1
|
Emmanuel M. Unveiling the revolutionary role of nanoparticles in the oil and gas field: Unleashing new avenues for enhanced efficiency and productivity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33957. [PMID: 39055810 PMCID: PMC11269882 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prominent oil corporations are currently engaged in a thorough examination of the potential implementation of nanoparticles within the oil and gas sector. This is evidenced by the substantial financial investments made towards research and development, which serves as a testament to the significant consideration given to nanoparticles. Indeed, nanoparticles has garnered increasing attention and innovative applications across various industries, including but not limited to food, biomedicine, electronics, and materials. In recent years, the oil and gas industry has conducted extensive research on the utilization of nanoparticles for diverse purposes, such as well stimulation, cementing, wettability, drilling fluids, and enhanced oil recovery. To explore the manifold uses of nanoparticles in the oil and gas sector, a comprehensive literature review was conducted. Reviewing several published study data leads to the conclusion that nanoparticles can effectively increase oil recovery by 10 %-15 % of the initial oil in place while tertiary oil recovery gives 20-30 % extra initial oil in place. Besides, it has been noted that the properties of the reservoir rock influence the choice of the right nanoparticle for oil recovery. The present work examines the utilization of nanoparticles in the oil and gas sector, providing a comprehensive analysis of their applications, advantages, and challenges. The article explores various applications of nanoparticles in the industry, including enhanced oil recovery, drilling fluids, wellbore strengthening, and reservoir characterization. By delving into these applications, the article offers a thorough understanding of how nanoparticles are employed in different processes within the sector. This analysis may prove highly advantageous for future studies and applications in the oil and gas sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Emmanuel
- University of Dodoma, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Chemistry Department, Dodoma, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salem KG, Tantawy MA, Gawish AA, Salem AM, Gomaa S, El-hoshoudy A. Key aspects of polymeric nanofluids as a new enhanced oil recovery approach: A comprehensive review. FUEL 2024; 368:131515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
|
3
|
Rosales S, Zapata K, Cortes FB, Rojano B, Diaz C, Cortes C, Jaramillo D, Vasquez A, Ramirez D, Franco CA. Simultaneous Detection of Carbon Quantum Dots as Tracers for Interwell Connectivity Evaluation in a Pattern with Two Injection Wells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:789. [PMID: 38727383 PMCID: PMC11085186 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and implement a nanotechnology-based alternative to traditional tracers used in the oil and gas industry for assessing interwell connectivity. A simple and rapid hydrothermal protocol for synthesizing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using agroindustry waste was implemented. Three commercial CQDs were employed (CQDblue, CQDgreen, and CQDred); the fourth was synthesized from orange peel (CQDop). The CQDs from waste and other commercials with spherical morphology, nanometric sizes less than 11 nm in diameter, and surface roughness less than 3.1 nm were used. These tracers demonstrated high colloidal stability with a negative zeta potential, containing carbonyl-type chemical groups and unsaturations in aromatic structures that influenced their optical behavior. All materials presented high colloidal stability with negative values of charge z potential between -17.8 and -49.1. Additionally, individual quantification of these tracers is feasible even in scenarios where multiple CQDs are present in the effluent with a maximum percentage of interference of 15.5% for CQDop in the presence of the other three nanotracers. The CQDs were injected into the field once the technology was insured under laboratory conditions. Monitoring the effluents allowed the determination of connectivity for five first-line producer wells. This study enables the application of CQDs in the industry, particularly in fields where the arrangement of injector and producer wells is intricate, requiring the use of multiple tracers for a comprehensive description of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Rosales
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie–Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede-Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (S.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Karol Zapata
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie–Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede-Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (S.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Farid B. Cortes
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie–Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede-Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (S.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Benjamín Rojano
- Grupo de Investigación Química de los Productos Naturales y los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede-Medellín, Medellín 050035, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Diaz
- GeoPark Colombia SAS, Bogotá 111211, Colombia; (C.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlos Cortes
- GeoPark Colombia SAS, Bogotá 111211, Colombia; (C.D.); (C.C.)
| | - David Jaramillo
- Verano Energy Limited Sucursal, Bogotá 110211, Colombia (A.V.)
| | - Adriana Vasquez
- Verano Energy Limited Sucursal, Bogotá 110211, Colombia (A.V.)
| | - Diego Ramirez
- Verano Energy Limited Sucursal, Bogotá 110211, Colombia (A.V.)
| | - Camilo A. Franco
- Grupo de Investigación en Fenómenos de Superficie–Michael Polanyi, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede-Medellín, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (S.R.); (K.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Błaszczyk MM, Przybysz Ł, Budzyń A. The Influence of the Variable Wettability Characteristics of Layers on the Transport of Nanoparticles in the Context of Drug Delivery in Skin Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4665. [PMID: 38731884 PMCID: PMC11083110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology has offered the possibility of creating nanosystems that can be used as drug carriers. The use of such carriers offers real opportunities for the development of non-invasive drug delivery through skin structures. However, in addition to the ability to create suitable nanocarriers, it is also necessary to know how they move through dermal layers. The human skin consists of layers with different wettability characteristics, which greatly complicates how introduced substances move through it. In this work, an experimental study of the diffusion process of nanoparticles through partitions with different wettability properties was carried out. Conventional diffusion tests using Franz chambers were used for this purpose. We quantified how the wettability of the barrier, the number of layers, and their mutual configuration affect the transport of nanoparticles. Based on the results, an analysis of the phenomena taking place, depending on the wettability of the partition, was carried out. A model relationship was also proposed to determine the effective diffusion coefficient, taking into account the influence of the wettability and porosity of the barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola M. Błaszczyk
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 213 Wolczanska St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Yaari A, Ling Chuan Ching D, Sakidin H, Sundaram Muthuvalu M, Zafar M, Haruna A, Merican Aljunid Merican Z, Azad AS. A New 3D Mathematical Model for Simulating Nanofluid Flooding in a Porous Medium for Enhanced Oil Recovery. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5414. [PMID: 37570118 PMCID: PMC10420021 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-phase Darcy's law is a well-known mathematical model used in the petrochemical industry. It predicts the fluid flow in reservoirs and can be used to optimize oil production using recent technology. Indeed, various models have been proposed for predicting oil recovery using injected nanofluids (NFs). Among them, numerical modeling is attracting the attention of scientists and engineers owing to its ability to modify the thermophysical properties of NFs such as density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Herein, a new model for simulating NF injection into a 3D porous media for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is investigated. This model has been developed for its ability to predict oil recovery across a wide range of temperatures and volume fractions (VFs). For the first time, the model can examine the changes and effects of thermophysical properties on the EOR process based on empirical correlations depending on two variables, VF and inlet temperature. The governing equations obtained from Darcy's law, mass conservation, concentration, and energy equations were numerically evaluated using a time-dependent finite-element method. The findings indicated that optimizing the temperature and VF could significantly improve the thermophysical properties of the EOR process. We observed that increasing the inlet temperature (353.15 K) and volume fraction (4%) resulted in better oil displacement, improved sweep efficiency, and enhanced mobility of the NF. The oil recovery decreased when the VF (>4%) and temperature exceeded 353.15 K. Remarkably, the optimal VF and inlet temperature for changing the thermophysical properties increased the oil production by 30%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Yaari
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, Thamar University, Dhamar 00967, Yemen
| | - Dennis Ling Chuan Ching
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Hamzah Sakidin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohana Sundaram Muthuvalu
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mudasar Zafar
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdurrashid Haruna
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Zulkifli Merican Aljunid Merican
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdus Samad Azad
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (D.L.C.C.); (H.S.); (M.S.M.); (M.Z.); (A.H.); (Z.M.A.M.); (A.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zafar M, Sakidin H, Sheremet M, Dzulkarnain I, Nazar R, Al-Yaari A, Mohamad Asri NA, Salleh MZ, Bashir S. A numerical investigation of mathematical modelling in 3D hexagonal porous prism on oil recovery using nanoflooding. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18676. [PMID: 37554841 PMCID: PMC10404672 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials as a means of recovering heavy and light oil from petroleum reservoirs has increased over the preceding twenty years. Most researchers have found that injecting a nanoparticle dispersion (nanofluids) has led to good results and increased the amount of oil that can be recovered. In this research, we aim to imitate the three-dimensional hexagonal prism in the existence of SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles for better oil recovery. Porosity (0.1 ≤ φ ≤ 0.4 ), mass flow rate (0.05 m L / min ≤ Q ≤ 0.05 m l / min ), nanoparticle concentration (0.01 ≤ ψ ≤ 0.04 ), and the effect of relative permeability (kr) on oil and water saturation in the presence of gravity under different time durations are all investigated. The result obtained for the model is verified with existing experimental data. The results indicated that the infulence of nanoparticle volume fraction (VF) is significant in enhancing the oil recovery rate. It is also observed that at low porosity values the oil recovery is maximum. The maximum oil recovery is attained at low values of mass flow rate in the 3D hexagonal prism in the presence of silicon and aluminium nanoparticles It is also observed that the use of SiO2 gives a better oil recovery rate than Al2O3. It is also observed that maximum oil recovery is obtained at 99% at a flow rate of 0.05 mL/min in the presence of silicon injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudasar Zafar
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Center for Research in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hamzah Sakidin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mikhail Sheremet
- Laboratory on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Iskandar Dzulkarnain
- Center for Research in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Roslinda Nazar
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al-Yaari
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Nur Asyatumaila Mohamad Asri
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zuki Salleh
- Centre of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 UMP Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Shazia Bashir
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics and Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Zhang W, Li J, Han R, Lu C. Mechanism and Performance Analysis of Nanoparticle-Polymer Fluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114331. [PMID: 37298805 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing energy demand, oil is still an important fuel source worldwide. The chemical flooding process is used in petroleum engineering to increase the recovery of residual oil. As a promising enhanced oil-recovery technology, polymer flooding still faces some challenges in achieving this goal. The stability of a polymer solution is easily affected by the harsh reservoir conditions of high temperature and high salt, and the influence of the external environment such as high salinity, high valence cations, pH value, temperature and its own structure is highlighted. This article also involves the introduction of commonly used nanoparticles, whose unique properties are used to improve the performance of polymers under harsh conditions. The mechanism of nanoparticle improvement on polymer properties is discussed, that is, how the interaction between them improves the viscosity, shear stability, heat-resistance and salt-tolerant performance of the polymer. Nanoparticle-polymer fluids exhibit properties that they cannot exhibit by themselves. The positive effects of nanoparticle-polymer fluids on reducing interfacial tension and improving the wettability of reservoir rock in tertiary oil recovery are introduced, and the stability of nanoparticle-polymer fluid is described. While analyzing and evaluating the research on nanoparticle-polymer fluid, indicating the obstacles and challenges that still exist at this stage, future research work on nanoparticle-polymer fluid is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Sun
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Jie Li
- Baikouquan Oil Production Plant of Petrochina Xinjiang Oilfield Branch, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Ruifang Han
- Baikouquan Oil Production Plant of Petrochina Xinjiang Oilfield Branch, Karamay 834000, China
| | - Chenghui Lu
- Baikouquan Oil Production Plant of Petrochina Xinjiang Oilfield Branch, Karamay 834000, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malgaretti P, Harting J. Closed Formula for Transport across Constrictions. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:470. [PMID: 36981357 PMCID: PMC10047801 DOI: 10.3390/e25030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the Fick-Jacobs approximation has been exploited to capture transport across constrictions. Here, we review the derivation of the Fick-Jacobs equation with particular emphasis on its linear response regime. We show that, for fore-aft symmetric channels, the flux of noninteracting systems is fully captured by its linear response regime. For this case, we derive a very simple formula that captures the correct trends and can be exploited as a simple tool to design experiments or simulations. Lastly, we show that higher-order corrections in the flux may appear for nonsymmetric channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Malgaretti
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 90429 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Harting
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 90429 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90429 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ambaliya M, Bera A. A Perspective Review on the Current Status and Development of Polymer Flooding in Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Polymeric Nanofluids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meet Ambaliya
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
| | - Achinta Bera
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hussain KA, Chen C, Haggerty R, Schubert M, Li Y. Fundamental Mechanisms and Factors Associated with Nanoparticle-Assisted Enhanced Oil Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Albab Hussain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
| | - Ryan Haggerty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Mathias Schubert
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Yusong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Modelling diffusive transport of particles interacting with slit nanopore walls: The case of fullerenes in toluene filled alumina pores. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Nanomaterials for scaling prevention in alkaline–surfactant–polymer flooding: A review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Li L, Liu JW, Chen J, Wang ZZ, Jin X, Dai CL. Mussel-inspired hydrogel particles with selective adhesion characteristics for applications in reservoir fracture control. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Alsedrani MQ, Chala GT. Investigation of the Effects of Silica Nanofluid for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications: CFD Simulation Study. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
15
|
Bai L, Liu L, Esquivel M, Tardy BL, Huan S, Niu X, Liu S, Yang G, Fan Y, Rojas OJ. Nanochitin: Chemistry, Structure, Assembly, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11604-11674. [PMID: 35653785 PMCID: PMC9284562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fascinating biopolymer found in living organisms, fulfills current demands of availability, sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, and renewability. A feature of chitin is its ability to structure into hierarchical assemblies, spanning the nano- and macroscales, imparting toughness and resistance (chemical, biological, among others) to multicomponent materials as well as adding adaptability, tunability, and versatility. Retaining the inherent structural characteristics of chitin and its colloidal features in dispersed media has been central to its use, considering it as a building block for the construction of emerging materials. Top-down chitin designs have been reported and differentiate from the traditional molecular-level, bottom-up synthesis and assembly for material development. Such topics are the focus of this Review, which also covers the origins and biological characteristics of chitin and their influence on the morphological and physical-chemical properties. We discuss recent achievements in the isolation, deconstruction, and fractionation of chitin nanostructures of varying axial aspects (nanofibrils and nanorods) along with methods for their modification and assembly into functional materials. We highlight the role of nanochitin in its native architecture and as a component of materials subjected to multiscale interactions, leading to highly dynamic and functional structures. We introduce the most recent advances in the applications of nanochitin-derived materials and industrialization efforts, following green manufacturing principles. Finally, we offer a critical perspective about the adoption of nanochitin in the context of advanced, sustainable materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Liang Liu
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Marianelly Esquivel
- Polymer
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siqi Huan
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xun Niu
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology (Ministry
of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of
Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuel and Chemicals,
College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry, and Department of Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abdullahi M, Jufar S, Kumar S, Al-shami T, Negash B. Synergistic effect of Polymer-Augmented low salinity flooding for oil recovery efficiency in Illite-Sand porous media. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Pore-scale simulation of nanoparticle transport and deposition in a microchannel using a Lagrangian approach. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Zahiri MG, Esmaeilnezhad E, Choi HJ. Effect of polymer–graphene-quantum-dot solution on enhanced oil recovery performance. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Malgaretti P, Puertas AM, Pagonabarraga I. Active microrheology in corrugated channels: Comparison of thermal and colloidal baths. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2694-2702. [PMID: 34802755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The dynamics of colloidal suspension confined within porous materials strongly differs from that in the bulk. In particular, within porous materials, the presence of boundaries with complex shapes entangles the longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom inducing a coupling between the transport of the suspension and the density inhomogeneities induced by the walls. METHOD Colloidal suspension confined within model porous media are characterized by means of active microrheology where a net force is applied on a single colloid (tracer particle) whose transport properties are then studied. The trajectories provided by active microrheology are exploited to determine the local transport coefficients. In order to asses the role of the colloid-colloid interactions we compare the case of a tracer embedded in a colloidal suspension to the case of a tracer suspended in an ideal bath. FINDING Our results show that the friction coefficient increases and the passage time distribution widens upon increasing the corrugation of the channel. These features are obtained for a tracer suspended in a (thermalized) colloidal bath as well as for the case of an ideal thermal bath. These results highlight the relevance of the confinement on the transport and show a mild dependence on the colloidal/thermal bath. Finally, we rationalize our numerical results with a semi-analytical model. Interestingly, the predictions of the model are quantitatively reliable for mild external forces, hence providing a reliable tool for predicting the transport across porous materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Malgaretti
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauer Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; IV Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Antonio M Puertas
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Almería, 04.120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire (CECAM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochimie, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Departament de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of Initial Water Saturation on Oil Displacement Efficiency by Nanosuspensions. FLUIDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids7020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article deals with the study of the initial water saturation effect of a porous medium on the oil recovery factor using a water-based nanosuspension. The initial water saturation of the porous medium in the computations varied within the range from 0 to 90%. The nanoparticle SiO2 concentration varied from 0 to 1 wt%. The particle sizes were equal to 5, 18, 22, and 50 nm. Experimentally measured wetting angles and the interfacial tension coefficient depending on the concentration and size of nanoparticles were used in computations. A mathematical model was developed, describing the transfer and diffusion of nanoparticles within the aqueous phase during immiscible displacement of oil by nanosuspension from a porous medium. Using the developed model, a systematic computational study of the effect of the initial water saturation of the core micromodel on the oil recovery factor using nanosuspension was carried out. It was revealed that with an increase in the initial water saturation, the oil recovery factor monotonically decreased in the case of displacement both by water and nanosuspension. It was shown that with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles and a decrease in their size, the oil recovery factor increased. At that, the relative increase in the recovery factor had a maximum at an initial water saturation equal to 60%.
Collapse
|
22
|
El-hoshoudy AN. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation for Synthetic Polymers, Biopolymers and Polymeric Nanocomposites Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery Operations. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
23
|
Synthesis of hybrid dendritic mesoporous silica titanium nanoparticles to stabilize Pickering emulsions for enhanced oil recovery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Shayan Nasr M, Esmaeilnezhad E, Choi HJ. Effect of carbon-based and metal-based nanoparticles on enhanced oil recovery: A review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
25
|
Khalil M, Fahmi A, Nizardo NM, Amir Z, Mohamed Jan B. Thermosensitive Core-Shell Fe 3O 4@poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Nanogels for Enhanced Oil Recovery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8855-8865. [PMID: 34242029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An investigation on the application of thermosensitive core-shell Fe3O4@PNIPAM nanogels in enhanced oil recovery was successfully performed. Here, the unique core-shell architecture was fabricated by conducting the polymerization at the surface of 3-butenoic acid-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), 1H NMR, vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). According to the results, this core-shell structure was beneficial for achieving the desired high viscosity and low nanofluid mobility ratio at high temperatures, which is essential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application. The results demonstrated that the nanogels exhibited a unique temperature-dependent flow behavior due to the PNIPAM shell's ability to transform from a hydrated to a dehydrated state above its low critical solution temperature (LCST). At such conditions, the nanogels exhibited a significantly low mobility ratio (M = 0.86), resulting in an even displacement front during EOR and leads to higher oil production. Based on the result obtained from sand pack flooding, about 25.75% of an additional secondary oil recovery could be produced when the nanofluid was injected at a temperature of 45 °C. However, a further increase in the flooding temperature could result in a slight reduction in oil recovery due to the precipitation of some of the severely aggregated nanogels at high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Alwy Fahmi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Noverra Mardhatillah Nizardo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, 16424 Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Zulhelmi Amir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Badrul Mohamed Jan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu Y, Wang T, Zhang L, Tang Y, Huang W, Jia H. Investigation on the effects of cationic surface active ionic liquid/anionic surfactant mixtures on the interfacial tension of water/crude oil system and their application in enhancing crude oil recovery. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1942034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbiao Xu
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Qingdao, China
| | - Tingyi Wang
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying, China
| | - Yongan Tang
- Technology Inspection Center, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying, China
| | - Wenjian Huang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Qingdao, China
- Offshore Oil engineering Co.Ltd, CNOOC, Qingdao, China
| | - Han Jia
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Formulation of bionanomaterials: A review of particle design towards oil recovery applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
28
|
Ainane A, Abdoul-Latif FM, Mohamed J, Attahar W, Ouassil M, Shybat ZL, El Yaacoubi A, Ainane T. Behaviour desorption study of the essential oil of Cedrus atlantica in a porous clay versus insecticidal activity against Sitophilus granarius: explanation of the phenomenon by statistical studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METROLOGY AND QUALITY ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/ijmqe/2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substances of natural origin and more particularly essential oils currently represent an alternative solution in the fight for the protection of stored foodstuffs. The way to use these essential oils and the storage conditions remain the main handicap in dealing with this subject. This article develops the use of porous supports as a medium for the study of the behavior of essential oils with respect to insecticidal activities. The process relates to the fixing and/or grafting of essential oils in porous clay media in a well-defined geometric form included in the storage methods. The study of transfers of the essential oil of Cedrus atlantica in a porous clay medium in the case of desorption was made by analytical and numerical models of diffusion process, to know the behavior of the oil and to determine some physical parameters (diffusivity Dz, activation energy Ea, evaporation rate F and constant of evaporation K) which explain the mechanisms involved and to try to exploit them in parallel with the insecticidal activities against of Sitophilus granarius the main cereal pest by statistical approaches such as: design of experiments and principal component analysis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nanomaterials for subsurface application: study of particles retention in porous media. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability to transport nanoparticles through porous media has interesting engineering applications, notably in reservoir capacity exploration and soil remediation. A series of core-flooding experiments were conducted for quantitative analysis of functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles transport through various porous media including calcite, dolomite, silica, and limestone rocks. The adsorption of surfactants on the rock surface and nanoparticle retention in pore walls were evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. By applying TiO2 nanoparticles, 49.3 and 68.0 wt.% of surfactant adsorption reduction were observed in pore walls of dolomite and silica rock, respectively. Not surprisingly, the value of nanoparticle deposition for dolomite and silica rocks was near zero, implying that surfactant adsorption is proportional to nanoparticle deposition. On the other hand, surfactant adsorption was increased for other types of rock in presence of nanoparticles. 5.5, 13.5, and 22.4 wt.% of nanoparticle deposition was estimated for calcite, black and red limestone, respectively. By making a connection between physicochemical rock properties and nanoparticle deposition rates, we concluded that the surface roughness of rock has a significant influence on mechanical trapping and deposition of nanoparticles in pore-throats.
Collapse
|
30
|
A mechanistic study toward the effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes on asphaltene precipitation and aggregation in unstable crude oil. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
The particles, water and oil three-phase flow behaviors at the pore scale is significant to clarify the dynamic mechanism in the particle flooding process. In this work, a newly developed direct numerical simulation techniques, i.e., VOF-FDM-DEM method is employed to perform the simulation of several different particle flooding processes after water flooding, which are carried out with a porous structure obtained by CT scanning of a real rock. The study on the distribution of remaining oil and the displacement process of viscoelastic particles shows that the capillary barrier near the location with the abrupt change of pore radius is the main reason for the formation of remaining oil. There is a dynamic threshold in the process of producing remaining oil. Only when the displacement force exceeds this threshold, the remaining oil can be produced. The flow behavior of particle–oil–water under three different flooding modes, i.e., continuous injection, alternate injection and slug injection, is studied. It is found that the particle size and the injection mode have an important influence on the fluid flow. On this basis, the flow behavior, pressure characteristics and recovery efficiency of the three injection modes are compared. It is found that by injecting two kinds of fluids with different resistance increasing ability into the pores, they can enter into different pore channels, resulting in the imbalance of the force on the remaining oil interface and formation of different resistance between the channels, which can realize the rapid recovery of the remaining oil.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kumar S, Foroozesh J. Chitin nanocrystals based complex fluids: A green nanotechnology. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117619. [PMID: 33541647 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitin biopolymer has received significant attention recently by many industries as a green technology. Nanotechnology has been used to make chitin nanocrystals (ChiNCs) that are rod-shaped natural nanomaterials with nanoscale size. Owing to the unique features such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, rod-shape, and excellent surface and interfacial, physiochemical, and thermo-mechanical properties; ChiNCs have been green and attractive products with wide applications specifically in medical and pharmaceutical, food and packaging, cosmetic, electrical, and electronic, and also in the oil and gas industry. This review aims to give a comprehensive and applied insight into ChiNCs technology. It starts with reviewing different sources of chitin and their extraction methods followed by the characterization of ChiNCs. Furthermore, a detailed investigation into various complex fluids (dispersions, emulsions, foams, and gels) stabilized by ChiNCs and their characterisation have been thoroughly deliberated. Finally, the current status including ground-breaking applications, untapped investigations, and future prospective have been presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - Jalal Foroozesh
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kumar S, Pandey A, Trifkovic M, Bryant SL. A facile and economical configuration for continuous generation and separation of oil in water emulsions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
34
|
In-Situ Heavy Oil Aquathermolysis in the Presence of Nanodispersed Catalysts Based on Transition Metals. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquathermolysis process is widely considered to be one of the most promising approaches of in-situ upgrading of heavy oil. It is well known that introduction of metal ions speeds up the aquathermolysis reactions. There are several types of catalysts such as dispersed (heterogeneous), water-soluble and oil soluble catalysts, among which oil-soluble catalysts are attracting considerable interest in terms of efficiency and industrial scale implementation. However, the rock minerals of reservoir rocks behave like catalysts; their influence is small in contrast to the introduced metal ions. It is believed that catalytic aquathermolysis process initiates with the destruction of C-S bonds, which are very heat-sensitive and behave like a trigger for the following reactions such as ring opening, hydrogenation, reforming, water–gas shift and desulfurization reactions. Hence, the asphaltenes are hydrocracked and the viscosity of heavy oil is reduced significantly. Application of different hydrogen donors in combination with catalysts (catalytic complexes) provides a synergetic effect on viscosity reduction. The use of catalytic complexes in pilot and field tests showed the heavy oil viscosity reduction, increase in the content of light hydrocarbons and decrease in heavy fractions, as well as sulfur content. Hence, the catalytic aquathermolysis process as a distinct process can be applied as a successful method to enhance oil recovery. The objective of this study is to review all previously published lab scale and pilot experimental data, various reaction schemes and field observations on the in-situ catalytic aquathermolysis process.
Collapse
|