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Tao L, Xia X, Kong S, Wang T, Fan F, Wang W. Natural pentacyclic triterpenoid from Pristimerin sensitizes p53-deficient tumor to PARP inhibitor by ubiquitination of Chk1. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107091. [PMID: 38316371 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) has shown to overcome resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and expand the clinical utility of PARP inhibitors in a broad range of human cancers. Pristimerin, a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, has been the focus of intensive studies for its anticancer potential. However, it is not yet known whether low dose of pristimerin can be combined with PARP inhibitors by targeting Chk1 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the efficacy, safety and molecular mechanisms of the synergistic effect produced by the combination olaparib and pristimerin in TP53-deficient and BRCA-proficient cell models. As a result, an increased expression of Chk1 was correlated with TP53 mutation, and pristimerin preferentially sensitized p53-defective cells to olaparib. The combination of olaparib and pristimerin resulted in a more pronounced abrogation of DNA synthesis and induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Moreover, pristimerin disrupted the constitutional levels of Chk1 and DSB repair activities. Mechanistically, pristimerin promoted K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Chk1 while not affecting its kinase domain and activity. Importantly, combinatorial therapy led to a higher rate of tumor growth inhibition without apparent hematological toxicities. In addition, pristimerin suppressed olaparib-induced upregulation of Chk1 and enhanced olaparib-induced DSB marker γΗ2ΑΧ in vivo. Taken together, inhibition of Chk1 by pristimerin has been observed to induce DNA repair deficiency, which may expand the application of olaparib in BRCA-proficient cancers harboring TP53 mutations. Thus, pristimerin can be combined for PARP inhibitor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xiangyu Xia
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shujing Kong
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tingye Wang
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Fangtian Fan
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233003, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Department of Oncology, Yixing Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, China.
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Yao HF, He M, Zhu YH, Zhang B, Chen PC, Huo YM, Zhang JF, Yang C. Prediction of immune infiltration and prognosis for patients with cholangiocarcinoma based on a cuproptosis-related lncRNA signature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22774. [PMID: 38226253 PMCID: PMC10788410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) is a malignant disease that affects the digestive tract, and it is characterized by a poor prognosis. This research sought to explore the involvement of cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs) in the prognostic prediction and immune infiltration of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The expression profiles and clinical data of CHOL patients were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and CRLs were defined via co-expression analysis. Two molecular clusters distinguished by cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) were produced. Then a risk signature consisted by four CRLs was formed, and all samples were separated into low- and high-risk groups using a risk score. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, principal component analysis, differentially expressed analysis, immune cell infiltration analysis, and sensitivities analysis of chemotherapy drugs were conducted between the two groups. Simultaneously, the expression values of four lncRNAs confirmed by real-time PCR in our own 20 CHOL samples were brought into the risk model. Results The CHOL samples could be differentiated into two molecular clusters, which displayed contrasting survival times. Additionally, patients with higher risk scores had significantly worse prognosis compared to those in the low-risk group. Furthermore, both immune infiltration and enrichment analysis revealed significant discrepancies in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) between different risk groups. Moreover, the predictive power and the correlation with CA19-9 and CEA of risk signature were validated in our own samples. Conclusion We developed a risk signature which could serve as an independent prognostic factor and offer a promising prediction for not only prognosis but also TIME in CHOL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fei Yao
- Jiading Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Heng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Jiading Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- Jiading Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Miao Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Jiading Branch, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Alimbetov D, Umbayev B, Tsoy A, Begimbetova D, Davis T, Kipling D, Askarova S. Small molecule targeting of the p38/Mk2 stress signaling pathways to improve cancer treatment. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:895. [PMID: 37740222 PMCID: PMC10517462 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a long-term goal of cancer therapy always has been the development of agents that selectively destroy cancer cells, more recent trends have been to seek secondary agents that sensitize cancer cells to existing treatment regimens. In this regard, the present study explored the possibility of using small molecule inhibitors of p38MAPK/MK2 stress signaling pathways as potential agents to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells with abrogated G1 checkpoint to the DNA damaging agent etoposide by specifically targeting the DNA damage-induced G2 cell cycle checkpoint. METHODS We have applied CCK8 and FACS-based viability assays and cell cycle analysis to investigate the effect of small molecules SB203580 and MK2.III on the sensitivity of small cell lung cancer cells (SCLC) that lack the G1 checkpoint to the DNA damaging agent Etoposide when used in combination. We have also assessed the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy on tumor xenograft suppression with etoposide and MK2.III in immunosuppressed mice. In addition, additional CCK8 cell viability analysis of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, and SW620, and SW480 colorectal cancer cell lines was performed. RESULTS Results suggest that etoposide produces a profound effect on the cell cycle profile of cells in a manner that is consistent with the degree of cell viability that is seen using the viable cell assay. Results of the co-treatment experiments revealed that the p38/MK2 kinase inhibitors SB203580 and MK2.III both enhanced the DNA-damaging effects of etoposide on NCI-H69 cell viability in vitro. Results revealed that in vivo MK2.III was able to act as a chemosensitizer when used in combination with etoposide making NCI-H69 lung cancer cells sensitive to chemotherapeutic drug by 45% compared to single usage of the drug. We also report that MK2.III sensitizes metastatic cell lines SW-620 and MDA-MB-231 to etoposide but does not increase the sensitivity of non-metastasizing SW-480 colorectal cells to DNA damaging agent in vitro. CONCLUSION Findings reported in this study provide evidence that specific inhibitors of MK2 may indeed improve overall cancer therapy; however, their effectiveness depends on cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alimbetov
- Creehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA.
| | - B Umbayev
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - A Tsoy
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - D Begimbetova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - T Davis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sh Askarova
- Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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Biswas H, Makinwa Y, Zou Y. Novel Cellular Functions of ATR for Therapeutic Targeting: Embryogenesis to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11684. [PMID: 37511442 PMCID: PMC10380702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is recognized as having an important role in cancer growth and treatment. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) kinase, a major regulator of DDR, has shown significant therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. ATR inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effectiveness, not just as monotherapies but also in enhancing the effects of standard chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The biological basis of ATR is examined in this review, as well as its functional significance in the development and therapy of cancer, and the justification for inhibiting this target as a therapeutic approach, including an assessment of the progress and status of previous decades' development of effective and selective ATR inhibitors. The current applications of these inhibitors in preclinical and clinical investigations as single medicines or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy are also fully reviewed. This review concludes with some insights into the many concerns highlighted or identified with ATR inhibitors in both the preclinical and clinical contexts, as well as potential remedies proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yue Zou
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.B.); (Y.M.)
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Peng Q, Shi X, Li D, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Chen Q. SCML2 contributes to tumor cell resistance to DNA damage through regulating p53 and CHK1 stability. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1849-1867. [PMID: 37353627 PMCID: PMC10307790 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SCML2 has been found to be highly expressed in various tumors. However, the extent to which SCML2 is involved in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy is yet to be fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between SCML2 and DNA damage response (DDR). Firstly, DNA damage stabilizes SCML2 through CHK1-mediated phosphorylation at Ser570. Functionally, this increased stability of SCML2 enhances resistance to DNA damage agents in p53-positive, p53-mutant, and p53-negative cells. Notably, SCML2 promotes chemoresistance through distinct mechanisms in p53-positive and p53-negative cancer cells. SCML2 binds to the TRAF domain of USP7, and Ser441 is a critical residue for their interaction. In p53-positive cancer cells, SCML2 competes with p53 for USP7 binding and destabilizes p53, which prevents DNA damage-induced p53 overactivation and increases chemoresistance. In p53-mutant or p53-negative cancer cells, SCML2 promotes CHK1 and p21 stability by inhibiting their ubiquitination, thereby enhancing the resistance to DNA damage agents. Interestingly, we found that SCML2A primarily stabilizes CHK1, while SCML2B regulates the stability of p21. Therefore, we have identified SCML2 as a novel regulator of chemotherapy resistance and uncovered a positive feedback loop between SCML2 and CHK1 after DNA damage, which serves to promote the chemoresistance to DNA damage agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Peng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaqing Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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Sun J, Xia F, Zhang S, Zhang B, Guan Y, Hu X, Xue P, Yang S, Zhou Y, Ling D, Li F. A Selective Nano Cell Cycle Checkpoint Inhibitor Overcomes Leukemia Chemoresistance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300736. [PMID: 37029565 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint activation promotes DNA damage repair, which is highly associated with the chemoresistance of various cancers including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Selective cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors are strongly demanded to overcome chemoresistance, but remain unexplored. A selective nano cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor (NCCI: citric acid capped ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles) that can catalytically inhibit the cell cycle checkpoint of AML to boost the chemotherapeutic efficacy of genotoxic agents is now reported. NCCI can selectively accumulate in AML cells and convert H2 O2 to • OH to cleave heat shock protein 90, leading to the degradation of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related proteinand checkpoint kinase 1, and the subsequent dysfunction of the G2/M checkpoint. Consequently, NCCI revitalizes the anti-AML efficacy of cytarabine that is previously ineffective both in vitro and in vivo. This study offers new insights into designing selective cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Liangzhu LaboratoryZhejiang University Medical CenterInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yunan Guan
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Pengpeng Xue
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shengfei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fangyuan Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- WLA Laboratories, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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7
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Pentacyclic Triterpenoids-Based Ionic Compounds: Synthesis, Study of Structure-Antitumor Activity Relationship, Effects on Mitochondria and Activation of Signaling Pathways of Proliferation, Genome Reparation and Early Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030756. [PMID: 36765714 PMCID: PMC9913425 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research paper details the synthesis of novel ionic compounds based on triterpene acids (betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic), with these acids acting both as anions and connected through a spacer with various nitrogen-containing compounds (pyridine, piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, triethylamine and dimethylethanolamine) and acting as a cation. Based on the latter, a large number of ionic compounds with various counterions (BF4-, SbF6-, PF6-, CH3COO-, C6H5SO3-, m-C6H4(OH)COO- and CH3CH(OH)COO-) have been synthesized. We studied the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds on the example of various tumor (Jurkat, K562, U937, HL60, A2780) and conditionally normal (HEK293) cell lines. IC50 was determined, and the influence of the structure and nature of the anion and cation on the antitumor activity was specified. Intracellular signaling, apoptosis induction and effects of the most active ionic compounds on the cell cycle and mitochondria have been discussed by applying modern methods of multiparametric enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometry.
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8
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Ahmed S, Alam W, Aschner M, Alsharif KF, Albrakati A, Saso L, Khan H. Natural products targeting the ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113797. [PMID: 36271573 PMCID: PMC9590097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most severe medical conditions in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are critical for treatment approaches, but both have numerous adverse health effects. Furthermore, the resistance of cancerous cells to anticancer medication leads to treatment failure. The rising burden of cancer requires novel efficacious treatment modalities. Natural remedies offer feasible alternative options against malignancy in contrast to available synthetic medication. Selective killing of cancer cells is privileged mainstream in cancer treatment, and targeted therapy represents the new tool with the potential to pursue this aim. The discovery of innovative therapies targeting essential components of DNA damage signaling and repair pathways such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-CHK1)has offered a possibility of significant therapeutic improvement in oncology. The activation and inhibition of this pathway account for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity, respectively. Targeting this pathway can also aid to overcome the resistance of conventional chemo- or radiotherapy. This review enlightens the anticancer role of natural products by ATR-CHK1 activation and inhibition. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic synergistic potential when used in combination with other anticancer drugs. Ideally, this review will trigger interest in natural products targeting ATR-CHK1 and their potential efficacy and safety as cancer lessening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
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9
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Yuan M, Zhao Y, Arkenau HT, Lao T, Chu L, Xu Q. Signal pathways and precision therapy of small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:187. [PMID: 35705538 PMCID: PMC9200817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) encounters up 15% of all lung cancers, and is characterized by a high rate of proliferation, a tendency for early metastasis and generally poor prognosis. Most of the patients present with distant metastatic disease at the time of clinical diagnosis, and only one-third are eligible for potentially curative treatment. Recently, investigations into the genomic make-up of SCLC show extensive chromosomal rearrangements, high mutational burden and loss-of-function mutations of several tumor suppressor genes. Although the clinical development of new treatments for SCLC has been limited in recent years, a better understanding of oncogenic driver alterations has found potential novel targets that might be suitable for therapeutic approaches. Currently, there are six types of potential treatable signaling pathways in SCLC, including signaling pathways targeting the cell cycle and DNA repair, tumor development, cell metabolism, epigenetic regulation, tumor immunity and angiogenesis. At this point, however, there is still a lack of understanding of their role in SCLC tumor biology and the promotion of cancer growth. Importantly optimizing drug targets, improving drug pharmacology, and identifying potential biomarkers are the main focus and further efforts are required to recognize patients who benefit most from novel therapies in development. This review will focus on the current learning on the signaling pathways, the status of immunotherapy, and targeted therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tongnei Lao
- Department of Oncology, Centro Medico BO CHI, Macao, SAR, China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, 200072, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Suzuki T, Hirokawa T, Maeda A, Harata S, Watanabe K, Yanagita T, Ushigome H, Nakai N, Maeda Y, Shiga K, Ogawa R, Mitsui A, Kimura M, Matsuo Y, Takahashi H, Takiguchi S. ATR inhibitor AZD6738 increases the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5‑fluorouracil by inhibiting repair of DNA damage. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:78. [PMID: 35191521 PMCID: PMC8892626 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA damage caused by chemotherapy in cancer cells occurs mainly at two cell cycle checkpoints (G1 and G2) and is a factor contributing to chemoresistance. Most colorectal cancers harbor mutations in p53, the main pathway involved in the G1 checkpoint, and thus, are particularly dependent on the G2 checkpoint for DNA repair. The present study examined the effect of AZD6738, a specific inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3-related (ATR) involved in the G2 checkpoint, combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a central chemotherapeutic agent, on colorectal cancer cells. Since 5-FU has a DNA-damaging effect, its combination with AZD6738 is likely to enhance the therapeutic effect. The effects of the AZD6738/5-FU combination were evaluated in various colorectal cancer cells (HT29, SW480, HCT116 and DLD-1 cells) by flow cytometry (HT29 cells), western blotting (HT29 cells) and water-soluble tetrazolium 1 assays (HT29, SW480, HCT116 and DLD-1 cells), as well as in an experimental animal model (HT29 cells). In vitro, the AZD6738/5-FU combination increased the number of mitotic cells according to flow cytometry, decreased the checkpoint kinase 1 phosphorylation levels and increased cleaved caspase-3 and phosphorylated form of H2A.X variant histone levels according to western blotting, and decreased the proliferation rate of four colon cancer cell lines according to cell viability experiments. In vivo, xenografted colorectal cancer cells treated with the AZD6738/5-FU combination exhibited a marked decrease in proliferation compared with the 5-FU alone group. The present results suggested that AZD6738 enhanced the effect of 5-FU in p53-mutated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hirokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Anri Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Harata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Kaori Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanagita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Hajime Ushigome
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Yuzo Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Akira Mitsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 462‑8508, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi 464‑8547, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
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11
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Park S, Kim J, Choi J, Lee C, Lee W, Park S, Park Z, Baek J, Nam J. Lipid raft-disrupting miltefosine preferentially induces the death of colorectal cancer stem-like cells. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e552. [PMID: 34841679 PMCID: PMC8567043 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid rafts (LRs), cholesterol-enriched microdomains on cell membranes, are increasingly viewed as signalling platforms governing critical facets of cancer progression. The phenotype of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) presents significant hurdles for successful cancer treatment, and the expression of several CSC markers is associated with LR integrity. However, LR implications in CSCs remain unclear. METHODS This study evaluated the biological and molecular functions of LRs in colorectal cancer (CRC) by using an LR-disrupting alkylphospholipid (APL) drug, miltefosine. The mechanistic role of miltefosine in CSC inhibition was examined through normal or tumour intestinal mouse organoid, human CRC cell, CRC xenograft and miltefosine treatment gene expression profile analyses. RESULTS Miltefosine suppresses CSC populations and their self-renewal activities in CRC cells, a CSC-targeting effect leading to irreversible disruption of tumour-initiating potential in vivo. Mechanistically, miltefosine reduced the expression of a set of genes, leading to stem cell death. Among them, miltefosine transcriptionally inhibited checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1), indicating that LR integrity is essential for CHEK1 expression regulation. In isolated CD44high CSCs, we found that CSCs exhibited stronger therapy resistance than non-CSC counterparts by preventing cell death through CHEK1-mediated cell cycle checkpoints. However, inhibition of the LR/CHEK1 axis by miltefosine released cell cycle checkpoints, forcing CSCs to enter inappropriate mitosis with accumulated DNA damage and resulting in catastrophic cell death. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of LR-targeting APLs for CRC treatment that overcomes the therapy-resistant phenotype of CSCs, highlighting the importance of the LR/CHEK1 axis as a novel mechanism of APLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- So‐Yeon Park
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Cell Logistics Research CenterGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jee‐Heun Kim
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jang‐Hyun Choi
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Choong‐Jae Lee
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Won‐Jae Lee
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Zee‐Yong Park
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Heum Baek
- Division of Colon and Rectal SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryGil Medical CenterGachon University College of MedicineIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Seok Nam
- School of Life SciencesGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
- Cell Logistics Research CenterGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangjuRepublic of Korea
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12
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Venkatesan S, Angelova M, Puttick C, Zhai H, Caswell DR, Lu WT, Dietzen M, Galanos P, Evangelou K, Bellelli R, Lim EL, Watkins TB, Rowan A, Teixeira VH, Zhao Y, Chen H, Ngo B, Zalmas LP, Bakir MA, Hobor S, Gronroos E, Pennycuick A, Nigro E, Campbell BB, Brown WL, Akarca AU, Marafioti T, Wu MY, Howell M, Boulton SJ, Bertoli C, Fenton TR, de Bruin RA, Maya-Mendoza A, Santoni-Rugiu E, Hynds RE, Gorgoulis VG, Jamal-Hanjani M, McGranahan N, Harris RS, Janes SM, Bartkova J, Bakhoum SF, Bartek J, Kanu N, Swanton C. Induction of APOBEC3 Exacerbates DNA Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability in Early Breast and Lung Cancer Evolution. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2456-2473. [PMID: 33947663 PMCID: PMC8487921 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3 enzymes are cytosine deaminases implicated in cancer. Precisely when APOBEC3 expression is induced during cancer development remains to be defined. Here we show that specific APOBEC3 genes are upregulated in breast ductal carcinoma in situ, and in preinvasive lung cancer lesions coincident with cellular proliferation. We observe evidence of APOBEC3-mediated subclonal mutagenesis propagated from TRACERx preinvasive to invasive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lesions. We find that APOBEC3B exacerbates DNA replication stress and chromosomal instability through incomplete replication of genomic DNA, manifested by accumulation of mitotic ultrafine bridges and 53BP1 nuclear bodies in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Analysis of TRACERx NSCLC clinical samples and mouse lung cancer models revealed APOBEC3B expression driving replication stress and chromosome missegregation. We propose that APOBEC3 is functionally implicated in the onset of chromosomal instability and somatic mutational heterogeneity in preinvasive disease, providing fuel for selection early in cancer evolution. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals the dynamics and drivers of APOBEC3 gene expression in preinvasive disease and the exacerbation of cellular diversity by APOBEC3B through DNA replication stress to promote chromosomal instability early in cancer evolution.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Venkatesan
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Puttick
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Haoran Zhai
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah R. Caswell
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Ting Lu
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Dietzen
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Galanos
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roberto Bellelli
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia L. Lim
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B.K. Watkins
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor H. Teixeira
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bryan Ngo
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Maise Al Bakir
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastijan Hobor
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Gronroos
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Pennycuick
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brittany B. Campbell
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - William L. Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, Minneapolis, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ayse U. Akarca
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Histopathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Y. Wu
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Boulton
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim R. Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Robertus A.M. de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert E. Hynds
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, Minneapolis, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Sam M. Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel F. Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nnennaya Kanu
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Tanaka K, Yu HA, Yang S, Han S, Selcuklu SD, Kim K, Ramani S, Ganesan YT, Moyer A, Sinha S, Xie Y, Ishizawa K, Osmanbeyoglu HU, Lyu Y, Roper N, Guha U, Rudin CM, Kris MG, Hsieh JJ, Cheng EH. Targeting Aurora B kinase prevents and overcomes resistance to EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer by enhancing BIM- and PUMA-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1245-1261.e6. [PMID: 34388376 PMCID: PMC8440494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-mutant lung cancer is limited by the eventual development of acquired resistance. We hypothesize that enhancing apoptosis through combination therapies can eradicate cancer cells and reduce the emergence of drug-tolerant persisters. Through high-throughput screening of a custom library of ∼1,000 compounds, we discover Aurora B kinase inhibitors as potent enhancers of osimertinib-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, Aurora B inhibition stabilizes BIM through reduced Ser87 phosphorylation, and transactivates PUMA through FOXO1/3. Importantly, osimertinib resistance caused by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activates the ATR-CHK1-Aurora B signaling cascade and thereby engenders hypersensitivity to respective kinase inhibitors by activating BIM-mediated mitotic catastrophe. Combined inhibition of EGFR and Aurora B not only efficiently eliminates cancer cells but also overcomes resistance beyond EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tanaka
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helena A Yu
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Yang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Song Han
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S Duygu Selcuklu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shriram Ramani
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yogesh Tengarai Ganesan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Allison Moyer
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sonali Sinha
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuchen Xie
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kota Ishizawa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hatice U Osmanbeyoglu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yang Lyu
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nitin Roper
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Udayan Guha
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark G Kris
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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14
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Rødland GE, Hauge S, Hasvold G, Bay LTE, Raabe TTH, Joel M, Syljuåsen RG. Differential Effects of Combined ATR/WEE1 Inhibition in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153790. [PMID: 34359691 PMCID: PMC8345075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells often show elevated replication stress and loss of cell cycle checkpoints. The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) and WEE1 kinases play roles in protecting cancer cells from high replication stress and in regulating the remaining cell cycle checkpoints. Inhibitors of ATR or WEE1 therefore have the potential to selectively kill cancer cells and are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, more studies are needed to understand how these inhibitors work in various types of cancer and to find the most effective ways of using them. Here, we have explored whether simultaneous treatment with ATR and WEE1 inhibitors is a promising approach. Effects were investigated in cell lines from osteosarcoma and lung cancer. We expect our results to be of importance for future treatment strategies with these inhibitors. Abstract Inhibitors of WEE1 and ATR kinases are considered promising for cancer treatment, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemo- or radiotherapy. Here, we addressed whether simultaneous inhibition of WEE1 and ATR might be advantageous. Effects of the WEE1 inhibitor MK1775 and ATR inhibitor VE822 were investigated in U2OS osteosarcoma cells and in four lung cancer cell lines, H460, A549, H1975, and SW900, with different sensitivities to the WEE1 inhibitor. Despite the differences in cytotoxic effects, the WEE1 inhibitor reduced the inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK, leading to increased CDK activity accompanied by ATR activation in all cell lines. However, combining ATR inhibition with WEE1 inhibition could not fully compensate for cell resistance to the WEE1 inhibitor and reduced cell viability to a variable extent. The decreased cell viability upon the combined treatment correlated with a synergistic induction of DNA damage in S-phase in U2OS cells but not in the lung cancer cells. Moreover, less synergy was found between ATR and WEE1 inhibitors upon co-treatment with radiation, suggesting that single inhibitors may be preferable together with radiotherapy. Altogether, our results support that combining WEE1 and ATR inhibitors may be beneficial for cancer treatment in some cases, but also highlight that the effects vary between cancer cell lines.
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15
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Xu J, Wang Y, Kauffman AE, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Maratea K, Fabre K, Zhang Q, Woodruff TK, Xiao S. A Tiered Female Ovarian Toxicity Screening Identifies Toxic Effects of Checkpoint Kinase 1 Inhibitors on Murine Growing Follicles. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:405-419. [PMID: 32697846 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian toxicity (ovotoxicity) is one of the major side effects of pharmaceutical compounds for women at or before reproductive age. The current gold standard for screening of compounds' ovotoxicity largely relies on preclinical investigations using whole animals. However, in vivo models are time-consuming, costly, and harmful to animals. Here, we developed a 3-tiered ovotoxicity screening approach starting from encapsulated in vitro follicle growth (eIVFG) and screened for the potential ovotoxicity of 8 preclinical compounds from AstraZeneca (AZ). Results from Tiers 1 to 2 screenings using eIVFG showed that the first 7 tested AZ compounds, AZ-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F, and -G, had no effect on examined mouse follicle and oocyte reproductive outcomes, including follicle survival and development, 17β-estradiol secretion, ovulation, and oocyte meiotic maturation. However, AZ-H, a preclinical compound targeting the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor to potentiate the anticancer effects of DNA-damaging agents, significantly promoted granulosa cell apoptosis and the entire growing follicle atresia at clinically relevant concentrations of 1 and 10 μM. The more targeted explorations in Tier 2 revealed that the ovotoxic effect of AZ-H primarily resulted from checkpoint kinase 1 inhibition in granulosa cells. Using in vivo mouse model, the Tier 3 screening confirmed the in vitro ovotoxicities of AZ-H discovered in Tiers 1 and 2. Also, although AZ-H at 0.1 μM alone was not ovotoxic, it significantly exacerbated gemcitabine-induced ovotoxicities on growing follicles. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the tiered ovotoxicity screening approach starting from eIVFG identifies and prioritizes pharmaceutical compounds of high ovotoxicity concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.,NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC2I), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Yingzheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.,NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC2I), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Alexandra E Kauffman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kimberly Maratea
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Kristin Fabre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.,NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health and Climate Change Interactions (OHHC2I), University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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16
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Peng Q, Liu Y, Kong X, Xian J, Ye L, Yang L, Guo S, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Xiang T. The Novel Methylation Biomarker SCARA5 Sensitizes Cancer Cells to DNA Damage Chemotherapy Drugs in NSCLC. Front Oncol 2021; 11:666589. [PMID: 34150631 PMCID: PMC8213031 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.666589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger Receptor Class A Member 5 (SCARA5), also known as TESR, is expressed in various tissues and organs and participates in host defense. Recent studies have found SCARA5 to produce an anti-tumor effect for multiple tumors, although the mechanistic basis for the effect is unknown. Methods Bioinformatics, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess promoter methylation and expression of SCARA5 in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. The biological effect of SCARA5 on lung cancer cells was confirmed by the CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. GSEA, Western blot, RNA sequencing, and luciferase-based gene reporter assay were used to explore the mechanistic basis for the anti-tumor effect of SCARA5. Chemosensitivity assays were used to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of SCARA5 in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs. Results We found SCARA5 to be downregulated in lung cancer cell lines and tissues with SCARA5 levels negatively related to promoter methylation. Ectopic expression of SCARA5 suppressed proliferation of lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo through upregulation of HSPA5 expression, which inhibited FOXM1 expression resulting in G2/M arrest of the A549 cell line. SCARA5 also improved susceptibility of A549 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs that damage DNA. Conclusion SCARA5 was silenced in NSCLC due to promoter methylation and could be a potential tumor marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehua Kong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Rahnamay Farnood P, Danesh Pazhooh R, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. DNA damage response and repair in pancreatic cancer development and therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103116. [PMID: 33882393 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among fatal malignancies, with a dismal prognosis and a low survival rate of 5-10%. In both sporadic and inherited PC, gene alterations, such as BRCA1/2, PALB2, and ATM, can occur frequently. Currently, surgery, chemo- and radio-therapy are the most common therapeutic strategies for treating this cancer. DNA damage response (DDR) establishes multiple pathways that eliminate DNA damage sites to maintain genomic integrity. Various types of cancers and age-related diseases are associated with DDR machinery defects. According to the severity of the damage, DDR pathways respond appropriately to lesions through repairing damage, arresting the cell cycle, or apoptosis. Recently, novel agents, particularly those targeting DDR pathways, are being utilized to improve the response of many cancers to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this paper, we briefly reviewed DDR processes and their components, including DDR sensors, DDR mediators, and DDR transducers in the progression, prognosis, and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Mayo V, Bowles AC, Wubker LE, Ortiz I, Cordoves AM, Cote RJ, Correa D, Agarwal A. Human-derived osteoblast-like cells and pericyte-like cells induce distinct metastatic phenotypes in primary breast cancer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:971-985. [PMID: 33210551 PMCID: PMC8024509 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220971599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of advanced breast cancer patients will develop bone metastases, which accounts for ∼90% of cancer-related mortality. Breast cancer circulating tumor cells (CTCs) establish metastatic tumors in the bone after a close interaction with local bone marrow cells including pericytes and osteoblasts, both related to resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) progenitors. In vitro recapitulation of the critical cellular players of the bone microenvironment and infiltrating CTCs could provide new insights into their cross-talk during the metastatic cascade, helping in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Human BM-MSCs were isolated and fractionated according to CD146 presence. CD146+ cells were utilized as pericyte-like cells (PLCs) given the high expression of the marker in perivascular cells, while CD146- cells were induced into an osteogenic phenotype generating osteoblast-like cells (OLCs). Transwell migration assays were performed to establish whether primary breast cancer cells (3384T) were attracted to OLC. Furthermore, proliferation of 3384T breast cancer cells was assessed in the presence of PLC- and OLC-derived conditioned media. Additionally, conditioned media cultures as well as transwell co-cultures of each OLCs and PLCs were performed with 3384T breast cancer cells for gene expression interrogation assessing their induced transcriptional changes with an emphasis on metastatic potential. PLC as well as their conditioned media increased motility and invasion potential of 3384T breast cancer cells, while OLC induced a dormant phenotype, downregulating invasiveness markers related with migration and proliferation. Altogether, these results indicate that PLC distinctively drive 3384T cancer cells to an invasive and migratory phenotype, while OLC induce a quiescence state, thus recapitulating the different phases of the in vivo bone metastatic process. These data show that phenotypic responses from metastasizing cancer cells are influenced by neighboring cells at the bone metastatic niche during the establishment of secondary metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mayo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
| | - Annie C Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Laura E Wubker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
| | - Ismael Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
| | - Albert M Cordoves
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
| | - Richard J Cote
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
- Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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19
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Herbert KJ, Puliyadi R, Prevo R, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Ryan A, Ramadan K, Higgins GS. Targeting TOPK sensitises tumour cells to radiation-induced damage by enhancing replication stress. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1333-1346. [PMID: 33168956 PMCID: PMC8027845 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-LAK-originated protein kinase (TOPK) overexpression is a feature of multiple cancers, yet is absent from most phenotypically normal tissues. As such, TOPK expression profiling and the development of TOPK-targeting pharmaceutical agents have raised hopes for its future potential in the development of targeted therapeutics. Results presented in this paper confirm the value of TOPK as a potential target for the treatment of solid tumours, and demonstrate the efficacy of a TOPK inhibitor (OTS964) when used in combination with radiation treatment. Using H460 and Calu-6 lung cancer xenograft models, we show that pharmaceutical inhibition of TOPK potentiates the efficacy of fractionated irradiation. Furthermore, we provide in vitro evidence that TOPK plays a hitherto unknown role during S phase, showing that TOPK depletion increases fork stalling and collapse under conditions of replication stress and exogenous DNA damage. Transient knockdown of TOPK was shown to impair recovery from fork stalling and to increase the formation of replication-associated single-stranded DNA foci in H460 lung cancer cells. We also show that TOPK interacts directly with CHK1 and Cdc25c, two key players in the checkpoint signalling pathway activated after replication fork collapse. This study thus provides novel insights into the mechanism by which TOPK activity supports the survival of cancer cells, facilitating checkpoint signalling in response to replication stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine J Herbert
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rathi Puliyadi
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Remko Prevo
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gonzalo Rodriguez-Berriguete
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson Ryan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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20
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CHK1 kinase inhibition: identification of allosteric hits using MD simulations, pharmacophore modeling, docking and MM-PBSA calculations. Mol Divers 2021; 26:903-921. [PMID: 33686514 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10202-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The CHK1 kinase plays a pivotal role in the DNA damage response pathway. Hence, inhibition of CHK1 appeared as a promising strategy to overcome the resistance problem of chemotherapeutic agents resulting from the overexpression of CHK1 that enables cancerous cells to repair their chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. In this study, different computational drug design techniques were employed to identify new CHK1 inhibitors targeting its allosteric pocket. A 1 μs MD simulation of the apo form of the enzyme was run to study its native dynamics. The resulting trajectory was analyzed to select a frame where the ATP binding pocket is most occluded while its allosteric counterpart is most exposed to be used in the design of potential allosteric inhibitors that could trap the enzyme in such nearly inactive state. Besides the selected frame, another three crystal structures of CHK1 complexed with allosteric inhibitors were utilized to generate structure-based pharmacophore models. Seven pharmacophores were generated and utilized in virtual screening of different databases. The retrieved hits were filtered and then docked into the allosteric pocket. Finally, the binding energies of the top-ranked docked hits were calculated. Twenty compounds were selected as candidates for biological evaluation against CHK1 enzyme. The biological screening results showed moderate activities where the percentage of CHK1 inhibition ranged from zero to 28.26%. Four of the tested compounds showed percentage of CHK1 inhibition greater than 20%, of which, two compounds were identified as allosteric hits that upon further optimization could be converted into lead-like compounds.
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21
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Jin T, Wang P, Long X, Jiang K, Song P, Wu W, Xu G, Zhou Y, Li J, Liu T. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Orally Bioavailable CHK1 Inhibitors Active against Acute Myeloid Leukemia. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1477-1487. [PMID: 33591599 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a central component in DNA damage response and has emerged as a target for antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel series of potent diaminopyrimidine CHK1 inhibitors. The compounds exhibited moderate to potent CHK1 inhibition and could suppress the proliferation of malignant hematological cell lines. The optimized compound 13 had a CHK1 IC50 value of 7.73±0.74 nM, and MV-4-11 cells were sensitive to it (IC50 =0.035±0.007 μM). Furthermore, compound 13 was metabolically stable in mouse liver microsomes in vitro and displayed moderate oral bioavailability in vivo. Moreover, treatment of MV-4-11 cells with compound 13 for 2 h led to robust inhibition of CHK1 autophosphorylation on serine 296. Based on these biochemical results, we consider compound 13 to be a promising CHK1 inhibitor and potential anticancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Wang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiubing Long
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kailong Jiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Pinrao Song
- Shanghai Jemincare Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Jemincare Group Research Institute, 1118 Halei Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenbiao Wu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gaoya Xu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.,Zhongshan Institute of Drug Discovery, Institution for Drug Discovery Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan, 528400, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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22
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Ding H, Vincelette ND, McGehee CD, Kohorst MA, Koh BD, Venkatachalam A, Meng XW, Schneider PA, Flatten KS, Peterson KL, Correia C, Lee SH, Patnaik M, Webster JA, Ghiaur G, Smith BD, Karp JE, Pratz KW, Li H, Karnitz LM, Kaufmann SH. CDK2-Mediated Upregulation of TNFα as a Mechanism of Selective Cytotoxicity in Acute Leukemia. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2666-2678. [PMID: 33414171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although inhibitors of the kinases CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 are undergoing clinical testing, it remains unclear how these three classes of agents kill susceptible cells and whether they utilize the same cytotoxic mechanism. Here we observed that CHK1 inhibition induces apoptosis in a subset of acute leukemia cell lines in vitro, including TP53-null acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and BCR/ABL-positive acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and inhibits leukemic colony formation in clinical AML samples ex vivo. In further studies, downregulation or inhibition of CHK1 triggered signaling in sensitive human acute leukemia cell lines that involved CDK2 activation followed by AP1-dependent TNF transactivation, TNFα production, and engagement of a TNFR1- and BID-dependent apoptotic pathway. AML lines that were intrinsically resistant to CHK1 inhibition exhibited high CHK1 expression and were sensitized by CHK1 downregulation. Signaling through this same CDK2-AP1-TNF cytotoxic pathway was also initiated by ATR or WEE1 inhibitors in vitro and during CHK1 inhibitor treatment of AML xenografts in vivo. Collectively, these observations not only identify new contributors to the antileukemic cell action of CHK1, ATR, and WEE1 inhibitors, but also delineate a previously undescribed pathway leading from aberrant CDK2 activation to death ligand-induced killing that can potentially be exploited for acute leukemia treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that replication checkpoint inhibitors can kill AML cells through a pathway involving AP1-mediated TNF gene activation and subsequent TP53-independent, TNFα-induced apoptosis, which can potentially be exploited clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheng Ding
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cordelia D McGehee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mira A Kohorst
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brian D Koh
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Annapoorna Venkatachalam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - X Wei Meng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Karen S Flatten
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin L Peterson
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mrinal Patnaik
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - B Douglas Smith
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judith E Karp
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Keith W Pratz
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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23
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Sang T, Yang J, Liu J, Han Y, Li Y, Zhou X, Wang X. AMOT suppresses tumor progression via regulating DNA damage response signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1125-1135. [PMID: 33414519 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiomotin (AMOT) is a membrane protein that is aberrantly expressed in a variety of solid tumors. Accumulating evidence support that AMOT is involved in the pathological processes of tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. However, the potential role of AMOT in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the expression level and biological function of AMOT in DLBCL. AMOT expression was significantly reduced in DLBCL biopsy section, and low AMOT expression was associated with poor clinical prognosis. Overexpression of AMOT by lentivirus in human DLBCL cells induced cell viability inhibition concomitant with an increased percentage of cells in G1 phase and decreased percentage in S phase. Moreover, AMOT upregulation increased the sensitivity of DLBCL cells to doxorubicin. Furthermore, overexpression of AMOT led to reduced activation of key kinases for the DNA damage response (DDR). The above results indicated that AMOT acts as a tumor suppressor via inhibition of the DDR, thus reducing the viability while increasing the chemosensitivity in DLBCL. In summary, AMOT may be a novel potential target for DLBCL therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Sang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Hematology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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24
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Hann CL. Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biology Advances. Lung Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74028-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Jiang Z, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Tao L. Pristimerin synergizes with gemcitabine through abrogating Chk1/53BP1-mediated DNA repair in pancreatic cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111919. [PMID: 33301843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that checkpoint kinase inhibitors can enhance chemosensitivity to gemcitabine by disrupting the replication stress response (RSR). In the present study, we aimed to describe the chemical synthetic lethal effects of the combination of gemcitabine and quinone-methide triterpenoid pristimerin in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. The drug interaction assay indicated effective synergy between gemcitabine and pristimerin at sub-IC50 concentrations. Interestingly, pristimerin induced lysosomal degradation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), decreased the percentage of cells at the G1/S boundary and triggered significant double-stranded DNA breaks compared to gemcitabine treatment alone. Moreover, gemcitabine activated the phosphorylation of Chk1 and induced the formation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymers (PARs) as well as the accumulation of 53BP1, which was either partially or completely impaired by pristimerin. Meanwhile, pristimerin augmented the expression of γH2AX upon gemcitabine treatment. Finally, the combination of gemcitabine with pristimerin increased the apoptotic potential of PC cells. These results show that pristimerin acts as a naturally occurring inhibitor of RSR, and a novel therapeutic strategy of combining pristimerin and gemcitabine deserves further detailed investigation in PC models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Center for the Endothelium, Vascular Biology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Yanqing Liu
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, China; The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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26
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Wu CE, Pan YR, Yeh CN, Lunec J. Targeting P53 as a Future Strategy to Overcome Gemcitabine Resistance in Biliary Tract Cancers. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111474. [PMID: 33113997 PMCID: PMC7690712 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment for biliary tract cancers (BTCs) and resistance to gemcitabine remains the clinical challenge. TP53 mutation has been shown to be associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics and survival in patients with BTCs, indicating that p53 plays an important role in the treatment of these cancers. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed previous BTC preclinical research and early clinical trials in terms of p53, as well as novel p53-targeted treatment, alone or in combination with either chemotherapy or other targeted therapies in BTCs. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that p53 mutations in BTCs are associated with enhanced gemcitabine resistance, therefore targeting p53 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of BTCs. Directly targeting mutant p53 by p53 activators, or indirectly by targeting cell cycle checkpoint proteins (Chk1, ataxia telangiectasia related (ATR), and Wee1) leading to synthetic lethality, may be potential future strategies for gemcitabine-resistant p53 mutated BTCs. In contrast, for wild-type p53 BTCs, activation of p53 by inhibition of its negative regulators (MDM2 and wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1)) may be alternative options. Combination therapies consisting of standard cytotoxic drugs and novel small molecules targeting p53 and related signaling pathways may be the future key standard approach to beat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ru Pan
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-N.Y.); (J.L.); Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 3219) (C.-N.Y.); +44-(0)-191-208-4420 (J.L.); Fax: +886-3-3285818 (C.-N.Y.); +44-(0)-191-208-4301 (J.L.)
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Cancer Centre, Bioscience Institute, Medical Faculty, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: (C.-N.Y.); (J.L.); Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 3219) (C.-N.Y.); +44-(0)-191-208-4420 (J.L.); Fax: +886-3-3285818 (C.-N.Y.); +44-(0)-191-208-4301 (J.L.)
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27
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Singh R, Bhardwaj VK, Sharma J, Das P, Purohit R. Discovery and in silico evaluation of aminoarylbenzosuberene molecules as novel checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor determinants. Genomics 2020; 113:707-715. [PMID: 33065246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is an essential kinase with a critical function in cell cycle arrest. Several potent inhibitors targeting CHK1 have been published, but most of them have failed in clinical trials. Acknowledging the emerging consequence of CHK1 inhibitors in medication of cancer, there is a demand for widening the chemical range of CHK1 inhibitors. In this research, we considered a set of in-house plant based semi-synthetic aminoarylbenzosuberene molecules as potential CHK1 inhibitors. Based on a combined computational research that consolidates molecular docking and binding free energy computations we recognized the crucial determinants for their receptor binding. The drug likeness of these molecules were also scrutinized based on their toxicity and bioavailibilty profile. The computational strategy indicates that the Bch10 could be regarded as a potential CHK1 inhibitor in comparison with top five co-crystallize molecules. Bch10 signifies a promising outlet for the development of potent inhibitors for CHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP 176061, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP 176061, India
| | - Jatin Sharma
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP 176061, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP 176061, India; Biotechnology division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP 176061, India.
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28
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Drápela S, Khirsariya P, van Weerden WM, Fedr R, Suchánková T, Búzová D, Červený J, Hampl A, Puhr M, Watson WR, Culig Z, Krejčí L, Paruch K, Souček K. The CHK1 inhibitor MU380 significantly increases the sensitivity of human docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer cells to gemcitabine through the induction of mitotic catastrophe. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:2487-2503. [PMID: 32579780 PMCID: PMC7530791 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As treatment options for patients with incurable metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are considerably limited, novel effective therapeutic options are needed. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a highly conserved protein kinase implicated in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway that prevents the accumulation of DNA damage and controls regular genome duplication. CHK1 has been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) induction, progression, and lethality; hence, CHK1 inhibitors SCH900776 (also known as MK-8776) and the more effective SCH900776 analog MU380 may have clinical applications in the therapy of PCa. Synergistic induction of DNA damage with CHK1 inhibition represents a promising therapeutic approach that has been tested in many types of malignancies, but not in chemoresistant mCRPC. Here, we report that such therapeutic approach may be exploited using the synergistic action of the antimetabolite gemcitabine (GEM) and CHK1 inhibitors SCH900776 and MU380 in docetaxel-resistant (DR) mCRPC. Given the results, both CHK1 inhibitors significantly potentiated the sensitivity to GEM in a panel of chemo-naïve and matched DR PCa cell lines under 2D conditions. MU380 exhibited a stronger synergistic effect with GEM than clinical candidate SCH900776. MU380 alone or in combination with GEM significantly reduced spheroid size and increased apoptosis in all patient-derived xenograft 3D cultures, with a higher impact in DR models. Combined treatment induced premature mitosis from G1 phase resulting in the mitotic catastrophe as a prestage of apoptosis. Finally, treatment by MU380 alone, or in combination with GEM, significantly inhibited tumor growth of both PC339-DOC and PC346C-DOC xenograft models in mice. Taken together, our data suggest that metabolically robust and selective CHK1 inhibitor MU380 can bypass docetaxel resistance and improve the effectiveness of GEM in DR mCRPC models. This approach might allow for dose reduction of GEM and thereby minimize undesired toxicity and may represent a therapeutic option for patients with incurable DR mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Drápela
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wytske M van Weerden
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Suchánková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Búzová
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Červený
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - William R Watson
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoran Culig
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Urology, Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lumír Krejčí
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Mai NT, Lan NT, Vu TY, Duong PTM, Tung NT, Phung HTT. Estimation of the ligand-binding free energy of checkpoint kinase 1 via non-equilibrium MD simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107648. [PMID: 32653524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in cell cycle regulation in eukaryotes. Inhibition of CHK1 is thus considered as a promising approach in cancer therapy. In this study, the fast pulling of ligand (FPL) process was applied to predict the relative binding affinities of CHK1 inhibitors using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The work of external harmonic forces to pull the ligand out of the binding cavity strongly correlated with the experimental binding affinity of CHK1 inhibitors with the correlation coefficient of R = -0.88 and an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.99 kcal/mol. The data indicate that the FPL method is highly accurate in predicting the relative binding free energies of CHK1 inhibitors with an affordable CPU time. A new set of molecules were designed based on the molecular modeling of interactions between the known inhibitor and CHK1 as inhibitory candidates. Molecular docking and FPL results exhibited that the binding affinities of developed ligands were similar to the known inhibitor in interaction with the catalytic site of CHK1, producing very potential CHK1 inhibitors of that the inhibitory activities should be further evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Mai
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Thi Lan
- Institute of Materials Science & Graduate University of Science and Technology, Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thien Y Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Phuong Thi Mai Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science & Graduate University of Science and Technology, Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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30
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Nair J, Huang TT, Murai J, Haynes B, Steeg PS, Pommier Y, Lee JM. Resistance to the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib involves functionally distinct CHK1 activities in BRCA wild-type ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:5520-5535. [PMID: 32647134 PMCID: PMC7426265 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a fatal gynecologic malignancy in the U.S. with limited treatment options. New therapeutic strategies include targeting of the cell cycle checkpoints, e.g., ATR and CHK1. We recently reported a promising clinical activity of the CHK1 inhibitor (CHK1i) prexasertib monotherapy in BRCA wild-type (BRCAwt) HGSOC patients. In this study, biopsies of treated patients and cell line models were used to investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to CHK1i. We report that BRCAwt HGSOC develops resistance to prexasertib monotherapy via a prolonged G2 delay induced by lower CDK1/CyclinB1 activity, thus preventing cells from mitotic catastrophe and cell death. On the other hand, we noted CHK1's regulation on RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR) repair was not altered in CHK1i-resistant cells. Therefore, CHK1i sensitizes CHK1i-resistant cells to DNA damaging agents such as gemcitabine or hydroxyurea by inhibition of HR. In summary, our results demonstrate new mechanistic insights of functionally distinct CHK1 activities and highlight a potential combination treatment approach to overcome CHK1i resistance in BRCAwt HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Nair
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Junko Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Brittany Haynes
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
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31
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Liang S, Hu L, Wu Z, Chen Z, Liu S, Xu X, Qian A. CDK12: A Potent Target and Biomarker for Human Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1483. [PMID: 32570740 PMCID: PMC7349380 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of serine/threonine protein kinases and play crucial roles in various cellular processes by regulating cell cycle and gene transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) is an important transcription-associated CDK. It shows versatile roles in regulating gene transcription, RNA splicing, translation, DNA damage response (DDR), cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. Recently, increasing evidence demonstrates the important role of CDK12 in various human cancers, illustrating it as both a biomarker of cancer and a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of CDK12, and review the research advances of CDK12's biological functions, especially its role in human cancers and as a potential target and biomarker for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zixiang Wu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.L.); (L.H.); (Z.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (X.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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32
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Xu L, Wu T, Lu S, Hao X, Qin J, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu Q, Kong B, Gong Y, Liu Z, Shao C. Mitochondrial superoxide contributes to oxidative stress exacerbated by DNA damage response in RAD51-depleted ovarian cancer cells. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101604. [PMID: 32554304 PMCID: PMC7303666 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Abnormal homologous recombination repair, high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of antioxidant genes are characteristic features of ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the redox homeostasis in ovarian cancer cells remain to be fully elucidated. We here demonstrated a critical role of RAD51, a protein essential for homologous recombination, in the maintenance of redox homeostasis. We found that RAD51 is overexpressed in high grade serous ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion or inhibition of RAD51 results in G2/M arrest, increased production of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. Importantly, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated the induction of DNA damage and the perturbation of proliferation caused by RAD51 depletion. We further demonstrated that RAD51 inhibition or depletion led to elevated production of mitochondrial superoxide and increased accumulation of mitochondria. Moreover, CHK1 activation is required for the G2/M arrest and the generation of mitochondrial stress in response to RAD51 depletion. Together, our results indicate that nuclear DNA damage caused by RAD51 depletion may trigger mitochondria-originated redox dysregulation. Our findings suggest that a vicious cycle of nuclear DNA damage, mitochondrial accumulation and oxidative stress may contribute to the tumor-suppressive effects of RAD51 depletion or inhibition. RAD51 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Depletion of RAD51 leads to increased mitochondrial superoxide production and oxidative DNA damage. Increased production of mitochondrial ROS requires CHK1-mediated G2/M arrest. mROS increase is independent of mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shihua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Hao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Junchao Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education/Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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33
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ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
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34
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Chao HH, Karagounis IV, Thomas C, François NB, Facciabene A, Koumenis C, Maity A. Combination of CHEK1/2 inhibition and ionizing radiation results in abscopal tumor response through increased micronuclei formation. Oncogene 2020; 39:4344-4357. [PMID: 32335582 PMCID: PMC7260113 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explore a novel strategy of activating immune signaling through increased micronuclei formation utilizing a cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor to drive cell cycle progression following ionizing radiation. The Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 is used to abrogate radiation therapy (RT)-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in multiple cell lines and, we find that this therapeutic combination promotes increased micronuclei formation in vitro and subsequently drives increased type I interferon signaling and cytotoxic T-cell activation. In vivo studies using B16-F10 melanoma cancer cells implanted in C57/BL6 mice demonstrate improved rates of tumor control at the abscopal (unirradiated) site, located outside of the radiation field, only in the AZD7762+RT group, with a corresponding reduction in mean tumor volume, increase in the CD8 T-cell population, and immune activated gene signaling. Our results demonstrate that targeted inhibition of cell cycle checkpoint activation following ionizing radiation drives increased production of immunogenic micronuclei, leading to systemic tumor response with potential future clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hann-Hsiang Chao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ilias V Karagounis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoforos Thomas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noëlle B François
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Facciabene
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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35
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Choi C, Cho WK, Park S, Shin SW, Park W, Kim H, Choi DH. Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1) Inhibition Enhances the Sensitivity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells to Proton Irradiation via Rad51 Downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082691. [PMID: 32294924 PMCID: PMC7215565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a superior dose conformity to the target, proton beam therapy (PBT) continues to rise in popularity. Recently, considerable efforts have been directed toward discovering treatment options for use in combination with PBT. This study aimed to investigate the targeting of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a critical player regulating the G2/M checkpoint, as a promising strategy to potentiate PBT in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Protons induced cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M checkpoint more readily in response to increased CHK1 activation than X-rays. A clonogenic survival assay revealed that CHK1 inhibition using PF-477736 or small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced the sensitivity toward protons to a greater extent than toward X-rays. Western blotting demonstrated that PF-477736 treatment in the background of proton irradiation increased the pro-apoptotic signaling, which was further supported by flow cytometry using annexin V. Immunofluorescence revealed that proton-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were further enhanced by PF-477736, which was linked to the downregulation of Rad51, essential for the homologous recombination repair of DSBs. Direct inactivation of Rad51 resulted in enhanced proton sensitization. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting CHK1 may be a promising approach for improving PBT efficacy in the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Won Kyung Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Sung-Won Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Won Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Doo Ho Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (C.C.); (W.K.C.); (S.P.); (S.-W.S.); (W.P.); (H.K.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-2436
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All-trans retinoic acid exerts selective anti-FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia efficacy through downregulating Chk1 kinase. Cancer Lett 2020; 473:130-138. [PMID: 31904486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is known to be a potent inhibitor of FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we report that ATRA causes fatal mitotic catastrophe in FLT3-ITD AML cells by degrading Chk1 kinase, and therefore preventing DNA damage repair. In order to explore a further enhancement in the inhibitory effect of ATRA on FLT3-ITD AML cells, we investigated the suitability of a combination of ATRA and DNA damage drug SN38. In vitro experiments showed that this combinatorial approach effectively inhibited the proliferation of FLT3-ITD cells and induced cell apoptosis in AML. In vivo experiments confirmed that the combination could substantially improve the anti-tumor effect of SN38. Taken together, our results indicate that ATRA down-regulates Chk1 in FLT3-ITD AML cells, and the combination of ATRA and SN38 significantly improves the anti-tumor effect of either ATRA or SN38 when used alone.
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Yin M, Baslan T, Walker RL, Zhu YJ, Freeland A, Matsukawa T, Sridharan S, Nussenzweig A, Pruitt SC, Lowe SW, Meltzer PS, Aplan PD. A unique mutator phenotype reveals complementary oncogenic lesions leading to acute leukemia. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131434. [PMID: 31622281 PMCID: PMC6962024 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice homozygous for a hypomorphic allele of DNA replication factor minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (designated Mcm2cre/cre) develop precursor T cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T LBL) with 4-32 small interstitial deletions per tumor. Mice that express a NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) transgene develop multiple types of leukemia, including myeloid and T and B lymphocyte. All Mcm2cre/cre NHD13+ mice develop pre-T LBL, and 26% develop an unrelated, concurrent B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Copy number alteration (CNA) analysis demonstrated that pre-T LBLs were characterized by homozygous deletions of Pten and Tcf3 and partial deletions of Notch1 leading to Notch1 activation. In contrast, BCP-ALLs were characterized by recurrent deletions involving Pax5 and Ptpn1 and copy number gain of Abl1 and Nup214 resulting in a Nup214-Abl1 fusion. We present a model in which Mcm2 deficiency leads to replicative stress, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and resultant CNAs due to errors in DNA DSB repair. CNAs that involve critical oncogenic pathways are then selected in vivo as malignant lymphoblasts because of a fitness advantage. Some CNAs, such as those involving Abl1 and Notch1, represent attractive targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Yin
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert L Walker
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuelin J Zhu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Freeland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Toshihiro Matsukawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sriram Sridharan
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven C Pruitt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul S Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Torin2 Exploits Replication and Checkpoint Vulnerabilities to Cause Death of PI3K-Activated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cell Syst 2019; 10:66-81.e11. [PMID: 31812693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Frequent mutation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway genes in human cancers has stimulated large investments in targeted drugs but clinical successes are rare. As a result, many cancers with high PI3K pathway activity, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are treated primarily with chemotherapy. By systematically analyzing responses of TNBC cells to a diverse collection of PI3K pathway inhibitors, we find that one drug, Torin2, is unusually effective because it inhibits both mTOR and other PI3K-like kinases (PIKKs). In contrast to mTOR-selective inhibitors, Torin2 exploits dependencies on several kinases for S-phase progression and cell-cycle checkpoints, thereby causing accumulation of single-stranded DNA and death by replication catastrophe or mitotic failure. Thus, Torin2 and its chemical analogs represent a mechanistically distinct class of PI3K pathway inhibitors that are uniquely cytotoxic to TNBC cells. This insight could be translated therapeutically by further developing Torin2 analogs or combinations of existing mTOR and PIKK inhibitors.
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39
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Tao L, Jiang Z, Xu M, Xu T, Liu Y. Induction of APOBEC3C Facilitates the Genotoxic Stress-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Artesunate. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2526-2537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Jiang
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Toxic Pathogens-Based Therapeutic Approaches of Gastric Cancer, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Lum C, Alamgeer M. Technological and Therapeutic Advances in Advanced Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1570. [PMID: 31619019 PMCID: PMC6826371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 10-15% of all lung cancers. The prognosis is poor with median survival in the advanced stage remaining at around 12 months. Despite applying every known therapeutic approach, no major breakthrough has improved the overall survival in the last 30 years. Historically, experiments performed on conventional cell lines may have limitations of not accurately reflecting the complex biological and genomic heterogeneity of this disease. However, additional knowledge gained from recently developed genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and patient derived xenografts (PDXs) have made encouraging inroads. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data reveals a high mutational burden and a number of genetic alterations but low frequency of targetable mutations. Despite several failures, considerable therapeutic opportunities have recently emerged. Potentially promising therapies include those targeting DNA damage repair, stem cell/renewal and drug resistant mechanisms. Modest success has also been achieved with immune checkpoint inhibitors while therapeutic exploration of various other components of the immune system is underway. However, the complex heterogeneities reflect the need for accurate bio-markers to translate novel discoveries into clinical benefit. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms that differentiate chemo-sensitive from chemo-refractory disease remain unknown. Obtaining reliable tumour samples by utilising novel techniques such as endobronchial ultrasound guided needle aspiration or adopting to liquid biopsies are becoming popular. This review will focus on recent technological and therapeutic advancements to surmount this recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lum
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Muhammad Alamgeer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health and Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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41
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Everything in Moderation: Lessons Learned by Exploiting Moderate Replication Stress in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091320. [PMID: 31500184 PMCID: PMC6769680 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor selectivity of standard cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens causes severe side-effects in patients and reduces the quality of life during treatment. Targeting cancer-specific vulnerabilities can improve response rates, increase overall survival and limit toxic side effects in patients. Oncogene-induced replication stress serves as a tumour specific vulnerability and rationale for the clinical development of inhibitors targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) kinases (CHK1, ATR, ATM and WEE1). CHK1 inhibitors (CHK1i) have served as the pilot compounds in this class and their efficacy in clinical trials as single agents has been disappointing. Initial attempts to combine CHK1i with chemotherapies agents that enhance replication stress (such as gemcitabine) were reported to be excessively toxic. More recently, it has emerged that combining CHK1i with subclinical doses of replication stress inducers is more effective, better tolerated and more compatible with immunotherapies. Here we focus on the lessons learned during the clinical development of CHK1i with the goal of improving the design of future clinical trials utilizing DDR inhibitors to target replication stress in cancer.
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Liu JC, Granieri L, Shrestha M, Wang DY, Vorobieva I, Rubie EA, Jones R, Ju Y, Pellecchia G, Jiang Z, Palmerini CA, Ben-David Y, Egan SE, Woodgett JR, Bader GD, Datti A, Zacksenhaus E. Identification of CDC25 as a Common Therapeutic Target for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2019; 23:112-126. [PMID: 29617654 PMCID: PMC9357459 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are effective against cancer cells expressing the tumor suppressor RB1, but not RB1-deficient cells, posing the challenge of how to target RB1 loss. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), RB1 and PTEN are frequently inactivated together with TP53. We performed kinome/phosphatase inhibitor screens on primary mouse Rb/p53-, Pten/p53-, and human RB1/PTEN/TP53-deficient TNBC cell lines and identified CDC25 phosphatase as a common target. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CDC25 suppressed growth of RB1-deficient TNBC cells that are resistant to combined CDK4/6 plus CDK2 inhibition. Minimal cooperation was observed in vitro between CDC25 antagonists and CDK1, CDK2, or CDK4/6 inhibitors, but strong synergy with WEE1 inhibition was apparent. In accordance with increased PI3K signaling following long-term CDC25 inhibition, CDC25 and PI3K inhibitors effectively synergized to suppress TNBC growth both in vitro and in xenotransplantation models. These results provide a rationale for the development of CDC25-based therapies for diverse RB1/PTEN/TP53-deficient and -proficient TNBCs. Liu et al. report that inhibition of the protein phosphatase CDC25 kills diverse triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Moreover, CDC25 antagonists cooperate with other drugs, such as PI3K inhibitors, to efficiently suppress growth of human TNBC engrafted into mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Liu
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1
| | - Letizia Granieri
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1; Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mariusz Shrestha
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1
| | - Ioulia Vorobieva
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Rubie
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rob Jones
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1
| | - YoungJun Ju
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhe Jiang
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1
| | - Carlo A Palmerini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550014, China; State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Sean E Egan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James R Woodgett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Network Biology Collaborative Centre, SMART Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M1; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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43
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Inhibition of MEK and ATR is effective in a B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia model driven by Mll-Af4 and activated Ras. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2478-2490. [PMID: 30266823 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) that harbor MLL-AF4 rearrangements are associated with a poor prognosis. One important obstacle to progress for this patient population is the lack of immunocompetent models that faithfully recapitulate the short latency and aggressiveness of this disease. Recent whole-genome sequencing of MLL-AF4 B-ALL samples revealed a high frequency of activating RAS mutations; however, single-agent targeting of downstream effectors of the RAS pathway in these mutated MLL-r B-ALLs has demonstrated limited and nondurable antileukemic effects. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of activating mutant N-Ras G12D cooperates with Mll-Af4 to generate a highly aggressive serially transplantable B-ALL in mice. We used our novel mouse model to test the sensitivity of Mll-Af4/N-Ras G12D leukemia to small molecule inhibitors and found potent and synergistic preclinical efficacy of dual targeting of the Mek and Atr pathways in mouse- and patient-derived xenografts with both mutations in vivo, suggesting this combination as an attractive therapeutic opportunity that might be used to treat patients with these mutations. Our studies indicate that this mouse model of Mll-Af4/N-Ras B-ALL is a powerful tool to explore the molecular and genetic pathogenesis of this disease subtype, as well as a preclinical discovery platform for novel therapeutic strategies.
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44
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Hjaltelin JX, Izarzugaza JMG, Jensen LJ, Russo F, Westergaard D, Brunak S. Identification of hyper-rewired genomic stress non-oncogene addiction genes across 15 cancer types. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2019; 5:27. [PMID: 31396397 PMCID: PMC6685999 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-019-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-oncogene addiction (NOA) genes are essential for supporting the stress-burdened phenotype of tumours and thus vital for their survival. Although NOA genes are acknowledged to be potential drug targets, there has been no large-scale attempt to identify and characterise them as a group across cancer types. Here we provide the first method for the identification of conditional NOA genes and their rewired neighbours using a systems approach. Using copy number data and expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) we performed comparative analyses between high and low genomic stress tumours for 15 cancer types. We identified 101 condition-specific differential coexpression modules, mapped to a high-confidence human interactome, comprising 133 candidate NOA rewiring hub genes. We observe that most modules lose coexpression in the high-stress state and that activated stress modules and hubs take part in homoeostasis maintenance processes such as chromosome segregation, oxireductase activity, mitotic checkpoint (PLK1 signalling), DNA replication initiation and synaptic signalling. We furthermore show that candidate NOA rewiring hubs are unique for each cancer type, but that their respective rewired neighbour genes largely are shared across cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Xin Hjaltelin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose M. G. Izarzugaza
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars Juhl Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Russo
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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45
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Schuler F, Afreen S, Manzl C, Häcker G, Erlacher M, Villunger A. Checkpoint kinase 1 is essential for fetal and adult hematopoiesis. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47026. [PMID: 31379128 PMCID: PMC6680171 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is critical for S-phase fidelity and preventing premature mitotic entry in the presence of DNA damage. Tumor cells have developed a strong dependence on CHK1 for survival, and hence, this kinase has developed into a promising drug target. Chk1 deficiency in mice results in blastocyst death due to G2/M checkpoint failure showing that it is an essential gene and may be difficult to target therapeutically. Here, we show that chemical inhibition of CHK1 kills murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by the induction of BCL2-regulated apoptosis. Cell death in HSPCs is independent of p53 but requires the BH3-only proteins BIM, PUMA, and NOXA. Moreover, Chk1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis in the embryo. Noteworthy, cell death inhibition in HSPCs cannot restore blood cell formation as HSPCs lacking CHK1 accumulate DNA damage and stop dividing. Moreover, conditional deletion of Chk1 in hematopoietic cells of adult mice selects for blood cells retaining CHK1, suggesting an essential role in maintaining functional hematopoiesis. Our findings establish a previously unrecognized role for CHK1 in establishing and maintaining hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schuler
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sehar Afreen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Claudia Manzl
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular pathologyMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Medical Center FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and OncologyDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed DiseasesViennaAustria
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Cabrera E, Raninga P, Khanna KK, Freire R. GSK3-β Stimulates Claspin Degradation via β-TrCP Ubiquitin Ligase and Alters Cancer Cell Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081073. [PMID: 31362447 PMCID: PMC6721324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Claspin is essential for activating the DNA damage checkpoint effector kinase Chk1, a target in oncotherapy. Claspin functions are tightly correlated to Claspin protein stability, regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Here we identify Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) as a new regulator of Claspin stability. Interestingly, as Chk1, GSK3-β is a therapeutic target in cancer. GSK3-β inhibition or knockdown stabilizes Claspin, whereas a GSK3-β constitutively active form reduces Claspin protein levels by ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Our results also suggest that GSK3-β modulates the interaction of Claspin with β-TrCP, a critical E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates Claspin stability. Importantly, GSK3-β knock down increases Chk1 activation in response to DNA damage in a Claspin-dependent manner. Therefore, Chk1 activation could be a pro-survival mechanism that becomes activated upon GSK3-β inhibition. Importantly, treating triple negative breast cancer cell lines with Chk1 or GSK3-β inhibitors alone or in combination, demonstrates that Chk1/GSK3-β double inhibition restrains cell growth and triggers more apoptosis compared to individual treatments, thereby revealing novel possibilities for a combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Prahlad Raninga
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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47
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Mei L, Zhang J, He K, Zhang J. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related inhibitors and cancer therapy: where we stand. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:43. [PMID: 31018854 PMCID: PMC6482552 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pathway plays an essential role in suppressing replication stress from DNA damage and oncogene activation. Main body Preclinical studies have shown that cancer cells with defective DNA repair mechanisms or cell cycle checkpoints may be particularly sensitive to ATR inhibitors. Preclinical and clinical data from early-phase trials on three ATR inhibitors (M6620, AZD6738, and BAY1895344), either as monotherapy or in combination, were reviewed. Conclusion Data from ATR inhibitor-based combinational trials might lead to future expansion of this therapy to homologous recombination repair pathway-proficient cancers and potentially serve as a rescue therapy for patients who have progressed through poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1250 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, 460 west 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kai He
- The James Thoracic Oncology Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 494 Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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48
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Boudny M, Zemanova J, Khirsariya P, Borsky M, Verner J, Cerna J, Oltova A, Seda V, Mraz M, Jaros J, Jaskova Z, Spunarova M, Brychtova Y, Soucek K, Drapela S, Kasparkova M, Mayer J, Paruch K, Trbusek M. Novel CHK1 inhibitor MU380 exhibits significant single-agent activity in TP53-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2443-2455. [PMID: 30975914 PMCID: PMC6959166 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.203430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of small-molecule inhibitors of B-cell receptor signaling and BCL2 protein significantly improves therapeutic options in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, some patients suffer from adverse effects mandating treatment discontinuation, and cases with TP53 defects more frequently experience early progression of the disease. Development of alternative therapeutic approaches is, therefore, of critical importance. Here we report details of the anti-chronic lymphocytic leukemia single-agent activity of MU380, our recently identified potent, selective, and metabolically robust inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1. We also describe a newly developed enantioselective synthesis of MU380, which allows preparation of gram quantities of the substance. Checkpoint kinase 1 is a master regulator of replication operating primarily in intra-S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints. Initially tested in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, MU380 significantly potentiated efficacy of gemcitabine, a clinically used inducer of replication stress. Moreover, MU380 manifested substantial single-agent activity in both TP53-wild type and TP53-mutated leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia-derived cell lines MEC-1, MEC-2 (both TP53-mut), and OSU-CLL (TP53-wt) the inhibitor impaired cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis. In primary clinical samples, MU380 used as a single-agent noticeably reduced the viability of unstimulated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as well as those induced to proliferate by anti-CD40/IL-4 stimuli. In both cases, effects were comparable in samples harboring p53 pathway dysfunction (TP53 mutations or ATM mutations) and TP53-wt/ATM-wt cells. Lastly, MU380 also exhibited significant in vivo activity in a xenotransplant mouse model (immunodeficient strain NOD-scid IL2Rγnull) where it efficiently suppressed growth of subcutaneous tumors generated from MEC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Boudny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jana Zemanova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University.,Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital
| | - Marek Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jan Verner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jana Cerna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Alexandra Oltova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Vaclav Seda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University.,Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University
| | - Marek Mraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University.,Center of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University
| | - Josef Jaros
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Zuzana Jaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Michaela Spunarova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Karel Soucek
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Drapela
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics CAS, v.v.i.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kasparkova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University .,Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital
| | - Martin Trbusek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University
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49
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Ubhi T, Brown GW. Exploiting DNA Replication Stress for Cancer Treatment. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1730-1739. [PMID: 30967400 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complete and accurate DNA replication is fundamental to cellular proliferation and genome stability. Obstacles that delay, prevent, or terminate DNA replication cause the phenomena termed DNA replication stress. Cancer cells exhibit chronic replication stress due to the loss of proteins that protect or repair stressed replication forks and due to the continuous proliferative signaling, providing an exploitable therapeutic vulnerability in tumors. Here, we outline current and pending therapeutic approaches leveraging tumor-specific replication stress as a target, in addition to the challenges associated with such therapies. We discuss how replication stress modulates the cell-intrinsic innate immune response and highlight the integration of replication stress with immunotherapies. Together, exploiting replication stress for cancer treatment seems to be a promising strategy as it provides a selective means of eliminating tumors, and with continuous advances in our knowledge of the replication stress response and lessons learned from current therapies in use, we are moving toward honing the potential of targeting replication stress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajinder Ubhi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Zheng K, He Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Selective Autophagy Regulates Cell Cycle in Cancer Therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:104-125. [PMID: 30662557 PMCID: PMC6332805 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant function of cell cycle regulators results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, making them attractive therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Indeed, survival of many cancers exclusively relies on these proteins, and several specific inhibitors are in clinical use. Although the ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for the periodic quality control of cell cycle proteins during cell cycle progression, increasing evidence clearly demonstrates the intimate interaction between cell cycle regulation and selective autophagy, important homeostasis maintenance machinery. However, these studies have often led to divergent rather than unifying explanations due to complexity of the autophagy signaling network, the inconsistent functions between general autophagy and selective autophagy, and the different characteristics of autophagic substrates. In this review, we highlight current data illustrating the contradictory and important role of cell cycle proteins in regulating autophagy. We also focus on how selective autophagy acts as a central mechanism to maintain orderly DNA repair and genome integrity by degrading specific cell cycle proteins, regulating cell division, and promoting DNA damage repair. We further discuss the ways in which selective autophagy may impact the cell cycle regulators, since failure to appropriately remove these can interfere with cell death-related processes, including senescence and autophagy-related cell death. Imbalanced cell proliferation is typically utilized by cancer cells to acquire resistance. Finally, we discuss the possibility of a potent anticancer therapeutic strategy that targets selective autophagy or autophagy and cell cycle together.
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