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Ripoll-Viladomiu I, Prina-Mello A, Movia D, Marignol L. Extracellular vesicles and the "six Rs" in radiotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 129:102799. [PMID: 38970839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Over half of patients with cancer receive radiation therapy during the course of their disease. Decades of radiobiological research have identified 6 parameters affecting the biological response to radiation referred to as the 6 "Rs": Repair, Radiosensitivity, Repopulation, Redistribution, Reoxygenation, and Reactivation of the anti-tumour immune response. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound particles whose multiple biological functions are increasingly documented. Here we discuss the evidence for a role of EVs in the orchestration of the response of cancer cells to radiotherapy. We highlight that EVs are involved in DNA repair mechanisms, modulation of cellular sensitivity to radiation, and facilitation of tumour repopulation. Moreover, EVs influence tumour reoxygenation dynamics, and play a pivotal role in fostering radioresistance. Last, we examine how EV-related strategies could be translated into novel strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of radiation therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ripoll-Viladomiu
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dania Movia
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biology and Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Callan Building, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology Research Group, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Nano M, Montell DJ. Apoptotic signaling: Beyond cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:22-34. [PMID: 37988794 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the best described form of regulated cell death, and was, until relatively recently, considered irreversible once particular biochemical points-of-no-return were activated. In this manuscript, we examine the mechanisms cells use to escape from a self-amplifying death signaling module. We discuss the role of feedback, dynamics, propagation, and noise in apoptotic signaling. We conclude with a revised model for the role of apoptosis in animal development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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3
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Sun G. Death and survival from executioner caspase activation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:66-73. [PMID: 37468421 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Executioner caspases are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell death under apoptotic stress. Activated executioner caspases drive apoptotic cell death through cleavage of diverse protein substrates or pyroptotic cell death in the presence of gasdermin E. On the other hand, activation of executioner caspases can also trigger pro-survival and pro-proliferation signals. In recent years, a growing body of studies have demonstrated that cells can survive from executioner caspase activation in response to stress and that the survivors undergo molecular and phenotypic alterations. This review focuses on death and survival from executioner caspase activation, summarizing the role of executioner caspases in apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death and discussing the potential mechanism and consequences of survival from stress-induced executioner caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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4
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Deo A, Sleeman JP, Shaked Y. The role of host response to chemotherapy: resistance, metastasis and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023:10.1007/s10585-023-10243-5. [PMID: 37999904 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for most metastatic cancers. However, the response to chemotherapy and targeted agents is often transient, and concurrent development of resistance is the primary impediment to effective cancer therapy. Strategies to overcome resistance to treatment have focused on cancer cell intrinsic factors and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent evidence indicates that systemic chemotherapy has a significant impact on the host that either facilitates tumor growth, allowing metastatic spread, or renders treatment ineffective. These host responses include the release of bone marrow-derived cells, activation of stromal cells in the TME, and induction of different molecular effectors. Here, we provide an overview of chemotherapy-induced systemic host responses that support tumor aggressiveness and metastasis, and which contribute to therapy resistance. Studying host responses to chemotherapy provides a solid basis for the development of adjuvant strategies to improve treatment outcomes and delay resistance to chemotherapy. This review discusses the emerging field of host response to cancer therapy, and its preclinical and potential clinical implications, explaining how under certain circumstances, these host effects contribute to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Deo
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan P Sleeman
- European Centre for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (KIT), IBCS-BIP, Campus Nord, 76344, Eggenstein- Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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5
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Procházková M, Kuchovská E, Killinger M, Klepárník K. Novel Förster Resonance Energy Transfer probe with quantum dot for a long-time imaging of active caspases inside individual cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341334. [PMID: 37257963 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
With the goal to investigate biological phenomena at a single-cell level, we designed, synthesized and tested a molecular probe based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a highly luminescent quantum dot (QD) as a donor and a fluorophore or fluorescence quencher as an acceptor linked by a specific peptide. In principle, QD luminescence, effectively dissipated in the probe, is switched on after the cleavage of the peptide by a protease and the release of the quencher. We proposed a novel synthesis strategy of a probe. A two-step synthesis consists of: (i) Conjugation of CdTe QDs functionalized by -COOH groups of succinic acid on the nanoparticle surface with the designed specific peptide (GTADVEDTSC) using a ligand-exchange approach; (ii) A fast, high-yield reaction of amine-reactive succinimidyl group on the BHQ-2 quencher with N-terminal of the peptide. This way, any crosslinking between individual nanoparticles and any nonspecific conjugation bonds are excluded. The analysis of the product after the first step proved a high reaction yield and nearly no occurrence of unreacted QDs, a prerequisite of the specificity of our luminescent probe. Its parameters evaluated as Michaelis-Menten description of enzymatic kinetics are similar to products published by other groups. Our research is focused on the fluorescence microscopy analyses of biologically active molecules, such as proteolytic active caspases, playing important roles in cell signaling regulations in normal and diseased states. Consequently, they are attractive targets for clinical diagnosis and medical therapy. The ultimate goal of our work was to synthesize a new QD luminescent probe for a long-time quantitative monitoring of active caspase-3/7 distribution in apoptotic osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells treated with camptothecin. As a result of comparison, our synthetized luminescent probe provides longer imaging times of caspases than commercial products. The probe proved the stability of the luminescence signal inside cells for more than 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Procházková
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Kuchovská
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Killinger
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Ling R, Wang J, Fang Y, Yu Y, Su Y, Sun W, Li X, Tang X. HDAC-an important target for improving tumor radiotherapy resistance. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1193637. [PMID: 37503317 PMCID: PMC10368992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important means of tumor treatment, but radiotherapy resistance has been a difficult problem in the comprehensive treatment of clinical tumors. The mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance include the repair of sublethal damage and potentially lethal damage of tumor cells, cell repopulation, cell cycle redistribution, and reoxygenation. These processes are closely related to the regulation of epigenetic modifications. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), as important regulators of the epigenetic structure of cancer, are widely involved in the formation of tumor radiotherapy resistance by participating in DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, cell apoptosis, and other mechanisms. Although the important role of HDACs and their related inhibitors in tumor therapy has been reviewed, the relationship between HDACs and radiotherapy has not been systematically studied. This article systematically expounds for the first time the specific mechanism by which HDACs promote tumor radiotherapy resistance in vivo and in vitro and the clinical application prospects of HDAC inhibitors, aiming to provide a reference for HDAC-related drug development and guide the future research direction of HDAC inhibitors that improve tumor radiotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ling
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Affiliated Yancheng First Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuting Su
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Wang Y, Wang R, Liu X, Liu M, Sun L, Pan X, Hu H, Jiang B, Zou Y, Liu Q, Gong Y, Wang M, Sun G. Chemotherapy-induced executioner caspase activation increases breast cancer malignancy through epigenetic de-repression of CDH12. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:34. [PMID: 37355711 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer relapse and metastasis are major obstacles for effective treatment. One important mechanism to eliminate cancer cells is to induce apoptosis. Activation of executioner caspases is the key step in apoptosis and was considered "a point of no return". However, in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cells can survive executioner caspase activation in response to apoptotic stimuli through a process named anastasis. Here we show that breast cancer cells that have survived through anastasis (anastatic cells) after exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs acquire enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, cadherin 12 (CDH12) is persistently upregulated in anastatic cells and promotes breast cancer malignancy via activation of ERK and CREB. Moreover, we demonstrate that executioner caspase activation induced by chemotherapeutic drugs results in loss of DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications in the CDH12 promoter region, leading to increased CDH12 expression. Our work unveils the mechanism underlying anastasis-induced enhancement in breast cancer malignancy, offering new therapeutic targets for preventing post-chemotherapy cancer relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Menghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Huili Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Molin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Gongping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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8
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Feng X, Zhu F, Dai L, Liu X, Shao L, Hao L, Cang S, Cheng J. Caspase-3 in glioma indicates an unfavorable prognosis by involving surrounding angiogenesis and tumor cell repopulation. J Neurooncol 2023:10.1007/s11060-023-04339-x. [PMID: 37195411 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Effective biomarkers for estimating glioma prognosis are deficient. Canonically, caspase-3 acts as an "apoptosis executioner". However, its prognostic role in glioma and mechanistic effects on prognosis remain unclear. METHODS With glioma tissue microarrays, the prognostic roles of cleaved caspase-3 and its association with angiogenesis were explored. Next, by analyzing the mRNA microarray data from the CGGA, the prognostic role of CASP3 expression and correlations between CASP3 and markers of glioma angiogenesis and proliferation were investigated. To biologically interpret the prognostic role of caspase-3 in glioma, the influence of caspase-3 on surrounding angiogenesis and glioma cell repopulation was investigated with an in vitro cell co-culture model, which comprises irradiated U87 cells and un-irradiated firefly luciferase (Fluc)-labeled HUVEC (HUVEC-Fluc) or U87 (U87-Fluc) cells. The over-expressed dominant-negative caspase-3 was used to suppress normal caspase-3 activity. RESULTS High levels of cleaved caspase-3 expression were associated with poor survival outcomes in glioma patients. Higher microvessel density was observed in patients with high levels of cleaved caspase-3 expression. By mining the microarray data in CGGA, it was revealed that higher CASP3 expression was found in glioma patients with lower Karnofsky Performance score, higher WHO grade, malignant histological subtype, wild-type IDH. Higher CASP3 expression indicated a worse survival rate in glioma patients. Patients with high CASP3 expression and negative IDH mutation showed the worst survival rate. Positive correlations were found between CASP3 and markers of tumor angiogenesis and proliferation. Subsequent data based on an in vitro cell co-culture model revealed that caspase-3 in irradiated glioma cells mediated pro-angiogenic and repopulation-promoting effects via regulating COX-2 signaling. With glioma tissue microarrays, high levels of COX-2 expression showed inferior survival outcomes in glioma patients. Glioma patients with high levels of cleaved caspase-3 and COX-2 expression showed the worst survival outcomes. CONCLUSION This study innovatively identified an unfavorable prognostic role of caspase-3 in glioma. The pro-angiogenic and repopulation-prompting effects of caspase-3/COX-2 signaling may explain its unfavorable prognostic role and offer novel insights into therapy sensitization and curative effect prediction of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Cancer Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Jinshui District, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Ultrasound, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuwei Hao
- Department of Physical Examination and Health Management, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shundong Cang
- Cancer Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Jinshui District, 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin Cheng
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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Kargari Aghmiouni D, Khoee S. Dual-Drug Delivery by Anisotropic and Uniform Hybrid Nanostructures: A Comparative Study of the Function and Substrate-Drug Interaction Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041214. [PMID: 37111700 PMCID: PMC10142803 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By utilizing nanoparticles to upload and interact with several pharmaceuticals in varying methods, the primary obstacles associated with loading two or more medications or cargos with different characteristics may be addressed. Therefore, it is feasible to evaluate the benefits provided by co-delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles by investigating the properties and functions of the commonly used structures, such as multi- or simultaneous-stage controlled release, synergic effect, enhanced targetability, and internalization. However, due to the unique surface or core features of each hybrid design, the eventual drug-carrier interactions, release, and penetration processes may vary. Our review article focused on the drug's loading, binding interactions, release, physiochemical, and surface functionalization features, as well as the varying internalization and cytotoxicity of each structure that may aid in the selection of an appropriate design. This was achieved by comparing the actions of uniform-surfaced hybrid particles (such as core-shell particles) to those of anisotropic, asymmetrical hybrid particles (such as Janus, multicompartment, or patchy particles). Information is provided on the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous particles with specified characteristics for the simultaneous delivery of various cargos, possibly enhancing the efficacy of treatment techniques for illnesses such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Kargari Aghmiouni
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khoee
- Polymer Laboratory, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
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10
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Zhan X, Jiang L, Wang L, Liu J, Kang S, Liu H, Lin L. A novel angiogenic effect of PCSK9- regulated genes. Gene X 2023; 852:147051. [PMID: 36427678 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the discovery of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9(PCSK9) gene has been involved in regulating low-density lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), many therapeutic strategies directly targeting PCSK9 have been introduced. PCSK9 gain of function (GoF) mutations are associated with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) and premature atherosclerosis. In contrast, PCSK9 loss of function (LOF) mutations have cardioprotective effects and can lead to familial hypo cholesterol in some instances. However, its potential impacts beyond the typical effects on lipid metabolism have not been elucidated. Therefore the study aimed to identify and verify PCSK9's possible effects beyond its traditional role in lipid metabolism. METHODS The S127R is a PCSK9 gain of function mutation. Firstly, We used the data of the gene expression Omnibus(GEO) database to identify the differentially expressed genes between S127R mutation carriers and ordinary people. Secondly, the identification and analysis of significant genes were performed with various bioinformatics programs. Thirdly, to verify the possible effect and the potential pathways of PCSK9 on angiogenesis, we constructed PCSK9 low and high expression models by transfecting PCSK9-siRNA (small interfering RNA) and PCSK9-plasmid complex into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. Furthermore, Wound-Healing Assay and Capillary tube formation assay were applied to measure the effect of PCSK9 on angiogenesis. Fourthly, the expression level of VEGFR2 and the significant genes between PCSK9 low and high expression models were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. All data were analysed by GraphPad Prism 8 software. RESULTS 88 DEGs were identified, including 45 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated DEGs. Furthermore, we identified the six genes (MMP9, CASP3, EGR1, NGFR, LEFTY1 and NODAL) as significantly different genes between PCSK9-S127R and Control hiPSC. Further, we found that these significant difference genes were mainly associated with angiogenesis after enrichment analysis. To verify the possible effect of PCSK9 on angiogenesis, we constructed low and high-expression PCSK9 models by transfecting siRNA and PCSK9-plasmid complex into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. The tubule formation test and Wound healing assays showed that overexpression of PCSK9 had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, which could be reversed by decreasing the expression of PCSK9. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis indicated that the six hub genes (MMP9, CASP3, EGR1, NGFR, LEFTY1 and NODAL) might play a vital role in the biological function of PCSK9 in angiogenesis. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to clarify the expression profiles of these critical genes in overexpression/knockdown PCSK9. Finally, the expression levels of MMP9, Caspase3, LEFTY1, and NODAL were suppressed by overexpression of PCSK9 and could be alleviated by PCSK9 knockdown. Otherwise, EGR1 had the opposite expression trend, and there was no specific trend of NGFR after repeated experiments. CONCLUSION PCSK9 might play an essential role in angiogenesis, unlike its typical role in lipid metabolism, and MMP9, Caspase3, LEFTY1, NODAL, and EGR1 may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis as critical genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Lufeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Kang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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11
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Kawano T, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Murata M, Kang JH. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5425. [PMID: 36358843 PMCID: PMC9658272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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12
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Mirzayans R, Murray D. What Are the Reasons for Continuing Failures in Cancer Therapy? Are Misleading/Inappropriate Preclinical Assays to Be Blamed? Might Some Modern Therapies Cause More Harm than Benefit? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13217. [PMID: 36362004 PMCID: PMC9655591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 50 years of cancer research has resulted in the generation of massive amounts of information, but relatively little progress has been made in the treatment of patients with solid tumors, except for extending their survival for a few months at best. Here, we will briefly discuss some of the reasons for this failure, focusing on the limitations and sometimes misunderstanding of the clinical relevance of preclinical assays that are widely used to identify novel anticancer drugs and treatment strategies (e.g., "synthetic lethality"). These include colony formation, apoptosis (e.g., caspase-3 activation), immunoblotting, and high-content multiwell plate cell-based assays, as well as tumor growth studies in animal models. A major limitation is that such assays are rarely designed to recapitulate the tumor repopulating properties associated with therapy-induced cancer cell dormancy (durable proliferation arrest) reflecting, for example, premature senescence, polyploidy and/or multinucleation. Furthermore, pro-survival properties of apoptotic cancer cells through phoenix rising, failed apoptosis, and/or anastasis (return from the brink of death), as well as cancer immunoediting and the impact of therapeutic agents on interactions between cancer and immune cells are often overlooked in preclinical studies. A brief review of the history of cancer research makes one wonder if modern strategies for treating patients with solid tumors may sometimes cause more harm than benefit.
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13
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Wu Z, Huang C, Li R, Li H, Lu H, Lin Z. PRKCI Mediates Radiosensitivity via the Hedgehog/GLI1 Pathway in Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887139. [PMID: 35785194 PMCID: PMC9243290 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insensitivity to radiotherapy accounts for the majority of therapeutic failures in cervical cancer (CC) patients who undergo radical radiotherapy. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitivity to identify methods to improve the overall 5-year survival rate. The atypical protein kinase C iota (aPKCι) gene PRKCI exhibits tumor-specific copy number amplification (CNA) in CC. We investigated how PRKCI decreases radiosensitivity in CC and assessed the interplay between PRKCI and the Hedgehog (Hh)/GLI1 pathway in the present research. Methods The biological functions of PRKCI in CC radiosensitivity were explored through immunohistochemistry, colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), cell cycle, apoptosis assays, and xenograft models. qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to evaluate the interplay between PRKCI and the Hh/GLI1 pathway and its mechanism in PRKCI-decreased radiosensitivity in CC. Furthermore, the effect of auranofin (AF), a selective inhibitor of PKCι, on CC cells was explored through biochemical assays in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that high PRKCI expression was responsible for decreased survival in CC. PRKCI was intimately associated with radiation-triggered alterations in proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and xenograft growth. The Hh/GLI1 pathway was activated when PRKCI expression was altered. PRKCI functions downstream of the Hh/GLI1 pathway to phosphorylate and activate the transcription factor GLI1. AF acts as a radiosensitizer and showed biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions PRKCI is a therapeutic target for regulating radiosensitivity in CC. This molecule regulates radiosensitivity by modulating GLI1 relocalization and phosphorylation in CC via the Hh/GLI1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuna Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chunxian Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
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14
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Eskandari E, Eaves CJ. Paradoxical roles of caspase-3 in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213213. [PMID: 35551578 PMCID: PMC9106709 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 is a widely expressed member of a conserved family of proteins, generally recognized for their activated proteolytic roles in the execution of apoptosis in cells responding to specific extrinsic or intrinsic inducers of this mode of cell death. However, accumulating evidence indicates that caspase-3 also plays key roles in regulating the growth and homeostatic maintenance of both normal and malignant cells and tissues in multicellular organisms. Given that yeast possess an ancestral caspase-like gene suggests that the caspase-3 protein may have acquired different functions later during evolution to better meet the needs of more complex multicellular organisms, but without necessarily losing all of the functions of its ancestral yeast precursor. This review provides an update on what has been learned about these interesting dichotomous roles of caspase-3, their evolution, and their potential relevance to malignant as well as normal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Eskandari
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Correspondence to Connie J. Eaves:
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15
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Corsi F, Capradossi F, Pelliccia A, Briganti S, Bruni E, Traversa E, Torino F, Reichle A, Ghibelli L. Apoptosis as Driver of Therapy-Induced Cancer Repopulation and Acquired Cell-Resistance (CRAC): A Simple In Vitro Model of Phoenix Rising in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031152. [PMID: 35163077 PMCID: PMC8834753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells stimulate compensatory proliferation through the caspase-3-cPLA-2-COX-2-PGE-2-STAT3 Phoenix Rising pathway as a healing process in normal tissues. Phoenix Rising is however usurped in cancer, potentially nullifying pro-apoptotic therapies. Cytotoxic therapies also promote cancer cell plasticity through epigenetic reprogramming, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), chemo-resistance and tumor progression. We explored the relationship between such scenarios, setting-up an innovative, straightforward one-pot in vitro model of therapy-induced prostate cancer repopulation. Cancer (castration-resistant PC3 and androgen-sensitive LNCaP), or normal (RWPE-1) prostate cells, are treated with etoposide and left recovering for 18 days. After a robust apoptotic phase, PC3 setup a coordinate tissue-like response, repopulating and acquiring EMT and chemo-resistance; repopulation occurs via Phoenix Rising, being dependent on high PGE-2 levels achieved through caspase-3-promoted signaling; epigenetic inhibitors interrupt Phoenix Rising after PGE-2, preventing repopulation. Instead, RWPE-1 repopulate via Phoenix Rising without reprogramming, EMT or chemo-resistance, indicating that only cancer cells require reprogramming to complete Phoenix Rising. Intriguingly, LNCaP stop Phoenix-Rising after PGE-2, failing repopulating, suggesting that the propensity to engage/complete Phoenix Rising may influence the outcome of pro-apoptotic therapies. Concluding, we established a reliable system where to study prostate cancer repopulation, showing that epigenetic reprogramming assists Phoenix Rising to promote post-therapy cancer repopulation and acquired cell-resistance (CRAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Corsi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.P.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-06-7259-4095 (F.C.); Tel.: +39-06-7259-4218 (L.G.)
| | - Francesco Capradossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.P.); (E.B.)
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pelliccia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.P.); (E.B.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Bruni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrico Traversa
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (A.P.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (L.G.); Tel.: +39-06-7259-4095 (F.C.); Tel.: +39-06-7259-4218 (L.G.)
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16
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Haak VM, Huang S, Panigrahy D. Debris-stimulated tumor growth: a Pandora's box? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:791-801. [PMID: 34665387 PMCID: PMC8524220 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer therapies aim at eradicating cancer cells from the body. However, killing cells generates cell “debris” which can promote tumor progression. Thus, therapy can be a double-edged sword. Specifically, injury and debris generated by cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, may offset their benefit by promoting the secretion of pro-tumorigenic factors (e.g., eicosanoid-driven cytokines) that stimulate regrowth and metastasis of surviving cells. The debris produced by cytotoxic cancer therapy can also contribute to a tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor progression and recurrence. Although not well understood, several molecular mechanisms have been implicated in debris-stimulated tumor growth that we review here, such as the involvement of extracellular vesicles, exosomal miR-194-5p, Bax, Bak, Smac, HMGB1, cytokines, and caspase-3. We discuss the cases of pancreatic and other cancer types where debris promotes postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, thus offering a new opportunity to prevent cancer progression intrinsically linked to treatment by stimulating resolution of tumor-promoting debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Haak
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Castillo Ferrer C, Berthenet K, Ichim G. Apoptosis - Fueling the oncogenic fire. FEBS J 2021; 288:4445-4463. [PMID: 33179432 PMCID: PMC8451771 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, the most extensively studied form of programmed cell death, is essential for organismal homeostasis. Apoptotic cell death has widely been reported as a tumor suppressor mechanism. However, recent studies have shown that apoptosis exerts noncanonical functions and may paradoxically promote tumor growth and metastasis. The hijacking of apoptosis by cancer cells may arise at different levels, either via the interaction of apoptotic cells with their local or distant microenvironment, or through the abnormal pro-oncogenic roles of the main apoptosis effectors, namely caspases and mitochondria, particularly upon failed apoptosis. In this review, we highlight some of the recently described mechanisms by which apoptosis and these effectors may promote cancer aggressiveness. We believe that a better understanding of the noncanonical roles of apoptosis may be crucial for developing more efficient cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Castillo Ferrer
- Cancer Target and Experimental TherapeuticsInstitute for Advanced BiosciencesINSERM U1209CNRS UMR5309Grenoble Alpes UniversityFrance
- EPHEPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kevin Berthenet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) INSERM 1052CNRS 5286LyonFrance
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, part of LabEx DEVweCANUniversité de LyonFrance
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) INSERM 1052CNRS 5286LyonFrance
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, part of LabEx DEVweCANUniversité de LyonFrance
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18
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Hawkins CJ, Miles MA. Mutagenic Consequences of Sublethal Cell Death Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116144. [PMID: 34200309 PMCID: PMC8201051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers exhibit defects in key DNA damage response elements that can render tumors insensitive to the cell death-promoting properties of DNA-damaging therapies. Using agents that directly induce apoptosis by targeting apoptotic components, rather than relying on DNA damage to indirectly stimulate apoptosis of cancer cells, may overcome classical blocks exploited by cancer cells to evade apoptotic cell death. However, there is increasing evidence that cells surviving sublethal exposure to classical apoptotic signaling may recover with newly acquired genomic changes which may have oncogenic potential, and so could theoretically spur the development of subsequent cancers in cured patients. Encouragingly, cells surviving sublethal necroptotic signaling did not acquire mutations, suggesting that necroptosis-inducing anti-cancer drugs may be less likely to trigger therapy-related cancers. We are yet to develop effective direct inducers of other cell death pathways, and as such, data regarding the consequences of cells surviving sublethal stimulation of those pathways are still emerging. This review details the currently known mutagenic consequences of cells surviving different cell death signaling pathways, with implications for potential oncogenic transformation. Understanding the mechanisms of mutagenesis associated (or not) with various cell death pathways will guide us in the development of future therapeutics to minimize therapy-related side effects associated with DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark A. Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Ney GM, Yang KB, Ng V, Liu L, Zhao M, Kuk W, Alaka L, Sampang L, Ross A, Jones MA, Jin X, McKay LM, Evarts H, Li Q. Oncogenic N-Ras Mitigates Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1240-1251. [PMID: 33441311 PMCID: PMC8647627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic relapse is believed to be driven by transformed hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that harbor oncogenic mutations or have lost tumor suppressor function. Recent comprehensive sequencing studies have shown that mutations predicted to activate Ras signaling are highly prevalent in hematologic malignancies and, notably, in refractory and relapsed cases. To better understand what drives this clinical phenomenon, we expressed oncogenic NrasG12D within the hematopoietic system in mice and interrogated its effects on HSC survival. N-RasG12D conferred a survival benefit to HSCs and progenitors following metabolic and genotoxic stress. This effect was limited to HSCs and early progenitors and was independent of autophagy and cell proliferation. N-RasG12D-mediated HSC survival was not affected by inhibition of canonical Ras effectors such as MEK and PI3K. However, inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector pathway protein kinase C (PKC) ameliorated the protective effects of N-RasG12D. Mechanistically, N-RasG12D lowered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which correlated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. Inhibition of PKC restored the levels of ROS to that of control HSCs and abrogated the protective effects granted by N-RasG12D. Thus, N-RasG12D activation within HSCs promotes cell survival through the mitigation of ROS, and targeting this mechanism may represent a viable strategy to induce apoptosis during malignant transformation of HSCs. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting oncogenic N-Ras-mediated reduction of ROS in hematopoietic stem cells through inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector PKC may serve as a novel strategy for treatment of leukemia and other Ras-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Ney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin B Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meiling Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wun Kuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lila Alaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leilani Sampang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adam Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Morgan A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura M McKay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hadie Evarts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zhang Z, Feng X, Deng Z, Cheng J, Wang Y, Zhao M, Zhao Y, He S, Huang Q. Irradiation-induced polyploid giant cancer cells are involved in tumor cell repopulation via neosis. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2219-2234. [PMID: 33523579 PMCID: PMC8334289 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor repopulation occurs when residual tumor cells surviving therapies tenaciously proliferate and re‐establish the tumor. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we propose that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are involved in tumor repopulation via neosis following radiotherapy. We found that although the majority of PGCCs induced by irradiation underwent cell death, some PGCCs exhibited proliferative capacity. Utilizing time‐lapse microscopy and single‐cell cloning assays, we observed that proliferating PGCCs underwent neosis, thereby contributing to tumor cell repopulation after irradiation. Notably, HMGB1 released from dying tumor cells rather than intracellular HMGB1 could promote neosis‐based tumor repopulation, and the latter could be suppressed by the use of HMGB1 inhibitors. Taken together, our results indicate that PGCC can initiate tumor repopulation via neosis following radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Oncology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia He
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Mirzayans R, Murray D. Do TUNEL and Other Apoptosis Assays Detect Cell Death in Preclinical Studies? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239090. [PMID: 33260475 PMCID: PMC7730366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay detects DNA breakage by labeling the free 3ʹ-hydroxyl termini. Given that genomic DNA breaks arise during early and late stages of apoptosis, TUNEL staining continues to be widely used as a measure of apoptotic cell death. The advantages of the assay include its relative ease of performance and the broad availability of TUNEL assay kits for various applications, such as single-cell analysis of apoptosis in cell cultures and tissue samples. However, as briefly discussed herein, aside from some concerns relating to the specificity of the TUNEL assay itself, it was demonstrated some twenty years ago that the early stages of apoptosis, detected by TUNEL, can be reversed. More recently, compelling evidence from different biological systems has revealed that cells can recover from even late stage apoptosis through a process called anastasis. Specifically, such recovery has been observed in cells exhibiting caspase activation, genomic DNA breakage, phosphatidylserine externalization, and formation of apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, there is solid evidence demonstrating that apoptotic cells can promote neighboring tumor cell repopulation (e.g., through caspase-3-mediated secretion of prostaglandin E2) and confer resistance to anticancer therapy. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of results obtained by the TUNEL and other apoptosis assays (e.g., caspase activation) in terms of apoptotic cell demise.
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22
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Sun G, Ding XA, Argaw Y, Guo X, Montell DJ. Akt1 and dCIZ1 promote cell survival from apoptotic caspase activation during regeneration and oncogenic overgrowth. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5726. [PMID: 33184261 PMCID: PMC7664998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved cell suicide program. During apoptosis, executioner caspase enzyme activation has been considered a point of no return. However, emerging evidence suggests that some cells can survive caspase activation following exposure to apoptosis-inducing stresses, raising questions as to the physiological significance and underlying molecular mechanisms of this unexpected phenomenon. Here, we show that, following severe tissue injury, Drosophila wing disc cells that survive executioner caspase activation contribute to tissue regeneration. Through RNAi screening, we identify akt1 and a previously uncharacterized Drosophila gene CG8108, which is homologous to the human gene CIZ1, as essential for survival from the executioner caspase activation. We also show that cells expressing activated oncogenes experience apoptotic caspase activation, and that Akt1 and dCIZ1 are required for their survival and overgrowth. Thus, survival following executioner caspase activation is a normal tissue repair mechanism usurped to promote oncogene-driven overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Xun Austin Ding
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yewubdar Argaw
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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23
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Zhao M, Wang Y, Zhao Y, He S, Zhao R, Song Y, Cheng J, Gong Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Hu B, Tian L, Huang Q. Caspase-3 knockout attenuates radiation-induced tumor repopulation via impairing the ATM/p53/Cox-2/PGE 2 pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21758-21776. [PMID: 33180744 PMCID: PMC7695367 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, irradiated, dying tumor cells generate potent growth stimulatory signals during radiotherapy that promote the repopulation of adjacent surviving tumor cells to cause tumor recurrence. We investigated the function of caspase-3 in NSCLC repopulation after radiotherapy. We found that radiotherapy induced a DNA damage response (DDR), activated caspase-3, and promoted tumor repopulation in NSCLC cells. Unexpectedly, caspase-3 knockout attenuated the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/p53-initiated DDR by decreasing nuclear migration of endonuclease G (EndoG), thereby reducing the growth-promoting effect of irradiated, dying tumor cells. We also identified p53 as a regulator of the Cox-2/PGE2 axis and its involvement in caspase-3-induced tumor repopulation after radiotherapy. In addition, injection of caspase-3 knockout NSCLC cells impaired tumor growth in a nude mouse model. Our findings reveal that caspase-3 promotes tumor repopulation in NSCLC cells by activating DDR and the downstream Cox-2/PGE2 axis. Thus, caspase-3-induced ATM/p53/Cox-2/PGE2 signaling pathway could provide potential therapeutic targets to reduce NSCLC recurrence after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yucui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sijia He
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruyi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanwei Song
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianzhu Xie
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Binjie Hu
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
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24
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Yang X, Lu Y, Hang J, Zhang J, Zhang T, Huo Y, Liu J, Lai S, Luo D, Wang L, Hua R, Lin Y. Lactate-Modulated Immunosuppression of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Contributes to the Radioresistance of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1440-1451. [PMID: 32917658 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for radioresistance in pancreatic cancer have yet to be elucidated, and the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment must be considered. We investigated whether the radiotherapy-augmented Warburg effect helped myeloid cells acquire an immunosuppressive phenotype, resulting in limited treatment efficacy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Radiotherapy enhanced the tumor-promoting activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in pancreatic cancer. Sustained increase in lactate secretion, resulting from the radiation-augmented Warburg effect, was responsible for the enhanced immunosuppressive phenotype of MDSCs after radiotherapy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was essential for tumor cell metabolism and lactate-regulated activation of MDSCs via the G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81)/mTOR/HIF-1α/STAT3 pathway. Blocking lactate production in tumor cells or deleting Hif-1α in MDSCs reverted antitumor T-cell responses and effectively inhibited tumor progression after radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Our investigation highlighted the importance of radiation-induced lactate in regulating the inhibitory immune microenvironment of PDAC. Targeting lactate derived from tumor cells and the HIF-1α signaling in MDSCs may hold distinct promise for clinical therapies to alleviate radioresistance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Yang
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Hang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiening Zhang
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmiao Huo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Oncology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuli Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Protein malnutrition early in life increased apoptosis but did not alter the β-cell mass during gestation. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:1111-1124. [PMID: 32912341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether early-life protein restriction alters structural parameters that affect β-cell mass on the 15th day and 20th day of gestation in control pregnant (CP), control non-pregnant (CNP), low-protein pregnant (LPP) and low-protein non-pregnant (LPNP) rats from the fetal to the adult life stage as well as in protein-restricted rats that recovered after weaning (recovered pregnant (RP) and recovered non-pregnant). On the 15th day of gestation, the CNP group had a higher proportion of smaller islets, whereas the CP group exhibited a higher proportion of islets larger than the median. The β-cell mass was lower in the low-protein group than that in the recovered and control groups. Gestation increased the β-cell mass, β-cell proliferation frequency and neogenesis frequency independently of the nutritional status. The apoptosis frequency was increased in the recovered groups compared with that in the other groups. On the 20th day of gestation, a higher proportion of islets smaller than the median was observed in the non-pregnant groups, whereas a higher proportion of islets larger than the median was observed in the RP, LPP and CP groups. β-Cell mass was lower in the low-protein group than that in the recovered and control groups, regardless of the physiological status. The β-cell proliferation frequency was lower, whereas the apoptosis rate was higher in recovered rats compared with those in the low-protein and control rats. Thus, protein malnutrition early in life did not alter the mass of β-cells, especially in the first two-thirds of gestation, despite the increase in apoptosis.
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26
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Jiang MJ, Chen YY, Dai JJ, Gu DN, Mei Z, Liu FR, Huang Q, Tian L. Dying tumor cell-derived exosomal miR-194-5p potentiates survival and repopulation of tumor repopulating cells upon radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:68. [PMID: 32228703 PMCID: PMC7104536 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor repopulation is a major cause of radiotherapy failure. Previous investigations highlighted that dying tumor cells played vital roles in tumor repopulation through promoting proliferation of the residual tumor repopulating cells (TRCs). However, TRCs also suffer DNA damage after radiotherapy, and might undergo mitotic catastrophe under the stimulation of proliferative factors released by dying cells. Hence, we intend to find out how these paradoxical biological processes coordinated to potentiate tumor repopulation after radiotherapy. METHODS Tumor repopulation models in vitro and in vivo were used for evaluating the therapy response and dissecting underlying mechanisms. RNA-seq was performed to find out the signaling changes and identify the significantly changed miRNAs. qPCR, western blot, IHC, FACS, colony formation assay, etc. were carried out to analyze the molecules and cells. RESULTS Exosomes derived from dying tumor cells induced G1/S arrest and promoted DNA damage response to potentiate survival of TRCs through delivering miR-194-5p, which further modulated E2F3 expression. Moreover, exosomal miR-194-5p alleviated the harmful effects of oncogenic HMGA2 under radiotherapy. After a latent time, dying tumor cells further released a large amount of PGE2 to boost proliferation of the recovered TRCs, and orchestrated the repopulation cascades. Of note, low-dose aspirin was found to suppress pancreatic cancer repopulation upon radiation via inhibiting secretion of exosomes and PGE2. CONCLUSION Exosomal miR-194-5p enhanced DNA damage response in TRCs to potentiate tumor repopulation. Combined use of aspirin and radiotherapy might benefit pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yi-Yun Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Juan-Juan Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Dian-Na Gu
- Department of Chemoradiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fu-Rao Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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27
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Perez-Gomez R, Magnin V, Mihajlovic Z, Slaninova V, Krejci A. Downregulation of respiratory complex I mediates major signalling changes triggered by TOR activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4401. [PMID: 32157127 PMCID: PMC7064613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions belong amongst the most common metabolic diseases but the signalling networks that lead to the manifestation of a disease phenotype are often not well understood. We identified the subunits of respiratory complex I, III and IV as mediators of major signalling changes during Drosophila wing disc development. Their downregulation in larval wing disc leads to robust stimulation of TOR activity, which in turn orchestrates a complex downstream signalling network. Specifically, after downregulation of the complex I subunit ND-49 (mammalian NDUFS2), TOR activates JNK to induce cell death and ROS production essential for the stimulation of compensatory apoptosis-induced proliferation within the tissue. Additionally, TOR upregulates Notch and JAK/STAT signalling and it directs glycolytic switch of the target tissue. Our results highlight the central role of TOR signalling in mediating the complex response to mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and they provide a rationale why the disease symptoms associated with respiratory dysfunctions are often alleviated by mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Perez-Gomez
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Valentina Magnin
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zorana Mihajlovic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Slaninova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Krejci
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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28
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Zhang F, Jia Y, Zheng X, Shao D, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Dawulieti J, Liu W, Sun M, Sun W, Pan Y, Cui L, Wang Y, He K, Zhang M, Li J, Dong WF, Chen L. Janus nanocarrier-based co-delivery of doxorubicin and berberine weakens chemotherapy-exacerbated hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:352-364. [PMID: 31563690 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid progress which has been made in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) chemotherapeutics, recurrence of liver cancer still remains a barrier to achieve satisfying prognosis. Herein, we aimed to decipher the role of berberine (BER) in chemotherapy-exacerbated HCC repopulation via developing a nanocarrier co-deliveries doxorubicin (DOX) and BER to achieve a synergic effect in HCC treatment. The underlying fact of chemotherapy that promotes HCC repopulation was firstly examined and corroborated by clinical samples and murine repopulation model. Then, hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated Janus nanocarrier (HA-MSN@DB) was developed to load DOX and BER simultaneously. The HCC targeting efficiency, pH-controlled drug-release and anti-cancer property of HA-MSN@DB were assessed in CD44-overexpressed HCCs and normal liver cells. Magnet resonance imaging, bio-distribution, biocompatibility, tumor and recurrence inhibition studies were performed in H22 tumor-bearing mice. BER significantly reduced doxorubicin (DOX)-triggered HCC repopulation in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting Caspase-3-iPLA2-COX-2 pathway. The delivery of HA-MSN@DB into HCCs through CD44 receptor-mediated targeting effect was demonstrated. The controlled release of DOX and BER in response to acidic tumor microenvironment was validated. Importantly, HA-MSN@DB drastically enhanced the antitumor activity of DOX and suppressed DOX-exacerbated HCC repopulation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, HA-MSN@DB exhibited enhanced tumor accumulation and biocompatibility. Our findings revealed the pivotal role of BER in overcoming chemotherapy-exacerbated HCC repopulation through Caspase-3-iPLA2-COX-2 pathway, thereby providing a promising and stable nanocarrier integrating DOX and BER for effective HCC chemotherapy without repopulation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this work, we have first demonstrated the fact that berberine (Ber) reduces chemotherapy-exacerbated HCC recurrence and studied its mechanism by the aid of a doxorubicin-induced mice HCC relapse model. We then developed a promising strategy that simultaneously inhibits HCC and its recurrence with an HCC-targeted co-delivery nanocarrier HA-MSN@DB and revealed that such an inhibition was related with the suppression of Caspase-3-iPLA2-COX-2 pathway by berberine.
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29
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Wang Y, Zhao M, He S, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Gong Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Hu B, Tian L, Liu X, Li C, Huang Q. Necroptosis regulates tumor repopulation after radiotherapy via RIP1/RIP3/MLKL/JNK/IL8 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:461. [PMID: 31706322 PMCID: PMC6842489 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor cell repopulation after radiotherapy is a major cause for the tumor radioresistance and recurrence. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of tumor repopulation after radiotherapy, with focus on whether and how necroptosis takes part in this process. Methods Necroptosis after irradiation were examined in vitro and in vivo. And the growth-promoting effect of necroptotic cells was investigated by chemical inhibitors or shRNA against necroptosis associated proteins and genes in in vitro and in vivo tumor repopulation models. Downstream relevance factors of necroptosis were identified by western blot and chemiluminescent immunoassays. Finally, the immunohistochemistry staining of identified necroptosis association growth stimulation factor was conducted in human colorectal tumor specimens to verify the relationship with clinical outcome. Results Radiation-induced necroptosis depended on activation of RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway, and the evidence in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the inhibition of necroptosis attenuated growth-stimulating effects of irradiated tumor cells on living tumor reporter cells. The JNK/IL-8 were identified as downstream molecules of pMLKL during necroptosis, and inhibition of JNK, IL-8 or IL-8 receptor significantly reduced tumor repopulation after radiotherapy. Moreover, the high expression of IL-8 was associated with poor clinical prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Conclusions Necroptosis associated tumor repopulation after radiotherapy depended on activation of RIP1/RIP3/MLKL/JNK/IL-8 pathway. This novel pathway provided new insight into understanding the mechanism of tumor radioresistance and repopulation, and MLKL/JNK/IL-8 could be developed as promising targets for blocking tumor repopulation to enhance the efficacy of colorectal cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Sijia He
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuntao Luo
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yucui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianzhu Xie
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Binjie Hu
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3135, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA.
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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30
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Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A, Grzanka D, Czajkowska P, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Durślewicz J, Antosik P, Grzanka A, Gagat M. Cellular and molecular alterations induced by low‑dose fisetin in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1261-1274. [PMID: 31638196 PMCID: PMC6831210 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of low concentrations of the flavonoid, fisetin, on K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells, in the context of both potential anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects. Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay, Trypan blue exclusion assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide test, cell cycle analysis, Transwell migration and invasion assays, the fluorescence staining of β-catenin and F-actin as well as reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to achieve the research goal. Furthermore, the nature of the interaction between fisetin and arsenic trioxide in the K562 cells was analyzed according to the Chou-Talalay median-effect method. We found that low concentrations of fisetin had not only a negligible effect on the viability and apoptosis of the K562 cells, but also modulated the mRNA levels of selected metastatic-related markers, accompanied by an increase in the migratory and invasive properties of these cancer cells. Although some markers of cell death were significantly elevated in response to fisetin treatment, these were counterbalanced through anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signals. With decreasing concentrations of fisetin and arsenic trioxide, the antagonistic interactions between the 2 agents increased. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that careful consideration should be taken when advising cancer patients to take fisetin as a dietary supplement and when considering fisetin as a potential candidate for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Further more detailed studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Czajkowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Hałas-Wiśniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Durślewicz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paulina Antosik
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85‑092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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31
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Bernard A, Chevrier S, Beltjens F, Dosset M, Viltard E, Lagrange A, Derangère V, Oudot A, Ghiringhelli F, Collin B, Apetoh L, Feron O, Chen S, Arnould L, Végran F, Boidot R. Cleaved Caspase-3 Transcriptionally Regulates Angiogenesis-Promoting Chemotherapy Resistance. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5958-5970. [PMID: 31611309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are well known for their role in apoptosis. Recently, nonapoptotic roles of caspases have been identified, however, these noncanonical roles are not well documented and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we studied the role of cleaved caspase-3 using human- and mouse-proficient caspase-3 cancer cell lines and human-deficient caspase-3 cancer cells. Cleaved caspase-3 functioned as a transcription factor and directly bound to DNA. A DNA-binding domain was identified in the small subunit of caspase-3 and an active conformation was essential for caspase-3 transcriptional activity. Caspase-3 DNA binding enhanced angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of proangiogenic genes and by activating pathways that promoted endothelial cell activation. Some proapoptotic genes were downregulated in caspase-3-proficient cells. Inhibiting caspase-3 increased the efficacy of chemotherapy and decreased spontaneous tumor development. These data highlight a novel nonapoptotic role of caspase-3 and suggest that cleaved caspase-3 could be a new therapeutic target in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings report a noncanonical function of caspase-3 by demonstrating its ability to transcriptionally regulate the VEGFR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Chevrier
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Beltjens
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Valentin Derangère
- Inserm U1231, Dijon, France.,Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Alexandra Oudot
- Preclinical Imaging Platform-Nuclear Medicine Department, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Inserm U1231, Dijon, France.,Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Preclinical Imaging Platform-Nuclear Medicine Department, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | | | - Olivier Feron
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- Inserm U1231, Dijon, France.,Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Inserm U1231, Dijon, France. .,Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center-UNICANCER, Dijon, France
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Biological Rationale for Targeting MEK/ERK Pathways in Anti-Cancer Therapy and to Potentiate Tumour Responses to Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102530. [PMID: 31126017 PMCID: PMC6567863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ERK1 and ERK2 (ERKs), two extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2), are evolutionary-conserved and ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases involved in regulating cell signalling in normal and pathological tissues. The expression levels of these kinases are almost always different, with ERK2 being the more prominent. ERK1/2 activation is fundamental for the development and progression of cancer. Since their discovery, much research has been dedicated to their role in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway signalling and in their activation by mitogens and mutated RAF or RAS in cancer cells. In order to gain a better understanding of the role of ERK1/2 in MAPK pathway signalling, many studies have been aimed at characterizing ERK1/2 splicing isoforms, mutants, substrates and partners. In this review, we highlight the differences between ERK1 and ERK2 without completely discarding the hypothesis that ERK1 and ERK2 exhibit functional redundancy. The main goal of this review is to shed light on the role of ERK1/2 in targeted therapy and radiotherapy and highlight the importance of identifying ERK inhibitors that may overcome acquired resistance. This is a highly relevant therapeutic issue that needs to be addressed to combat tumours that rely on constitutively active RAF and RAS mutants and the MAPK pathway.
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Sakanashi F, Shintani M, Tsuneyoshi M, Ohsaki H, Kamoshida S. Apoptosis, necroptosis and autophagy in colorectal cancer: Associations with tumor aggressiveness and p53 status. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152425. [PMID: 31097354 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), phosphorylated-mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL), and microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3B (LC3B) have pivotal functions in apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy, respectively. In vitro studies have shown that interaction of these proteins are complex and their roles in cancer can be influenced by many factors. However, these findings are not adequately assessed in human tissues. Here, we determined CC3, p-MLKL, and LC3B expression in colorectal cancers (CRCs), and assessed their associations with clinicopathological parameters, and with KRAS and p53 status. METHODS We immunohistochemically assessed 113 CRC specimens for levels of CC3, p-MLKL, LC3B, and p53. KRAS gene status was analyzed using the Scorpion- amplification refractory mutation system. RESULTS High levels of CC3 (CC3High) and LC3B (LC3BHigh) were detected in 38% and 35% of the 113 CRCs, respectively, but no or only a few p-MLKL-positive cells were observed in any of the tumors. CC3High was significantly associated with high pT status (P = 0.03), vascular invasion (P = 0.03) and high pStage (P = 0.04) and was marginally associated with lymph node (P = 0.06) and distant metastases (P = 0.06). LC3BHigh was also significantly associated with high pT status (P = 0.02) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.002), and was marginally associated with nerve plexus invasion (P = 0.06). In combined analysis, compared with CC3Low/LC3BLow tumors, tumors that were either CC3High, LC3BHigh, or both were significantly associated with high pT status (P = 0.0007), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.03), vascular invasion (P = 0.003), distant metastasis (P = 0.04) and high pStage (P = 0.04). LC3BHigh was significantly associated with a mutant-type expression pattern of p53 (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the combination of CC3/LC3B and p-MLKL expression in clinical CRC samples and to correlate these expression data with clinicopathological parameters and EGFR and p53 status. Our results suggest that necroptosis is a rare process in CRC, apoptosis and autophagy are upregulated in aggressive CRCs, and p53 mutation may lead to the upregulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Sakanashi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, 3-6-45 Momochihama, Sawara, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan.
| | - Michiko Shintani
- Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Ohtani, Nagata, Kobe, Hyogo 653-0838, Japan
| | - Masazumi Tsuneyoshi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, 3-6-45 Momochihama, Sawara, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohsaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
| | - Shingo Kamoshida
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0142, Japan
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Dando I, Pozza ED, Ambrosini G, Torrens-Mas M, Butera G, Mullappilly N, Pacchiana R, Palmieri M, Donadelli M. Oncometabolites in cancer aggressiveness and tumour repopulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1530-1546. [PMID: 30972955 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumour repopulation is recognized as a crucial event in tumour relapse where therapy-sensitive dying cancer cells influence the tumour microenvironment to sustain therapy-resistant cancer cell growth. Recent studies highlight the role of the oncometabolites succinate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate in the aggressiveness of cancer cells and in the worsening of the patient's clinical outcome. These oncometabolites can be produced and secreted by cancer and/or surrounding cells, modifying the tumour microenvironment and sustaining an invasive neoplastic phenotype. In this review, we report recent findings concerning the role in cancer development of succinate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate and the regulation of their related enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. We propose that oncometabolites are crucially involved in tumour repopulation. The study of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between oncometabolites and tumour repopulation is fundamental for identifying efficient anti-cancer therapeutic strategies and novel serum biomarkers in order to overcome cancer relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dando
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Dalla Pozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Ambrosini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, edificio S, Palma de Mallorca, E-07120, Spain
| | - Giovanna Butera
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Nidula Mullappilly
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Palmieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Two Sides of the Same Coin - Compensatory Proliferation in Regeneration and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:65-85. [PMID: 31520349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has long been regarded as a tumor suppressor mechanism and evasion from apoptosis is considered to be one hallmark of cancer. However, this principle is not always consistent with clinical data which often illustrate a correlation between apoptosis and poor prognosis. Work in the last 15 years has provided an explanation for this apparent paradox. Apoptotic cells communicate with their environment and can produce signals which promote compensatory proliferation of surviving cells. This behavior of apoptotic cells is important for tissue regeneration in several model organisms, ranging from hydra to mammals. However, it may also play an important feature for tumorigenesis and tumor relapse. Several distinct forms of apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) have been identified, many of which involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune cells. One type of AiP, "undead" AiP, in which apoptotic cells are kept in an immortalized state and continuously divide, may have particular relevance for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, given that chemo- and radiotherapy often aim to kill tumor cells, an improved understanding of the effects of apoptotic cells on the tumor and the tumor environment is of critical importance for the well-being of the patient. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and focus our attention on recent findings obtained in Drosophila and other model organisms, and relate them to tumorigenesis.
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36
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Li JJ, Tu WZ, Chen XM, Ying HY, Chen Y, Ge YL, Wang J, Xu Y, Chen TF, Zhang XW, Ye JJ, Liu Y. FAK alleviates radiation-induced rectal injury by decreasing apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:131-140. [PMID: 30292832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced rectal injury is closely related with radiotherapy efficiency. Here, we investigated the effect of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in radiation-induced rectal injury. Peripheral blood samples of patients with rectal cancer were collected prior to radiotherapy. Differentially expressed genes and copy number variations (CNVs) were analyzed by microarray analysis. The CTCAE v3.0 toxicity grades were used to assess acute rectal injury. The radiosensitivity of human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells were assayed by colony formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, flow cytometry and western blotting. The rectums of C57BL/6 mice were X-irradiated locally with a single dose of 15 Gy. The effect of FAK on radiation-induced injury was investigated by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). FAK mRNA level was inversely correlated with rectal injury severity in patient samples. A CNV amplification located on chromosome 8 was closely related with FAK. Further functional assays revealed increased levels of γH2AX expression and apoptosis-related proteins in FAK-silenced HIEC cells. The ratio of TUNEL, cl-caspase-3, cyto-c and bax/bcl-2 expression in the rectum mucosa treated with a FAK inhibitor increased significantly. These results demonstrated that FAK reduced radiation-induced rectal injury by decreasing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xu-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hou-Yu Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu-Long Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Handan, Handan 056001, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ting-Feng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Jun Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Diwanji N, Bergmann A. An unexpected friend - ROS in apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation: Implications for regeneration and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:74-82. [PMID: 28688927 PMCID: PMC5756134 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) is a form of compensatory proliferation that is triggered by apoptotic cell death to maintain tissue homeostasis. As such, AiP is essential for many tissue repair processes including regeneration. The apoptotic effectors, termed caspases, not only execute apoptosis, but are also directly involved in the generation of the signals required for AiP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role for regenerative processes. Recently, it was shown in Drosophila that apoptotic caspases can mediate the generation of ROS for promoting AiP. This review summarizes and discusses these findings in the context of regenerative processes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Diwanji
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street - LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street - LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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38
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Roumane A, Berthenet K, El Fassi C, Ichim G. Caspase-independent cell death does not elicit a proliferative response in melanoma cancer cells. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:11. [PMID: 29973136 PMCID: PMC6030751 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis, the most well-known type of programmed cell death, can induce in a paracrine manner a proliferative response in neighboring surviving cells called apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP). While having obvious benefits when triggered in developmental processes, AiP is a serious obstacle in cancer therapy, where apoptosis is frequently induced by chemotherapy. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the capacity of an alternative type of cell death, called caspase-independent cell death, to promote proliferation. Results Using a novel in vitro isogenic cellular model to trigger either apoptosis or caspase-independent cell death, we found that the later has no obvious compensatory proliferation effects on neighboring cells. Conclusions This study enforces the idea that alternative types of cell death such as caspase-independent cell death could be considered to replace apoptosis in the context of cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0164-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlima Roumane
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Kevin Berthenet
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chaïmaa El Fassi
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel Ichim
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France. .,LabEx DEVweCAN, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Gregory CD, Paterson M. An apoptosis-driven 'onco-regenerative niche': roles of tumour-associated macrophages and extracellular vesicles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0003. [PMID: 29158317 PMCID: PMC5717442 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-death programme, apoptosis, is well established as a tumour suppressor mechanism. Paradoxically, high levels of apoptosis in tumours are closely coupled with poor prognosis. Indeed, where it has been studied, cell loss is a striking feature of high-grade cancers, illustrating the importance of considering malignant disease as an imbalance between cell gain and cell loss that favours cell gain rather than as a unidirectional disorder of cell gain alone. In addition to orchestrating cell loss, apoptosis can signal regenerative responses—for example compensatory proliferation—in neighbouring cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that normal tissue repair and regenerative processes are hijacked in the malignant tissue microenvironment such that cancer may be likened to a ‘wound that fails to stop repairing’. We have proposed that a critical requirement for the successful growth, progression and re-growth of malignant tumours is a complex milieu, conceptually termed the ‘onco-regenerative niche’, which is composed, in addition to transformed neoplastic cells, of a network of normal cells and factors activated as if in tissue repair and regeneration. Our work is based around the hypothesis that tumour cell apoptosis, macrophage activation and endothelial activation are key, interlinked elements of the onco-regenerative niche and that apoptotic tumour cell–derived extracellular vesicles provide critical intercellular communication vehicles of the niche. In aggressive B-cell lymphoma, tumour cell apoptosis promotes both angiogenesis and the accumulation of pro-tumour macrophages in the lymphoma microenvironment. Furthermore, apoptotic lymphoma-derived extracellular vesicles have potent pro-tumour potential. These findings have important implications for the roles of apoptosis in regulation of malignant diseases and for the efficacy of apoptosis-inducing anti-cancer therapies. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margaret Paterson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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He S, Cheng J, Sun L, Wang Y, Wang C, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhao M, Luo Y, Tian L, Li C, Huang Q. HMGB1 released by irradiated tumor cells promotes living tumor cell proliferation via paracrine effect. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:648. [PMID: 29844348 PMCID: PMC5974346 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor repopulation during therapy is an important cause of treatment failure. Strategies to overcome repopulation are arising in parallel with advances in the comprehension of underlying biological mechanisms. Here, we reveal a new mechanism by which high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) released by dying cells during radiotherapy or chemotherapy could stimulate living tumor cell proliferationInhibition or genetic ablation of HMGB1 suppressed tumor cell proliferation. This effect was due to binding of HMGB1with the member receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which activated downstream ERK and p38 signaling pathway and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher HMGB1 expression in tumor tissue correlated with poor overall survival and higher HMGB1 concentration was detected in serum of patients who accepted radiotherapy. Collectively, the results from this study suggested that interaction between dead cells and surviving cells might influence the fate of tumor. HMGB1 could be a novel tumor promoter with therapeutic and prognostic relevance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lianhui Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinjian Liu
- The Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Zhengxiang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuntao Luo
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Chuanyuan Li
- The Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Fang C, Dai CY, Mei Z, Jiang MJ, Gu DN, Huang Q, Tian L. microRNA-193a stimulates pancreatic cancer cell repopulation and metastasis through modulating TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII signalings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:25. [PMID: 29433538 PMCID: PMC5809917 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer characterizes high recurrence and poor prognosis. In clinical practice, radiotherapy is widely used for pancreatic cancer treatment. However, the outcome remains undesirable due to tumor repopulation and following recurrence and metastasis after radiation. So, it is highly needed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and accordingly develop therapeutic strategies. Our previous studies revealed that dying cells from chemoradiation could stimulate repopulation of surviving pancreatic cancer cells. However, we still knew little how dying cells provoke pancreatic cancer cell repopulation. We herein would explore the significance of TGF-β2 changes and investigate the modulation of microRNA-193a (miR-193a), and identify their contributions to pancreatic cancer repopulation and metastasis. METHODS In vitro and in vivo repopulation models were established to mimic the biological processes of pancreatic cancer after radiation. Western blot, real-time PCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays were accordingly used to detect miR-193a and TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII signalings at the level of molecular, cellular and experimental animal model, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis, wound healing and transwell assay, vascular endothelial cell penetration experiment, and bioluminescence imaging were employed to assessthe biological behaviors of pancreatic cancer after different treatments. Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mice models were established to evaluate the therapeutic potential of miR-193a antagonist on pancreatic cancer repopulation and metastasis after radiation. RESULTS miR-193a was highly expressed in the irradiated pancreatic cancer dying cells, accordingly elevated the level of miR-193a in surviving cells, and further promoted pancreatic cancer repopulation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. miR-193a accelerated pancreatic cancer cell cycle and stimulated cell proliferation and repopulation through inhibiting TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII/SMADs/E2F6/c-Myc signaling, and even destroyed normal intercellular junctions and promoted metastasis via repressing TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII/ARHGEF15/ABL2 pathway. Knockdown of miR-193a or restoration of TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII signaling in pancreatic cancer cells was found to block pancreatic cancer repopulation and metastasis after radiation. In PDX models, the treatment in combination with miR-193a antagonist and radiation was found to dramatically inhibit pancreatic cancer cell repopulation and metastasis, and further improved the survival after radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that miR-193a stimulated pancreatic cancer cell repopulation and metastasis through modulating TGF-β2/TGF-βRIII signalings, and miR-193a might be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer repopulation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Science bldg. Rm 205, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Songjiang Rd No.650, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yun Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Science bldg. Rm 205, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Songjiang Rd No.650, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Jie Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Science bldg. Rm 205, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Songjiang Rd No.650, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-Na Gu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Science bldg. Rm 205, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Songjiang Rd No.650, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Science bldg. Rm 205, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, New Songjiang Rd No.650, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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42
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da Silva-Junior IA, Dalmaso B, Herbster S, Lepique AP, Jancar S. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Ligands Protect Tumor Cells from Radiation-Induced Cell Death. Front Oncol 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29459885 PMCID: PMC5807395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation generates oxidized phospholipids that activate platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) associated with pro-tumorigenic effects. Here, we investigated the involvement of PAFR in tumor cell survival after irradiation. Cervical cancer samples presented higher levels of PAF-receptor gene (PTAFR) when compared with normal cervical tissue. In cervical cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy (RT), the expression of PTAFR was significantly increased. Cervical cancer-derived cell lines (C33, SiHa, and HeLa) and squamous carcinoma cell lines (SCC90 and SCC78) express higher levels of PAFR mRNA and protein than immortalized keratinocytes. Gamma radiation increased PAFR expression and induced PAFR ligands and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in these tumor cells. The blocking of PAFR with the antagonist CV3938 before irradiation inhibited PGE2 and increased tumor cells death. Similarly, human carcinoma cells transfected with PAFR (KBP) were more resistant to radiation compared to those lacking the receptor (KBM). PGE2 production by irradiated KBP cells was also inhibited by CV3988. These results show that irradiation of carcinoma cells generates PAFR ligands that protect tumor cells from death and suggests that the combination of RT with a PAFR antagonist could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Dalmaso
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suellen Herbster
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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43
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Palani CD, Ramanathapuram L, Lam-ubol A, Kurago ZB. Toll-like receptor 2 induces adenosine receptor A2a and promotes human squamous carcinoma cell growth via extracellular signal regulated kinases ½. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6814-6829. [PMID: 29467931 PMCID: PMC5805517 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) not associated with Human papillomavirus remains problematic. OSCC microenvironment is typically inflamed and colonized by microorganisms, providing ligands for toll-like receptors (TLR). In immune cells TLR2 and TLR4 activate NF-kB and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways, leading to upregulation of inhibitory adenosine receptors A2a and A2b, and reduction in stimulatory A1 and A3. How TLR and adenosine receptors function in SCC cells is not understood. To address this gap, we evaluated TLR and adenosine receptor expression and function in human OSCC cells and keratinocytes. TLR2 and A2a were co-expressed in pre-cancer and SCC cells of 17 oral specimens. In vitro, 5/6 OSCC lines expressed more TLR2 than TLR1, 4 or 6 mRNA. TLR2 ligands stimulated A2a expression in TLR2-high cell lines, but no A1 or A3 was detected with or without stimuli. In TLR2-high OSCC, TLR2/1, 2/6 and adenosine receptor agonists activated ERK1/2. TLR2-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation resulted in accumulation of c-FOS, ERK-dependent cell proliferation and reduced caspase-3 activity. Similar ERK1/2-dependent proliferation and decreased caspase-3 activity were caused by combined TLR2 and adenosine receptor stimuli. We conclude that TLR2 and adenosine receptor agonists, known to be present in the tumor microenvironment, may contribute to OSCC progression in part via direct effects on the ERK1/2 pathway in squamous carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aroonwan Lam-ubol
- Faculty of Dentistry Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zoya B. Kurago
- Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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44
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A. Richard S. High-mobility group box 1 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring biomarker in Cancers: A review. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.4.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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45
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When dying is not the end: Apoptotic caspases as drivers of proliferation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:86-95. [PMID: 29199139 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are well known for their role as executioners of apoptosis. However, recent studies have revealed that these lethal enzymes also have important mitogenic functions. Caspases can promote proliferation through autonomous regulation of the cell cycle, as well as by induction of secreted signals, which have a profound impact in neighboring tissues. Here, I review the proliferative role of caspases during development and homeostasis, in addition to their key regenerative function during tissue repair upon injury. Furthermore, the emerging properties of apoptotic caspases as drivers of carcinogenesis are discussed, as well as their involvement in other diseases. Finally, I examine further effects of caspases regulating death and survival in a non-autonomous manner.
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46
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Merkher Y, Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Weihs D. Taxol reduces synergistic, mechanobiological invasiveness of metastatic cells. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa8c0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Pérez E, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Tumor-promoting function of apoptotic caspases by an amplification loop involving ROS, macrophages and JNK in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:e26747. [PMID: 28853394 PMCID: PMC5779227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and its molecular mediators, the caspases, have long been regarded as tumor suppressors and one hallmark of cancer is 'Evading Apoptosis'. However, recent work has suggested that apoptotic caspases can also promote proliferation and tumor growth under certain conditions. How caspases promote proliferation and how cells are protected from the potentially harmful action of apoptotic caspases is largely unknown. Here, we show that although caspases are activated in a well-studied neoplastic tumor model in Drosophila, oncogenic mutations of the proto-oncogene Ras (RasV12) maintain tumorous cells in an 'undead'-like condition and transform caspases from tumor suppressors into tumor promotors. Instead of killing cells, caspases now promote the generation of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). One function of the ROS is the recruitment and activation of macrophage-like immune cells which in turn signal back to tumorous epithelial cells to activate oncogenic JNK signaling. JNK further promotes and amplifies caspase activity, thereby constituting a feedback amplification loop. Interfering with the amplification loop strongly reduces the neoplastic behavior of these cells and significantly improves organismal survival. In conclusion, RasV12-modified caspases initiate a feedback amplification loop involving tumorous epithelial cells and macrophage-like immune cells that is necessary for uncontrolled tumor growth and invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pérez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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48
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Fleming AK, Storz P. Protein kinase C isoforms in the normal pancreas and in pancreatic disease. Cell Signal 2017; 40:1-9. [PMID: 28826907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C isoforms have been implicated in regulating multiple processes within the healthy pancreas. Moreover, their dysregulation contributes to all aspects of pancreatic disease. In this review, with a focus on acinar, ductal, and islet cells, we highlight the roles and contributions of the different PKC isoforms to normal pancreas function. We also discuss the contribution of PKC enzymes to pancreatic diseases, including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, as well as pancreatitis and the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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49
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Sun G, Guzman E, Balasanyan V, Conner CM, Wong K, Zhou HR, Kosik KS, Montell DJ. A molecular signature for anastasis, recovery from the brink of apoptotic cell death. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3355-3368. [PMID: 28768686 PMCID: PMC5626555 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can survive executioner caspase activation following transient apoptotic stimuli, a process called anastasis. Using whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing, Sun et al. show that anastasis is an active, two-stage program and characterize the cell behaviors and molecular signature involved in the process. During apoptosis, executioner caspase activity has been considered a point of no return. However, recent studies show that cells can survive caspase activation following transient apoptotic stimuli, a process called anastasis. To identify a molecular signature, we performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing of untreated, apoptotic, and recovering HeLa cells. We found that anastasis is an active, two-stage program. During the early stage, cells transition from growth-arrested to growing. In the late stage, HeLa cells change from proliferating to migratory. Recovering cells also exhibited prolonged elevation of proangiogenic factors. Strikingly, some early-recovery mRNAs, including Snail, were elevated first during apoptosis, implying that dying cells poise to recover, even while under apoptotic stress. Snail was also required for recovery. This study reveals similarities in the anastasis genes, pathways, and cell behaviors to those activated in wound healing and identifies a repertoire of potential targets for therapeutic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Elmer Guzman
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Varuzhan Balasanyan
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Christopher M Conner
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Kirsten Wong
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Hongjun Robin Zhou
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
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50
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Significance of Wild-Type p53 Signaling in Suppressing Apoptosis in Response to Chemical Genotoxic Agents: Impact on Chemotherapy Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050928. [PMID: 28452953 PMCID: PMC5454841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our genomes are subject to potentially deleterious alterations resulting from endogenous sources (e.g., cellular metabolism, routine errors in DNA replication and recombination), exogenous sources (e.g., radiation, chemical agents), and medical diagnostic and treatment applications. Genome integrity and cellular homeostasis are maintained through an intricate network of pathways that serve to recognize the DNA damage, activate cell cycle checkpoints and facilitate DNA repair, or eliminate highly injured cells from the proliferating population. The wild-type p53 tumor suppressor and its downstream effector p21WAF1 (p21) are key regulators of these responses. Although extensively studied for its ability to control cell cycle progression, p21 has emerged as a multifunctional protein capable of downregulating p53, suppressing apoptosis, and orchestrating prolonged growth arrest through stress-induced premature senescence. Studies with solid tumors and solid tumor-derived cell lines have revealed that such growth-arrested cancer cells remain viable, secrete growth-promoting factors, and can give rise to progeny with stem-cell-like properties. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms by which p53 signaling suppresses apoptosis following genotoxic stress, facilitating repair of genomic injury under physiological conditions but having the potential to promote tumor regrowth in response to cancer chemotherapy.
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