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Bensalah J, Thakur A, Kumar A. Investigating the adsorption processes of polymer resins for the removal of micropollutants: A comprehensive review in the field of environmental remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 254:119128. [PMID: 38740294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The growing worry for human health stems from the fact that micropollutants (MPs), particularly dyes, are more common in aquatic settings. These particles pose a serious risk to both humans and animals since they have been found in a variety of bodily fluids and waste products from both humans and animals. MPs pose significant dangers to human health and other living things due to their extended half-lives, high fragmentation propensity, and capacity to absorb organic pollutants as well (MB, MR, MO and CV dyes) and heavy metals as well (Pb(II), Cd(II) Co(II) Cr(III) and Ag(I) ….). They also contribute to the degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Sustainable and effective methods for removing MPs from wastewater and treating organic micropollutants in an environmentally friendly manner are being developed in order to address this problem. This work offers a thorough review of adsorption technology as a productive and environmentally friendly means of eliminating MPs from aqueous environments, with an emphasis on developments in the application of polymeric resin in MP removal. The review examines the adsorption process and the variables that affect adsorption efficiency, including the characteristics of the micropollutant, the resin, and the solution. To improve understanding, a number of adsorption mechanisms and models are explored. The study also addresses the difficulties and future possibilities of adsorption technology, emphasising the need to optimize resin characteristics, create sustainable and affordable regeneration techniques, and take into account the environmental effects of adsorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaouad Bensalah
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering (LAMPE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco.
| | - Abhinay Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Nalanda College of Engineering, Bihar Engineering University, Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education, Government of Bihar, 803108, India.
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Hasan GG, Laouini SE, Osman AI, Bouafia A, Althamthami M, Meneceur S, Kir I, Mohammed H, Lumbers B, Rooney DW. Nanostructured Mn@NiO composite for addressing multi-pollutant challenges in petroleum-contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44254-44271. [PMID: 38943002 PMCID: PMC11252200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Efficient catalysts play a pivotal role in advancing eco-friendly water treatment strategies, particularly in the removal of diverse organic contaminants found in water-petroleum sources. This study addresses the multifaceted challenges posed by contaminants, encompassing a spectrum of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn alongside pollutants like oily water (OIW), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dyes, and pharmaceuticals, posing threats to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Herein, we present the synthesis of biogenically derived Mn@NiO nanocomposite (NC) photocatalysts, a sustainable methodology employing an aqueous Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract, yielding particles with a size of 36.7 nm. The catalyst demonstrates exceptional efficacy in removing heavy metals, achieving rates exceeding 99-100% within 30 min, alongside notable removal efficiencies for OIW (98%), TSS (87%), and COD (98%). Furthermore, our photodegradation experiments showed remarkable efficiencies, with 94% degradation for Rose Bengal (RB) and 96% for methylene blue (MB) within 120 min. The degradation kinetics adhere to pseudo-first-order behavior, with rate constants of 0.0227 min-1 for RB and 0.0370 min-1 for MB. Additionally, the NC exhibits significant antibiotic degradation rates of 97% for cephalexin (CEX) and 96% for amoxicillin (AMOX). The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic interplay between the Mn and NiO nanostructures, augmenting responsiveness to sunlight while mitigating electron-hole pair recombination. Notably, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding stability and reusability across multiple cycles, maintaining its stable nanostructure without compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamil Gamal Hasan
- Laboratory of Valorisation and Technology of Sahara Resources (VTRS), El Oued University, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Salah Eddine Laouini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ahmed I Osman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Abderrhmane Bouafia
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Althamthami
- Physics Laboratory of Thin Films and Applications, Biskra University, BP 145, 07000, Biskra, RP, Algeria
| | - Souhaila Meneceur
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Iman Kir
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Hamdi Mohammed
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Matter, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Brock Lumbers
- Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Marie-Curie-Straße 1, 47533, Kleve, Germany
| | - David W Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
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Bensalah J, Doumane G, Iraqi O, Elhenawy AA, Ouaddari H, Okla MK, Nafidi HA, Younous YA, Bourhia M, Habsaoui A. Optimization of an experimental study of cationic Pb metal adsorption by resin polymer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20060. [PMID: 37973816 PMCID: PMC10654399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To eliminate lead (Pb) ions from metallic solutions, the cationic resin in solid form was utilized. The characterization of the adsorbent was performed using GTA/GTD, SEM spectroscopy, and EDX analysis. The results of these analyses provided insights into the structure and composition of the resin. The removal of Pb (II) ions was found to be highly dependent on various parameters. Firstly, the pH of the metal solution played a crucial role, as the adsorption capacity increased with the pH of the solution, at a maximum equal to (R = 84.78%), at a pH = 8.0. Additionally, the concentration of Pb (II) ions present in the solution influenced the adsorption technique's capacity, with higher concentrations leading to increased adsorption, analysis overhead of high concentration present (100 mg L-1) of the metal lead (II) study, a saturation corresponding a plateau to the resin polymeric saturation is 93.18 mg g-1. To determine the optimal mass of the resin adsorbent, a study was conducted to maximize the removal of Pb (II) ions, at the mass 1.0 g showed that the proportion of inorganic pollutants removed from Pb (II) is entirely qualitative (100%). Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the adsorption process was investigated. It was observed that the rate of the Pb (II) adsorption process decreased as the temperature increased. Kinetic studies were performed to gain further insights into the adsorption process. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, along with the intra-particle diffusion model, were utilized for this purpose. The results indicated that the adsorption process was fast, as evidenced by the findings from the pseudo-second-order study. The saturation technical process was studied, employing several different isothermal models, including Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. Among these models, the Langmuir model was found to best describe the phenomenon of lead metal adsorption by the resin polymeric, is equal to 11.23 mg g-1, with the experimental value precisely (R2 = 0.999). Finally, various thermodynamic techniques were applied to analyze the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG° (- 9.78 to - 9.27 kJ mol-1), ΔH° (14.85 kJ mol-1), and ΔS° (0.017 kJ mol-1) were determined. These values indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous, further emphasizing its impetuous nature. The results of the molecular dynamics calculations demonstrated that amino groups are very important in defining the characteristics of cation adsorption. We conclude that this new adsorbent has the potential to significantly improve the process of regularly removing heavy metal ions from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaouad Bensalah
- Laboratory of Materials Advanced and Engineering Process, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco.
- Chemistry Platform, UATRS, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Ghizlane Doumane
- Laboratory of Materials Advanced and Engineering Process, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Oumayma Iraqi
- Laboratory of Materials Advanced and Engineering Process, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
| | | | - Hanae Ouaddari
- Laboratory of Materials Advanced and Engineering Process, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
- Chemistry Platform, UATRS, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, 2325, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, 70000, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Amar Habsaoui
- Laboratory of Materials Advanced and Engineering Process, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofaïl, B.P. 133, 14000, Kenitra, Morocco
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Computational insights into the adsorption mechanisms of anionic dyes on the rutile TiO2 (110) surface: Combining SCC-DFT tight binding with quantum chemical and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Sharma A, Mangla D, Choudhry A, Sajid M, Ali Chaudhry S. Facile synthesis, physico-chemical studies of Ocimum sanctum magnetic nanocomposite and its adsorptive application against Methylene blue. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Roy S, Ahmaruzzaman M. Ionic liquid based composites: A versatile materials for remediation of aqueous environmental contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115089. [PMID: 35525038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution is one of the most aggravated problems threatening the sustainability of human race and other life forms due to the rapid pace of civilization and industrialization. A long history exists of release of hazardous pollutants into the water bodies due to selfish human activities since the Industrial Revolution, but no effort has been completely successful in curbing the activities that result in the degradation of our environment. These pollutants are harmful, carcinogenic and have adverse health effects to all forms of life. Thus, remarkable efforts have been geared up to obtain clean water by exploiting science and technology. The application of Ionic liquids (ILs) as sustainable materials have received widespread attention since the last decade. Their interesting properties, simplicity in operation and satisfactory binding capacities in elimination of the contaminants makes them a valuable prospect to be utilized in wastewater treatment. Immobilizing and grafting the solid supports with ILs have fetched efficient results to exploit their potential in the adsorptive removal processes. This review provides an understanding of the recent developments and outlines the possible utility of IL based nano adsorbents in the removal of organic compounds, dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous medium. Effect of several parameters such as sorbent dosage, pH and temperature on the removal efficiency has also been discussed. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics and mechanism are comprehensively studied. It is envisioned that the literature gathered in this article will guide the budding scientists to put their interest in this area of research in the days to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, 788010, Assam, India
| | - Md Ahmaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, 788010, Assam, India.
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Efficient removal of Rose Bengal and Malachite Green dyes using Green and sustainable Chitosan/CMC/Bentonite-based hydrogel materials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04378-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hassan AA, Tanimu A, Alhooshani K. Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Pharmaceutical Drugs from Wastewater and Human Urine Using (Z)-Octadec-9-en-1-aminium tetrachloroferrate (III) Ionic Liquid and Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ding Y, Chen Z, Wu J, Abd-Elhamid AI, Aly HF, Nayl AA, Bräse S. Graphene Oxide@Heavy Metal Ions (GO@M) Complex Simulated Waste as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Cationic Methylene Blue Dye from Contaminated Water. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103657. [PMID: 35629685 PMCID: PMC9147086 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was heavily used in the adsorption process of various heavy metal ions (such as copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) ions), resulting in a huge waste quantity of graphene oxide@metal ions complex. In this research, the authors try to solve this issue. Herein, the GO surface was loaded with divalent (Cu2+) and trivalent (Fe3+) heavy metal ions as a simulated waste of the heavy metal in various removal processes to form GO@Cu and (GO@Fe) composites, respectively. After that, the previous nanocomposites were used to remove cationic methylene blue (MB) dye. The prepared composites were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), transition electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), Raman, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) before and after the adsorption process. Various adsorption factors of the two composites towards MB-dye were investigated. Based on the adsorption isotherm information, the adsorption process of MB-dye is highly fitted with the Langmuir model with maximum capacities (mg g−1) (384.62, GO@Cu) and (217.39, GO@Fe). According to the thermodynamic analysis, the adsorption reaction of MB-species over the GO@Cu is exothermic and, in the case of GO@Fe, is endothermic. Moreover, the two composites presented excellent selectivity of adsorption of the MB-dye from the MB/MO mixture
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology, Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Bio-Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.D.); (Z.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology, Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Bio-Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.D.); (Z.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology, Eco-Textile & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Bio-Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (Y.D.); (Z.C.); (J.W.)
| | - Ahmed I. Abd-Elhamid
- Composites and Nanostructured Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab 21934, Egypt;
| | - Hisham F. Aly
- Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt;
| | - AbdElAziz A. Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (A.A.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Director Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: or (A.A.N.); (S.B.)
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Hussein MAT, Motawea MM, Elsenety MM, El-Bahy SM, Gomaa H. Mesoporous spongy Ni–Co oxides@wheat straw-derived SiO2 for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue pollutants. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Deniz F, Tezel Ersanli E. A novel biowaste-based biosorbent material for effective purification of methylene blue from water environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 24:1243-1250. [PMID: 35014910 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.2025039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biowaste left over from the fixed oil biorefinery process of Nigella sativa L. plant was used as a new biosorbent for the biosorption of synthetic dye of methylene blue from water environment in this study. The main variables of biosorption operation such as methylene blue concentration, time, pH, and biosorbent amount were optimized by the batch-type experiments. The characterization, kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics works were conducted to show the nature of methylene blue biosorption. The studies of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the biosorbent possessed an inhomogeneous surface morphology including many cavities and protuberances, and a rich functional group profile. The optimum values of operating variables studied for the biosorption of methylene blue were determined as methylene blue concentration of 15 mg L-1, time of 360 min, pH of 8, and biosorbent amount of 10 mg. The experimental data of methylene blue biosorption followed the kinetics and isotherm models of pseudo-second-order (R2: 0.98, AdjR2: 0.98, and RMSE: 8.97) and Dubinin-Radushkevich (R2: 0.99, AdjR2: 0.98, and RMSE: 6.84), respectively, based on the statistical tests of coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (AdjR2), and root mean squared error (RMSE). The biosorption of methylene blue was a physical, spontaneous, and energetically favorable process (EDR: 3.48 kJ mol-1 and ΔG°: (-14.51) - (-10.02) kJ mol-1). This residual biological material from the fixed oil biorefinery process exhibited higher biosorption performance (187.46 mg g-1) than own unrefined (virgin) form and its modified, activated, and composite forms and many other sorbents reported in the literature. Hereby, the current work showed that this novel biowaste-based material could be used as an environmentally and economically promising biosorbent to effectively purify methylene blue from aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Deniz
- Environmental Protection Technologies Department, Vocational School of Bozova, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Elif Tezel Ersanli
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Sinop, Sinop, Turkey
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Hosseini H, Zirakjou A, McClements DJ, Goodarzi V, Chen WH. Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using ternary nanocomposite aerogel systems: Carboxymethyl cellulose grafted by polyacrylic acid and decorated with graphene oxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126752. [PMID: 34352524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, environmentally-friendly nanocomposite hydrogels were fabricated. These hydrogels consisted of semi-interpenetrating networks of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) molecules grafted to polyacrylic acid (PAA), as an eco-friendly and non-toxic polymer with numerous carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups, which were reinforced with different levels of graphene oxide particles (0.5, 1.5 or 3% wt). Field-emission electron scanning microscopy (FESEM) images indicated that the pore size of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing graphic oxide concentration. The presence of the graphic oxide increased the storage modulus and thermal stability of the nanocomposite hydrogels. The hydrogels had an adsorption capacity of 138 mg/g of a model cationic dye pollutant (methylene blue) after 250 min. Moreover, a reusability test showed that the adsorption capacity remained at around 90% after 9 cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations suggested that the adsorption of methylene blue was mainly a result of π-π bonds, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions with graphene oxide. Our results indicated that the nanocomposite hydrogels fabricated in this study may be eco-friendly, stable, efficient, and reusable adsorbents for ionic pollutants in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Hosseini
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Abbas Zirakjou
- School of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19945-546, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
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