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Shakya M, Singh R, Arya KD, Rure D. Sociodemography, pattern, and response inhibition in suicide survivors: A case-control study. Ind Psychiatry J 2023; 32:S93-S99. [PMID: 38370971 PMCID: PMC10871401 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_202_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Suicide is a global phenomenon. Psychiatric disorders are estimated to contribute to a large proportion of suicides; however, impulsive suicide is also common. Among the ages of 15-29 years, suicide was the second leading cause of death worldwide and has been hypothesized to have reduced response inhibition and decision-making abilities as contributing factors, which directly relate to impaired executive functioning and suicidal behavior. Aim This study aimed to study sociodemography, method, and pattern of suicide, and response inhibition in suicide survivors. Material and Methods A case-control study was designed in a tertiary medical center in Madhya Pradesh using convenient sampling of suicide survivors and controls from the general population over 3 months. Data collection was semi-structured pro forma, and response inhibition was assessed using the Stroop test. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Windows version 25.0. Independent-samples Student's t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for analyzing means of continuous data, nominal data, and ordinal data, respectively. The level of significance was at P < 0.05. Result A total of 126 suicide survivors and 99 controls were assessed after the end of the study period. Age (mean age for cases 25.4 ± 9.16; controls 23 ± 7.9), gender (F ~ M), and socioeconomic status were used to match cases and controls. 85.7% of suicide survivors had no history of suicide, but the majority had precipitating factors. Anomic suicide was the most common type, and poisoning was the most common method of suicide. Response inhibition between cases and control was significantly different. Conclusion The majority of suicide attempts were impulsive in youth, with no gender discrimination. Response inhibition seemed to play a role in a suicide attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhan Shakya
- Department of Psychiatry, Shyam Sham Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Dev Arya
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Daisy Rure
- Department of Psychiatry, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
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2
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Self-Injury in the News: A Content Analysis. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2023.2179401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Meheli S, Banerjee D. Revisiting Social Stigma in Non-suicidal Self-injury: A Narrative Review. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2022; 3:6-18. [PMID: 39044918 PMCID: PMC11262124 DOI: 10.17816/cp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent in our community. Yet, there is a significant discrepancy between the number of individuals engaging in NSSI and those who seek treatment for NSSI. This discrepancy can be due to the high social stigma associated with the behavior. The impact of NSSI stigma is significant and can impair the quality of life in the individuals engaging in NSSI, delay help-seeking, reduce access to mental health care and further fuel misinformation. Even though the symptomatology, risks, and demographics of NSSI have received attention in terms of research, there is limited literature on NSSI stigma and its consequences. With that background set, this review provides a bird's-eye view of the different levels of stigma in NSSI (public, self, and health care), associated discrimination, the various aspects of such stigmatization (NSSI-related language, physical scarring, misinformation, the media), and, finally, the collaborative clinical-outreach interventions for mitigating NSSI-associated social stigma. If NSSI is indeed recognized as a clinical disorder, future research would need to focus on these constructs of stigma and treat them with the same importance as the one given to clinical studies of intervention and symptomatology in NSSI.
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Walsh EH, McMahon J, Herring MP. Research Review: The effect of school-based suicide prevention on suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and the role of intervention and contextual factors among adolescents: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:836-845. [PMID: 35289410 PMCID: PMC9544521 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, suicide is the fourth highest cause of adolescent mortality (Suicide: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide). The effects of post-primary school-based suicide prevention (PSSP) on adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STBs) have not been comprehensively synthesised. We aim to estimate the population effect for PSSP interventions on adolescent STBs and explore how intervention effects vary based on intervention and contextual moderators. METHODS Searches of PsycINFO, Medline, Education Source, ERIC, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials identified cluster randomised trials examining the effectiveness of PSSP on adolescent STBs. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed bias. Crude and adjusted back-transformed odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Multilevel random-effects models accounted for dependencies of effects. Univariate meta-regression explored variability of intervention and contextual moderators on pooled effects. RESULTS There were 19 and 12 effects for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA). Compared with controls, interventions were associated with 13% (OR = 0.87, 95%CI [0.78, 0.96]) and 34% (OR = 0.66, 95%CI [0.47, 0.91]) lower crude odds reductions for SI and SA, respectively. Effects were similar for adjusted SI (OR = 0.85, 95%CI [0.75, 0.95]) and SA (OR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.59, 0.87]) models. Within-study (0.20-9.10%) and between-study (0-51.20%) heterogeneity ranged for crude and adjusted SA models and SI heterogeneity was 0%. Moderator analyses did not vary SA effects (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis contributes to the PSSP evidence-base by demonstrating that PSSP targeting STBs as both primary intervention outcomes and with other health and well-being outcomes reduced SI and SA among 33,155 adolescents attending 329 schools, compared to controls. The number needed to treat estimates suggests the potential of reducing the incidence of SA and SI in one adolescent by implementing PSSP in 1-2 classrooms, supporting PSSP as a clinically relevant suicide prevention strategy. Although moderator analyses were nonsignificant and contained a small number of trials, larger SA effect sizes support particular effectiveness for interventions of a duration of ≤1 week, involving multiple stakeholders and with a 12-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eibhlin H. Walsh
- School, Child & Youth (SCY) Mental Health and Wellbeing Research LabNational Institute of Studies in EducationHealth Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland,Department of PsychologyUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Jennifer McMahon
- School, Child & Youth (SCY) Mental Health and Wellbeing Research LabNational Institute of Studies in EducationHealth Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland,Department of PsychologyUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Matthew P. Herring
- Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland,Department of Physical Education and Sports SciencesUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
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Lu DY, Zhu PP, Wu HY, Xu B, Lu TR. RETRACTED: Human Suicide, Modern Diagnosis Assistance and Magic Bullet Discovery. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:15-23. [PMID: 30644350 DOI: 10.2174/1871524919666190115130655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The article entitled “Human Suicide, Modern Diagnosis Assistance and Magic Bullet Discovery”, by Da-Yong Lu, Peng- Peng Zhu, Hong-Ying Wu, Nagendra Sastry Yarla, Bin Xu, Jian Ding, Ajit Varki and Ting-Ren Lu, has been retracted on the request of the co-authors, Dr. Ajit Varki, Dr. Nagendra Sastry Yarla and Dr. Jian Ding available at: Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2019; 19(1): 15-23. http://www.eurekaselect.com/169003/article. The Corresponding Author Dr. Da-Yong Lu has included the names of the co-authors, Dr. Ajit Varki, Dr. Nagendra Sastry Yarla and Dr. Jian Ding without their consent and the manuscript has been published in the journal, Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (CNSAMC). Kindly see Bentham Science Policy on Article retraction at the link given below: (https://benthamscience.com/journals/central-nervous-system-agents-in-medicinal-chemistry/author-guidelines/) Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Copyright Letter or the Terms and Conditions. As such, this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. Bentham Science Publishers takes a very strong view on this matter and apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | | | - Hong-Ying Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Shi, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ren Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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6
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Armitage CJ, Rahim WA, Rowe R, O'Connor RC. An exploratory randomised trial of a simple, brief psychological intervention to reduce subsequent suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients admitted to hospital for self-harm. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208:470-6. [PMID: 26743808 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.162495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implementation intentions link triggers for self-harm with coping skills and appear to create an automatic tendency to invoke coping responses when faced with a triggering situation. AIMS To test the effectiveness of implementation intentions in reducing suicidal ideation and behaviour in a high-risk group. METHOD Two hundred and twenty-six patients who had self-harmed were randomised to: (a) forming implementation intentions with a 'volitional help sheet'; (b) self-generating implementation intentions without help; or (c) thinking about triggers and coping, but not forming implementation intentions. We measured self-reported suicidal ideation and behaviour, threats of suicide and likelihood of future suicide attempt at baseline and then again at the 3-month follow-up. RESULTS All suicide-related outcome measures were significantly lower at follow-up among patients forming implementation intentions compared with those in the control condition (ds>0.35). The volitional help sheet resulted in fewer suicide threats (d = 0.59) and lowered the likelihood of future suicide attempts (d = 0.29) compared with patients who self-generated implementation intentions. CONCLUSIONS Implementation intention-based interventions, particularly when supported by a volitional help sheet, show promise in reducing future suicidal ideation and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Armitage
- Christopher J. Armitage, PhD, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Wirda Abdul Rahim, PhD, Richard Rowe, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield; Rory C. O'Connor, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Wirda Abdul Rahim
- Christopher J. Armitage, PhD, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Wirda Abdul Rahim, PhD, Richard Rowe, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield; Rory C. O'Connor, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Rowe
- Christopher J. Armitage, PhD, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Wirda Abdul Rahim, PhD, Richard Rowe, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield; Rory C. O'Connor, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory C O'Connor
- Christopher J. Armitage, PhD, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester; Wirda Abdul Rahim, PhD, Richard Rowe, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield; Rory C. O'Connor, PhD, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
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7
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Cheung T, Yip PSF. Self-harm in nurses: prevalence and correlates. J Adv Nurs 2016; 72:2124-37. [PMID: 27121340 DOI: 10.1111/jan.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the weighed prevalence of self-harm and its correlates among Hong Kong nurses. BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological data suggest that the weighted prevalence of past-year suicidality among Hong Kong nurses was found to be 14·9%. Deliberate self-harm was a significant correlate of suicidality. Nonetheless, there are few population-based studies exploring the prevalence of self-harm and its correlates among medical occupational groups in Asia. DESIGN The study uses a cross-sectional survey design. METHOD Data were collected in Hong Kong over a four-week period from October-November 2013. Statistical methods, including binary and multivariate logistic regression models, were used to examine the weighted prevalence of self-harm and its associated factors in nurses. RESULTS A total of 850 nurses participated in the study. Seventy-nine participants (9·3%) reported self-harm in the past year. Nurses aged between 25-44 were at especially high risk of self-harm. Female nurses reported self-harm more than male nurses. The most common forms of self-harm were self-cutting, striking oneself and poisoning oneself. Clinical experience, chronic illness, relationship crises with family members, a family history of self-harm, smoking, symptoms of stress and psychiatric disorder were significantly associated with nurses' self-harm. The positive correlation between psychiatric disorder and self-harm was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for a raft of self-harm prevention strategies, including a continuous monitoring system in the healthcare setting detecting and managing the risks of self-harm in nurses as part of the ordinary provision for their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Paul S F Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Wilhelm K, Handley T, Reddy P. Exploring the validity of the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist in an inner city population of people presenting with suicidal behaviours. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:128-34. [PMID: 26681263 DOI: 10.1177/0004867415621393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although patients demonstrate a range of problematic health-related lifestyle behaviours preceding suicidal behaviour, there is little research that routinely measure these behaviours. This paper seeks to establish the utility of health-related lifestyle measure (Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist) in people presenting to a major inner city Emergency Department with a range of suicidal behaviours. METHODS From 2007-2014, data from the 366 patients who had completed the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist, after referral by the Emergency Department to a service for people with deliberate self-harm or suicidal ideation, were included in the analysis study. A Maximum Likelihood factor analysis was performed to assess the factor structure of the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist and the resultant factors were explored in relation to measures of health; namely the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS A three-component factor structure emerged comprising Component 1 'positive life investments', Component 2 'poor emotional regulation' and Component 3 'poor health behaviours'. There was a significant negative correlation between 'positive life investments' and each of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress scales subscales and significant positive associations with 'poor emotional regulation' and Short Form Health Survey-12 mental health scores. Only the Short Form Health Survey-12 physical health subscale was weakly correlated with 'poor health behaviours', in females. CONCLUSION Our findings support the construct and concurrent validity of the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist measure. The three factors obtained for the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist were coherent and seem useful for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Wilhelm
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia Faces in the Street, Urban Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Service, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Tonelle Handley
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Prasuna Reddy
- Faces in the Street, Urban Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Lipsicas CB, Mäkinen IH, Wasserman D, Apter A, Kerkhof A, Michel K, Renberg ES, Van Heeringen K, Värnik A, Schmidtke A. Repetition of attempted suicide among immigrants in Europe. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:539-47. [PMID: 25565687 PMCID: PMC4197788 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405901007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare frequencies of suicide attempt repetition in immigrants and local European populations, and the timing of repetition in these groups. METHOD Data from 7 European countries, comprising 10 574 local and 3032 immigrant subjects, were taken from the World Health Organization European Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour and the ensuing Monitoring Suicidal Behaviour in Europe (commonly referred to as MONSUE) project. The relation between immigrant status and repetition of suicide attempt within 12-months following first registered attempt was analyzed with binary logistic regression, controlling for sex, age, and method of attempt. Timing of repetition was controlled for sex, age, and the recommended type of aftercare. RESULTS Lower odds of repeating a suicide attempt were found in Eastern European (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.61, P < 0.001) and non-European immigrants (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.90, P < 0.05), compared with the locals. Similar patterns were identified in the sex-specific analysis. Eastern European immigrants tended to repeat their attempt much later than locals (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.93, P < 0.05). In general, 32% of all repetition occurred within 30 days. Repetition tended to decrease with age and was more likely in females using harder methods in their index attempt (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.54, P < 0.01). Large variations in the general repetition frequency were identified between the collecting centres, thus influencing the results. CONCLUSIONS The lower repetition frequencies in non-Western immigrants, compared with locals, in Europe stands in contrast to their markedly higher tendency to attempt suicide in general, possibly pointing to situational stress factors related to their suicidal crisis that are less persistent over time. Our findings also raise the possibility that suicide attempters and repeaters constitute only partially overlapping populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Bursztein Lipsicas
- Doctoral Graduate, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm County Council's Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen
- Professor, Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Professor, Stockholm Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, School of Social Sciences, Södertörn University, Södertörn, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- Professor, National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm County Council's Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden; Head of World Health Organization Lead Collaborating Centre of Mental Health Problems and Suicide across Europe, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan Apter
- Professor, Feinberg Child Study Center and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ad Kerkhof
- Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Konrad Michel
- Professor, University Psychiatric Services, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ellinor Salander Renberg
- Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kees Van Heeringen
- Professor, University Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Unit for Suicide Research, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Airi Värnik
- Professor, Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute, Tallinn, Estonia; Professor, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Armin Schmidtke
- Professor, Unit for Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Bilén K, Pettersson H, Owe-Larsson B, Ekdahl K, Ottosson C, Castrén M, Ponzer S. Can early follow-up after deliberate self-harm reduce repetition? A prospective study of 325 patients. J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:320-5. [PMID: 24148790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who deliberately harm themselves often repeat their self-destructive acts. The objective of this study was to assess whether a follow-up visit within 10 days to a psychiatric consultant could reduce the frequency of repeated deliberate self-harm (DSH). METHODS A cohort of 325 consecutive DSH patients attending two large emergency departments in Stockholm, Sweden, were included and followed for 6 months. Any visit to a psychiatric consultant within 10 days was registered as an early follow-up. Repeated DSH episode within 6 months among the 325 patients was detected via nationwide registers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Repeated DSH within 6 months. RESULTS At 6 months follow-up 22 (24%) of 92 patients with an early follow-up had repeated their DSH acts compared to 58 (25%) of 233 patients without an early follow-up (OR 1.06 (95% CI: 0.60-1.85) p-value 0.85). After adjustment for possible confounders, multivariable analysis showed an OR of 1.22 (95% CI: 0.62-2.38, p-value 0.56). LIMITATIONS Early follow-up was registered as any visit to a psychiatric consultant and no information regarding actions taken at the visit were obtained. CONCLUSION After adjusting for other factors associated with repetition there was an association of patients who were offered and thereafter attended an early follow-up visit and a decreased risk of repeated DSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bilén
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Section of Internal Medicine, Södersjukhuset, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Section of Emergency Medicine, Sweden.
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