoms have been synthesized and investigated. Critical micelle concentration, which was determined by three methods, was found to be in the order 10^-4 mol/L. A comparison of the obtained data of the novel series of tridecyl chain geminis with those of gemini surfactants with dodecyl chains and an identical spacer structure revealed that structural differences between both series of gemini surfactants result in different aggregation and surface properties for surfactants with 6 and 8 methylene groups in the spacer (N,N'-bis(tridecane-2-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylhexane-1,6-diaminium dibromide and N,N'-bis(tridecane-2-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyloctane-1,8-diaminium dibromide) with the cmc values 8.2 × 10^-4 mol/L and 6.5 × 10^-4 mol/L, respectively, as determined by surface tension measurements. Particle size analysis showed the formation of small stable spherical micelles in the interval between 2.8 and 5 nm and with zeta potential around +50 mV, which are independent of surfactant concentration and increase with the increasing spacer length. Microbicidal activity of 13-s-13 gemini surfactants was found to be efficient against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast.

Experimental and theoretical research on a new corrosion inhibitor for effective oil and gas acidification

A new dibenzylamine-quinoline derivative (DEEQ) was synthesized and investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 15% HCl solution in various ways, including via weight loss measurements, contact angle measurements, electrochemical measurements (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) and theoretical calculations. The experimental results revealed that DEEQ is an effective corrosion inhibitor for oil and gas acidification. In an oil–water two-phase system, the wettability of mild steel can be changed by adsorption, while obeying the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Finally, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamic simulation parameters further show a definite correlation between the theoretical and experimental results.

A new dibenzylamine-quinoline derivative (DEEQ) was synthesized and shown to be an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 15% HCl solution for oil and gas acidification.

Synthesis, Structure, Surface and Antimicrobial Properties of New Oligomeric Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Aromatic Spacers

New dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric quaternary ammonium salts were accomplished by reaction of tertiary alkyldimethyl amines with appropriate bromomethylbenzene derivatives. A series of new cationic surfactants contain different alkyl chain lengths (C4-C18), aromatic spacers and different numbers of quaternary nitrogen atoms. The structure of the products was confirmed by spectral analysis (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and 2D-NMR), mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), elemental analysis, as well as PM5 semiempirical methods. Compound (21) was also analyzed using X-ray crystallography. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 1,4-bis-[N-(1-alkyl)-N,N-dimethylammoniummethyl]benzene dibromides (3-9) was determined to characterize the aggregation behavior. The antimicrobial properties of novel QACs (Quaternary Ammonium Salts) were examined to set their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium chrysogenum and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.