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Giri AK, Banerjee N. The probable reasons of arsenic susceptibility in a chronically exposed population of West Bengal. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 894:503725. [PMID: 38432773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic is potent human carcinogen which affects millions of people across the globe. Arsenic induced pre-cancerous and cancerous skin lesions are hall marks of chronic arsenic toxicity. Even then, only 15%-20% of the population manifest arsenic-induced skin lesions but the rest do not, the reason for which in not very clear. Not only that, conjunctival irritations of the eyes, peripheral neuropathy and respiratory distress are the non-dermatological health effects which are often manifested in them in addition to the cancers of skin and other internal organs. In this work we have considered 233 arsenic exposed individuals with skin lesions and 205 arsenic exposed individuals without skin lesions from the highly arsenic affected Murshidabad district of West Bengal. We have compared arsenic exposure in the two groups through drinking water. Both the study groups have similar levels of arsenic exposure, drinking same arsenic laden water. Results show that higher amounts of arsenic were retained in the nails and hair of the skin lesion group compared to the no skin lesion group. Significant higher amounts of chromosomal aberration and micronucleus formation were found in the skin lesion group, than the no skin lesion group. Incidences of conjunctival irritations of the eyes, peripheral neuropathy and respiratory distress were much higher in the former group compared to the later. We, thus found that one group was more susceptible than the other, even with similar levels of arsenic exposure. We have tried to identify and discuss the probable reasons for this observation with reference to our previous works in the exposed population from West Bengal, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Giri
- Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nilanjana Banerjee
- Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India; Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute for the Handicapped, 482, Madudah, Sec. J, Plot I-24, EM Bypass, Kolkata 700107, India.
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Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Liu CW, Xue J, Lai Y, Ru H, Lu K. Individual susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases: the role of host genetics, nutritional status, and the gut microbiome. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:63-79. [PMID: 29429126 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in water or food is a global issue affecting hundreds of millions of people. Although As is classified as a group 1 carcinogen and is associated with multiple diseases, the individual susceptibility to As-related diseases is highly variable, such that a proportion of people exposed to As have higher risks of developing related disorders. Many factors have been found to be associated with As susceptibility. One of the main sources of the variability found in As susceptibility is the variation in the host genome, namely, polymorphisms of many genes involved in As transportation, biotransformation, oxidative stress response, and DNA repair affect the susceptibility of an individual to As toxicity and then influence the disease outcomes. In addition, lifestyles and many nutritional factors, such as folate, vitamin C, and fruit, have been found to be associated with individual susceptibility to As-related diseases. Recently, the interactions between As exposure and the gut microbiome have been of particular concern. As exposure has been shown to perturb gut microbiome composition, and the gut microbiota has been shown to also influence As metabolism, which raises the question of whether the highly diverse gut microbiota contributes to As susceptibility. Here, we review the literature and summarize the factors, such as host genetics and nutritional status, that influence As susceptibility, and we also present potential mechanisms of how the gut microbiome may influence As metabolism and its toxic effects on the host to induce variations in As susceptibility. Challenges and future directions are also discussed to emphasize the importance of characterizing the specific role of these factors in interindividual susceptibility to As-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bei Gao
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Singh B, Kulawiec M, Owens KM, Singh A, Singh KK. Sustained Early Disruption of Mitochondrial Function Contributes to Arsenic-Induced Prostate Tumorigenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1089-1100. [PMID: 27908234 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human carcinogen that affects millions of people worldwide, but the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis are unclear. Several epidemiological studies have suggested increased prostate cancer incidence and mortality due to exposure to arsenic. Due to lack of an animal model of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, we used a prostate epithelial cell culture model to identify a role for mitochondria in arsenic-induced prostate cancer. Mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential was impacted within a few hours of arsenic exposure of non-neoplastic prostate epithelial cells. Chronic arsenic treatment induced mutations in mitochondrial genes and altered mitochondrial functions. Human non-neoplastic prostate epithelial cells continuously cultured for seven months in the presence of 5 µM arsenite showed tumorigenic properties in vitro and induced tumors in SCID mice, which indicated transformation of these cells. Protein and mRNA expression of subunits of mtOXPHOS complex I were decreased in arsenic-transformed cells. Alterations in complex I, a main site for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as increased expression of ROS-producing NOX4 in arsenic-transformed cells suggested a role of oxidative stress in tumorigenic transformation of prostate epithelial cells. Whole genome cGH array analyses of arsenic-transformed prostate cells identified extensive genomic instability. Our study revealed mitochondrial dysfunction induced oxidative stress and decreased expression of p53 in arsenic-transformed cells as an underlying mechanism of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomic instability. These studies suggest that early changes in mitochondrial functions are sustained during prolong arsenic exposure. Overall, our study provides evidence that arsenic disruption of mitochondrial function is an early and key step in tumorigenic transformation of prostate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Singh
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Genetics, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Joca L, Sacks JD, Moore D, Lee JS, Sams R, Cowden J. Systematic review of differential inorganic arsenic exposure in minority, low-income, and indigenous populations in the United States. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:707-715. [PMID: 26896853 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a human carcinogen and associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, and skin diseases. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to low concentrations of iAs in water, food, soil, and air. Differential exposure to environmental hazards in minority, indigenous, and low income populations is considered an environmental justice (EJ) concern, yet it is unclear if higher iAs exposure occurs in these populations. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate evidence for differential iAs exposure in the United States (US). The peer-reviewed literature was searched for studies that (1) estimated iAs exposure based on environmental concentrations of iAs in water, food, soil, or iAs biomarkers and (2) examined iAs exposure in minority, indigenous, and low income US populations. Five studies were identified that estimated exposures and provided demographic information about EJ populations. These studies reported arsenic concentrations in water, soil, or food to estimate exposure, with varied evidence of differential exposure. Additionally, six studies were identified that suggested potential arsenic exposure from environmental sources including soil, rice, private well-water, and fish, but did not report data stratified by demographic information. Evidence across these 11 studies was qualitatively integrated to draw conclusions about differential iAs exposure. The total body of evidence is limited by lack of individual exposure measures, lack of iAs concentration data, and insufficient comparative demographic data. Based upon these data gaps, there is inadequate evidence to conclude whether differential exposure to iAs is an EJ concern in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Joca
- ORISE Fellow, Hazardous Pollutant Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jason D Sacks
- Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Danielle Moore
- ORISE Fellow, Hazardous Pollutant Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Janice S Lee
- Integrated Risk Information System Division, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Reeder Sams
- Hazardous Pollutant Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Cowden
- Hazardous Pollutant Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Jansen RJ, Argos M, Tong L, Li J, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Islam MT, Slavkovich V, Ahmed A, Navas-Acien A, Parvez F, Chen Y, Gamble MV, Graziano JH, Pierce BL, Ahsan H. Determinants and Consequences of Arsenic Metabolism Efficiency among 4,794 Individuals: Demographics, Lifestyle, Genetics, and Toxicity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:381-90. [PMID: 26677206 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), a class I carcinogen, affects several hundred million people worldwide. Once absorbed, iAs is converted to monomethylated (MMA) and then dimethylated forms (DMA), with methylation facilitating urinary excretion. The abundance of each species in urine relative to their sum (iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%) varies across individuals, reflecting differences in arsenic metabolism capacity. METHODS The association of arsenic metabolism phenotypes with participant characteristics and arsenical skin lesions was characterized among 4,794 participants in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (Araihazar, Bangladesh). Metabolism phenotypes include those obtained from principal component (PC) analysis of arsenic species. RESULTS Two independent PCs were identified: PC1 appears to represent capacity to produce DMA (second methylation step), and PC2 appears to represent capacity to convert iAs to MMA (first methylation step). PC1 was positively associated (P <0.05) with age, female sex, and BMI, while negatively associated with smoking, arsenic exposure, education, and land ownership. PC2 was positively associated with age and education but negatively associated with female sex and BMI. PC2 was positively associated with skin lesion status, while PC1 was not. 10q24.32/AS3MT region polymorphisms were strongly associated with PC1, but not PC2. Patterns of association for most variables were similar for PC1 and DMA%, and for PC2 and MMA% with the exception of arsenic exposure and SNP associations. CONCLUSIONS Two distinct arsenic metabolism phenotypes show unique associations with age, sex, BMI, 10q24.32 polymorphisms, and skin lesions. IMPACT This work enhances our understanding of arsenic metabolism kinetics and toxicity risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J Jansen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Argos
- Divison of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiabei Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | | | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph H Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Brandon L Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Paul S, Majumdar S, Giri AK. Genetic susceptibility to arsenic-induced skin lesions and health effects: a review. Genes Environ 2015; 37:23. [PMID: 27350818 PMCID: PMC4917933 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-015-0023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity in humans manifests several outcomes in humans, which include arsenic-induced genomic instability, DNA damage, impaired DNA repair, carcinogenesis, dermatological lesions and other health related problems. Of the 137 million individuals affected, nearly 26 million individuals are in the state of West Bengal, India. Studies have identified dermatological lesions like keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen’s diseases, squamous cell carcinoma, etc., as key indicators of aggressive arsenic toxicity in humans. Although a large number of individuals are exposed to arsenic but only about 15 to 20 % individuals showed arsenic induced skin lesions. This clearly indicates that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in arsenic susceptibility. Analyses of genetic susceptibility have been carried out to study the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in number of genes as they might be involved arsenic metabolism and detoxification. It has been observed that a number SNPs in these genes were significantly associated with arsenic induced skin lesions and other health effects. In the present review we try to coalesce the different observations and associations of SNPs with arsenic-induced toxicity, with special emphasis on the study population from West Bengal. We have adopted certain candidate gene approaches to evaluate the association of arsenic-induced toxic outcomes like skin lesions, conjunctival irritations, DNA damage, epimutagenesis, cancer, etc. This review shall be helpful in understanding the importance of genetic make-up of an individual towards evaluating the xenotoxic outcomes, like those in case of arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Paul
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Sangita Majumdar
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Ashok K Giri
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032 West Bengal India
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Bhattacharjee P, Das N, Chatterjee D, Banerjee A, Das JK, Basu S, Banerjee S, Majumder P, Goswami P, Giri AK. Association of NALP2 polymorphism with arsenic induced skin lesions and other health effects. Mutat Res 2013; 755:1-5. [PMID: 23644288 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged consumption of arsenic-laden water above the threshold limit of 10μg/L causes a plethora of dermatological and non-dermatological multi-organ health problems, including cancer and death. Among several mechanisms of arsenic-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity studied so far, role of arsenic in impairment of immune system is less understood. Epidemiological data, animal model as well as cell line based studies have indicated that arsenic targets immune system and is associated with characteristic immunosupression, which may further adversely affect respiratory function. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study with respect to arsenic susceptibility investigating the role of genetic variation having immunological function. Hence, we have recruited a total of 432 arsenic-exposed individuals, of which 219 individuals with characteristic arsenic-induced skin lesions (cases) and 213 individuals without arsenic-induced skin lesion(controls), from arsenic-exposed districts of West Bengal, India. To find any probable association between arsenicism and the exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NALP2 gene, an important component of inflammasome complex, we screened the entire coding region (exon) in all the study participants. Among 9 SNPs found in NALP2 gene, the A1052E polymorphism (at least with one minor allele), was significantly overrepresented in controls and hence implies decreased risk toward the development of skin lesions [OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.46-0.97]. Since, development of non-dermatological health effects are also important factor to properly look into, we have attempted to correlate the genetic variation of NALP2 with the extent of cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosomal aberration assay and adverse health effects including peripheral neuropathy, eye problem and respiratory diseases in the study population. We observed individuals with the protective genotype had less chromosomal aberration (p<0.05), and were also less susceptible toward arsenic-related respiratory diseases [OR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.23-0.89]. These findings suggest that NALP2 A1052E SNP plays an important role toward development of arsenic-induced skin lesions, chromosomal damage and respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1527-46. [PMID: 23583964 PMCID: PMC3709332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10041527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The arsenic (As) exposure represents an important problem in many parts of the World. Indeed, it is estimated that over 100 million individuals are exposed to arsenic, mainly through a contamination of groundwaters. Chronic exposure to As is associated with adverse effects on human health such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases and the rate of morbidity and mortality in populations exposed is alarming. The purpose of this review is to summarize the genotoxic effects of As in the cells as well as to discuss the importance of signaling and repair of arsenic-induced DNA damage. The current knowledge of specific polymorphisms in candidate genes that confer susceptibility to arsenic exposure is also reviewed. We also discuss the perspectives offered by the determination of biological markers of early effect on health, incorporating genetic polymorphisms, with biomarkers for exposure to better evaluate exposure-response clinical relationships as well as to develop novel preventative strategies for arsenic- health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Faita
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Giri AK. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:29-40. [PMID: 23314041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic arsenic toxicity is associated with cancer. Although unstable genome is a characteristic feature of cancer cells, the mechanisms leading to genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. While there are excellent reviews relating to genomic instability in general, there is no comprehensive review presenting the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability. This review was undertaken to present the current state of research in this area and to highlight the major mechanisms that may involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability leading to cancer. Genomic instability is broadly classified into chromosomal instability (CIN), primarily associated with mitotic errors; and microsatellite instability (MIN), associated with DNA level instability. Arsenic-induced genomic instability is essentially multi-factorial in nature and involves molecular cross-talk across several cellular pathways, and is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors. Arsenic and its metabolites generate oxidative stress, which in turn induces genomic instability through DNA damage, irreversible DNA repair, telomere dysfunction, mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In addition to genetic alteration; epigenetic regulation through promoter methylation and miRNA expression alters gene expression profiling leading to genome more vulnerable and unstable towards cancer risk. Moreover, mutations or silencing of pro-apoptotic genes can lead to genomic instability by allowing survival of damaged cells that would otherwise die. Although a large body of information is now generated regarding arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; further studies exploring genome-wide association, role of environment and diet are needed for a better understanding of the arsenic-induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700 032, India
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Bladder/lung cancer mortality in Blackfoot-disease (BFD)-endemic area villages with low (<150μg/L) well water arsenic levels – An exploration of the dose–response Poisson analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Das N, Paul S, Chatterjee D, Banerjee N, Majumder NS, Sarma N, Sau TJ, Basu S, Banerjee S, Majumder P, Bandyopadhyay AK, States JC, Giri AK. Arsenic exposure through drinking water increases the risk of liver and cardiovascular diseases in the population of West Bengal, India. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:639. [PMID: 22883023 PMCID: PMC3441389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a natural drinking water contaminant affecting 26 million people in West Bengal, India. Chronic arsenic exposure causes cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, neuropathies and ocular diseases. The aims of the present study were to assess bioindicators of hepatocellular injury as indicated by the levels of liver enzymes, to determine the auto immune status, as indicated by the amounts of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies in their serum, and to predict cardiovascular risk in the arsenic exposed population. METHODS Effect of chronic arsenic exposure on liver was determined by liver function tests. Autoimmune status was measured by measuring ANA and anti-dsDNA in serum. Inflammatory cytokines associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk, IL6, IL8 and MCP-1 were determined. RESULTS Our results indicated that serum levels of bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and ANA were increased in the arsenic exposed population. Serum levels of IL6 and IL8 also increased in the arsenic exposed group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic arsenic exposure causes liver injury, increases the serum levels of autoimmune markers and imparts increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Das
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S, C, Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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Guha Mazumder D, Dasgupta UB. Chronic arsenic toxicity: studies in West Bengal, India. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27:360-70. [PMID: 21914522 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic arsenic toxicity (arsenicosis) as a result of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater is a major environmental health hazard throughout the world, including India. A lot of research on health effects, including genotoxic effect of chronic arsenic toxicity in humans, have been carried out in West Bengal during the last 2 decades. A review of literature including information available from West Bengal has been made to characterize the problem. Scientific journals, monographs, and proceedings of conferences with regard to human health effects, including genotoxicity, of chronic arsenic toxicity have been reviewed. Pigmentation and keratosis are the specific skin diseases characteristic of chronic arsenic toxicity. However, in West Bengal, it was found to produce various systemic manifestations, such as chronic lung disease, characterized by chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive and/or restrictive pulmonary disease, and bronchiectasis; liver diseases, such as non cirrhotic portal fibrosis; polyneuropathy; peripheral vascular disease; hypertension; nonpitting edema of feet/hands; conjunctival congestion; weakness; and anemia. High concentrations of arsenic, greater than or equal to 200 μg/L, during pregnancy were found to be associated with a sixfold increased risk for stillbirth. Cancers of skin, lung, and urinary bladder are the important cancers associated with this toxicity. Of the various genotoxic effects of arsenic in humans, chromosomal aberration and increased frequency of micronuclei in different cell types have been found to be significant. Various probable mechanisms have been incriminated to cause DNA damage because of chronic arsenic toxicity. The results of the study in West Bengal suggest that deficiency in DNA repair capacity, perturbation of methylation of promoter region of p53 and p16 genes, and genomic methylation alteration may be involved in arsenic-induced disease manifestation in humans. P53 polymorphism has been found to be associated with increased occurrence of arsenic-induced keratosis. Of the various genes involved in the regulation of arsenic metabolism, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, in one study, showed increased occurrence of arsenicosis.
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Murias-Rosales A, González-Hernández A, de León AC, Díaz-Chico N, Fernández-Pérez L. Distribution of TYMS, MTHFR, p53 and MDR1 gene polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:634-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Valenzuela OL, Drobná Z, Hernández-Castellanos E, Sánchez-Peña LC, García-Vargas GG, Borja-Aburto VH, Stýblo M, Del Razo LM. Association of AS3MT polymorphisms and the risk of premalignant arsenic skin lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:200-7. [PMID: 19538983 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to naturally occurring inorganic arsenic (iAs), primarily from contaminated drinking water, is considered one of the top environmental health threats worldwide. Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) is the key enzyme in the biotransformation pathway of iAs. AS3MT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to trivalent arsenicals, resulting in the production of methylated (MAs) and dimethylated arsenicals (DMAs). MAs is a susceptibility factor for iAs-induced toxicity. In this study, we evaluated the association of the polymorphism in AS3MT gene with iAs metabolism and with the presence of arsenic (As) premalignant skin lesions. This is a case-control study of 71 cases with skin lesions and 51 controls without skin lesions recruited from a iAs endemic area in Mexico. We measured urinary As metabolites, differentiating the trivalent and pentavalent arsenical species, using the hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. In addition, the study subjects were genotyped to analyze three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), A-477G, T14458C (nonsynonymus SNP; Met287Thr), and T35587C, in the AS3MT gene. We compared the frequencies of the AS3MT alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes in individuals with and without skin lesions. Marginal differences in the frequencies of the Met287Thr genotype were identified between individuals with and without premalignant skin lesions (p=0.055): individuals carrying the C (TC+CC) allele (Thr) were at risk [odds ratio=4.28; 95% confidence interval (1.0-18.5)]. Also, individuals with C allele of Met287Thr displayed greater percentage of MAs in urine and decrease in the percentage of DMAs. These findings indicate that Met287Thr influences the susceptibility to premalignant As skin lesions and might be at increased risk for other adverse health effects of iAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Valenzuela
- Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, México D. F., C. P. 07360, Mexico
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Chronic arsenic exposure impairs macrophage functions in the exposed individuals. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:582-94. [PMID: 19513820 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Owing to the established roles of human macrophages in immune defense, we investigated the effect of chronic arsenic exposure upon these major hematopoietic cells in 70 arsenic-exposed individuals with skin lesions and 64 unexposed individuals. METHODS Human monocyte-derived macrophages were prepared from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, by culture of the adherent cells for 6 days in medium supplemented with granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor. Parameters studied included cell adhesion capacity, expression of CD54 and F-actin, nitric oxide production, phagocytic capacity, and effect of arsenic on Rho A-ROCK pathway. RESULTS In macrophages of exposed individuals when compared to unexposed group, there was cell rounding accompanied with a significant (p < 0.001) loss of cell adhesion capacity, decrease in nitric oxide production, impaired phagocytic capacity, and decreased CD 54 and F-actin expression. Additionally, chronic arsenic exposure affected Rho A-ROCK pathway which in turn impaired macrophage functions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These altogether could contribute significantly to arsenic-induced immunosuppression observed in the arsenic-exposed individuals.
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Qiu YL, Wang W, Wang T, Liu J, Sun P, Qian J, Jin L, Xia ZL. Genetic Polymorphisms, Messenger RNA Expression of p53, p21, and CCND1, and Possible Links with Chromosomal Aberrations in Chinese Vinyl Chloride-Exposed Workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2578-84. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hernández A, Marcos R. Genetic variations associated with interindividual sensitivity in the response to arsenic exposure. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:1113-32. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.8.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People are exposed to arsenic compounds environmentally, occupationally or therapeutically. In some areas, where arsenic is present in high proportions in the drinking water, this exposure represents an important health concern. Chronic exposure to arsenic leads to hyperkeratosis and loss of skin pigmentation, as well as to significant increases of different types of cancer in skin, lung, bladder and liver; in addition, other pathologies, such as vascular diseases, hepatotoxicity and diabetes, have also been related to arsenic exposure. Since high interindividual variability is observed among people exposed to equivalent doses, genetic susceptibility factors have been postulated to be involved. When inorganic arsenic enters into the body it undergoes metabolic conversion, in a process where methylation plays a crucial role. Trivalent forms, both inorganic and organic, are the most toxic and genotoxic and, for this reason, metabolic variations owing to variant alleles in genes involved in such a process have been the aim of several studies. Genes involved in other mechanisms, such as antioxidant defense and DNA-repair lesions, among others, have also been the subject of association studies. A survey of those studies related to individual susceptibility is summarized here. Results with genes involved in folate one-carbon metabolism and in arsenic transport across the cell membrane provide promising data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hernández
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Edifici Cn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain
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Chung CJ, Huang CJ, Pu YS, Su CT, Huang YK, Chen YT, Hsueh YM. Polymorphisms in cell cycle regulatory genes, urinary arsenic profile and urothelial carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:203-9. [PMID: 18640142 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymorphisms in p53, p21 and CCND1 could regulate the progression of the cell cycle and might increase the susceptibility to inorganic arsenic-related cancer risk. The goal of our study was to evaluate the roles of cell cycle regulatory gene polymorphisms in the carcinogenesis of arsenic-related urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS A hospital-based case-controlled study was conducted to explore the relationships among the urinary arsenic profile, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, p53 codon 72, p21 codon 31 and CCND1 G870A polymorphisms and UC risk. The urinary arsenic profile was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydride generator-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). 8-OHdG levels were measured by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Genotyping was conducted using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Subjects carrying the p21 Arg/Arg genotype had an increased UC risk (age and gender adjusted OR=1.53; 95% CI, 1.02-2.29). However, there was no association of p53 or CCND1 polymorphisms with UC risk. Significant effects were observed in terms of a combination of the three gene polymorphisms and a cumulative exposure of cigarette smoking, along with the urinary arsenic profile on the UC risk. The higher total arsenic concentration, monomethylarsonic acid percentage (MMA%) and lower dimethylarsinic acid percentage (DMA%), possessed greater gene variant numbers, had a higher UC risk and revealed significant dose-response relationships. However, effects of urinary 8-OHdG levels combined with three gene polymorphisms did not seem to be important for UC risk. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the variant genotype of p21 might be a predictor of inorganic arsenic-related UC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Chung
- Graduate Institute of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Banerjee M, Sarma N, Biswas R, Roy J, Mukherjee A, Giri AK. DNA repair deficiency leads to susceptibility to develop arsenic-induced premalignant skin lesions. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:283-287. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Banerjee N, Banerjee M, Ganguly S, Bandyopadhyay S, Das JK, Bandyopadhay A, Chatterjee M, Giri AK. Arsenic-induced mitochondrial instability leading to programmed cell death in the exposed individuals. Toxicology 2008; 246:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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De Chaudhuri S, Ghosh P, Sarma N, Majumdar P, Sau TJ, Basu S, Roychoudhury S, Ray K, Giri AK. Genetic variants associated with arsenic susceptibility: study of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, arsenic (+3) methyltransferase, and glutathione S-transferase omega genes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:501-5. [PMID: 18414634 PMCID: PMC2291000 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual variability in arsenic metabolism may underlie individual susceptibility toward arsenic-induced skin lesions and skin cancer. Metabolism of arsenic proceeds through sequential reduction and oxidative methylation being mediated by the following genes: purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), arsenic (+3) methyltransferase (As3MT), glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1), and omega 2 (GSTO2). PNP functions as arsenate reductase; As3MT methylates inorganic arsenic and its metabolites; and both GSTO1 and GSTO2 reduce the metabolites. Alteration in functions of these gene products may lead to arsenic-specific disease manifestations. OBJECTIVES To find any probable association between arsenicism and the exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the above-mentioned arsenic-metabolizing genes, we screened all the exons in those genes in an arsenic-exposed population. METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we screened the exons in 25 cases (individuals with arsenic-induced skin lesions) and 25 controls (individuals without arsenic-induced skin lesions), both groups drinking similar arsenic-contaminated water. The exonic SNPs identified were further genotyped in a total of 428 genetically unrelated individuals (229 cases and 199 controls) for association study. RESULTS Among four candidate genes, PNP, As3MT, GSTO1, and GSTO2, we found that distribution of three exonic polymorphisms, His20His, Gly51Ser, and Pro57Pro of PNP, was associated with arsenicism. Genotypes having the minor alleles were significantly overrepresented in the case group: odds ratio (OR) = 1.69 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-2.66] for His20His; OR = 1.66 [95% CI, 1.04-2.64] for Gly51Ser; and OR = 1.67 [95% CI, 1.05-2.66] for Pro57Pro. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the three PNP variants render individuals susceptible toward developing arsenic-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata De Chaudhuri
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilendu Sarma
- Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Papiya Majumdar
- Peerless Hospital and B.K. Roy Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - Tanmoy Jyoti Sau
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Santanu Basu
- Department of General Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Seva Kendra, Kolkata, India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashok K. Giri
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Address correspondence to A.K. Giri, Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Rd., Kolkata-700 032, India. Telephone: 9133 2473 0492/6793. Fax: 9133 2473 5197. E-mail:
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Vujcic M, Shroff M, Singh KK. Genetic determinants of mitochondrial response to arsenic in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9740-9. [PMID: 17942904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have used yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool to identify the importance of mitochondrial processes involved in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity in humans. We screened 466 single-gene knockout strains of yeast S. cerevisiae known to be involved in biogenesis of mitochondria for sodium arsenite (AsIII) and sodium arsenate (AsV) sensitivity. We identified 72 arsenite-sensitive and 81 arsenate-sensitive mutants. We categorized the identified mutants based on the various mitochondrial processes, including nucleic acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, and vacuolar acidification. We have identified 65 human orthologues to proteins involved in arsenite sensitivity and 3 human orthologues to arsenite resistance. Furthermore, 23 human orthologues to arsenate sensitivity and 20 human orthologues to arsenate-resistant proteins, including MSH3, COX10, GCSH, PPOX, and MTHFD1, were also identified. Using PathwayAssist software, we did cellular network analysis between identified mitochondrial proteins. Three types of interactions, (a) protein-protein interactions, (b) common transcriptional regulators, and (c) common target genes, were identified. We found that RTG (retrograde) genes involved in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling regulate both arsenite sensitivity and resistance. Furthermore, our study revealed that ABF1, a multifunctional transcriptional factor, regulates genes involved in both arsenite and arsenate sensitivity and resistance. However, REB1 and RAP1 transcriptional regulators were common to only arsenate- and arsenite-sensitive genes, respectively. These studies indicate that multiple pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis protect yeast S. cerevisiae from arsenic-induced toxicity. Together, our studies suggest that evolutionary conserved mitochondrial networks identified in yeast S. cerevisiae must play an important role in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vujcic
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Ghosh P, Banerjee M, De Chaudhuri S, Das JK, Sarma N, Basu A, Giri AK. Increased chromosome aberration frequencies in the Bowen's patients compared to non-cancerous skin lesions individuals exposed to arsenic. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 632:104-10. [PMID: 17600756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic biomarkers are essential for assessing environmental exposure that can predict adverse human health effects such as cellular damage. Chromosomal aberrations are the most important cytogenetic end-points successfully used for the cancer risk assessment of populations occupationally or environmentally exposed to different toxic chemicals. Previous reports suggest that, increased frequency of chromosomal aberration (CA), in peripheral blood lymphocytes, is a predictor of cancer. Arsenic is a paradoxical human carcinogen, clastogen and aneugen. Despite of exposure at similar extent, only 15-20% of individuals show arsenic induced skin lesions including Bowen's disease (BD). Previously we have reported the significant increase in CA in the individuals with arsenic induced skin lesions when compared to individuals without any skin lesions, drinking arsenic contaminated water at similar extent. Presently, a matched case-control study was performed to examine whether biomarkers such as chromosomal aberrations can predict the development of arsenic induced Bowen's (in situ carcinoma) diseases. Chromosomal aberrations (both chromosome and chromatid types) and mitotic index were analyzed from the lymphocytes of 25 cases of Bowen's patient which was compared to matched control from the individuals with arsenic induced non-cancerous skin lesions such as raindrop pigmentation, keratosis of palm and sole, hypo and hyper pigmentation. Chromosomal aberrations/cell, chromosome type aberrations and total percentage of aberrant cells were significantly higher in cases compared to control (p<0.01). These results suggest that chromosomal aberrations can be used for cancer risk assessment of the population exposed to arsenic through drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Ghosh
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.
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Ghosh P, Banerjee M, De Chaudhuri S, Chowdhury R, Das JK, Mukherjee A, Sarkar AK, Mondal L, Baidya K, Sau TJ, Banerjee A, Basu A, Chaudhuri K, Ray K, Giri AK. Comparison of health effects between individuals with and without skin lesions in the population exposed to arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal, India. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:215-23. [PMID: 16835595 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to explore the effect of arsenic causing conjunctivitis, neuropathy and respiratory illness in individuals, with or without skin lesions, as a result of exposure through drinking water, contaminated with arsenic to similar extent. Exposed study population belongs to the districts of North 24 Parganas and Nadia, West Bengal, India. A total of 725 exposed (373 with skin lesions and 352 without skin lesions) and 389 unexposed individuals were recruited as study participants. Participants were clinically examined and interviewed. Arsenic content in drinking water, urine, nail and hair was estimated. Individuals with skin lesion showed significant retention of arsenic in nail and hair and lower amount of urinary arsenic compared to the group without any skin lesion. Individuals with skin lesion also showed higher risk for conjunctivitis ((odd's ratio) OR: 7.33, 95% CI: 5.05-10.59), peripheral neuropathy (OR: 3.95, 95% CI: 2.61-5.93) and respiratory illness (OR: 4.86, 95% CI: 3.16-7.48) compared to the group without any skin lesion. The trend test for OR of the three diseases in three groups was found to be statistically significant. Again, individuals without skin lesion in the exposed group showed higher risk for conjunctivitis (OR: 4.66, 95% CI: 2.45-8.85), neuropathy (OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.95-8.09), and respiratory illness (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.65-6.26) when compared to arsenic unexposed individuals. Although individuals with skin lesions were more susceptible to arsenic-induced toxicity, individuals without skin lesions were also subclinically affected and are also susceptible to arsenic-induced toxicity and carcinogenicity when compared to individuals not exposed to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Ghosh
- Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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