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Devi J, Kumar B, Dubey A, Tufail A, Boora A. Exploring the antimalarial and antioxidant efficacy of transition metal(II) chelates of thiosemicarbazone ligands: spectral investigations, molecular docking, DFT, MESP and ADMET. Biometals 2024; 37:247-265. [PMID: 37938497 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, a relentless and ancient adversary, continues to cast its shadow over vast swathes of the globe, afflicting millions of people and have a heavy toll on human health and well-being. Despite substantial progress in the fight against this parasitic disease in recent decades, malaria still persists as a substantial global health concern, especially in some specific region which have limited resources and vulnerable populations. Thus, to ascertain an combating agent for malaria and its associated dysfunction, 4-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide and benzaldehydes based two new thiosemicarbazone ligands (1-2) and their cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) metal complexes (3-10) were synthesized in the present research work. The synthesized compounds were comprehensive characterized through spectral and physical investigations, demonstrating octahedral stereochemistry of the complexes. Further, the antimalarial and antioxidant potential of the compounds (1-10) were analyzed by micro assay and DPPH assay protocols, respectively, to examine the therapeutic aspect of the compounds. The performed biological evaluations revealed that the complexes are more efficient in controlling infectious ailment in comparison of ligands. The complexes (5), (6), (10) shows significant efficiency for malarial and oxidant dysfunctions whereas Zn(II) complex (6) exhibit highest potency with 1.02 ± 0.07 and 2.28 ± 0.05 µM IC50 value. Furthermore, to support the highest antimalarial potency of the (3-6) complexes and their associated ligand (1), the computational studies like molecular docking, DFT, MESP and ADMET analysis were executed which were supported the biological efficacy of the complex (6) by providing numerous parameters like binding interaction electronegativity, electrophilicity, HOMO value and electron density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| | - Binesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Amit Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Aisha Tufail
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Ankit Boora
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
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Kumar VP, Vishnu MS, Kumar S, Jaiswal S, Ayyannan SR. Exploration of a library of piperonylic acid-derived hydrazones possessing variable aryl functionalities as potent dual cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2465-2489. [PMID: 36355337 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A library of piperonylic acid-derived hydrazones possessing variable aryl moiety was synthesized and investigated for their multifunctional properties against cholinesterases (ChEs) and monoamine oxidases (MAOs). The in vitro enzymatic assay results revealed that the tested hydrazones have exhibited excellent cholinesterase inhibition profile. Compound 4i, (E)-N'-(2,3-dichlorobenzylidene)benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carbohydrazide showed promising dual inhibitory profile against AChE (0.048 ± 0.007 μM), BChE (0.89 ± 0.018 μM), and MAO-B (0.95 ± 0.12 μM) enzymes. SAR exploration revealed that the truncation of the linker connecting both the aryl binding sites of the semicarbazone scaffold, by one atom, has relatively suppressed the AChE inhibitory potential. Kinetic studies disclosed that the compound 4i reversibly inhibited AChE enzyme in a competitive manner (Ki = 8.0 ± 0.076 nM), while it displayed a non-competitive and reversible inhibition profile against MAO-B (Ki = 9.6 ± 0.021 µM). Moreover, molecular docking studies of synthesized compounds against ChEs and MAOs provided the crucial molecular features that enable their close association and interaction with the target enzymes. All atomistic simulation studies confirmed the stable association of compound 4i within the active sites of AChE and MAO-B. In addition, theoretical ADMET prediction studies demonstrated the acceptable pharmacokinetic profile of the dual inhibitors. In summary, the attempted lead simplification study afforded a potent dual ChE-MAO-B inhibitor compound that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pavan Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory II, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - M S Vishnu
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory II, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory II, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Shivani Jaiswal
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory II, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory II, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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Sahar YJ, Mohammed H, Al-Abady ZN. Synthesis and characterization of new metal complexes containing azo-indole moiety and anti-leukemia human (HL-60) study of its palladium (II) complex. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
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Sharma A, Shambhwani D, Pandey S, Singh J, Lalhlenmawia H, Kumarasamy M, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Prasher P, Dua K, Kumar D. Advances in Lung Cancer Treatment Using Nanomedicines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10-41. [PMID: 36643475 PMCID: PMC9835549 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the lungs is among the most menacing forms of malignancy and has a poor prognosis, with a low overall survival rate due to delayed detection and ineffectiveness of conventional therapy. Therefore, drug delivery strategies that may overcome undesired damage to healthy cells, boost therapeutic efficacy, and act as imaging tools are currently gaining much attention. Advances in material science have resulted in unique nanoscale-based theranostic agents, which provide renewed hope for patients suffering from lung cancer. Nanotechnology has vastly modified and upgraded the existing techniques, focusing primarily on increasing bioavailability and stability of anti-cancer drugs. Nanocarrier-based imaging systems as theranostic tools in the treatment of lung carcinoma have proven to possess considerable benefits, such as early detection and targeted therapeutic delivery for effectively treating lung cancer. Several variants of nano-drug delivery agents have been successfully studied for therapeutic applications, such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, and micelles. In this Review, we present a comprehensive outline on the various types of overexpressed receptors in lung cancer, as well as the various targeting approaches of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshansh Sharma
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | | | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Jay Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hauzel Lalhlenmawia
- Department
of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical
and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, Mizoram 796017, India
| | - Murali Kumarasamy
- Department
of Biotechnology, National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara 144411, India
- Faculty
of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative
Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department
of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International
Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh
Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department
of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical
and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, India
- Uttaranchal
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal
University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Petroleum &
Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty
of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative
Medicine, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline
of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo-NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
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Alanazi RLB, Zaki M, Bawazir WA. Synthesis and characterization of the new ligand, 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-ylimino methyl naphthalene-2-ol and its Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes: comparative studies of their in vitro DNA and HSA Binding. Biometals 2022; 35:1199-1223. [PMID: 36074281 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new ligand 1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-ylimino methyl naphthalene-2-ol (HL) was derived from 5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-amine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. The metal complexes of the type [Ni(L)(Bipy)]1/2SO4 (1), [Cu(L)(Bipy)(H2O)2]1/2SO4 (2), [Ni(L)(Phen)]1/2SO4 (3) and [Cu(L)(Phen)(H2O)2]1/2SO4 (4) were synthesized. The ligand (HL) and complexes 1-4 were thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, ToF-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR), molar conductance and magnetic moment determination. The Ni(II) complexes 1 and 3 adopt the square planar geometry and Cu(II) complexes 2 and 4 acquire distorted octahedral arrangement. In vitro DNA binding behavior of ligand (HL) and metal complexes 1-4 was explored by fluorescence spectral and ethidium bromide studies. The outcomes reveal that the complexes interact with DNA via non-covalent groove binding and electrostatic interactions. The higher binding constant (K) values of 4.35 × 104 and 9.12 × 104 M-1 for complexes 2 and 4 indicate stronger binding ability with DNA. Moreover, in vitro human serum albumin (HSA) binding experiment with HL and complexes 1-4 reveals conformational modulations in the Trp-214 microenvironments in the subdomain IIA pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem L B Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehvash Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wafa A Bawazir
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Jyothi P, Sumalatha V, Rajitha D. Cobalt (II) complexes with N-methyl thio semicarbazide Schiff bases: Synthesis, Spectroscopic investigation, Cytotoxicity, DNA binding and incision, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal studies. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pachwania S, Devi J, Taxak B, Boora A. Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of organotin(IV) complexes derived from Schiff bases of 3-methoxybenzohydrazide. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2116637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Pachwania
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Jai Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Bharti Taxak
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Ankit Boora
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
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Devi J, Kumar B, Taxak B. Recent advancements of organotin(IV) complexes derived from hydrazone and thiosemicarbazone ligands as potential anticancer agents. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Jaafar A, Mansour N, Fix‐Tailler A, Allain M, Faour WH, Shebaby WN, Tokajian S, El‐Ghayoury A, Naoufal D, Larcher G, Ibrahim G. Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities Evaluation of Metal Complexes With Benzaldehyde‐4‐methylthiosemicarbazone Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amani Jaafar
- Chemistry Department Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry laboratory (LCIO) Lebanese University Faculty of science section I Hadath Lebanon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP) UPRES-EA 3142 SFR 132 Institut de Biologie en Santé PBH-IRIS Université d'Angers, CHU Angers cedex France
| | - Najwa Mansour
- Department of Natural Sciences Lebanese American University Byblos Lebanon, P.O. Box 36
| | - Adeline Fix‐Tailler
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP) UPRES-EA 3142 SFR 132 Institut de Biologie en Santé PBH-IRIS Université d'Angers, CHU Angers cedex France
| | - Magali Allain
- Chemistry Department UNIV Angers, CNRS UMR 6200 MOLTECH-Anjou SFR MATRIX 2 Bd Lavoisier F-49000 Angers France
| | - Wissam H. Faour
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine Lebanese American University Byblos Lebanon, P.O. Box 36
| | - Wassim N. Shebaby
- Department of Natural Sciences Lebanese American University Byblos Lebanon, P.O. Box 36
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences Lebanese American University Byblos Lebanon, P.O. Box 36
| | - Abdelkrim El‐Ghayoury
- Chemistry Department UNIV Angers, CNRS UMR 6200 MOLTECH-Anjou SFR MATRIX 2 Bd Lavoisier F-49000 Angers France
| | - Daoud Naoufal
- Chemistry Department Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry laboratory (LCIO) Lebanese University Faculty of science section I Hadath Lebanon
| | - Gérald Larcher
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP) UPRES-EA 3142 SFR 132 Institut de Biologie en Santé PBH-IRIS Université d'Angers, CHU Angers cedex France
| | - Ghassan Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry laboratory (LCIO) Lebanese University Faculty of science section I Hadath Lebanon
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Şahin S, Dege N. (E)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-(5-nitro-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)methanimine: X-Ray, DFT, ADMET, Boiled-Egg Model, Druggability, Bioavailabilty, and Human Cyclophilin D (CypD) Inhibitory Activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Jiang W, Tan Y, Peng Y. One‐pot microwave‐assisted synthesis of dialkytin 2‐[(4‐methylbenzoyl) hydrazono]‐3‐phenylpropanoic acid complexes and their anticarcinoma activities and DNA‐binding properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu‐Jiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal‐Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, University of Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Treatment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Upper Reaches of XiangJiang River, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hengyang Normal University Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Yu‐Xing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Metal‐Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, University of Hunan Province, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Monitoring and Treatment of Heavy Metals Pollution in the Upper Reaches of XiangJiang River, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hengyang Normal University Hengyang Hunan China
| | - Yi‐Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi China
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Şahin S, Dege N. Synthesis, characterization, X-ray, HOMO-LUMO, MEP, FT-IR, NLO, Hirshfeld surface, ADMET, boiled-egg model properties and molecular docking studies with human cyclophilin D (CypD) of a Schiff base compound: (E)-1-(5-nitro-2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)methanimine. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Diorganotin(IV) complexes derived from thiazole Schiff bases: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic studies. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04557-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Ani FE, Ibeji CU, Obasi NL, Kelani MT, Ukogu K, Tolufashe GF, Ogundare SA, Oyeneyin OE, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG. Crystal, spectroscopic and quantum mechanics studies of Schiff bases derived from 4-nitrocinnamaldehyde. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8151. [PMID: 33854091 PMCID: PMC8046777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Schiff bases, (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-((E)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)allylidene)methanamine (compound 1) and (E)-N-((E)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)allylidene)-2-phenylethanamine (compound 2) have been synthesized and characterized using spectroscopic methods; time of flight MS, 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, UV-VIS, photoluminescence and crystallographic methods. The structural and electronic properties of compounds 1 and 2 in the ground state were also examined using the DFT/B3LYP functional and 6-31 + G(d,p) basis set, while the electronic transitions for excited state calculations were carried out using the TD-DFT/6-31 + G(d,p) method. The Schiff base compounds, 1 and 2 crystallized in a monoclinic crystal system and the P21/c space group. The emission spectra of the compounds are attributed to conjugated π-bond interaction while the influence of the intra-ligand charge transfer resulted in a broad shoulder for 1 and a double emission peak for 2. The calculated transitions at 450 and 369 nm for 1 and 2 respectively are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The higher values of dipole moment, linear polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of 1, suggest a better optical property and better candidate for the development of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday E. Ani
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Collins U. Ibeji
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Nnamdi L. Obasi
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Monsuru T. Kelani
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Kingsley Ukogu
- grid.10757.340000 0001 2108 8257Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001 Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Gideon F. Tolufashe
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Segun A. Ogundare
- grid.412320.60000 0001 2291 4792Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Oluwatoba E. Oyeneyin
- grid.442500.70000 0001 0591 1864Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State Nigeria
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041 South Africa
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