Synthesis, spectral and thermal characterization of nano-sized, oxo-centered, trinuclear carboxylate-bridged chromium(III) complexes of hydroxycarboxylic acids

Copper II Complexes Based on Benzimidazole Ligands as a Novel Photoredox Catalysis for Free Radical Polymerization Embedded Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

The copper II complex's novel benzimidazole Schiff base ligands were manufactured and gauged as a new photoredox catalyst/photoinitiator amalgamated with triethylamine (TEA) and iodonium salt (Iod) for the polymerization of ethylene glycol diacrylate while exposed to visible light by an LED Lamp at 405 nm with an intensity of 543 mW/cm² at 28 °C. Gold and silver nanoparticles were obtained through the reactivity of the copper II complexes with amine/Iod salt. The size of NPs was around 1-30 nm. Lastly, the high performance of copper II complexes for photopolymerization containing nanoparticles is presented and examined. Ultimately, the photochemical mechanisms were observed using cyclic voltammetry. The preparation of the polymer nanocomposite nanoparticles in situ was photogenerated during the irradiation LED at 405 nm with an intensity of 543 mW/cm² at 28 °C process. UV-Vis, FTIR, and TEM analyses were utilized for the determination of the generation of AuNPs and AgNPs which resided within the polymer matrix.

Novel Mixed Complexes Derived from Benzoimidazolphenylethanamine and 4-(Benzoimidazol-2-yl)aniline: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Evaluation and Theoretical Prediction of Toxicity

Benzoimidazolphenylethanamine (BPE) has been synthesized using condensation reaction from o-phenyldiamine and L-phenylalanine. Some metal complexes have been synthesized from 4-(benzoimidazol-2-yl)aniline, benzoimidazolylphenylethanamine and cadmium(II), tin(II), copper(II) and nickel(II) metal in a molar ratio (1:1:1). All new metal complexes were characterized by spectroscopic data of FTIR, UV-visible electronic absorption, X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analysis. Spectra analysis of the mixed metal complexes showed the coordination of ligands to the metal ions via nitrogen atoms. The XRD powder showed that metal complexes have a monoclinic system. The preliminary tested in vitro antibacterial activities of Sn(II) complex was assayed against four bacterial isolates namely Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive, Pseudomonas aerugmosa and Escherichia coli.

Spectroscopic Investigation of the Activation of a Chromium-Pyrrolyl Ethene Trimerization Catalyst

1-Hexene is an important α-olefin for polyethylene production and is produced from ethene. Recent developments in the α-olefin industry have led to the successful commercialization of ethene trimerization catalysts. An important industrially applied ethene trimerization system uses a mixture of chromium 2-ethylhexanoate, AlEt₃, AlEt₂Cl, and 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DMP). Here, we have studied the activation of this system using catalytic and spectroscopic experiments (XAS, EPR, and UV–vis) under conditions employed in industry. First, chromium 2-ethylhexanoate was prepared and characterized to be [Cr₃O(RCO₂)₆(H₂O)₃]Cl. Next, the activation of chromium 2-ethylhexanoate with AlEt₃, AlEt₂Cl, and DMP was studied, showing immediate reduction (<5 ms) of the trinuclear Cr(III) carboxylate and formation of a neutral polynuclear Cr(II) carboxylate complex. Over time, this Cr(II) carboxylate complex is partially converted into a chloro-bridged dinuclear Cr(II) pyrrolyl complex. In cyclohexane, small quantities of an unknown Cr(I) complex (∼1% after 1 h) are observed, while in toluene, the quantity of Cr(I) is much higher (∼23% after 1 h). This is due to the formation of cationic bis(tolyl)Cr(I) complexes, which likely leads to the observed inferior performance using toluene as the reaction solvent. Catalytic studies allow us to exclude some of the observed Cr(I) and Cr(II) complexes as the active species in this catalytic system. Using this combination of techniques, we have been able to structurally characterize complexes of this selective Cr-catalyzed trimerization system under conditions which are employed in industry.

A newly validated and characterized spectrophotometric method for determination of a three water pollutants metal ions

A simple, fast and accurate spectrophotometric method had been developed to determine lead (II), chromium (III) and barium (II) ions in pure forms and in spiked water samples using thoron (THO) as a reagent forming colored complexes. It was found that the formed complexes absorbed maximally at 539, 540 and 538nm for Pb(II)-THO, Cr(III)-THO and Ba(II)-THO complexes, respectively. The optimum experimental conditions for these complexes had been studied carefully. Beer's law was obeyed in the range 1-35, 1-70, and 1-45μgmL^-1 for Pb (II), Cr(III) and Ba(II) ions with THO reagent, respectively. Different parameters such as linearity, selectivity, recovery, limits of quantification and detection, precision and accuracy were also evaluated in order to validate the proposed method. The results showed that, THO was effective in simultaneous determination of Pb(II), Cr(III) and Ba(III) ions in pure forms and in spiked water samples. Also, the results of the proposed method were compared with that obtained from atomic absorption spectrometry. The isolated solid complexes had been characterized using elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), IR, mass spectrometry and TD-DFT calculations. Their biological activities were investigated against different types of bacteria and fungi organisms.

Characterisation of the rare cadmium chromate pigment in a 19th century tube colour by Raman, FTIR, X-ray and EPR

In an investigation of the artists' materials used by P. S. Krøyer the contents of the tube colours found in Krøyer's painting cabinet were examined. In most cases, the results of the pigment analyses were as expected based on our knowledge of artists' colours used in the late 1800s and early 1900s. However, in one of the tube colours labelled "Jaune de Cadmium Citron" (cadmium lemon yellow) an extremely rare cadmium chromate pigment was found. The pigment was analysed and characterised by Raman microscopy (MRS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Cadmium chromate was synthesised by precipitation from an aqueous solution of cadmium nitrate and potassium chromate, and the resulting yellow crystals proved identical to the pigment found in the tube colour "Jaune de Cadmium Citron". The structure determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction identified the pigment as 2CdCrO₄·KOH·H₂O or more accurately as KCd₂(CrO₄)₂(H₃O₂) illustrating the μ-H₃O₂^- species. The yellow colour of the paint sample taken from the tube had a greenish hue, which became even more prominent upon storage and drying. EPR analysis of the sample showed the presence of paramagnetic degradation products containing Cr(III) and Cr(V).

Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic studies of oligo(acriflavine) via chemical oxidative polymerization

Oligo(acriflavine) was synthesized via chemical oxidative polycondensation by H₂O₂ (30%) as the oxidant. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an effective method to estimate HOMO–LUMO energy levels and electrochemical (E′_g) band gap of the oligomer.

Preparation of manganese(II), chromium(III) and ferric(III) oxides nanoparticles in situ metal citraconate complexes frameworks

The new reactions of some divalent and trivalent transition metal ions (Mn(II), Cr(III), and Fe(III)) with citraconic acid has been studied. The obtained results indicate the formation of citraconic acid compounds with molar ratio of metal to citraconic acid of 2:2 or 2:3 with general formulas Mn2(C5H4O4)2 or M2(C5H4O4)3⋅nH2O where n=6 for Cr, and Fe(III). The thermal decomposition of the crystalline solid complexes was investigated. The IR spectra of citraconate suggested that the carboxylic groups are bidentatically bridging and chelating. In the course of decomposition the complexes are dehydrated and then decompose either directly to oxides in only one step or with intermediate formation of oxocarbonates. This proposal dealing the preparation of MnO2, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 nanoparticles. The crystalline structure of oxide products were checked by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and the morphology of particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Spectroscopic studies of oxo-centered, carboxylate-bridged, trinuclear mixed-valence iron (ІІІ, ІІІ, ІІ) complexes with aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids

New type of oxo-centered, carboxylate-bridged, trinuclear, mixed-valence iron complexes of the general formula [Fe3O(OOCR)3(OOCR*)3L3] (where R=C13H27 or C15H31 and R*=C6H4(OH), (R'); C6H5CH(OH), (R") or (C6H5)2C(OH), (R''') and L=Methanol) were synthesized by the reaction of [Fe3O(OOCCH3)6(H2O)3] with straight chain carboxylic acids and aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids. These were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral (electronic, infrared, Mössbauer, FAB mass and powder XRD) studies, conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Infrared spectra suggested bidentate and bridging mode of coordination of both the carboxylate and hydroxycarboxylate anions along with Fe3O vibrations in the complexes. Mössbauer parameters indicated the presence of high-spin Fe(ІІ) (S=2) and high-spin Fe(ІІІ) (S=5/2) centers in the complexes, confirming the valence-localized type of species. An intervalence-transfer band observed at 13,690-13,850 cm(-1) range in the room-temperature electronic spectra of the complexes also suggested the complexes containing iron in mixed-valence state. Trinuclear nature of the complexes was confirmed by their FAB mass spectra. Magnetic moment values displayed octahedral geometry around each iron in the complexes and a net anti-ferromagnetic exchange coupling via μ-oxo atom related to mixed-valence pairs. A plausible structure for these complexes has been established on the basis of spectra and magnetic moment data.

Synthesis and characterization of binary and ternary complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions based on 4-aminotoluene-3-sulfonic acid

Salicylidene (4-aminotoluene-3-sulfonic acid) Schiff base ligand H(2)L, and its binary and ternary Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes using 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HOqu) and 2-aminopyridine (2-Ampy) as secondary ligands have been synthesised and characterized via elemental analysis, spectral data (IR, (1)H NMR, mass and solid reflectance), molar conductance, magnetic moment, TG-DSC measurements and XRPD analysis. Correlation of all spectroscopic data suggest that H(2)L ligand acts as monoanionic terdentate ligand with ONO sites coordinating to the metal ions via deprotonated phenolic-O, azomethine-N and sulfonate-O while 2-Ampy behaves as a neutral monodentate ligand via amino group-N and 8-HOqu behaves as a monoanionic bidentate ligand through the ring-N and deprotonated phenolic-O. The thermal behavior of these complexes shows that the coordinated water molecules were eliminated from the complexes at relatively higher temperatures than the hydrated water and there are two routes in removal of coordinated water molecules. All complexes have mononuclear structure and the tetrahedral, square planar or an octahedral geometry have been proposed. The ligand and its complexes have been screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Among the synthesised compounds, the binary and ternary Ni(II) complexes, (2, 8 and 10) and ternary Zn(II) complex, (12) were found to be very effective against Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis than all other complexes with MICs of 2 and 8 μg/mL, respectively.

Comparative studies of mononuclear Ni(II) and UO2(II) complexes having bifunctional coordinated groups: synthesis, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, surface morphology studies and biological evaluation

Two Schiff base ligands derived from condensation of phthalaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine in 1:2 (L(1)) and 2:1 (L(2)) having bifunctional coordinated groups (NH(2) and CHO groups, respectively) and their metal complexes with Ni(II) and UO(2)(II) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibilities and spectral data (IR, (1)H NMR, mass and solid reflectance) as well as thermal, XRPD and SEM analysis. The formula [Ni(L(1))Cl(2)]·2.5H(2)O, [UO(2)(L(1))(NO(3))(2)]·2H(2)O, [Ni(L(2))Cl(2)]·1.5H(2)O and [UO(2)(L(2))(NO(3))(2)] have been suggested for the complexes. The vibrational spectral data show that the ligands behave as neutral ligands and coordinated to the metal ions in a tetradentate manner. The Ni(II) complexes are six coordinate with octahedral geometry and the ligand field parameters: D(q), B, β and LFSE were calculated while, UO(2)(II) complexes are eight coordinate with dodecahedral geometry and the force constant, F(U-O) and bond length, R(U-O) were calculated. The thermal decomposition of complexes ended with metal chloride/nitrate as a final product and the highest thermal stability is displayed by [UO(2)(L(2))(NO(3))(2)] complex. The X-ray powder diffraction data revealed the formation of nano sized crystalline complexes. The SEM analysis provides the morphology of the synthesized compounds and SEM image of [UO(2)(L(2))(NO(3))(2)] complex exhibits nano rod structure. The growth-inhibiting potential of the ligands and their complexes has been assessed against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains.

Electron induced dissociation: a mass spectrometry technique for the structural analysis of trinuclear oxo-centred carboxylate-bridged iron complexes

We report electron induced dissociation (EID) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry of the singly-charged cations [Fe(3)O(CH(3)COO)(6)](+) and [Fe(3)O(HCOO)(6)+H(2)O](+). Trinuclear oxo-centered carboxylate-bridged iron complexes of this type are of interest due to their electronic and magnetic properties, and because of their role as synthetic precursors of single molecule magnets. EID of these complexes is particularly efficient and provides detailed information about the triangular core, and the nature and number of ligands. EID behavior is in marked contrast to the collision induced dissociation (CID) of these species. Whereas EID allows virtually complete structural characterization, the structural information provided by CID is very limited. The results suggest that EID is particularly suitable for the structural analysis of singly-charged polynuclear metal complexes.

Preparation and characterization of novel oxo-centered basic p-chlorobenzoic bridging trinuclear complexes

Three new oxo-centered trinuclear complexes, one of them a mixed-valence complex [Mn3O(C7H4O2Cl)6(Py)3]Py (1) and the others, mixed-metal complexes of [Fe2MnO(C7H4O2Cl)6(Py)3]NO3 (2) and [Fe2CoO(C7H4O2Cl)6(Py)3] (3) were synthesized by the direct reaction between metal nitrates and p-chlorobenzoic acid. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), atomic absorption spectroscopy and spectral (IR, electronic) studies. These are new type of oxo-bridged mixed-metal complexes in which the carboxylate ligand is pchlorobenzoic acid. The UV spectra of the complexes exhibited a strong band in the region 42,500 cm-1 which is related to the (? ? ?*) transitions of the pyridine ligand. The IR spectra of these compounds showed two strong stretching vibrations bands, indicating a bridging coordination mode of the carboxylic group of the ligand in the complexes.