1
|
Hermosilla VE, Gyenis L, Rabalski AJ, Armijo ME, Sepúlveda P, Duprat F, Benítez-Riquelme D, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Quiroz A, Hepp MI, Farkas C, Mastel M, González-Chavarría I, Jackstadt R, Litchfield DW, Castro AF, Pincheira R. Casein kinase 2 phosphorylates and induces the SALL2 tumor suppressor degradation in colon cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:223. [PMID: 38493149 PMCID: PMC10944491 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Spalt-like proteins are Zinc finger transcription factors from Caenorhabditis elegans to vertebrates, with critical roles in development. In vertebrates, four paralogues have been identified (SALL1-4), and SALL2 is the family's most dissimilar member. SALL2 is required during brain and eye development. It is downregulated in cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor, promoting cell cycle arrest and cell death. Despite its critical functions, information about SALL2 regulation is scarce. Public data indicate that SALL2 is ubiquitinated and phosphorylated in several residues along the protein, but the mechanisms, biological consequences, and enzymes responsible for these modifications remain unknown. Bioinformatic analyses identified several putative phosphorylation sites for Casein Kinase II (CK2) located within a highly conserved C-terminal PEST degradation motif of SALL2. CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes cell proliferation and survival and is often hyperactivated in cancer. We demonstrated that CK2 phosphorylates SALL2 residues S763, T778, S802, and S806 and promotes SALL2 degradation by the proteasome. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with Silmitasertib (CX-4945) restored endogenous SALL2 protein levels in SALL2-deficient breast MDA-MB-231, lung H1299, and colon SW480 cancer cells. Silmitasertib induced a methuosis-like phenotype and cell death in SW480 cells. However, the phenotype was significantly attenuated in CRISPr/Cas9-mediated SALL2 knockout SW480 cells. Similarly, Sall2-deficient tumor organoids were more resistant to Silmitasertib-induced cell death, confirming that SALL2 sensitizes cancer cells to CK2 inhibition. We identified a novel CK2-dependent mechanism for SALL2 regulation and provided new insights into the interplay between these two proteins and their role in cell survival and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V E Hermosilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Gyenis
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A J Rabalski
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Odyssey Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M E Armijo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - P Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - F Duprat
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - D Benítez-Riquelme
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - F Fuentes-Villalobos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología. Departamento de Microbiologia. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Quiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Mastel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg. Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I González-Chavarría
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R Jackstadt
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg. Cancer Progression and Metastasis Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D W Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - R Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Transducción de Señales y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma X, Deng Z, Li Z, Ma T, Li G, Zhang C, Zhang W, Chang J. Leveraging a disulfidptosis/ferroptosis-based signature to predict the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:267. [PMID: 37946181 PMCID: PMC10634118 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disulfidptosis and Ferroptosis are two novel forms of cell death. Although their mechanisms differ, research has shown that there is a relationship between the two. Investigating the connection between these two forms of cell death can further deepen our understanding of the development and progression of cancer, and provide better prediction models for accurate prognosis. METHODS In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, clinical data, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, and single-cell sequencing data were obtained from public databases. We used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and unsupervised clustering to identify new Disulfidptosis/Ferroptosis-Related Genes (DFRG), and constructed a LASSO COX prognosis model that was externally validated. To further explore this novel signature, pathway and function analysis was performed, and differences in gene mutation frequency between high- and low-risk groups were studied. Importantly, we also conducted research on immune checkpoint, immune cell infiltration levels and immune resistance indicators, in addition to analyzing real clinical immunotherapy data. RESULTS We have identified four optimal disulfidptosis/ferroptosis-related genes (ODFRGs) that are differentially expressed and associated with the prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD). These genes include GMPR, MCFD2, MRPL13, and SALL2. Based on these ODFRGs, we constructed a robust prognostic model in this study, and the high-risk group showed significantly lower overall survival (OS) compared to the low-risk group. Furthermore, this model can also predict the immunotherapy outcomes of LUAD patients to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zilin Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guiqing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuijia Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jin Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zapata-García JA, Riveros-Magaña AR, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Hernández-Flores G, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Transcriptome Sequencing Reveal Genes with Gain in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: JUP Expression Emerges as a Survival-Related Gene. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112788. [PMID: 36428851 PMCID: PMC9689318 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children or adults is characterized by structural and numeric aberrations in chromosomes; these anomalies strongly correlate with prognosis and clinical outcome. Therefore, this work aimed to identify the genes present in chromosomal gain regions found more frequently in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and ALL-derived cell lines using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). In addition, validation of the genes found in these regions was performed utilizing RNAseq from JURKAT, CEM, and SUP-B15 cell lines, as well as expression microarrays derived from a MILE study. Chromosomes with common gain zones that were maintained in six or more samples were 14, 17, and 22, in which a total of 22 genes were identified. From them, NT5C3B, CNP, ACLY, and GNB1L maintained overexpression at the mRNA level in the cell lines and in patients with ALL. It is noteworthy that SALL2 showed very high expression in T-ALL, while JUP was highly expressed in B-ALL lineages. Interestingly, the latter correlated with worse survival in patients. This provided evidence that the measurement of these genes has high potential for clinical utility; however, their expressions should first be evaluated with a sensitive test in a more significant number of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alejandra Zapata-García
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Alma Rocío Riveros-Magaña
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Mexico
- Hospital General Zona 9, Ciudad Guzmán C.P. 49000, Mexico
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernández-Flores
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara C.P. 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-331-520-7625
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
SALL Proteins; Common and Antagonistic Roles in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246292. [PMID: 34944911 PMCID: PMC8699250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transcription factors play essential roles in regulating gene expression, impacting the cell phenotype and function, and in the response of cells to environmental conditions. Alterations in transcription factors, including gene amplification or deletion, point mutations, and expression changes, are implicated in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, metastases, and resistance to cancer treatments. Not surprisingly, transcription factor activity is altered in numerous cancers, representing a unique class of cancer drug targets. This review updates and integrates information on the SALL family of transcription factors, highlighting the synergistic and/or antagonistic functions they perform in various cancer types. Abstract SALL proteins are a family of four conserved C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors that play critical roles in organogenesis during embryonic development. They regulate cell proliferation, survival, migration, and stemness; consequently, they are involved in various human genetic disorders and cancer. SALL4 is a well-recognized oncogene; however, SALL1–3 play dual roles depending on the cancer context and stage of the disease. Current reviews of SALLs have focused only on SALL2 or SALL4, lacking an integrated view of the SALL family members in cancer. Here, we update the recent advances of the SALL members in tumor development, cancer progression, and therapy, highlighting the synergistic and/or antagonistic functions they perform in similar cancer contexts. We identified common regulatory mechanisms, targets, and signaling pathways in breast, brain, liver, colon, blood, and HPV-related cancers. In addition, we discuss the potential of the SALL family members as cancer biomarkers and in the cancer cells’ response to therapies. Understanding SALL proteins’ function and relationship will open new cancer biology, clinical research, and therapy perspectives.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma T, Shi S, Jiang H, Chen X, Xu D, Ding X, Zhang H, Xi Y. A pan-cancer study of spalt-like transcription factors 1/2/3/4 as therapeutic targets. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 711:109016. [PMID: 34411579 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spalt-like transcription factors (SALLs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that participate in embryonic development. Four members of the SALL family, SALL1, SALL2, SALL3, and SALL4, are involved in cellular apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. We used the TCGA pan-cancer data to conduct a comprehensive analysis of SALL genes. High heterogeneity in the expression of these genes was observed across various cancers, SALL1 and SALL2 were downregulated, whereas SALL4 was upregulated. Moreover, we verified that SALL4 was commonly associated with survival disadvantage, whereas others were linked to a better prognosis. In renal cancer, SALL1, SALL2, and SALL3 showed downregulation, suggesting that they acted as tumor suppressors. Furthermore, SALLs were associated with immune infiltrate subtypes, with a close association between different degrees of infiltration of stromal cells and immune cells. DNA and RNA analyses in different tumors suggested different degrees of negative or positive correlation with tumor stem cell-like features. Finally, we revealed that SALLs were related to cancer cell resistance. Our results highlight the necessity to further study each SALL gene as a separate entity in specific types of cancer. Although this article showed that SALLs could be promising targets for cancer therapy, it needs further studies to validate the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanping Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haizhong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dingli Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu H, Qin N, Xu X, Sun X, Chen X, Zhao J, Xu R, Mishra B. Synergistic inhibition of csal1 and csal3 in granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis of hen ovarian prehierarchical development†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:986-1000. [PMID: 31350846 PMCID: PMC6877779 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SALL1 and SALL3 are transcription factors that play an essential role in regulating developmental processes and organogenesis in many species. However, the functional role of SALL1 and SALL3 in chicken prehierarchical follicle development is unknown. This study aimed to explore the potential role and mechanism of csal1 and csal3 in granulosa cell proliferation, differentiation, and follicle selection within the prehierarchical follicles of hen ovary. Our data demonstrated that the csal1 and csal3 transcriptions were highly expressed in granulosa cells of prehierarchical follicles, and their proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of granulosa cells and oocytes as well as in the ovarian stroma and epithelium. It initially revealed that both csal1 and csal3 may be involved in chicken prehierarchical follicle development via a translocation mechanism. Furthermore, our results showed an abundance of CCND1, Bcat, StAR, CYP11A1, and FSHR mRNA in granulosa cells, and the proliferation levels of granulosa cells from the prehierarchical follicles were significantly increased by siRNA-mediated knockdown of csal1 or/and csal3. Conversely, the overexpression of csal1 or/and csal3 in the granulosa cells led to a remarkably decreased of them. Moreover, csal1 and csal3 together exert a much stronger effect on the regulation than any of csal1 or csal3. These results indicated that csal1 and csal3 play synergistic inhibitory roles on granulosa cell proliferation, differentiation, and steroidogenesis during prehierarchical follicle development in vitro. The current data provide a basis of molecular mechanisms of csal1 and csal3 in controlling the prehierarchical follicle development and growth of hen ovary in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperative Joint Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Xu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperative Joint Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rifu Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperative Joint Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
CRISPR-mediated promoter de/methylation technologies for gene regulation. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:705-713. [PMID: 32725389 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation on cytosines of CpG dinucleotides is well established as a basis of epigenetic regulation in mammalian cells. Since aberrant regulation of DNA methylation in promoters of tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes may contribute to the initiation and progression of various types of human cancer, sequence-specific methylation and demethylation technologies could have great clinical benefit. The CRISPR-Cas9 protein with a guide RNA can target DNA sequences regardless of the methylation status of the target site, making this system superb for precise methylation editing and gene regulation. Targeted methylation-editing technologies employing the dCas9 fusion proteins have been shown to be highly effective in gene regulation without altering the DNA sequence. In this review, we discuss epigenetic alterations in tumorigenesis as well as various dCas9 fusion technologies and their usages in site-specific methylation editing and gene regulation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye L, Lin C, Wang X, Li Q, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao Z, Wu X, Shi D, Xiao Y, Ren L, Jian Y, Yang M, Ou R, Deng G, Ouyang Y, Chen X, Li J, Song L. Epigenetic silencing of SALL2 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10638. [PMID: 31657150 PMCID: PMC6895605 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to tamoxifen is a clinically major challenge in breast cancer treatment. Although downregulation of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) is the dominant mechanism of tamoxifen resistance, the reason for ERα decrease during tamoxifen therapy remains elusive. Herein, we reported that Spalt-like transcription factor 2 (SALL2) expression was significantly reduced during tamoxifen therapy through transcription profiling analysis of 9 paired primary pre-tamoxifen-treated and relapsed tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer tissues. SALL2 transcriptionally upregulated ESR1 and PTEN through directly binding to the DNA promoters. By contrast, silencing SALL2 induced downregulation of ERα and PTEN and activated the Akt/mTOR signaling, resulting in estrogen-independent growth and tamoxifen resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, hypermethylation of SALL2 promoter was found in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Importantly, in vivo experiments showed that DNA methyltransferase inhibitor-mediated SALL2 restoration resensitized tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer to tamoxifen therapy. These findings shed light on the mechanism of SALL2 in regulation of ER and represent a potential clinical signature that can be used to categorize breast cancer patients who may benefit from co-therapy with tamoxifen and DNMT inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiji Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zekun Zhao
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xianqiu Wu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Department of Pathology (Clinical Biobanks), Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongni Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunting Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meisongzhu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhang Ou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Singh A, Gupta S, Sachan M. Epigenetic Biomarkers in the Management of Ovarian Cancer: Current Prospectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:182. [PMID: 31608277 PMCID: PMC6761254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) causes significant morbidity and mortality as neither detection nor screening of OC is currently feasible at an early stage. Difficulty to promptly diagnose OC in its early stage remains challenging due to non-specific symptoms in the early-stage of the disease, their presentation at an advanced stage and poor survival. Therefore, improved detection methods are urgently needed. In this article, we summarize the potential clinical utility of epigenetic signatures like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA dysregulation, which play important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and discuss its application in development of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. Molecular characterization of epigenetic modification (methylation) in circulating cell free tumor DNA in body fluids offers novel, non-invasive approach for identification of potential promising cancer biomarkers, which can be performed at multiple time points and probably better reflects the prevailing molecular profile of cancer. Current status of epigenetic research in diagnosis of early OC and its management are discussed here with main focus on potential diagnostic biomarkers in tissue and body fluids. Rapid and point of care diagnostic applications of DNA methylation in liquid biopsy has been precluded as a result of cumbersome sample preparation with complicated conventional methods of isolation. New technologies which allow rapid identification of methylation signatures directly from blood will facilitate sample-to answer solutions thereby enabling next-generation point of care molecular diagnostics. To date, not a single epigenetic biomarker which could accurately detect ovarian cancer at an early stage in either tissue or body fluid has been reported. Taken together, the methodological drawbacks, heterogeneity associated with ovarian cancer and non-validation of the clinical utility of reported potential biomarkers in larger ovarian cancer populations has impeded the transition of epigenetic biomarkers from lab to clinical settings. Until addressed, clinical implementation as a diagnostic measure is a far way to go.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Imai A, Mochizuki D, Misawa Y, Nakagawa T, Endo S, Mima M, Yamada S, Kawasaki H, Kanazawa T, Misawa K. SALL2 Is a Novel Prognostic Methylation Marker in Patients with Oral Squamous Carcinomas: Associations with SALL1 and SALL3 Methylation Status. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:678-687. [PMID: 31188017 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staging and pathological grading systems are convenient, but imperfect predictors of recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, to identify potential alternative prognostic markers, we investigated the methylation status of the promoter of Sal-like protein 2 (SALL2). SALL2 mRNA expression was absent in 8/9 (88.9%) University of Michigan squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, whereas two nonmalignant cell lines had stable expression. The normalized methylation value of SALL2 in cancer cell lines was significantly higher than in normal cell lines. SALL2 methylation found in 74 of 233 (31.8%) tumor specimens was correlated with the methylation status of both SALL1 and SALL3. SALL2 methylation was not associated with any difference in disease-free survival (DFS). Therefore, the presence of SALL2 methylation was statistically correlated with a decrease in DFS in patients with oral cancer (log-rank test, p = 0.032). Furthermore, it was associated with disease recurrence in 36.2% of oral cancer cases, with an odds ratio of 2.922 (95% confidence interval = 1.198-7.130; p = 0.018) by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. This study suggests that cytosine-phosphate- guanosine (CpG) hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of SALL2 inactivation and supports the hypothesis that SALL2 could serve as an important clinical risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Imai
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakagawa
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- 3 Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center Institute for NanoSuit Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Voice Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hughes JH, Ewy JM, Chen J, Wong SY, Tharp KM, Stahl A, Kumar S. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that BMP4 sensitizes glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells to mechanical cues. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:112-127. [PMID: 31189077 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The poor prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with a highly invasive stem-like subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells (TICs), which drive recurrence and contribute to intra-tumoral heterogeneity through differentiation. These TICs are better able to escape extracellular matrix-imposed mechanical restrictions on invasion than their more differentiated progeny, and sensitization of TICs to extracellular matrix mechanics extends survival in preclinical models of GBM. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the relationship between TIC differentiation and mechanotransduction. Here we explore this relationship through a combination of transcriptomic analysis and studies with defined-stiffness matrices. We show that TIC differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) suppresses expression of proteins relevant to extracellular matrix signaling and sensitizes TIC spreading to matrix stiffness. Moreover, our findings point towards a previously unappreciated connection between BMP4-induced differentiation, mechanotransduction, and metabolism. Notably, stiffness and differentiation modulate oxygen consumption, and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation influences cell spreading in a stiffness- and differentiation-dependent manner. Our work integrates bioinformatic analysis with targeted molecular measurements and perturbations to yield new insight into how morphogen-induced differentiation influences how GBM TICs process mechanical inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine H Hughes
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeanette M Ewy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sophie Y Wong
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M Tharp
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andreas Stahl
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Chen J, Hu X, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Wu G, Dai Z, Xu Y. Sall2 knockdown exacerbates palmitic acid induced dysfunction and apoptosis of pancreatic NIT-1 beta cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:375-382. [PMID: 29783189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spalt-like (Sall) proteins are a class of transcription factors. The role of Sall2 in beta cells remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to explore whether Sall2 involved in lipotoxicity-mediated dysfunction and apoptosis in pancreatic NIT-1 beta cells. Our results showed that high concentrations of palmitic acid (PA) led to impaired cell viability and decreased Sall2 expression in NIT-1 cells. Knocking down of Sall2 in NIT-1 cells resulted in increased sensitivity to lipotoxicity and caused higher rates of cell apoptosis following PA treatment. Additionally, Sall2 Knockdown impaired insulin synthesis and secretion in response to glucose. Further research indicated Sall2 knockdown attenuate antioxidant capacity and decreased expression level of Peroxiredoxin 2 in NIT-1 cells. These finding implicate that Sall2 may play a significant role in NIT-1 cell function and cell apoptosis under lipotoxic conditions. Therefore, the study of Sall2 in NIT-1 cells provided a new perspective for molecular mechanism of lipotoxicity mediating dysfunction and apoptosis of beta cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006,China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Integrated Wards, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yimeng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Guijun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
E Hermosilla V, Salgado G, Riffo E, Escobar D, Hepp MI, Farkas C, Galindo M, Morín V, García-Robles MA, Castro AF, Pincheira R. SALL2 represses cyclins D1 and E1 expression and restrains G1/S cell cycle transition and cancer-related phenotypes. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1026-1046. [PMID: 29689621 PMCID: PMC6026872 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SALL2 is a poorly characterized transcription factor that belongs to the Spalt‐like family involved in development. Mutations on SALL2 have been associated with ocular coloboma and cancer. In cancers, SALL2 is deregulated and is proposed as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer. SALL2 has been implicated in stemness, cell death, proliferation, and quiescence. However, mechanisms underlying roles of SALL2 related to cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of SALL2 in cell proliferation using mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Sall2−/− mice. Compared to Sall2+/+ MEFs, Sall2−/− MEFs exhibit enhanced cell proliferation and faster postmitotic progression through G1 and S phases. Accordingly, Sall2−/− MEFs exhibit higher mRNA and protein levels of cyclins D1 and E1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter reporter assays showed that SALL2 binds and represses CCND1 and CCNE1 promoters, identifying a novel mechanism by which SALL2 may control cell cycle. In addition, the analysis of tissues from Sall2+/+ and Sall2−/− mice confirmed the inverse correlation between expression of SALL2 and G1‐S cyclins. Consistent with an antiproliferative function of SALL2, immortalized Sall2−/− MEFs showed enhanced growth rate, foci formation, and anchorage‐independent growth, confirming tumor suppressor properties for SALL2. Finally, cancer data analyses show negative correlations between SALL2 and G1‐S cyclins’ mRNA levels in several cancers. Altogether, our results demonstrated that SALL2 is a negative regulator of cell proliferation, an effect mediated in part by repression of G1‐S cyclins’ expression. Our results have implications for the understanding and significance of SALL2 role under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Hermosilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Ginessa Salgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Riffo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - David Escobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Matías I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario Galindo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Morín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - María A García-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hepp MI, Escobar D, Farkas C, Hermosilla VE, Álvarez C, Amigo R, Gutiérrez JL, Castro AF, Pincheira R. A Trichostatin A (TSA)/Sp1-mediated mechanism for the regulation of SALL2 tumor suppressor in Jurkat T cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30028-2. [PMID: 29778644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SALL2 is a transcription factor involved in development and disease. Deregulation of SALL2 has been associated with cancer, suggesting that it plays a role in the disease. However, how SALL2 is regulated and why is deregulated in cancer remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the p53 tumor suppressor represses SALL2 under acute genotoxic stress. Here, we investigated the effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi) Trichostatin A (TSA), and involvement of Sp1 on expression and function of SALL2 in Jurkat T cells. We show that SALL2 mRNA and protein levels were enhanced under TSA treatment. Both, TSA and ectopic expression of Sp1 transactivated the SALL2 P2 promoter. This transactivation effect was blocked by the Sp1-binding inhibitor mithramycin A. Sp1 bound in vitro and in vivo to the proximal region of the P2 promoter. TSA induced Sp1 binding to the P2 promoter, which correlated with dynamic changes on H4 acetylation and concomitant recruitment of p300 or HDAC1 in a mutually exclusive manner. Our results suggest that TSA-induced Sp1-Lys703 acetylation contributes to the transcriptional activation of the P2 promoter. Finally, using a CRISPR/Cas9 SALL2-KO Jurkat-T cell model and gain of function experiments, we demonstrated that SALL2 upregulation is required for TSA-mediated cell death. Thus, our study identified Sp1 as a novel transcriptional regulator of SALL2, and proposes a novel epigenetic mechanism for SALL2 regulation in Jurkat-T cells. Altogether, our data support SALL2 function as a tumor suppressor, and SALL2 involvement in cell death response to HDACi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
| | - David Escobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana E Hermosilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - José L Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Misawa K, Misawa Y, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Endo S, Mima M, Ishikawa R, Kawasaki H, Yamatodani T, Kanazawa T. Epigenetic modification of SALL1 as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of early stage head and neck cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:941-949. [PMID: 29581773 PMCID: PMC5868161 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined Sal-like protein (SALL)1 methylation profiles in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients at diagnosis and follow-up, and evaluated their prognostic significance and value as a biomarker. SALL1 expression was examined in a panel of cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Promoter methylation was determined by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP) and was compared to the clinical characteristics of 205 samples. SALL1 promoter methylation was associated with transcriptional inhibition and was correlated with disease recurrence in 31.7% of cases, with an odds ratio of 1.694 (95% confidence interval: 1.093-2.626; P = 0.018) by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. SALL1 promoter hypermethylation showed highly discriminatory receiver operator characteristic curve profiles that clearly distinguished HNSCC from adjacent normal mucosal tissue, and was correlated with reduced disease-free survival in early stage T1 and T2 patients (log-rank test, P < 0.001). SALL1 methylation was significantly correlated with the methylation status of both SALL3 and CDH1. This study suggests that CpG hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of SALL1 gene inactivation, supporting the hypothesis that SALL1 might play a role in HNSCC tumorigenesis and could serve as an important biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamatodani
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miao F, Zhang X, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhang X. Effect of siRNA-silencing of SALL2 gene on growth, migration and invasion of human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:838. [PMID: 29228922 PMCID: PMC5725831 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Spalt-like gene-2 (SALL2) in tumorigenesis remains incompletely elucidated. This study investigated the effects of SALL2 on human ovarian carcinoma (OC) A2780 cells and the probable mechanism. Methods Expression of SALL2 in human OC cell lines were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. A2780 cells were transfected with small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to silence SALL2. SALL2 expression was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry (FCM). Apoptosis was measured by FCM. Cell migration was detected by real-time cell analysis. Cell invasion was detected by transwell assay. mRNA expression of p21 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, protein kinase B (PKB, also called Akt), and phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt). Results SALL2 was expressed in six OC cell lines, and the expression was the highest in A2780 cells. Compared with that in the Scramble group, SALL2 expression in A2780 was downregulated after transfection with siRNA-2 and siRNA-3 for 48 h. Compared with that in the Scramble group, proliferation of A2780 cells in the siRNA-2 group increased after transfection for 24, 48 and 72 h. In the siRNA-2 group, the proportion of A2780 cells decreased in the G0/G1 phase, and cell apoptosis decreased after transfection for 48 h. Compared with that in the Scramble group, the cell migration and invasion abilities of A2780 cells increased. Compared with that in the Scramble group, p21 mRNA expression in A2780 cells decreased after transfection with siRNA2. When SALL2 was silenced, the expression of MMP2/9 and p-Akt in A2780 cells increased. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 could effectively reversed SALL2 siRNA-induced phosphorylation of Akt, migration and invasion of A2780 cells. Conclusion Transient silencing of SALL2 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and inhibits apoptosis of A2780 cells. In SALL2 siRNA-silenced cells, p21 expression was decreased. SALL2 knockdown by siRNA induces the migration and invasion of A2780 cells; this phenomenon is possibly associated with the increased expression of MMP2/9 and the activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3843-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Miao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueshan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanning Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiong T, Meister GE, Workman RE, Kato NC, Spellberg MJ, Turker F, Timp W, Ostermeier M, Novina CD. Targeted DNA methylation in human cells using engineered dCas9-methyltransferases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6732. [PMID: 28751638 PMCID: PMC5532369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes exhibit complex patterns of gene expression regulated, in part, by DNA methylation. The advent of engineered DNA methyltransferases (MTases) to target DNA methylation to specific sites in the genome will accelerate many areas of biological research. However, targeted MTases require clear design rules to direct site-specific DNA methylation and minimize the unintended effects of off-target DNA methylation. Here we report a targeted MTase composed of an artificially split CpG MTase (sMTase) with one fragment fused to a catalytically-inactive Cas9 (dCas9) that directs the functional assembly of sMTase fragments at the targeted CpG site. We precisely map RNA-programmed DNA methylation to targeted CpG sites as a function of distance and orientation from the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Expression of the dCas9-sMTase in mammalian cells led to predictable and efficient (up to ~70%) DNA methylation at targeted sites. Multiplexing sgRNAs enabled targeting methylation to multiple sites in a single promoter and to multiple sites in multiple promoters. This programmable de novo MTase tool might be used for studying mechanisms of initiation, spreading and inheritance of DNA methylation, and for therapeutic gene silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Xiong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Glenna E Meister
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Rachael E Workman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Nathaniel C Kato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Spellberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Fulya Turker
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Marc Ostermeier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Carl D Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang B, Yu L, Luo X, Huang L, Li QS, Shao XS, Liu Y, Fan Y, Yang GZ. Detection of OPCML methylation, a possible epigenetic marker, from free serum circulating DNA to improve the diagnosis of early-stage ovarian epithelial cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:217-223. [PMID: 28693156 PMCID: PMC5494804 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the appropriate DNA sequence and design high-quality primers for methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). These primers may be used to examine and identify patients with early-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule like (OPCML), Runt-related transcription factor 3 and tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 were selected as possible molecular markers. MSP primer sets were designed to monitor the methylation of the three markers. Free circulating DNA (fcDNA) from 194 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and healthy donors were templates in the nested MSP. OPCML MSP was effective with respect to screening methylated fcDNA. One-way ANOVA P-values indicated that the difference in cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a biomarker for EOC diagnosis, level between early EOC and healthy donors was not significant. The methylation of OPCML was significantly altered in early-stage EOC compared with healthy donors (P<0.0001), and this supported the hypothesis that specific fcDNA methylation was able to distinguish patients with early-stage EOC from healthy donors. With respect to detecting early EOC, compared with the results of the CA125 test, MSP increased the κ coefficient from 0.140 to 0.757. Therefore, OPCML combined with fcDNA may be used to establish an improved clinical assay compared with the current CA125 test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bi Wang
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Shan Li
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Shao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Zhen Yang
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China.,Prenatal Diagnostic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hermosilla VE, Hepp MI, Escobar D, Farkas C, Riffo EN, Castro AF, Pincheira R. Developmental SALL2 transcription factor: a new player in cancer. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:680-690. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
20
|
Luo J, Wang W, Tang Y, Zhou D, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Zhu H, Xing L, Yu J. mRNA and methylation profiling of radioresistant esophageal cancer cells: the involvement of Sall2 in acquired aggressive phenotypes. J Cancer 2017; 8:646-656. [PMID: 28367244 PMCID: PMC5370508 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. Radiotherapy plays a critical role in the curative management of inoperable ESCC patients. However, radioresistance restricts the efficacy of radiotherapy for ESCC patients. The molecules involved in radioresistance remain largely unknown, and new approaches to sensitize cells to irradiation are in demand. Technical advances in analysis of mRNA and methylation have enabled the exploration of the etiology of diseases and have the potential to broaden our understanding of the molecular pathways of ESCC radioresistance. In this study, we constructed radioresistant TE-1 and Eca-109 cell lines (TE-1/R and Eca-109/R, respectively). The radioresistant cells showed an increased migration ability but reduced apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity compared with their parent cells. mRNA and methylation profiling by microarray revealed 1192 preferentially expressed mRNAs and 8841 aberrantly methylated regions between TE-1/R and TE-1 cells. By integrating the mRNA and methylation profiles, we related the decreased expression of transcription factor Sall2 with a corresponding increase in its methylation in TE-1/R cells, indicating its involvement in radioresistance. Upregulation of Sall2 decreased the growth and migration advantage of radioresistant ESCC cells. Taken together, our present findings illustrate the mRNA and DNA methylation changes during the radioresistance of ESCC and the important role of Sall2 in esophageal cancer malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judong Luo
- Medical college of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ligang Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sung CK, Yim H. Roles of SALL2 in tumorigenesis. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:146-151. [PMID: 27957650 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteins p150Sal2 (product of SALL2) and p53 share growth arrest and pro-apoptotic functions by independently inducing p21Cip1/Waf1 and BAX, and both proteins are targeted by the human papilloma virus E6 protein, leading to blockage of growth arrest in infected cells. Loss of both p53 and Sall2 in mice causes significantly higher mortality and metastasis rates compared with p53 single mutant mice. Therefore, p150Sal2 seems to have strong potential as a novel cancer biomarker for early diagnosis and risk prediction. Loss of SALL2 expression is observed in many cases of human serous ovarian carcinoma, whereas normal ovarian epithelial cells maintain high levels of the p150Sal2 protein, supporting an important tumor suppressive role for p150Sal2 in the human ovary. In contrast, p150Sal2 is a transcription factor required to convert differentiated glioblastoma cells into stem-like tumor-propagating cells, suggesting that its functional roles are dependent on tissue types and cellular context. The function of p150Sal2 in normal and diseased cells and possible therapeutic approaches are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang K Sung
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Escobar D, Hepp MI, Farkas C, Campos T, Sodir NM, Morales M, Álvarez CI, Swigart L, Evan GI, Gutiérrez JL, Nishinakamura R, Castro AF, Pincheira R. Sall2 is required for proapoptotic Noxa expression and genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis by doxorubicin. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1816. [PMID: 26181197 PMCID: PMC4650718 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Sall2 transcription factor is deregulated in several cancers; however, little is known about its cellular functions, including its target genes. Recently, we demonstrated that p53 directly regulates Sall2 expression under genotoxic stress. Here, we investigated the role of Sall2 in the context of cellular response to genotoxic stress. In addition, we further examined the Sall2-p53 relationship during genotoxic stress in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), which are derived from Sall2 knockout mice separately, or in combination with the p53ERTAM knock-in mice. We found that the levels of Sall2 mRNA and protein are dynamically modulated in response to doxorubicin. At early times of stress, Sall2 is downregulated, but increases under extension of the stress in a p53-independent manner. Based on caspase-3/7 activities, expression of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, expression of cleaved caspase-3 and induction of proapoptotic proteins, Sall2 expression was correlated with cellular apoptosis. Consequently, Sall2-/- MEFs have decreased apoptosis, which relates with increased cell viability in response to doxorubicin. Importantly, Sall2 was required for apoptosis even in the presence of fully activated p53. Searching for putative Sall2 targets that could mediate its role in apoptosis, we identified proapoptotic NOXA/PMAIP1 (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1). We demonstrated that Sall2 positively regulates Noxa promoter activity. Conserved putative Sall2-binding sites at the NOXA promoter were validated in vitro by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in vivo by ChIP experiments, identifying NOXA as a novel Sall2 target. In agreement, induction of Noxa protein and mRNA in response to doxorubicin was significantly decreased in Sall2-/- MEFs. In addition, studies in leukemia Jurkat T cells support the existence of the Sall2/Noxa axis, and the significance of this axis on the apoptotic response to doxorubicin in cancer cells. Our study highlights the relevance of Sall2 in the apoptotic response to extended genotoxic stress, which is important for understanding its role in normal physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Escobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - T Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - N M Sodir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C I Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - L Swigart
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - G I Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J L Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - A F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Z, Cheng K, Shi L, Li Z, Negi H, Gao G, Kamle S, Li D. Sal-like protein 2 upregulates p16 expression through a proximal promoter element. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:253-61. [PMID: 25580951 PMCID: PMC4376433 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sal-like protein 2 (Sall2), a homeotic transcription factor, is a putative tumor suppressor. We have previously shown that Sall2 activates the transcription of tumor suppressor gene p21 and suppresses tumorigenesis through cell cycle inhibition and induction of apoptosis. To investigate additional Sall2-regulated downstream genes, we analyzed the differences in mRNA expression profiles with and without exogenously expressed Sall2. We identified 1616 Sall2-responsive genes through gene expression arrays. Promoter-reporter assays of p16INK4A and several other tumor-related genes indicated that the Sall2 regulation of these promoters was not significantly different between the two major forms of Sall2 with alternative exon 1 or exon 1A. Additional analysis showed that Sall2-induced p16 promoter activation was Sall2 dose-dependent. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the p16 promoter identified a consensus Sall2 binding site (GGGTGGG) proximal to the p16 transcription start site and was critical for p16 promoter activation. Finally, to confirm the significance of Sall2-activated p16 expression in cell cycle regulation, we co-transfected the SKOV3 cells with a Sall2 expression construct and a p16 minigene and also co-transfected the ES-2 cells with a Sall2 expression construct and the siRNA against p16 for flow cytometry analysis. Our results showed that Sall2 enhanced the p16 minigene blocking of cell cycle progression and p16 knockdown with siRNA abolished most of the Sall2 inhibition of cell cycle progression. These findings indicate that Sall2 targets multiple cell cycle regulators, including p16, through their promoters, adding knowledge to the understanding of Sall2 and p16 gene regulation, and how Sall2 deregulation may promote cancer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sung CK, Yim H. The tumor suppressor protein p150Sal2 in carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:489-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-3019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
25
|
Farkas C, Martins CP, Escobar D, Hepp MI, Castro AF, Evan G, Gutiérrez JL, Warren R, Donner DB, Pincheira R. Wild type p53 transcriptionally represses the SALL2 transcription factor under genotoxic stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73817. [PMID: 24040083 PMCID: PMC3765348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SALL2- a member of the Spalt gene family- is a poorly characterized transcription factor found deregulated in various cancers, which suggests it plays a role in the disease. We previously identified SALL2 as a novel interacting protein of neurotrophin receptors and showed that it plays a role in neuronal function, which does not necessarily explain why or how SALL2 is deregulated in cancer. Previous evidences indicate that SALL2 gene is regulated by the WT1 and AP4 transcription factors. Here, we identified SALL2 as a novel downstream target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Bioinformatic analysis of the SALL2 gene revealed several putative p53 half sites along the promoter region. Either overexpression of wild-type p53 or induction of the endogenous p53 by the genotoxic agent doxorubicin repressed SALL2 promoter activity in various cell lines. However R175H, R249S, and R248W p53 mutants, frequently found in the tumors of cancer patients, were unable to repress SALL2 promoter activity, suggesting that p53 specific binding to DNA is important for the regulation of SALL2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated binding of p53 to one of the identified p53 half sites in the Sall2 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed in vivo interaction of p53 with the promoter region of Sall2 containing this half site. Importantly, by using a p53ER (TAM) knockin model expressing a variant of p53 that is completely dependent on 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen for its activity, we show that p53 activation diminished SALL2 RNA and protein levels during genotoxic cellular stress in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and radiosensitive tissues in vivo. Thus, our finding indicates that p53 represses SALL2 expression in a context-specific manner, adding knowledge to the understanding of SALL2 gene regulation, and to a potential mechanism for its deregulation in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Promoter methylation of the SALL2 tumor suppressor gene in ovarian cancers. Mol Oncol 2012; 7:419-27. [PMID: 23273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The SALL2 gene product and transcription factor p150 were first identified in a search for tumor suppressors targeted for inactivation by the oncogenic mouse polyoma virus. SALL2 has also been identified as a cellular quiescence factor, essential for cells to enter and remain in a state of growth arrest under conditions of serum deprivation. p150 is a transcriptional activator of p21(Cip1/Waf1) and BAX, sharing important growth arrest and proapoptotic properties with p53. It also acts as a repressor of c-myc. Restoration of SALL2 expression in cells derived from a human ovarian carcinoma (OVCA) suppresses growth of the cells in immunodeficient mice. Here we examine the pattern of p150 expression in the normal human ovary, in OVCA-derived cell lines and in primary ovarian carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining showed that p150 is highly expressed in surface epithelial cells of the normal human ovary. Expression is exclusively from the P2 promoter governing the E1A splice variant of p150. The P2 promoter is CpG-rich and susceptible to methylation silencing. p150 expression was restored in OVCA cell lines following growth in the presence of 5-azacytidine. In a survey of 210 cases of OVCA, roughly 90% across major and minor histological types failed to show expression of the protein. Immunological and biochemical approaches were used to show hypermethylation of the SALL2 P2 promoter in OVCA-derived cell lines and in a majority of primary tumors. These results bring together molecular biological and clinical evidence in support of a role of SALL2 as a suppressor of ovarian cancers.
Collapse
|