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Brockmöller S, Worek F, Rothmiller S. Protein networking: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their protein-protein-associations. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1627-1642. [PMID: 38771378 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are complex transmembrane proteins involved in neurotransmission in the nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction. nAChR disorders may lead to severe, potentially fatal pathophysiological states. To date, the receptor has been the focus of basic and applied research to provide novel therapeutic interventions. Since most studies have investigated only the nAChR itself, it is necessary to consider the receptor as part of its protein network to understand or elucidate-specific pathways. On its way through the secretory pathway, the receptor interacts with several chaperones and proteins. This review takes a closer look at these molecular interactions and focuses especially on endoplasmic reticulum biogenesis, secretory pathway sorting, Golgi maturation, plasma membrane presentation, retrograde internalization, and recycling. Additional knowledge regarding the nAChR protein network may lead to a more detailed comprehension of the fundamental pathomechanisms of diseases or may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brockmöller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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2
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Morgos DT, Stefani C, Miricescu D, Greabu M, Stanciu S, Nica S, Stanescu-Spinu II, Balan DG, Balcangiu-Stroescu AE, Coculescu EC, Georgescu DE, Nica RI. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1848. [PMID: 38339127 PMCID: PMC10856016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with more than 1 million cases diagnosed every year. Helicobacter pylori represents the main risk factor, being responsible for 78% of the cases. Increased amounts of salt, pickled food, red meat, alcohol, smoked food, and refined sugars negatively affect the stomach wall, contributing to GC development. Several gene mutations, including PIK3CA, TP53, ARID1A, CDH1, Ras, Raf, and ERBB3 are encountered in GC pathogenesis, leading to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-PI3K/AKT/mTOR-and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway activation and promoting tumoral activity. Helicobacter pylori, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and oxidative stress also activate both pathways, enhancing GC development. In clinical trials, promising results have come from monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab and ramucirumab. Dual inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways were used in vitro studies, also with promising results. The main aim of this review is to present GC incidence and risk factors and the dysregulations of the two protein kinase complexes together with their specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Theodora Morgos
- Discipline of Anatomy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Constantin Stefani
- Department I of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Greabu
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silviu Stanciu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silvia Nica
- Emergency Discipline, University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Iulia-Ioana Stanescu-Spinu
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Daniela Gabriela Balan
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Andra-Elena Balcangiu-Stroescu
- Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (D.G.B.); (A.-E.B.-S.)
| | - Elena-Claudia Coculescu
- Discipline of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dragos-Eugen Georgescu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 50474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of General Surgery, “Dr. Ion Cantacuzino” Clinical Hospital, 020475 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Remus Iulian Nica
- Central Military Emergency University Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania;
- Discipline of General Surgery, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Pandey A, Shen C, Feng S, Enosi Tuipulotu D, Ngo C, Liu C, Kurera M, Mathur A, Venkataraman S, Zhang J, Talaulikar D, Song R, Wong JJL, Teoh N, Kaakoush NO, Man SM. Ku70 senses cytosolic DNA and assembles a tumor-suppressive signalosome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh3409. [PMID: 38277448 PMCID: PMC10816715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune response contributes to the development or attenuation of acute and chronic diseases, including cancer. Microbial DNA and mislocalized DNA from damaged host cells can activate different host responses that shape disease outcomes. Here, we show that mice and humans lacking a single allele of the DNA repair protein Ku70 had increased susceptibility to the development of intestinal cancer. Mechanistically, Ku70 translocates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it binds to cytosolic DNA and interacts with the GTPase Ras and the kinase Raf, forming a tripartite protein complex and docking at Rab5+Rab7+ early-late endosomes. This Ku70-Ras-Raf signalosome activates the MEK-ERK pathways, leading to impaired activation of cell cycle proteins Cdc25A and CDK1, reducing cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. We also identified the domains of Ku70, Ras, and Raf involved in activating the Ku70 signaling pathway. Therapeutics targeting components of the Ku70 signalosome could improve the treatment outcomes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanu Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cheng Shen
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shouya Feng
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Enosi Tuipulotu
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chinh Ngo
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
- Mater Pathology, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melan Kurera
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anukriti Mathur
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Shweta Venkataraman
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dipti Talaulikar
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Haematology Translational Research Unit, ACT Pathology, Canberra Health Services, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Human Genomics, ACT Pathology, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Renhua Song
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Justin J.-L. Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Narci Teoh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, The Australian National University Medical School at The Canberra Hospital, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nadeem O. Kaakoush
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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4
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Luo S, Ye D, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang X, Xie L, Ji Y. Roles of Protein S-Nitrosylation in Endothelial Homeostasis and Dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:186-205. [PMID: 37742108 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nitric oxide (NO) plays several distinct roles in endothelial homeostasis. Except for activating the guanylyl cyclase enzyme-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway, NO can bind reactive cysteine residues in target proteins, a process known as S-nitrosylation (SNO). SNO is proposed to explain the multiple biological functions of NO in the endothelium. Investigating the targets and mechanism of protein SNO in endothelial cells (ECs) can provide new strategies for treating endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. Recent Advances: In response to different environments, proteomics has identified multiple SNO targets in ECs. Functional studies confirm that SNO regulates NO bioavailability, inflammation, permeability, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity in ECs. It also influences EC proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and transdifferentiation. Critical Issues: Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of ECs isolated from different mouse tissues showed heterogeneous gene signatures. However, litter research focuses on the heterogeneous properties of SNO proteins in ECs derived from different tissues. Although metabolism reprogramming plays a vital role in endothelial functions, little is known about how protein SNO regulates metabolism reprogramming in ECs. Future Directions: Precisely deciphering the effects of protein SNO in ECs isolated from different tissues under different conditions is necessary to further characterize the relationship between protein SNO and endothelial dysfunction-related diseases. In addition, identifying SNO targets that can influence endothelial metabolic reprogramming and the underlying mechanism can offer new views on the crosstalk between metabolism and post-translational protein modification. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 186-205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research and Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, the Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
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5
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Fujii T, Nakano Y, Hagita D, Onishi N, Endo A, Nakagawa M, Yoshiura T, Otsuka Y, Takeuchi S, Suzuki M, Shimizu Y, Toyooka T, Matsushita Y, Hibiya Y, Tomura S, Kondo A, Wada K, Ichimura K, Tomiyama A. KLC1-ROS1 Fusion Exerts Oncogenic Properties of Glioma Cells via Specific Activation of JAK-STAT Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 38201436 PMCID: PMC10778328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the detailed molecular oncogenic mechanisms of a novel receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) fusion, KLC1-ROS1, with an adapter molecule, KLC1, and an RTK, ROS1, discovered in pediatric glioma, and we explored a novel therapeutic target for glioma that possesses oncogenic RTK fusion. When wild-type ROS1 and KLC1-ROS1 fusions were stably expressed in the human glioma cell lines A172 and U343MG, immunoblotting revealed that KLC1-ROS1 fusion specifically activated the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, a major RTK downstream signaling pathway, when compared with wild-type ROS1. Immunoprecipitation of the fractionated cell lysates revealed a more abundant association of the KLC1-ROS1 fusion with JAK2 than that observed for wild-type ROS1 in the cytosolic fraction. A mutagenesis study of the KLC1-ROS1 fusion protein demonstrated the fundamental roles of both the KLC1 and ROS1 domains in the constitutive activation of KLC1-ROS1 fusion. Additionally, in vitro assays demonstrated that KLC1-ROS1 fusion upregulated cell proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance when compared to wild-type ROS1. Combination treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide and an inhibitor of ROS1, JAK2, or a downstream target of STAT3, demonstrated antitumor effects against KLC1-ROS1 fusion-expressing glioma cells. Our results demonstrate that KLC1-ROS1 fusion exerts oncogenic activity through serum-independent constitutive activation, resulting in specific activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Our data suggested that molecules other than RTKs may serve as novel therapeutic targets for RTK fusion in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujii
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yoshiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Daichi Hagita
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;
| | - Arumu Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Masaya Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Toru Yoshiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Yohei Otsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Satoru Takeuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Mario Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yuzaburo Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Terushige Toyooka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Yuko Matsushita
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yuko Hibiya
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Satoshi Tomura
- Division of Traumatology, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Akihide Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Kojiro Wada
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Arata Tomiyama
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.F.); (D.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.H.); (K.I.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan; (A.E.); (M.N.); (T.Y.); (Y.O.); (S.T.); (T.T.); (K.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.)
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Sawada S, Yoshikawa M, Tsutsui K, Miyazaki T, Kano K, Mishiro-Sato E, Tsukiji S. Palmitoylation-Dependent Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Live-Cell Golgi Imaging. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1047-1053. [PMID: 37098188 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes enabling visualization of the Golgi apparatus in living cells are essential tools for studying Golgi-associated biological processes and diseases. So far, several fluorescent Golgi stains have been developed by linking ceramide lipids to fluorophores. However, ceramide-based probes suffer from cumbersome staining procedures and low Golgi specificity. Here, we introduce fluorescent Golgi-staining probes based on the tri-N-methylated myristoyl-Gly-Cys (myrGC3Me) motif. The cell-permeable myrGC3Me motif localizes to the Golgi membrane upon S-palmitoylation. By modularly conjugating the myrGC3Me motif to fluorophores, we developed blue, green, and red fluorescent Golgi probes, all of which allowed simple and rapid staining of the Golgi in living cells with high specificity and no cytotoxicity. The probe was also applicable to the visualization of dynamic changes of the Golgi morphology induced by drug treatments and during cell division. The present work provides an entirely new series of live-cell Golgi probes useful for cell biological and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshikawa
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keita Tsutsui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoki Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kano
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Emi Mishiro-Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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7
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Cui H, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Li H, Zhang M, Wang X, Zhao X, Cheng H, Xu J, Chen X, Ding Z. Intelectin enhances the phagocytosis of macrophages via CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis in Megalobrama amblycephala. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124027. [PMID: 36907302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin has been identified in various vertebrates and plays an important role in the host immune system. In our previous studies, recombinant Megalobrama amblycephala intelectin (rMaINTL) protein with excellent bacterial binding and agglutination activities enhances the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages in M. amblycephala; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that treatment with Aeromonas hydrophila and LPS induced the expression of rMaINTL in macrophages, and its level and distribution in macrophages or kidney tissue markedly increased after incubation or injection with rMaINTL. The cellular structure of macrophages was significantly affected after incubation with rMaINTL, resulting in an increased surface area and pseudopodia extension, which might contribute to enhancing the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Then, digital gene expression profiling analysis of the kidneys from rMaINTL-treated juvenile M. amblycephala identified some phagocytosis-related signaling factors that were enriched in pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blotting verified that rMaINTL upregulated the expression of CDC42, WASF2, and ARPC2 in vitro and in vivo; however, the expression of these proteins was inhibited by a CDC42 inhibitor in macrophages. Moreover, CDC42 mediated the promotion of rMaINTL on actin polymerization by increasing the F-actin/G-actin ratio, which led to the extension of pseudopodia and remodeling of the macrophage cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis by rMaINTL was blocked by the CDC42 inhibitor. These results suggested that rMaINTL induced the expression of CDC42 as well as the downstream signaling molecules WASF2 and ARPC2, thereby facilitating actin polymerization to promote cytoskeletal remodeling and phagocytosis. Overall, MaINTL enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophages in M. amblycephala via activation of the CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yancui Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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8
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Iyer KS, Prabhakara C, Mayor S, Rao M. Cellular compartmentalisation and receptor promiscuity as a strategy for accurate and robust inference of position during morphogenesis. eLife 2023; 12:79257. [PMID: 36877545 PMCID: PMC9988261 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise spatial patterning of cell fate during morphogenesis requires accurate inference of cellular position. In making such inferences from morphogen profiles, cells must contend with inherent stochasticity in morphogen production, transport, sensing and signalling. Motivated by the multitude of signalling mechanisms in various developmental contexts, we show how cells may utilise multiple tiers of processing (compartmentalisation) and parallel branches (multiple receptor types), together with feedback control, to bring about fidelity in morphogenetic decoding of their positions within a developing tissue. By simultaneously deploying specific and nonspecific receptors, cells achieve a more accurate and robust inference. We explore these ideas in the patterning of Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc by Wingless morphogen signalling, where multiple endocytic pathways participate in decoding the morphogen gradient. The geometry of the inference landscape in the high dimensional space of parameters provides a measure for robustness and delineates stiff and sloppy directions. This distributed information processing at the scale of the cell highlights how local cell autonomous control facilitates global tissue scale design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan S Iyer
- Simons Center for the Study of Living Machines, National Center for Biological Sciences - TIFRBangaloreIndia
| | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Center for Biological Sciences - TIFRBangaloreIndia
| | - Madan Rao
- Simons Center for the Study of Living Machines, National Center for Biological Sciences - TIFRBangaloreIndia
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9
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Li L, Ding P, Lv X, Xie S, Li L, Chen J, Zhou D, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang W, Xu Y, Lu R, Hu W. CD59-Regulated Ras Compartmentalization Orchestrates Antitumor T-cell Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1475-1489. [PMID: 36206575 PMCID: PMC9716252 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment; however, it has achieved satisfactory clinical responses in only a limited population. Thus, a broader view of the T-cell immune response is required. The Ras/MAPK pathway operates in many important signaling cascades and regulates multiple cellular activities, including T-cell development, proliferation, and function. Herein, we found that the typical membrane-bound complement regulatory protein CD59 is located intracellularly in T cells and that the intracellular form is increased in the T cells of patients with cancer. When intracellular CD59 is abundant, it facilitates Ras transport to the inner plasma membrane via direct interaction; in contrast, when CD59 is insufficient or deficient, Ras is arrested in the Golgi, thus enhancing Ras/MAPK signaling and T-cell activation, proliferation, and function. mCd59ab deficiency almost completely abolished tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice, in which CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly increased compared with their proportions in wild-type littermates, and their proportions were inversely correlated with tumor growth. Using bone marrow transplantation and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell depletion assays, we further demonstrated the critical roles of these cells in the potent antitumor activity induced by mCd59ab deficiency. Reducing CD59 expression also enhanced MAPK signaling and T-cell activation in human T cells. Therefore, the subcellular compartmentalization of Ras regulated by intracellular CD59 provides spatial selectivity for T-cell activation and a potential T cell-mediated immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Ding
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Lv
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Corresponding Author: Weiguo Hu, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Phone: 213-477-7590; Fax: 216-417-2585; E-mail:
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10
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Behairy MY, Soltan MA, Adam MS, Refaat AM, Ezz EM, Albogami S, Fayad E, Althobaiti F, Gouda AM, Sileem AE, Elfaky MA, Darwish KM, Alaa Eldeen M. Computational Analysis of Deleterious SNPs in NRAS to Assess Their Potential Correlation With Carcinogenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:872845. [PMID: 36051694 PMCID: PMC9424727 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.872845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NRAS gene is a well-known oncogene that acts as a major player in carcinogenesis. Mutations in the NRAS gene have been linked to multiple types of human tumors. Therefore, the identification of the most deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NRAS gene is necessary to understand the key factors of tumor pathogenesis and therapy. We aimed to retrieve NRAS missense SNPs and analyze them comprehensively using sequence and structure approaches to determine the most deleterious SNPs that could increase the risk of carcinogenesis. We also adopted structural biology methods and docking tools to investigate the behavior of the filtered SNPs. After retrieving missense SNPs and analyzing them using six in silico tools, 17 mutations were found to be the most deleterious mutations in NRAS. All SNPs except S145L were found to decrease NRAS stability, and all SNPs were found on highly conserved residues and important functional domains, except R164C. In addition, all mutations except G60E and S145L showed a higher binding affinity to GTP, implicating an increase in malignancy tendency. As a consequence, all other 14 mutations were expected to increase the risk of carcinogenesis, with 5 mutations (G13R, G13C, G13V, P34R, and V152F) expected to have the highest risk. Thermodynamic stability was ensured for these SNP models through molecular dynamics simulation based on trajectory analysis. Free binding affinity toward the natural substrate, GTP, was higher for these models as compared to the native NRAS protein. The Gly13 SNP proteins depict a differential conformational state that could favor nucleotide exchange and catalytic potentiality. A further application of experimental methods with all these 14 mutations could reveal new insights into the pathogenesis and management of different types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. Behairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soltan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mohamed A. Soltan, ; Muhammad Alaa Eldeen,
| | - Mohamed S. Adam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Refaat
- Zoology Departmen, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Ehab M. Ezz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Fayad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf E. Sileem
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Cell Biology, Histology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mohamed A. Soltan, ; Muhammad Alaa Eldeen,
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11
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Guo L, Zhou F, Liu H, Kou X, Zhang H, Chen X, Qiu J. Genomic mutation characteristics and prognosis of biliary tract cancer. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4990-5002. [PMID: 35958441 PMCID: PMC9360853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of biliary system cancer is higher in the Chinese population than in the West. The overall prognosis of gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma is poor, and the current treatment is limited. In order to explore the pathogenesis of biliary tract cancers and potential targeted therapies, we mapped the mutation landscape of biliary tract cancer in the Chinese population and analyzed the molecular mechanism related to prognosis. METHODS A total of 59 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples were obtained from patients with operable biliary tract cancer. We conducted targeted capture sequencing of 620 genes through high-throughput sequencing technology and analyzed the fusion information of 13 genes. RESULTS Mutations were detected in 88% samples, and the most frequent mutation base was C>T. Genes with higher single nucleotide variations (SNV) and copy number variations (CNV) frequency are TP53, KRAS, ARID1A, VEGFA, cyclin family related genes and cyclin-dependent kinase genes. Actionable mutations were detected in 59.3% samples, and germline mutations were detected in 22% samples. Patients with KRAS mutations, VEGFA pathway mutations and higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) may have poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS We explored the mutation characteristics and prognostic mechanism of biliary tract cancers in the Chinese population. This study provides potential evidence for targeted therapy and immunotherapy of biliary tract cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guo
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
| | - Fuping Zhou
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
| | - Xiaoxia Kou
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province People’s Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated HospitalNanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinrong Qiu
- Department of Biological Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalShanghai 201805, China
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12
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Spano D, Colanzi A. Golgi Complex: A Signaling Hub in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1990. [PMID: 35805075 PMCID: PMC9265605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi Complex is the central hub in the endomembrane system and serves not only as a biosynthetic and processing center but also as a trafficking and sorting station for glycoproteins and lipids. In addition, it is an active signaling hub involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including cell polarity, motility, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, DNA repair and stress responses. As such, the dysregulation of the Golgi Complex-centered signaling cascades contributes to the onset of several pathological conditions, including cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi Complex and implicated in promoting cancer hallmarks and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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13
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogen that exploit host cellular machinery for their propagation. Extensive research on virus-host interaction have shed light on an alternative antiviral strategy that targets host cell factors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a versatile signal transducer that is involved in a range of cellular processes. Numerous studies have revealed how viruses exploit the function of EGFR in different stages of viral life cycle. In general, viruses attach onto the host cell surface and interacts with EGFR to facilitate viral entry, viral replication and spread as well as evasion from host immunosurveillance. Moreover, virus-induced activation of EGFR signalling is associated with mucin expression, tissue damage and carcinogenesis that contribute to serious complications. Herein, we review our current understanding of roles of EGFR in viral infection and its potential as therapeutic target in managing viral infection. We also discuss the available EGFR-targeted therapies and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Man Lai
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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14
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Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. Endosomes as Signaling Platforms for IL-6 Family Cytokine Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688314. [PMID: 34141712 PMCID: PMC8204807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the name-giving cytokine of a family of eleven members, including IL-6, CNTF, LIF, and IL-27. IL-6 was first recognized as a B-cell stimulating factor but we now know that the cytokine plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of inflammatory processes as well as in inflammation associated cancer. Moreover, IL-6 is involved in metabolic regulation and it has been shown to be involved in major neural activities such as neuroprotection, which can help to repair and to reduce brain damage. Receptor complexes of all members formed at the plasma membrane contain one or two molecules of the signaling receptor subunit GP130 and the mechanisms of signal transduction are well understood. IL-6 type cytokines can also signal from endomembranes, in particular the endosome, and situations have been reported in which endocytosis of receptor complexes are a prerequisite of intracellular signaling. Moreover, pathogenic GP130 variants were shown to interfere with spatial activation of downstream signals. We here summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial regulation of IL-6 family cytokine signaling and discuss its relevance for pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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15
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Busquets-Hernández C, Triola G. Palmitoylation as a Key Regulator of Ras Localization and Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:659861. [PMID: 33816563 PMCID: PMC8010249 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.659861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins require membrane association for proper function. This process is tightly regulated by reversible palmitoylation that controls not only the distribution over different subcellular compartments but also Ras compartmentalization within membrane subdomains. As a result, there is a growing interest in protein palmitoylation and the enzymes that control this process. In this minireview, we discuss how palmitoylation affects the localization and function of Ras proteins. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanism controlling protein lipidation is expected to provide new insights into the functional role of these modifications and may ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Triola
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Zang Y, Chaudhari K, Bashaw GJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon guidance receptor regulation and signaling. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:147-196. [PMID: 33706917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, newly differentiated neurons need to extend their axons toward their synaptic targets to form functional neural circuits. During this highly dynamic process of axon pathfinding, guidance receptors expressed at the tips of motile axons interact with soluble guidance cues or membrane tethered molecules present in the environment to be either attracted toward or repelled away from the source of these cues. As competing cues are often present at the same location and during the same developmental period, guidance receptors need to be both spatially and temporally regulated in order for the navigating axons to make appropriate guidance decisions. This regulation is exerted by a diverse array of molecular mechanisms that have come into focus over the past several decades and these mechanisms ensure that the correct complement of surface receptors is present on the growth cone, a fan-shaped expansion at the tip of the axon. This dynamic, highly motile structure is defined by a lamellipodial network lining the periphery of the growth cone interspersed with finger-like filopodial projections that serve to explore the surrounding environment. Once axon guidance receptors are deployed at the right place and time at the growth cone surface, they respond to their respective ligands by initiating a complex set of signaling events that serve to rearrange the growth cone membrane and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to affect axon growth and guidance. In this review, we highlight recent advances that shed light on the rich complexity of mechanisms that regulate axon guidance receptor distribution, activation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karina Chaudhari
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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18
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Schmidt-Arras D, Böhmer FD. Mislocalisation of Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Challenges for Cancer Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:833-847. [PMID: 32593582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate proliferation, cell migration, and cell survival, and are therefore important drivers of oncogenesis. Numerous targeted cancer therapies are directed against activated RTKs, including small compound inhibitors, and immunotherapies. It has recently been discovered that not only certain RTK fusion proteins, but also many full-length RTKs harbouring activating mutations, notably RTKs of the class III family, are to a large extent mislocalised in intracellular membranes. Active kinases in these locations cause aberrant activation of signalling pathways. Moreover, low levels of activated RTKs at the cell surface present an obstacle for immunotherapy. We outline here why understanding of the mechanisms underlying mislocalisation will help in improving existing and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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19
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Lu Y, Liu B, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng G. Dual effects of active ERK in cancer: A potential target for enhancing radiosensitivity. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:993-1000. [PMID: 32724338 PMCID: PMC7377092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an important cancer treatment approach. However, radioresistance eventually occurs, resulting in poor outcomes in patients with cancer. Radioresistance is associated with multiple signaling pathways, particularly pro-survival signaling pathways. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is an important signaling pathway that initiates several cellular processes and is regulated by various stimuli, including IR. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the pro-survival effects of active ERK, activation of ERK has also been associated with cell death, indicating that radiosensitization may occur by ERK stimulation. In this context, the present review describes the associations between ERK signaling, cancer and IR, and discusses the association between ERK and its pro-survival function in cancer cells, including stimuli, molecular mechanisms, clinical use of inhibitors and underlying limitations. Additionally, the present review introduces the view that active ERK may induce cell death, and describes the potential factors associated with this process. This review describes the various outcomes induced by active ERK to prompt future studies to aim to enhance radiosensitivity in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Baocai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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20
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Pleiotropic Roles of Calmodulin in the Regulation of KRas and Rac1 GTPases: Functional Diversity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103680. [PMID: 32456244 PMCID: PMC7279331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous signalling protein that controls many biological processes due to its capacity to interact and/or regulate a large number of cellular proteins and pathways, mostly in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This complex interactome of calmodulin can have pleiotropic molecular consequences, which over the years has made it often difficult to clearly define the contribution of calmodulin in the signal output of specific pathways and overall biological response. Most relevant for this review, the ability of calmodulin to influence the spatiotemporal signalling of several small GTPases, in particular KRas and Rac1, can modulate fundamental biological outcomes such as proliferation and migration. First, direct interaction of calmodulin with these GTPases can alter their subcellular localization and activation state, induce post-translational modifications as well as their ability to interact with effectors. Second, through interaction with a set of calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs), calmodulin can control the capacity of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) to promote the switch of inactive KRas and Rac1 to an active conformation. Moreover, Rac1 is also an effector of KRas and both proteins are interconnected as highlighted by the requirement for Rac1 activation in KRas-driven tumourigenesis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the multiple layers how calmodulin can regulate KRas and Rac1 GTPases in a variety of cellular events, with biological consequences and potential for therapeutic opportunities in disease settings, such as cancer.
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21
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Chen YH, Lv H, Shen N, Wang XM, Tang S, Xiong B, Ding J, Geng MY, Huang M. EPHA2 feedback activation limits the response to PDEδ inhibition in KRAS-dependent cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:270-277. [PMID: 31316177 PMCID: PMC7471410 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most important proto-oncogenes. Its mutations occur in almost all tumor types, and KRAS mutant cancer is still lack of effective therapy. Prenyl-binding protein phosphodiesterase-δ (PDEδ) is required for the plasma membrane association and subsequent activation of KRAS oncogenic signaling. Recently, targeting PDEδ has provided new promise for KRAS mutant tumors. However, the therapeutic potential of PDEδ inhibition remains obscure. In this study, we explored how PDEδ inhibition was responded in KRAS mutant cancer cells, and identified KRAS mutant subset responsive to PDEδ inhibition. We first performed siRNA screen of KRAS growth dependency of a small panel of human cancer lines, and identified a subset of KRAS mutant cancer cells that were highly dependent on KRAS signaling. Among these cells, only a fraction of KRAS-dependent cells responded to PDEδ depletion, though KRAS plasma membrane association was effectively impaired. We revealed that the persistent RAF/MEK/ERK signaling seemed responsible for the lack of response to PDEδ depletion. A kinase array further identified that the feedback activation of EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2) accounted for the compensatory activation of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling in these cells. Simultaneous inhibition of EPHA2 and PDEδ led to the growth inhibition of KRAS mutant cancer cells. Together, this study gains a better understanding of PDEδ-targeted therapeutic strategy and suggests the combined inhibition of EPHA2 and PDEδ as a potential therapy for KRAS mutant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Chen
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning Shen
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Ding
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei-Yu Geng
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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22
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Woida PJ, Satchell KJF. The Vibrio cholerae MARTX toxin silences the inflammatory response to cytoskeletal damage before inducing actin cytoskeleton collapse. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/614/eaaw9447. [PMID: 31937566 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw9447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins are pore-forming bacterial toxins that translocate multiple functionally independent effector domains into a target eukaryotic cell. Vibrio cholerae colonizes intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and uses a MARTX toxin with three effector domains-an actin cross-linking domain (ACD), a Rho inactivation domain (RID), and an α/β hydrolase domain (ABH)-to suppress innate immunity and enhance colonization. We investigated whether these multiple catalytic enzymes delivered from a single toxin functioned in a coordinated manner to suppress intestinal innate immunity. Using cultured human IECs, we demonstrated that ACD-induced cytoskeletal collapse activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to elicit a robust proinflammatory response characterized by the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8; also called CXCL8) and the expression of CXCL8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and other proinflammatory genes. However, RID and ABH, which are naturally delivered together with ACD, blocked MAPK activation through Rac1 and thus prevented ACD-induced inflammation. RID also abolished IL-8 secretion induced by heat-killed bacteria, TNF, or latrunculin A. Thus, MARTX toxins use enzymatic multifunctionality to silence the host response to bacterial factors and to the damage caused by the toxins. Furthermore, these data show how V. cholerae MARTX toxin suppresses intestinal inflammation and contributes to cholera being classically defined as a noninflammatory diarrheal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Woida
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Karla J F Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Nakamura A, Katahira R, Sawada S, Shinoda E, Kuwata K, Yoshii T, Tsukiji S. Chemogenetic Control of Protein Anchoring to Endomembranes in Living Cells with Lipid-Tethered Small Molecules. Biochemistry 2019; 59:205-211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Katahira
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Eri Shinoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science (FRIMS), Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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24
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Weinberg F, Griffin R, Fröhlich M, Heining C, Braun S, Spohr C, Iconomou M, Hollek V, Röring M, Horak P, Kreutzfeldt S, Warsow G, Hutter B, Uhrig S, Neumann O, Reuss D, Heiland DH, von Kalle C, Weichert W, Stenzinger A, Brors B, Glimm H, Fröhling S, Brummer T. Identification and characterization of a BRAF fusion oncoprotein with retained autoinhibitory domains. Oncogene 2019; 39:814-832. [PMID: 31558800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins involving the BRAF serine/threonine kinase occur in many cancers. The oncogenic potential of BRAF fusions has been attributed to the loss of critical N-terminal domains that mediate BRAF autoinhibition. We used whole-exome and RNA sequencing in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme to identify a rearrangement between TTYH3, encoding a membrane-resident, calcium-activated chloride channel, and BRAF intron 1, resulting in a TTYH3-BRAF fusion protein that retained all features essential for BRAF autoinhibition. Accordingly, the BRAF moiety of the fusion protein alone, which represents full-length BRAF without the amino acids encoded by exon 1 (BRAFΔE1), did not induce MEK/ERK phosphorylation or transformation. Likewise, neither the TTYH3 moiety of the fusion protein nor full-length TTYH3 provoked ERK pathway activity or transformation. In contrast, TTYH3-BRAF displayed increased MEK phosphorylation potential and transforming activity, which were caused by TTYH3-mediated tethering of near-full-length BRAF to the (endo)membrane system. Consistent with this mechanism, a synthetic approach, in which BRAFΔE1 was tethered to the membrane by fusing it to the cytoplasmic tail of CD8 also induced transformation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TTYH3-BRAF signals largely independent of a functional RAS binding domain, but requires an intact BRAF dimer interface and activation loop phosphorylation sites. Cells expressing TTYH3-BRAF exhibited increased MEK/ERK signaling, which was blocked by clinically achievable concentrations of sorafenib, trametinib, and the paradox breaker PLX8394. These data provide the first example of a fully autoinhibited BRAF protein whose oncogenic potential is dictated by a distinct fusion partner and not by a structural change in BRAF itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weinberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Griffin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Fröhlich
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heining
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Dresden, Dresden, and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Spohr
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viola Hollek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Röring
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Horak
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Warsow
- Omics IT and Data Management Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Uhrig
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Neumann
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Reuss
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational NeuroOncology Research Group, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,DKTK, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Dresden, Dresden, and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- Department of Translational Medical Oncology, NCT Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany. .,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,DKTK Partner Site Freiburg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Ye C, Rasheed H, Ran Y, Yang X, Xing L, Su X. Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:702. [PMID: 31500567 PMCID: PMC6734246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The reproductive plasticity of termite workers provides colonies with tremendous flexibility to respond to environmental changes, which is the basis for evolutionary and ecological success. Although it is known that all colony members share the same genetic background and that differences in castes are caused by differences in gene expression, the pattern of the specific expression of genes involved in the differentiation of workers into reproductives remains unclear. In this study, the isolated workers of Reticulitermes labralis developed into reproductives, and then comparative transcriptomes were used for the first time to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive plasticity of workers. Results We identified 38,070 differentially expressed genes and found a pattern of gene expression involved in the differentiation of the workers into reproductives. 12, 543 genes were specifically upregulated in the isolated workers. Twenty-five signal transduction pathways classified into environmental information processing were related to the differentiation of workers into reproductives. Ras functions as a signalling switch regulates the reproductive plasticity of workers. The catalase gene which is related to longevity was up-regulated in reproductives. Conclusion We demonstrate that workers leaving the natal colony can induce the expression of stage-specific genes in the workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers into reproductives and suggests that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers. This study also provides an important model for revealing the molecular mechanism of longevity changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6037-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuehua Ran
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianxi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohong Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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26
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Xu Z, Duan F, Lu H, Abdulkadhim Dragh M, Xia Y, Liang H, Hong L. UBIAD1 suppresses the proliferation of bladder carcinoma cells by regulating H-Ras intracellular trafficking via interaction with the C-terminal domain of H-Ras. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 30518913 PMCID: PMC6281600 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) plays a key role in biosynthesis of vitamin K2 and coenzyme Q10 using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). However, the mechanism by which UBIAD1 participates in tumorigenesis remains unknown. This study show that UBIAD1 interacts with H-Ras, retains H-Ras in the Golgi apparatus, prevents H-Ras trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, blocks the aberrant activation of Ras/MAPK signaling, and inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells. In addition, GGPP was required to maintain the function of UBIAD1 in regulating the Ras/ERK signaling pathway. A Drosophila model was employed to confirm the function of UBIAD1/HEIX in vivo. The activation of Ras/ERK signaling at the plasma membrane induced melanotic masses in Drosophila larvae. Our study suggests that UBIAD1 serves as a tumor suppressor in cancer and tentatively reveals the underlying mechanism of melanotic mass formation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsen Duan
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiai Lu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Maytham Abdulkadhim Dragh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huageng Liang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Ahearn I, Zhou M, Philips MR. Posttranslational Modifications of RAS Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031484. [PMID: 29311131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three human RAS genes encode four proteins that play central roles in oncogenesis by acting as binary molecular switches that regulate signaling pathways for growth and differentiation. Each is subject to a set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modify their activity or are required for membrane targeting. The enzymes that catalyze the various PTMs are potential targets for anti-RAS drug discovery. The PTMs of RAS proteins are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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28
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Casar B, Badrock AP, Jiménez I, Arozarena I, Colón-Bolea P, Lorenzo-Martín LF, Barinaga-Rementería I, Barriuso J, Cappitelli V, Donoghue DJ, Bustelo XR, Hurlstone A, Crespo P. RAS at the Golgi antagonizes malignant transformation through PTPRκ-mediated inhibition of ERK activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3595. [PMID: 30185827 PMCID: PMC6125387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS GTPases are frequently mutated in human cancer. H- and NRAS isoforms are distributed over both plasma-membrane and endomembranes, including the Golgi complex, but how this organizational context contributes to cellular transformation is unknown. Here we show that RAS at the Golgi is selectively activated by apoptogenic stimuli and antagonizes cell survival by suppressing ERK activity through the induction of PTPRκ, which targets CRAF for dephosphorylation. Consistently, in contrast to what occurs at the plasma-membrane, RAS at the Golgi cannot induce melanoma in zebrafish. Inactivation of PTPRκ, which occurs frequently in human melanoma, often coincident with TP53 inactivation, accelerates RAS-ERK pathway-driven melanomagenesis in zebrafish. Likewise, tp53 disruption in zebrafish facilitates oncogenesis driven by RAS from the Golgi complex. Thus, RAS oncogenic potential is strictly dependent on its sublocalization, with Golgi complex-located RAS antagonizing tumor development. RAS isoforms are associated with the plasma membrane and endomembranes, but how their localization contributes to tumorigenesis is unclear. Here, the authors show that RAS signals from Golgi complex antagonize tumour formation by inducing apoptosis via ERK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Andrew P Badrock
- Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Iñaki Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain.,Navarrabiomed-FMS IDISNA, Pamplona, Navarra, 31008, Spain
| | - Paula Colón-Bolea
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Irene Barinaga-Rementería
- Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cappitelli
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093, USA
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Division of Cancer Studies, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39011, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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29
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Parker JA, Mattos C. The K-Ras, N-Ras, and H-Ras Isoforms: Unique Conformational Preferences and Implications for Targeting Oncogenic Mutants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031427. [PMID: 29038336 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ras controls a multitude of cellular signaling processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Deregulation of Ras cycling often promotes tumorigenesis and various other developmental disorders, termed RASopothies. Although the structure of Ras has been known for many decades, it is still one of the most highly sought-after drug targets today, and is often referred to as "undruggable." At the center of this paradoxical protein is a lack of understanding of fundamental differences in the G domains between the highly similar Ras isoforms and common oncogenic mutations, despite the immense wealth of knowledge accumulated about this protein to date. A shift in the field during the past few years toward a high-resolution understanding of the structure confirms the hypothesis that each isoform and oncogenic mutation must be considered individually, and that not all Ras mutations are created equal. For the first time in Ras history, we have the ability to directly compare the structures of each wild-type isoform to construct a "base-line" understanding, which can then be used as a springboard for analyzing the effects of oncogenic mutations on the structure-function relationship in Ras. This is a fundamental and large step toward the goal of developing personalized therapies for patients with Ras-driven cancers and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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30
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Herrero A, Reis-Cardoso M, Jiménez-Gómez I, Doherty C, Agudo-Ibañez L, Pinto A, Calvo F, Kolch W, Crespo P, Matallanas D. Characterisation of HRas local signal transduction networks using engineered site-specific exchange factors. Small GTPases 2018; 11:371-383. [PMID: 29172991 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1406434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras GTPases convey signals from different types of membranes. At these locations, different Ras isoforms, interactors and regulators generate different biochemical signals and biological outputs. The study of Ras localisation-specific signal transduction networks has been hampered by our inability to specifically activate each of these Ras pools. Here, we describe a new set of site-specific tethered exchange factors, engineered by fusing the RasGRF1 CDC25 domain to sub-localisation-defining cues, whereby Ras pools at specific locations can be precisely activated. We show that the CDC25 domain has a high specificity for activating HRas but not NRas and KRas. This unexpected finding means that our constructs mainly activate endogenous HRas. Hence, their use enabled us to identify distinct pathways regulated by HRas in endomembranes and plasma membrane microdomains. Importantly, these new constructs unveil different patterns of HRas activity specified by their subcellular localisation. Overall, the targeted GEFs described herein constitute ideal tools for dissecting spatially-defined HRas biochemical and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrero
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Iñaki Jiménez-Gómez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander , Spain
| | - Carolanne Doherty
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorena Agudo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander , Spain
| | - Adán Pinto
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander , Spain
| | - Fernando Calvo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander , Spain
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Cantabria, Santander , Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Calos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Agudo-Ibañez L, Crespo P, Casar B. Analysis of Ras/ERK Compartmentalization by Subcellular Fractionation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1487:151-162. [PMID: 27924565 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
A vast number of stimuli use the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade to transmit signals from their cognate receptors, in order to regulate multiple cellular functions, including key processes such as proliferation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, and survival. The duration, intensity and specificity of the responses are, in part, controlled by the compartmentalization/subcellular localization of the signaling intermediaries. Ras proteins are found in different plasma membrane microdomains and endomembranes. At these localizations, Ras is subject to site-specific regulatory mechanisms, distinctively engaging effector pathways and switching-on diverse genetic programs to generate a multitude of biological responses. The Ras effector pathway leading to ERKs activation is also subject to space-related regulatory processes. About half of ERK1/2 substrates are found in the nucleus and function mainly as transcription factors. The other half resides in the cytosol and other cellular organelles. Such subcellular distribution enhances the complexity of the Ras/ERK cascade and constitutes an essential mechanism to endow variability to its signals, which enables their participation in the regulation of a broad variety of functions. Thus, analyzing the subcellular compartmentalization of the members of the Ras/ERK cascade constitutes an important factor to be taken into account when studying specific biological responses evoked by Ras/ERK signals. Herein, we describe methods for such purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Agudo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, c/Albert Einstein, 22, PCTCAN, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, c/Albert Einstein, 22, PCTCAN, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Berta Casar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria, c/Albert Einstein, 22, PCTCAN, Santander, 39011, Cantabria, Spain.
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32
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Tebar F, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. GTPases Rac1 and Ras Signaling from Endosomes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:65-105. [PMID: 30097772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic compartment is not only the functional continuity of the plasma membrane but consists of a diverse collection of intracellular heterogeneous complex structures that transport, amplify, sustain, and/or sort signaling molecules. Over the years, it has become evident that early, late, and recycling endosomes represent an interconnected vesicular-tubular network able to form signaling platforms that dynamically and efficiently translate extracellular signals into biological outcome. Cell activation, differentiation, migration, death, and survival are some of the endpoints of endosomal signaling. Hence, to understand the role of the endosomal system in signal transduction in space and time, it is therefore necessary to dissect and identify the plethora of decoders that are operational in the different steps along the endocytic pathway. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of spatiotemporal signaling in cells, considering endosomes as central platforms, in which several small GTPases proteins of the Ras superfamily, in particular Ras and Rac1, actively participate to control cellular processes like proliferation and cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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33
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Basu SK, Lee S, Salotti J, Basu S, Sakchaisri K, Xiao Z, Walia V, Westlake CJ, Morrison DK, Johnson PF. Oncogenic RAS-Induced Perinuclear Signaling Complexes Requiring KSR1 Regulate Signal Transmission to Downstream Targets. Cancer Res 2017; 78:891-908. [PMID: 29259016 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The precise characteristics that distinguish normal and oncogenic RAS signaling remain obscure. Here, we show that oncogenic RAS and BRAF induce perinuclear relocalization of several RAS pathway proteins, including the kinases CK2 and p-ERK1/2 and the signaling scaffold KSR1. This spatial reorganization requires endocytosis, the kinase activities of MEK-ERK and CK2, and the presence of KSR1. CK2α colocalizes with KSR1 and Rab11, a marker of recycling endosomes, whereas p-ERK associates predominantly with a distinct KSR1-positive endosomal population. Notably, these perinuclear signaling complexes (PSC) are present in tumor cell lines, mouse lung tumors, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts undergoing RAS-induced senescence. PSCs are also transiently induced by growth factors (GF) in nontransformed cells with delayed kinetics (4-6 hours), establishing a novel late phase of GF signaling that appears to be constitutively activated in tumor cells. PSCs provide an essential platform for RAS-induced phosphorylation and activation of the prosenescence transcription factor C/EBPβ in primary MEFs undergoing senescence. Conversely, in tumor cells, C/EBPβ activation is suppressed by 3'UTR-mediated localization of Cebpb transcripts to a peripheral cytoplasmic domain distinct from the PSC region. Collectively, our findings indicate that sustained PSC formation is a critical feature of oncogenic RAS/BRAF signaling in cancer cells that controls signal transmission to downstream targets by regulating selective access of effector kinases to substrates such as C/EBPβ.Significance: In addressing the long-standing question of the difference between normal and oncogenic RAS pathway signaling, this study shows that oncogenic RAS specifically triggers constitutive endocytosis-dependent movement of effector kinases to a perinuclear region, thereby creating connections to unique downstream targets such as the core prosenescence and the inflammatory regulatory transcription factor C/EBPβ. Cancer Res; 78(4); 891-908. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Basu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sook Lee
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jacqueline Salotti
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Srikanta Basu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Krisada Sakchaisri
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Vijay Walia
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter F Johnson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland.
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34
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Taute S, Pfister HJ, Steger G. Induction of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of UV-Activated EGFR by the Beta-Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E6 Leads to Papillomatosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2197. [PMID: 29176966 PMCID: PMC5686093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that beta-human papillomaviruses (HPV) synergize with UV-light in the development of precancerous actinic keratosis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC), one of the most common cancers in the Caucasian population. We previously demonstrated the tumorigenic activity of beta-HPV type 8 (HPV8) in the skin of transgenic mice and its cooperation with UV-light. Analysis of underlying mechanisms now showed that in keratinocytes expressing the HPV8E6 protein a transient increase of tyrosine phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to UV-irradiation occurred, while EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, i.e., receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-activity was hardly affected in empty vector control cells. FACS and immunofluorescences revealed that the EGFR was internalized into early endosomes in response to UV-exposure in both, HPV8E6 positive and in control cells, yet with a higher rate in the presence of HPV8E6. Moreover, only in HPV8E6 expressing keratinocytes the EGFR was further sorted into CD63+ intraluminal vesicles, indicative for trafficking to late endosomes. The latter requires the ubiquitination of the EGFR, and in correlation, we could show that only in HPV8E6 positive keratinocytes the EGFR was ubiquitinated upon UV-exposure. HPV8E6 and tyrosine phosphorylated EGFR directly interacted which was enhanced by UV-irradiation. The treatment of K14-HPV8E6 transgenic mice with Canertinib, an inhibitor of the RTK-activity of the EGFR, suppressed skin papilloma growth in response to UV-irradiation. This confirms the crucial role of the RTK-activity of the EGFR in HPV8E6 and UV-mediated papillomatosis in transgenic mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HPV8E6 alters the signaling of the UV-activated EGFR and this is a critical step in papilloma formation in response to UV-light in transgenic mice. Our results provide a molecular basis how a beta-HPV type may support early steps of skin tumor formation in cooperation with UV-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Taute
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Steger
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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35
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Barbakadze T, Goloshvili G, Narmania N, Zhuravliova E, Mikeladze D. Subcellular Distribution of S-Nitrosylated H-Ras in Differentiated and Undifferentiated PC12 Cells during Hypoxia. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:443-451. [PMID: 28836406 PMCID: PMC5570409 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Hypoxia or exposure to excessive reactive oxygen or nitrogen species could
induce S-nitrosylation of various target proteins, including GTPases of the Ras-superfamily. Under hypoxic conditions, the Ras-protein is translocated to the cytosol and interacts
with the Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. The mobility/translocation
of Ras depend on the cells oxidative status. However, the importance of relocated S-nitrosylated-H-Ras (NO-H-Ras) in proliferation/differentiation processes is not completely
understood. We have determined the content of soluble- and membrane-bound-NO-H-Ras in differentiated (D) and undifferentiated (ND) rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells
under hypoxic and normoxic conditions.
Materials and Methods In our experimental study, we analyzed NO-H-Ras levels under hypoxic/normoxic conditions in membrane and soluble fractions of ND and D PC12
cells with/without nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment. Cells were
analyzed by the S-nitrosylated kit, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot. We assessed
the action of NO-H-Ras on oxidative metabolism of isolated mitochondria by determining
mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation via the scopoletin oxidation method and ATP-production as estimated by the luminometric method. Results Hypoxia did not influence nitrosylation of soluble H-Ras in ND PC12 cells. Under hypoxic conditions, the nitrosylation of soluble-H-Ras greatly decreased in D PC12
cells. SNP didn’t change the levels of nitrosylation of soluble-H-Ras, in either hypoxic
or normoxic conditions. On the other hand, hypoxia, per se, did not affect the nitrosylation of membrane-bound-H-Ras in D and ND PC12 cells. SNP-dependent nitrosylation of
membrane-bound-H-Ras greatly increased in D PC12 cells. Both unmodified normal and
mutated H-Ras enhanced the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP, whereas the stimulatory effects on ATP synthesis were eliminated after S-nitrosylation of H-Ras. Conclusion According to the results, it may be proposed that hypoxia can decrease
S-nitrosylation of soluble-H-Ras in D PC12 cells and abolish the inhibitory effect of NO-H-Ras in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Barbakadze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Galina Goloshvili
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Narmania
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Elene Zhuravliova
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Mikeladze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Department of Biochemistry, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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36
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Chen GA, Lin YR, Chung HT, Hwang LH. H-Ras Exerts Opposing Effects on Type I Interferon Responses Depending on Its Activation Status. Front Immunol 2017; 8:972. [PMID: 28848563 PMCID: PMC5554495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using shRNA high-throughput screening, we identified H-Ras as a regulator of antiviral activity, whose depletion could enhance Sindbis virus replication. Further analyses indicated that depletion of H-Ras results in a robust increase in vesicular stomatitis virus infection and a decrease in Sendai virus (SeV)-induced retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling. Interestingly, however, ectopic expression of wild-type H-Ras results in a biphasic mode of RLR signaling regulation: while low-level expression of H-Ras enhances SeV-induced RLR signaling, high-level expression of H-Ras significantly inhibits this signaling. The inhibitory effects correlate with the activation status of H-Ras. As a result, oncogenic H-Ras, H-RasV12, strongly inhibits SeV-induced IFN-β promoter activity and type I interferon signaling. Conversely, the positive effects exerted by H-Ras on RLR signaling are independent of its signaling activity, as a constitutively inactive form of H-Ras, H-RasN17, also positively regulates RLR signaling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that depletion of H-Ras reduces the formation of MAVS–TNF receptor-associated factor 3 signaling complexes. These results reveal that the H-Ras protein plays a role in promoting MAVS signalosome assembly in the mitochondria, whereas oncogenic H-Ras exerts a negative effect on type I IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guann-An Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Ting Chung
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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37
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Chen CH, Hsia TC, Yeh MH, Chen TW, Chen YJ, Chen JT, Wei YL, Tu CY, Huang WC. MEK inhibitors induce Akt activation and drug resistance by suppressing negative feedback ERK-mediated HER2 phosphorylation at Thr701. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28632938 PMCID: PMC5579385 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the MEK/ERK pathway has been viewed as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, MEK inhibition leads to the compensatory PI3K/AKT activation and thus contributes to the desensitization of cancer cells to MEK inhibitors. The underlying molecular mechanism of this event is not yet understood. In this study, our data showed that the induction of Akt activity by MEK inhibitors was specifically observed in HER2‐positive breast cancer cells. Silence of HER2, or overexpression of HER2 kinase‐dead mutant, prevents the induction of Akt activation in response to MEK inhibition, indicating HER2 as a critical regulator for this event. Furthermore, HER2 Thr701 was demonstrated as a direct phosphorylation target of ERK1/2. Inhibition of this specific phosphorylation prolonged the dimerization of HER2 with EGFR in a clathrin‐dependent manner, leading to the enhanced activation of HER2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase and their downstream Akt pathway. These results suggest that suppression of ERK‐mediated HER2 Thr701 phosphorylation contributes to MEK inhibitor‐induced Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Tainan Municipal An-Nan hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tsu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Wei
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Duan M, Zhang R, Zhu F, Zhang Z, Gou L, Wen J, Dong J, Wang T. A Lipid-Anchored NAC Transcription Factor Is Translocated into the Nucleus and Activates Glyoxalase I Expression during Drought Stress. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1748-1772. [PMID: 28684428 PMCID: PMC5559744 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs) play a vital role in the response to drought stress. Here, we report a lipid-anchored NACsa TF in Medicago falcata MfNACsa is an essential regulator of plant tolerance to drought stress, resulting in the differential expression of genes involved in oxidation reduction and lipid transport and localization. MfNACsa is associated with membranes under unstressed conditions and, more specifically, is targeted to the plasma membrane through S-palmitoylation. However, a Cys26-to-Ser mutation or inhibition of S-palmitoylation results in MfNACsa retention in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi. Under drought stress, MfNACsa translocates to the nucleus through de-S-palmitoylation mediated by the thioesterase MtAPT1, as coexpression of APT1 results in the nuclear translocation of MfNACsa, whereas mutation of the catalytic site of APT1 results in colocalization with MfNACsa and membrane retention of MfNACsa. Specifically, the nuclear MfNACsa binds the glyoxalase I (MtGlyl) promoter under drought stress, resulting in drought tolerance by maintaining the glutathione pool in a reduced state, and the process is dependent on the APT1-NACsa regulatory module. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for the nuclear translocation of an S-palmitoylated NAC in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rongxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Crop Research Institute of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Fugui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lanming Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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39
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Lubeseder-Martellato C, Alexandrow K, Hidalgo-Sastre A, Heid I, Boos SL, Briel T, Schmid RM, Siveke JT. Oncogenic KRas-induced Increase in Fluid-phase Endocytosis is Dependent on N-WASP and is Required for the Formation of Pancreatic Preneoplastic Lesions. EBioMedicine 2017; 15:90-99. [PMID: 28057438 PMCID: PMC5233824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid-phase endocytosis is a homeostatic process with an unknown role in tumor initiation. The driver mutation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is constitutively active KRasG12D, which induces neoplastic transformation of acinar cells through acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). We have previously shown that KRasG12D-induced ADM is dependent on RAC1 and EGF receptor (EGFR) by a not fully clarified mechanism. Using three-dimensional mouse and human acinar tissue cultures and genetically engineered mouse models, we provide evidence that (i) KRasG12D leads to EGFR-dependent sustained fluid-phase endocytosis (FPE) during acinar metaplasia; (ii) variations in plasma membrane tension increase FPE and lead to ADM in vitro independently of EGFR; and (iii) that RAC1 regulates ADM formation partially through actin-dependent regulation of FPE. In addition, mice with a pancreas-specific deletion of the Neural-Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), a regulator of F-actin, have reduced FPE and impaired ADM emphasizing the in vivo relevance of our findings. This work defines a new role of FPE as a tumor initiating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lubeseder-Martellato
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Katharina Alexandrow
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Hidalgo-Sastre
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Heid
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Luise Boos
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Briel
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
Ras is the best-studied member of the superfamily of small GTPases because of its role in cancer. Ras proteins transmit signals for proliferation, differentiation and survival. Three RAS genes encode 4 isoforms. All Ras isoforms have long been considered membrane bound, a localization required for function. Our recent study revealed that N-Ras differs from all other isoforms in being largely cytosolic even following modification with a prenyl lipid. Endogenous, cytosolic N-Ras chromatographed in both high and low molecular weight pools, a pattern that required prenylation, suggesting prenyl-dependent interaction with other proteins. VPS35, a coat protein of the retromer, was shown to interact with prenylated N-Ras in the cytosol. Silencing VPS35 results in partial N-Ras mislocalization on vesicular and tubulovesicular structures, reduced GTP-loading of Ras proteins, and inhibited proliferation and MAPK signaling in an oncogenic N-Ras-driven tumor cell line. Our data revealed a novel regulator of N-Ras trafficking and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- a Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Mark R Philips
- a Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
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Asati V, Mahapatra DK, Bharti SK. K-Ras and its inhibitors towards personalized cancer treatment: Pharmacological and structural perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:299-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tao W, Moore R, Smith ER, Xu XX. Endocytosis and Physiology: Insights from Disabled-2 Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:129. [PMID: 27933291 PMCID: PMC5122593 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a clathrin and cargo binding endocytic adaptor protein, and cell biology studies revealed that Dab2 plays a role in cellular trafficking of a number of transmembrane receptors and signaling proteins. A PTB/PID domain located in the N-terminus of Dab2 binds the NPXY motif(s) present at the cytoplasmic tails of certain transmembrane proteins/receptors. The membrane receptors reported to bind directly to Dab2 include LDL receptor and its family members LRP1 and LRP2 (megalin), growth factor receptors EGFR and FGFR, and the cell adhesion receptor beta1 integrin. Dab2 also serves as an adaptor in signaling pathways. Particularly, Dab2 facilitates the endocytosis of the Ras activating Grb2/Sos1 signaling complex, controls its disassembly, and thereby regulates the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Cellular analyses have suggested several diverse functions for the widely expressed proteins, and Dab2 is also considered a tumor suppressor, as loss or reduced expression is found in several cancer types. Dab2 null mutant mice were generated and investigated to determine if the findings from cellular studies might be important and relevant in intact animals. Dab2 conditional knockout mice mediated through a Sox2-Cre transgene have no obvious developmental defects and have a normal life span despite that the Dab2 protein is essentially absent in the mutant mice. The conditional knockout mice were grossly normal, though more recent investigation of the Dab2-deficient mice revealed several phenotypes, which can be accounted for by several previously suggested mechanisms. The studies of mutant mice established that Dab2 plays multiple physiological roles through its endocytic functions and modulation of signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensi Tao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Robert Moore
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Smith
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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Mincione G, Di Marcantonio MC, Tarantelli C, Savino L, Ponti D, Marchisio M, Lanuti P, Sancilio S, Calogero A, Di Pietro R, Muraro R. Identification of the zinc finger 216 (ZNF216) in human carcinoma cells: a potential regulator of EGFR activity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74947-74965. [PMID: 27732953 PMCID: PMC5342714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) proteins, is aberrantly expressed or deregulated in tumors and plays pivotal roles in cancer onset and metastatic progression. ZNF216 gene has been identified as one of Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) induced by RTKs. Overexpression of ZNF216 protein sensitizes 293 cell line to TNF-α induced apoptosis. However, ZNF216 overexpression has been reported in medulloblastomas and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Thus, the role of this protein is still not clearly understood. In this study, the inverse correlation between EGFR and ZNF216 expression was confirmed in various human cancer cell lines differently expressing EGFR. EGF treatment of NIH3T3 cells overexpressing both EGFR and ZNF216 (NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216), induced a long lasting activation of EGFR in the cytosolic fraction and an accumulation of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR) more in the nuclear than in the cytosolic fraction compared to NIH3T3-EGFR cells. Moreover, EGF was able to stimulate an increased expression of ZNF216 in the cytosolic compartment and its nuclear translocation in a time-dependent manner in NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216. A similar trend was observed in A431 cells endogenously expressing the EGFR and transfected with Znf216. The increased levels of pEGFR and ZNF216 in the nuclear fraction of NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216 cells were paralleled by increased levels of phospho-MAPK and phospho-Akt. Surprisingly, EGF treatment of NIH3T3-EGFR/ZNF216 cells induced a significant increase of apoptosis thus indicating that ZNF216 could sensitize cells to EGF-induced apoptosis and suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation and effects of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mincione
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Tarantelli
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 6 Current Address: Lymphoma and Genomics Research Program, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Savino
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Donatella Ponti
- 3 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sancilio
- 5 Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Antonella Calogero
- 3 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- 4 Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Muraro
- 1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- 2 Center for Aging Science and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), Chieti, Italy
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44
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Disabled-2 Determines Commitment of a Pre-adipocyte Population in Juvenile Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35947. [PMID: 27779214 PMCID: PMC5078790 DOI: 10.1038/srep35947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabled-2 (Dab2) is a widely expressed clathrin binding endocytic adaptor protein and known for the endocytosis of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) family receptors. Dab2 also modulates endosomal Ras/MAPK (Erk1/2) activity by regulating the disassembly of Grb2/Sos1 complexes associated with clathrin-coated vesicles. We found that the most prominent phenotype of Dab2 knockout mice was their striking lean body composition under a high fat and high caloric diet, although the weight of the mutant mice was indistinguishable from wild-type littermates on a regular chow. The remarkable difference in resistance to high caloric diet-induced weight gain of the dab2-deleted mice was presented only in juvenile but not in mature mice. Investigation using Dab2-deficient embryonic fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells indicated that Dab2 promoted adipogenic differentiation by modulation of MAPK (Erk1/2) activity, which otherwise suppresses adipogenesis through the phosphorylation of PPARγ. The results suggest that Dab2 is required for the excessive calorie-induced differentiation of an adipocyte progenitor cell population that is present in juvenile but depleted in mature animals. The finding provides evidence for a limited pre-adipocyte population in juvenile mammals and the requirement of Dab2 in the regulation of Ras/MAPK signal in the commitment of the precursor cells to adipose tissues.
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45
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Yoo JH, Shi DS, Grossmann AH, Sorensen LK, Tong Z, Mleynek TM, Rogers A, Zhu W, Richards JR, Winter JM, Zhu J, Dunn C, Bajji A, Shenderovich M, Mueller AL, Woodman SE, Harbour JW, Thomas KR, Odelberg SJ, Ostanin K, Li DY. ARF6 Is an Actionable Node that Orchestrates Oncogenic GNAQ Signaling in Uveal Melanoma. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:889-904. [PMID: 27265506 PMCID: PMC5027844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in Gαq proteins, which form the α subunit of certain heterotrimeric G proteins, drive uveal melanoma oncogenesis by triggering multiple downstream signaling pathways, including PLC/PKC, Rho/Rac, and YAP. Here we show that the small GTPase ARF6 acts as a proximal node of oncogenic Gαq signaling to induce all of these downstream pathways as well as β-catenin signaling. ARF6 activates these diverse pathways through a common mechanism: the trafficking of GNAQ and β-catenin from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic vesicles and the nucleus, respectively. Blocking ARF6 with a small-molecule inhibitor reduces uveal melanoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model, confirming the functional relevance of this pathway and suggesting a therapeutic strategy for Gα-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dallas S Shi
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Allie H Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lise K Sorensen
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - ZongZhong Tong
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tara M Mleynek
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aaron Rogers
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jackson R Richards
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine Dunn
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Ashok Bajji
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; VioGen Biosciences LLC, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA
| | - Mark Shenderovich
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Mol3D Research LLC, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA
| | - Alan L Mueller
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Scott E Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - J William Harbour
- Ocular Oncology Service, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kirk R Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shannon J Odelberg
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kirill Ostanin
- Navigen Inc., 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Dean Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Cardiology, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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46
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Zeitouni D, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Der CJ, Bryant KL. KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer: No Lone Path to an Effective Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040045. [PMID: 27096871 PMCID: PMC4846854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers with a dismal 7% 5-year survival rate and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2020. KRAS is mutated in 95% of PDACs and is a well-validated driver of PDAC growth and maintenance. However, despite comprehensive efforts, an effective anti-RAS drug has yet to reach the clinic. Different paths to inhibiting RAS signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding a successful treatment. Recently, direct RAS binding molecules have been discovered, challenging the perception that RAS is an “undruggable” protein. Other strategies currently being pursued take an indirect approach, targeting proteins that facilitate RAS membrane association or downstream effector signaling. Unbiased genetic screens have identified synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS. Most recently, metabolic targets in pathways related to glycolytic signaling, glutamine utilization, autophagy, and macropinocytosis are also being explored. Harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight their cancer is an additional exciting route that is being considered. The “best” path to inhibiting KRAS has yet to be determined, with each having promise as well as potential pitfalls. We will summarize the state-of-the-art for each direction, focusing on efforts directed toward the development of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer patients with mutated KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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47
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The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK: mechanisms of translocation and role in various organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:15-20. [PMID: 26827288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic subcellular localization of ERK in resting and stimulated cells plays an important role in its regulation. In resting cells, ERK localizes in the cytoplasm, and upon stimulation, it translocates to its target substrates and organelles. ERK signaling initiated from different places in resting cells has distinct outcomes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus and mitochondria, and of ERK1c to the Golgi. We also show that ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus is a useful anti cancer target. Unraveling the complex subcellular localization of ERK and its dynamic changes upon stimulation provides a better understanding of the regulation of ERK signaling and may result in the development of new strategies to combat ERK-related diseases.
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48
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Lu S, Jang H, Muratcioglu S, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R, Zhang J. Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6607-65. [PMID: 26815308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China.,Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai, 200025, China
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49
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Torres M. Chapter Two - Heterotrimeric G Protein Ubiquitination as a Regulator of G Protein Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:57-83. [PMID: 27378755 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of G proteins has been known for over 20 years as a result of discoveries made independently in yeast and vertebrate model systems for pheromone and photoreception, respectively. Since that time, several details underlying the cause and effect of G protein ubiquitination have been determined-including the initiating signals, responsible enzymes, trafficking pathways, and their effects on protein structure, function, interactions, and cell signaling. The collective body of evidence suggests that Gα subunits are the primary targets of ubiquitination. However, longstanding and recent results suggest that Gβ and Gγ subunits are also ubiquitinated, in some cases impacting cell polarization-a process essential for chemotaxis and polarized cell growth. More recently, evidence from mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics coupled with advances in PTM bioinformatics have revealed that protein families representing G protein subunits contain several structural hotspots for ubiquitination-most of which have not been investigated for a functional role in signal transduction. Taken together, our knowledge and understanding of heterotrimeric G protein ubiquitination as a regulator of G protein signaling-despite 20 years of research-is still emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Torres
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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50
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Cdc42 and Cellular Polarity: Emerging Roles at the Golgi. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:241-248. [PMID: 26704441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cdc42 belongs to the Rho family of small GTPases and plays key roles in cellular events of polarity. This role of Cdc42 has typically been attributed to its function at the plasma membrane. However, Cdc42 also exists at the Golgi complex. Here we summarize major insights that have been gathered in studying the Golgi pool of Cdc42 and propose that Golgi-localized Cdc42 enables the cell to diversify the function of Cdc42, which in some cases represents new roles and in other cases acts to complement the established roles of Cdc42 at the plasma membrane. Studies on how Cdc42 acts at the Golgi also suggest key questions to address in the future.
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