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Yousefi T, Mohammadi Jobani B, Taebi R, Qujeq D. Innovating Cancer Treatment Through Cell Cycle, Telomerase, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 39018567 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable challenge in the field of medicine, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies to combat its relentless progression. The cell cycle, a tightly regulated process governing cell growth and division, plays a pivotal role in cancer development. Dysregulation of the cell cycle allows cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably. Therapeutic interventions designed to disrupt the cell cycle offer promise in restraining tumor growth and progression. Telomerase, an enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, is often overactive in cancer cells, conferring them with immortality. Targeting telomerase presents an opportunity to limit the replicative potential of cancer cells and hinder tumor growth. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Strategies aimed at inhibiting angiogenesis seek to deprive tumors of their vital blood supply, thereby impeding their progression. Metastasis, the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites, is a major challenge in cancer therapy. Research efforts are focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms of metastasis and developing interventions to disrupt this deadly process. This review provides a glimpse into the multifaceted approach to cancer therapy, addressing critical aspects of cancer biology-cell cycle regulation, telomerase activity, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through ongoing research and innovative strategies, the field of oncology continues to advance, offering new hope for improved treatment outcomes and enhanced quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Mohammadi Jobani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Taebi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Alanazi AFR, Parkinson GN, Haider S. Structural Motifs at the Telomeres and Their Role in Regulatory Pathways. Biochemistry 2024; 63:827-842. [PMID: 38481135 PMCID: PMC10993422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized structures, found at the ends of linear chromosomes in eukaryotic cells, that play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of genomes. They are composed of repetitive DNA sequences, ssDNA overhangs, and several associated proteins. The length of telomeres is linked to cellular aging in humans, and deficiencies in their maintenance are associated with various diseases. Key structural motifs at the telomeres serve to protect vulnerable chromosomal ends. Telomeric DNA also has the ability to form diverse complex DNA higher-order structures, including T-loops, D-loops, R-loops, G-loops, G-quadruplexes, and i-motifs, in the complementary C-rich strand. While many essential proteins at telomeres have been identified, the intricacies of their interactions and structural details are still not fully understood. This Perspective highlights recent advancements in comprehending the structures associated with human telomeres. It emphasizes the significance of telomeres, explores various telomeric structural motifs, and delves into the structural biology surrounding telomeres and telomerase. Furthermore, telomeric loops, their topologies, and the associated proteins that contribute to the safeguarding of telomeres are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F R Alanazi
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gary N Parkinson
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shozeb Haider
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- UCL Centre for Advanced Research Computing, University College London, London WC1H 9RN, United Kingdom
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3
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Udutha S, Taglang C, Batsios G, Gillespie AM, Tran M, Ronen SM, Ten Hoeve J, Graeber TG, Viswanath P. Telomerase reverse transcriptase induces targetable alterations in glutathione and nucleotide biosynthesis in glioblastomas. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.566937. [PMID: 38014170 PMCID: PMC10680720 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.566937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is essential for glioblastoma (GBM) proliferation. Delineating metabolic vulnerabilities induced by TERT can lead to novel GBM therapies. We previously showed that TERT upregulates glutathione (GSH) pool size in GBMs. Here, we show that TERT acts via the FOXO1 transcription factor to upregulate expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo GSH synthesis. Inhibiting GCLC using siRNA or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) reduces synthesis of 13 C-GSH from [U- 13 C]-glutamine and inhibits clonogenicity. However, GCLC inhibition does not induce cell death, an effect that is associated with elevated [U- 13 C]-glutamine metabolism to glutamate and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Mechanistically, GCLC inhibition activates MYC and leads to compensatory upregulation of two key glutamine-utilizing enzymes i.e., glutaminase (GLS), which generates glutamate from glutamine, and CAD (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, dihydroorotatase), the enzyme that converts glutamine to the pyrimidine nucleotide precursor dihydroorotate. We then examined the therapeutic potential of inhibiting GLS and CAD in combination with GCLC. 6-diazo-5-oxy-L-norleucin (DON) is a potent inhibitor of glutamine-utilizing enzymes including GLS and CAD. The combination of BSO and DON suppresses GSH and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and is synergistically lethal in GBM cells. Importantly, in vivo stable isotope tracing indicates that combined treatment with JHU-083 (a brain-penetrant prodrug of DON) and BSO abrogates synthesis of GSH and pyrimidine nucleotides from [U- 13 C]-glutamine and induces tumor shrinkage in mice bearing intracranial GBM xenografts. Collectively, our studies exploit a mechanistic understanding of TERT biology to identify synthetically lethal metabolic vulnerabilities in GBMs. SIGNIFICANCE Using in vivo stable isotope tracing, metabolomics, and loss-of-function studies, we demonstrate that TERT expression is associated with metabolic alterations that can be synergistically targeted for therapy in glioblastomas.
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Parekh N, Garg A, Choudhary R, Gupta M, Kaur G, Ramniwas S, Shahwan M, Tuli HS, Sethi G. The Role of Natural Flavonoids as Telomerase Inhibitors in Suppressing Cancer Growth. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040605. [PMID: 37111362 PMCID: PMC10143453 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. While cancer can be challenging and life-altering, advances in research and development have led to the identification of new promising anti-cancer targets. Telomerase is one such target that is overexpressed in almost all cancer cells and plays a critical role in maintaining telomere length, which is essential for cell proliferation and survival. Inhibiting telomerase activity can lead to telomere shortening and eventual cell death, thus presenting itself as a potential target for cancer therapy. Naturally occurring flavonoids are a class of compounds that have already been shown to possess different biological properties, including the anti-cancer property. They are present in various everyday food sources and richly present in fruits, nuts, soybeans, vegetables, tea, wine, and berries, to name a few. Thus, these flavonoids could inhibit or deactivate telomerase expression in cancer cells by different mechanisms, which include inhibiting the expression of hTERT, mRNA, protein, and nuclear translocation, inhibiting the binding of transcription factors to hTERT promoters, and even telomere shortening. Numerous cell line studies and in vivo experiments have supported this hypothesis, and this development could serve as a vital and innovative therapeutic option for cancer. In this light, we aim to elucidate the role of telomerase as a potential anti-cancer target. Subsequently, we have illustrated that how commonly found natural flavonoids demonstrate their anti-cancer activity via telomerase inactivation in different cancer types, thus proving the potential of these naturally occurring flavonoids as useful therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Parekh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur, Jabalpur 482001, India
| | - Renuka Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Deemed to be University, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Deemed to be University, Ambala 133207, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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Yu L, Lee H, Rho SB, Park MK, Lee CH. Ethacrynic Acid: A Promising Candidate for Drug Repurposing as an Anticancer Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076712. [PMID: 37047688 PMCID: PMC10094867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethacrynic acid (ECA) is a diuretic that inhibits Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) present in the thick ascending loop of Henle and muculo dens and is clinically used for the treatment of edema caused by excessive body fluid. However, its clinical use is limited due to its low bioavailability and side effects, such as liver damage and hearing loss at high doses. Despite this, ECA has recently emerged as a potential anticancer agent through the approach of drug repositioning, with a novel mechanism of action. ECA has been shown to regulate cancer hallmark processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion, angiogenesis, inflammation, energy metabolism, and the increase of inhibitory growth factors through various mechanisms. Additionally, ECA has been used as a scaffold for synthesizing a new material, and various derivatives have been synthesized. This review explores the potential of ECA and its derivatives as anticancer agents, both alone and in combination with adjuvants, by examining their effects on ten hallmarks of cancer and neuronal contribution to cancer. Furthermore, we investigated the trend of synthesis research of a series of ECA derivatives to improve the bioavailability of ECA. This review highlights the importance of ECA research and its potential to provide a cost-effective alternative to new drug discovery and development for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bae Rho
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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Sulthanudeen S, Imran PM, Selvakumaran M, Kubaib A. Novel acridone derivatives performed using DFT, including design, synthesis, characterization and anti-oxidant and anti-mitotic activity screening. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Streptomyces sp. ADR1, Strain Producing β- and γ-Rubromycin Antibiotics, Isolated from Algerian Sahara Desert. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A Gram-positive strain, ADR1, was isolated from soil collected from the Algerian Sahara Desert. The ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth showed cytotoxic activity against the PANC-1 cell line (37.1 ± 1.3% viability when applied at a concentration of 100 µg/mL). Fractionation and NMR analysis of two peaks absorbing at 490 nm revealed that they represented β- and γ-rubromycin, anticancer antibiotic compounds. The ADR1 strain contained LL-diaminopimelic acid in the whole-cell hydrolysate, and the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence (1392 bp, Accession No. KF947515) showed 99% sequence similarity to Streptomyces species. Therefore, the name Streptomyces sp. ADR1 was proposed and deposited in the Wellness Industries Culture Collection (WICC) of the Institute of Bioproduct Development, UTM, Malaysia, under the number (WICC- B86). In a 16 L stirred-tank bioreactor, the stain was adapted to submerged culture conditions and produced rubromycins at a relatively high concentration, with maximums of 24.58 mg/L and 356 mg/L for β- and γ-rubromycins, respectively.
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Fu L, Mou J, Deng Y, Ren X. Structural modifications of berberine and their binding effects towards polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid structures: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:940282. [PMID: 36016553 PMCID: PMC9395745 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.940282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) is a plant derived quaternary benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, which has been widely used in traditional medicines for a long term. It possesses broad pharmacological effects and is widely applied in clinical. In recent years, the anti-tumor effects of BBR have attracted more and more attention of the researchers. The canonical right-handed double-stranded helical deoxyribonucleic acid (B-DNA) and its polymorphs occur under various environmental conditions and are involved in a plethora of genetic instability-related diseases especially tumor. BBR showed differential binding effects towards various polymorphic DNA structures. But its poor lipophilicity and fast metabolism limited its clinical utility. Structural modification of BBR is an effective approach to improve its DNA binding activity and bioavailability in vivo. A large number of studies dedicated to improving the binding affinities of BBR towards different DNA structures have been carried out and achieved tremendous advancements. In this article, the main achievements of BBR derivatives in polymorphic DNA structures binding researches in recent 20 years were reviewed. The structural modification strategy of BBR, the DNA binding effects of its derivatives, and the structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiajia Mou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Xiaoliang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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9
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Telomerase gene therapy: a remission toward cancer. Med Oncol 2022; 39:105. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Zhou J, Li T, Geng X, Sui L, Wang F. Antisense oligonucleotide repress telomerase activity via manipulating alternative splicing or translation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:118-124. [PMID: 34710826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that catalyzes the addition of telomeric repeated DNA onto the 3' ends of linear chromosomes. Telomerase inhibition was broadly used for cancer therapeutics. Here, six antisense oligonucleotides were designed to regulate TERT mRNA alternative splicing and protein translation. To pursue a better stability in vitro, we chemically modified the oligonucleotides into phosphorothioate (PS) backbone and 2'-O-methoxyethyl (2'-MOE PS) version and phosphoroamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) version. The oligonucleotides were transfected into HEK 293T cells and HeLa cells, and the mRNA expression, protein level and catalytic activity of telomerase were determined. We found the Int8 notably promoted hTERT mRNA exon 7-8 skipping, which greatly reduced telomerase activity, and the 5'-UTR treatment led to an obvious protein translation barrier and telomerase inhibition. These results demonstrate the potential of antisense oligonucleotide drugs targeting hTERT for antitumor therapy. Moreover, two specific antisense oligonucleotides were identified to be effective in reducing telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Zhou
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tingfang Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lei Sui
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China; Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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11
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Samavat H, Luu HN, Beckman KB, Jin A, Wang R, Koh WP, Yuan JM. Leukocyte telomere length, cancer incidence and all-cause mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese Health Study. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:352-362. [PMID: 33459354 PMCID: PMC10693991 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres play a key role in chromosomal maintenance and stability. To date, few studies have investigated the association of leukocyte telomere length with risk of cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in a large prospective cohort, particularly of the Asian population. Relative telomere lengths in genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples were quantified using a validated quantitative real-time PCR among 26 540 middle-aged or older Chinese adults. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cancer and deaths by quintiles of telomere length were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards regression method with adjustment for age, sex and other potential confounders. After baseline blood collection, 4353 persons developed cancer and 7609 died. Participants with the longest decile of telomeres had a 26% (95% CI: 11%-44%) higher risk of total cancer incidence compared to the shortest decile after controlling for age, sex and other potential founders (Ptrend < .0001). In contrast, longer telomeres were associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.84-1.03), noncancer death (HR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71-0.92), specifically, death from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70-0.89) and digestive diseases (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42-0.88). Our findings demonstrated that longer telomeres are associated with increased risk of cancer development overall and several common cancer types including breast, rectal, prostate, pancreatic cancer and lung adenocarcinoma. Our study also confirmed that longer telomeres are associated with a reduced risk of noncancer related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Samavat
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hung N. Luu
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth B. Beckman
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aizhen Jin
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renwei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Relitti N, Saraswati AP, Federico S, Khan T, Brindisi M, Zisterer D, Brogi S, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G. Telomerase-based Cancer Therapeutics: A Review on their Clinical Trials. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:433-457. [PMID: 31894749 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200102104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are protective chromosomal ends that shield the chromosomes from DNA damage, exonucleolytic degradation, recombination, and end-to-end fusion. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that adds TTAGGG tandem repeats to the telomeric ends. It has been observed that 85 to 90% of human tumors express high levels of telomerase, playing a crucial role in the development of cancers. Interestingly, the telomerase activity is generally absent in normal somatic cells. This selective telomerase expression has driven scientists to develop novel anti-cancer therapeutics with high specificity and potency. Several advancements have been made in this area, which is reflected by the enormous success of the anticancer agent Imetelstat. Since the discovery of Imetelstat, several research groups have contributed to enrich the therapeutic arsenal against cancer. Such contributions include the application of new classes of small molecules, peptides, and hTERT-based immunotherapeutic agents (p540, GV1001, GRNVAC1 or combinations of these such as Vx-001). Many of these therapeutic tools are under different stages of clinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, we highlight the current status of telomerase-based cancer therapeutics and the outcome of these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Akella P Saraswati
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tuhina Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, via Aldo Moro 2, I- 53100 Siena, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Li H, Wang B, Li D, Li J, Luo Y, Dan J. Roles of telomeres and telomerase in age‑related renal diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:96. [PMID: 33300081 PMCID: PMC7723152 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‑related renal diseases, which account for various progressive renal disorders associated with cellular and organismal senescence, are becoming a substantial public health burden. However, their aetiologies are complicated and their pathogeneses remain poorly understood. Telomeres and telomerase are known to be essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of eukaryotic genomes and serve crucial roles in numerous related signalling pathways that activate renal functions, such as repair and regeneration. Previous studies have reported that telomere dysfunction served a role in various types of age‑related kidney disease through various different molecular pathways. The present review aimed to summarise the current knowledge of the association between telomeres and ageing‑related kidney diseases and explored the contribution of dysfunctional telomeres to these diseases. The findings may help to provide novel strategies for treating patients with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Boyuan Wang
- The Key Lab of Sports and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Physical Education, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, P.R. China
| | - Daoqun Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Ying Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Juhua Dan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Aging and Tumor, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Summart R, Thaichana P, Supan J, Meepowpan P, Lee TR, Tuntiwechapikul W. Superiority of an Asymmetric Perylene Diimide in Terms of Hydrosolubility, G-Quadruplex Binding, Cellular Uptake, and Telomerase Inhibition in Prostate Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29733-29745. [PMID: 33251409 PMCID: PMC7689663 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives have been studied as G-quadruplex ligands that suppress telomerase activity by facilitating G-quadruplex formation of telomeric DNA and the hTERT promoter. PIPER, the prototypical PDI, reduces telomerase activity in lung and prostate cancer cells, leading to telomere shortening and cellular senescence of these cells. However, PIPER suffers from poor hydrosolubility and the propensity to aggregate at neutral pH. In this report, we synthesized a new asymmetric PDI, aPDI-PHis, which maintains one N-ethyl piperidine side chain of PIPER and has histidine as another side chain. The results show that aPDI-PHis is superior to its symmetric counterparts, PIPER and PDI-His, in terms of hydrosolubility, G-quadruplex binding, cellular uptake, and telomerase inhibition in prostate cancer cells. These results suggest that one N-ethyl piperidine side chain of PDI is sufficient for G-quadruplex binding, while another side chain can be tuned to elicit desirable properties. These findings might lead to better PDIs for use as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratasark Summart
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pak Thaichana
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Supan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, 110 Intavaroros Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- . Tel: +66-53-945323.
Fax: +66-53-894031
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15
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Şekeroğlu ZA, Şekeroğlu V, Küçük N. Effects of Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration in Breast Carcinoma Cells. Int J Toxicol 2020; 40:52-61. [PMID: 32975457 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820961498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High telomerase activity in human breast cancer is associated with aggressive tumors resulting in decreased survival. Recent studies have shown that telomerase inhibitors may display anticancer properties in some human cancer cell lines. In the present study, we examined the effects of 4 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), used for the treatment of HIV; Abacavir (AC), Lamivudine (LV), Stavudine (SV), and Tenofovir (TF) on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in the normal human mammary epithelial cell line, hTERT-HME1, and the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Cells were treated with AC, LV, SV, or TF alone or in combination with paclitaxel (PAC), a known drug used to treat breast cancer. Conduct of the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that AC, SV, and TF had stronger cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells than in hTERT-HME1 cells. The combined treatment of RTIs and PAC caused high rates of cell death in MCF-7 and low rates of cell death in HTERT-HME1 by apoptosis. The percentages of apoptotic cells in the treatment of AC and SV in combination with PAC for 48 and 72 hours were higher than PAC. Significantly increased apoptosis and decreased migration levels were found in MCF-7 cells treated with AC and co-treatment of AC+PAC or SV+PAC than HME1 cells. These treatments can also prevent migration capacity more than PAC. Therefore, a combination strategy based on telomerase inhibitors such as AC or SV and anticancer drugs may be more effective in the treatment of certain breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 187474Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Vedat Şekeroğlu
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 187474Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Nihan Küçük
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 63990Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
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16
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Kamal S, Junaid M, Ejaz A, Bibi I, Akash MSH, Rehman K. The secrets of telomerase: Retrospective analysis and future prospects. Life Sci 2020; 257:118115. [PMID: 32698073 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase plays a significant role to maintain and regulate the telomere length, cellular immortality and senescence by the addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Chronic inflammation or oxidative stress-induced infection downregulates TERT gene modifying telomerase activity thus contributing to the early steps of gastric carcinogenesis process. Furthermore, telomere-telomerase system performs fundamental role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes mellitus as well as in its vascular intricacy. The cessation of cell proliferation in cultured cells by inhibiting the telomerase activity of transformed cells renders the rationale for culling of telomerase as a target therapy for the treatment of metabolic disorders and various types of cancers. In this article, we have briefly described the role of immune system and malignant cells in the expression of telomerase with critical analysis on the gaps and potential for future studies. The key findings regarding the secrets of the telomerase summarized in this article will help in future treatment modalities for the prevention of various types of cancers and metabolic disorders notably diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Ejaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ismat Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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17
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Jiang JJ, Kong QP. Comparative analysis of long noncoding RNAs in long-lived mammals provides insights into natural cancer-resistance. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1657-1665. [PMID: 32635806 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1792116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse and rats are staple model organisms that have been traditionally used for oncological studies; however, their short lifespan and highly prone to cancers limit their utilizationsin understanding the mechanisms of cancer resistance. In recent years, several studies of the non-standard long-lived mammalian species like naked mole rat (NMR) have provided new insights of mechanisms in natural anti-cancer. How long-lived species genetically maintain longevity and cancer-resistance remains largely elusive. To better understand the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms in long-lived mammals, we genome widely identified long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts of two longevous mammals, bowhead whale (BW, Balaena mysticetus) and Brandt's bat (BB, Myotis brandtii) and featured their sequence traits, expression patterns, and their correlations with cancer-resistance. Similar with naked mole rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber), the most long-lived rodent, BW and BB lncRNAs show low sequence conservation and dynamic expressions among tissues and physiological stages. By utilizing k-mers clustering, 75-136 of BW, BB and NMR lncRNAs were found in close relation (Pearson's r ≥0.9, p < 0.01) with human ageing diseases related lncRNAs (HAR-Lncs). In addition, we observed thousands of BB and BW lncRNAs strongly co-expressed (r > 0.8 or r <-0.8, p < 0.01) with potential tumour suppressors, indicating that lncRNAs are potentially involved in anti-cancer regulation in long-lived mammals. Our study provides the basis for lncRNA researches in perspectives of evolution and anti-cancer studies. Abbreviations: BW: bowhead whale; BB: Brandt's bat; NMR: naked mole rat; LLM: long-lived mammal; HTS: human tumour-suppressors; PTS: potential tumour suppressor; ARD: ageing related diseases; HAR-Lncs: lncRNAs that related with human ageing diseases; Kmer-lncs: lncRNAs in long-lived mammal species that corelated (Pearson'sr ≥0.9, p < 0.01) with the 10 HAR-Lncs by k-mers clustering; All-lncs: all the lncRNAs in long-lived mammal species; SDE-lncs: significant differentially expressed lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Study, Kunming, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
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18
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Teixeira L, Medioni J, Garibal J, Adotevi O, Doucet L, Durey MAD, Ghrieb Z, Kiladjian JJ, Brizard M, Laheurte C, Wehbe M, Pliquet E, Escande M, Defrance R, Culine S, Oudard S, Wain-Hobson S, Doppler V, Huet T, Langlade-Demoyen P. A First-in-Human Phase I Study of INVAC-1, an Optimized Human Telomerase DNA Vaccine in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:588-597. [PMID: 31558479 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is highly expressed in >85% of human tumors and is thus considered as a good tumor-associated antigen candidate for vaccine development. We conducted a phase I study to investigate the safety, tolerability, clinical response, and immunogenicity of INVAC-1, a DNA plasmid encoding a modified hTERT protein in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS INVAC-1 was either administered by intradermal route followed by electroporation or by Tropis, a needle-free injection system. Safety and tolerability were monitored by clinical and laboratory assessments. Progression-free survival and overall survival were reported using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Immunogenicity was studied by ELISpot, Luminex, and Flow Cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were treated with INVAC-1 administered at three dose levels (100, 400, and 800 μg). Vaccination was well tolerated and no dose-limiting toxicity was reported. One treatment-related grade 3 SAE was reported. Fifty-eight percent of patients experienced disease stabilization. PFS was 2.7 months, median OS was 15 months, and 1-year survival was reached for 65% of patients. INVAC-1 vaccination stimulated specific anti-hTERT CD4 T-cell response as well as cytotoxic CD8 T-cell response. No evidence of peripheral vaccine-induced immunosuppression was observed. CONCLUSIONS INVAC-1 vaccination was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic when administered intradermally at the three tested doses in patients with relapsed or refractory cancers. Disease stabilization was observed for the majority of patients (58%) during the treatment period and beyond.See related commentary by Slingluff Jr, p. 529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Teixeira
- Breast Diseases Unit, HIPI INSERM U976, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Medioni
- Center for Early Clinical Trials, Medical Oncology Department (CEPEC), Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Adotevi
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Biomonitoring Platform, Besançon, France
| | - Ludovic Doucet
- Breast Diseases Unit, HIPI INSERM U976, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | - Zineb Ghrieb
- Breast Diseases Unit, HIPI INSERM U976, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kiladjian
- Breast Diseases Unit, HIPI INSERM U976, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Mara Brizard
- Center for Early Clinical Trials, Medical Oncology Department (CEPEC), Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Laheurte
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Biomonitoring Platform, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephane Culine
- Breast Diseases Unit, HIPI INSERM U976, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Oudard
- Center for Early Clinical Trials, Medical Oncology Department (CEPEC), Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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19
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The role of telomeres and telomerase in cirrhosis and liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:544-558. [PMID: 31253940 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a key enzyme for cell survival that prevents telomere shortening and the subsequent cellular senescence that is observed after many rounds of cell division. In contrast, inactivation of telomerase is observed in most cells of the adult liver. Absence of telomerase activity and shortening of telomeres has been implicated in hepatocyte senescence and the development of cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. During hepatocarcinogenesis, telomerase reactivation is required to enable the uncontrolled cell proliferation that leads to malignant transformation and HCC development. Part of the telomerase complex, telomerase reverse transcriptase, is encoded by TERT, and several mechanisms of telomerase reactivation have been described in HCC that include somatic TERT promoter mutations, TERT amplification, TERT translocation and viral insertion into the TERT gene. An understanding of the role of telomeres and telomerase in HCC development is important to develop future targeted therapies and improve survival of this disease. In this Review, the roles of telomeres and telomerase in liver carcinogenesis are discussed, in addition to their potential translation to clinical practice as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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20
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Alnafakh RAA, Adishesh M, Button L, Saretzki G, Hapangama DK. Telomerase and Telomeres in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:344. [PMID: 31157162 PMCID: PMC6533802 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres at the termini of human chromosomes are shortened with each round of cell division due to the “end replication problem” as well as oxidative stress. During carcinogenesis, cells acquire or retain mechanisms to maintain telomeres to avoid initiation of cellular senescence or apoptosis and halting cell division by critically short telomeres. The unique reverse transcriptase enzyme complex, telomerase, catalyzes the maintenance of telomeres but most human somatic cells do not have sufficient telomerase activity to prevent telomere shortening. Tissues with high and prolonged replicative potential demonstrate adequate cellular telomerase activity to prevent telomere erosion, and high telomerase activity appears to be a critical feature of most (80–90%) epithelial cancers, including endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancers regress in response to progesterone which is frequently used to treat advanced endometrial cancer. Endometrial telomerase is inhibited by progestogens and deciphering telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer is therefore important, as targeting telomerase (a downstream target of progestogens) in endometrial cancer may provide novel and more effective therapeutic avenues. This review aims to examine the available evidence for the role and importance of telomere and telomerase biology in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafah A A Alnafakh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Meera Adishesh
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Button
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- The Ageing Biology Centre and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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21
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Insights into Telomerase/hTERT Alternative Splicing Regulation Using Bioinformatics and Network Analysis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050666. [PMID: 31091669 PMCID: PMC6562651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of telomerase in cancer cells remains incompletely understood. The catalytic component of telomerase, hTERT, is thought to be the limiting component in cancer cells for the formation of active enzymes. hTERT gene expression is regulated at several levels including chromatin, DNA methylation, transcription factors, and RNA processing events. Of these regulatory events, RNA processing has received little attention until recently. RNA processing and alternative splicing regulation have been explored to understand how hTERT is regulated in cancer cells. The cis- and trans-acting factors that regulate the alternative splicing choice of hTERT in the reverse transcriptase domain have been investigated. Further, it was discovered that the splicing factors that promote the production of full-length hTERT were also involved in cancer cell growth and survival. The goals are to review telomerase regulation via alternative splicing and the function of hTERT splicing variants and to point out how bioinformatics approaches are leading the way in elucidating the networks that regulate hTERT splicing choice and ultimately cancer growth.
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22
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Armando RG, Mengual Gomez DL, Maggio J, Sanmartin MC, Gomez DE. Telomeropathies: Etiology, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ethical and legal considerations. Clin Genet 2019; 96:3-16. [PMID: 30820928 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomeropathies involve a wide variety of infrequent genetic diseases caused by mutations in the telomerase maintenance mechanism or the DNA damage response (DDR) system. They are considered a family of rare diseases that often share causes, molecular mechanisms and symptoms. Generally, these diseases are not diagnosed until the symptoms are advanced, diminishing the survival time of patients. Although several related syndromes may still be unrecognized this work describes those that are known, highlighting that because they are rare diseases, physicians should be trained in their early diagnosis. The etiology and diagnosis are discussed for each telomeropathy and the treatments when available, along with a new classification of this group of diseases. Ethical and legal issues related to this group of diseases are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina G Armando
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego L Mengual Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Maggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Sanmartin
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Chromatin Bottlenecks in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:183-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Martín-Beltrán C, Sánchez-Peris M, Conesa-Milián L, Falomir E, Murga J, Carda M, Marco JA. Arylpyridines, arylpyrimidines and related compounds as potential modulator agents of the VEGF, hTERT and c-Myc oncogenes. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:880-887. [PMID: 30733086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four derivatives structurally related to honokiol have been synthesized and biologically evaluated. IC50 values were determined towards the HT-29, MCF-7 and HEK-293 cell lines. Some of these derivatives exhibited comparable or lower IC50 values than honokiol towards the HT-29 and MCF-7 cell lines or else higher selectivity indexes than the natural product. Twelve selected derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the expression of the VEGFA, hTERT and c-Myc genes and also to inhibit the production of total c-Myc protein and the secretion of the VEGF protein. One of the most promising compounds, 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridine, may be a good candidate for further studies as an anticancer agent as it is able to improve the effect shown by honokiol in downregulating all gene expression and protein production at a safe concentration for non-tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Martín-Beltrán
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Peris
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Laura Conesa-Milián
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Murga
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Miguel Carda
- Dept. de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Alberto Marco
- Dept. de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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25
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Barbour JA, Wong JWH. Dysregulation of Cis-Regulatory Elements in Cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8958-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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26
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Chien MN, Yang PS, Hsu YC, Liu TP, Lee JJ, Cheng SP. Transcriptome analysis of papillary thyroid cancer harboring telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation. Head Neck 2018; 40:2528-2537. [PMID: 30102829 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations have recently been identified as an important prognostic factor in thyroid cancer. Studies suggest that TERT may have noncanonical functions beyond telomere maintenance. METHODS Clinicopathological information and transcriptome data for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for potential confounding variables between the TERT promoter wild-type group and the mutant group. Gene expression data of 36 patients in the mutant group were systemically compared to those of 72 patients in the wild-type group. RESULTS Tumors with TERT promoter mutations had a higher TERT expression. Pathways central to DNA damage responses and cell cycle regulation were significantly enriched among 888 upregulated genes. Transporter and metabolic activities were overrepresented among 799 downregulated genes. There was no difference in the expression of most of the thyroid differentiation genes. CONCLUSION The TERT promoter mutations were associated with proliferative and metabolic alterations in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Nan Chien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Pai Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Determining Osteogenic Differentiation Efficacy of Pluripotent Stem Cells by Telomerase Activity. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:751-760. [PMID: 30603593 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone tissue engineering based on pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a new approach to deal with bone defects. Protocols have been developed to generate osteoblasts from PSCs. However, the low efficiency of this process is still an important issue that needs to be resolved. Many studies have aimed to improve efficiency, but developing accurate methods to determine efficacy is also critical. Studies using pluripotency to estimate efficacy are rare. Telomerase is highly associated with pluripotency. Methods We have described a quantitative method to measure telomerase activity, telomeric repeat elongation assay based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). To investigate whether this method could be used to determine the efficiency of in vitro osteogenic differentiation based on pluripotency, we measured the pluripotency pattern of cultures through stemness gene expression, proliferation ability and telomerase activity, measured by QCM. Results We showed that the pluripotency pattern determined by QCM was similar to the patterns of proliferation ability and gene expression, which showed a slight upregulation at the late stages, within the context of the general downregulation tendency during differentiation. Additionally, a comprehensive gene expression pattern covering nearly every stage of differentiation was identified. Conclusion Therefore, this assay may be powerful tools for determining the efficiency of differentiation systems based on pluripotency. In this study, we not only introduce a new method for determining efficiency based on pluripotency, but also provide more information about the characteristics of osteogenic differentiation which help facilitate future development of more efficient protocols.
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28
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Armstrong CA, Tomita K. Fundamental mechanisms of telomerase action in yeasts and mammals: understanding telomeres and telomerase in cancer cells. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.160338. [PMID: 28330934 PMCID: PMC5376709 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of telomerase occurs in 85–90% of all cancers and underpins the ability of cancer cells to bypass their proliferative limit, rendering them immortal. The activity of telomerase is tightly controlled at multiple levels, from transcriptional regulation of the telomerase components to holoenzyme biogenesis and recruitment to the telomere, and finally activation and processivity. However, studies using cancer cell lines and other model systems have begun to reveal features of telomeres and telomerase that are unique to cancer. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of telomerase recruitment and activation using insights from studies in mammals and budding and fission yeasts. Finally, we discuss the differences in telomere homeostasis between normal cells and cancer cells, which may provide a foundation for telomere/telomerase targeted cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Armstrong
- Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Kazunori Tomita
- Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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29
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Blasco V, Cuñat AC, Sanz-Cervera JF, Marco JA, Falomir E, Murga J, Carda M. Arylureas derived from colchicine: Enhancement of colchicine oncogene downregulation activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:817-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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McCallum JEB, Coyle CW, Elson RR, Titterington BA. Interactions of 4,4'-diaminoazobenzene derivatives with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018. [PMID: 29528273 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1442578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of small molecules to stabilize the G-quadruplex structure has garnered significant attention for anticancer drug discovery. Herein, we report the synthesis of several 4,4'-diaminoazobenzene derivatives containing different substituent groups and their ability to bind and stabilize telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was performed to characterize the quadruplex topologies, measure stabilization effects, and evaluate their capabilities for conformational photoregulation. 4,4'-Diaminoazobenzene derivatives were found to moderately stabilize quadruplex structures but not affect conformational photoregulation. This work further develops the design and general understanding of the stabilization effects of small molecules with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E B McCallum
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola Marymount University , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Christopher W Coyle
- b Molecular and Systems Pharmacology , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Ryan R Elson
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola Marymount University , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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31
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Frink RE, Peyton M, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Minna JD. Telomerase inhibitor imetelstat has preclinical activity across the spectrum of non-small cell lung cancer oncogenotypes in a telomere length dependent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31639-51. [PMID: 27192120 PMCID: PMC5077965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase was evaluated as a therapeutic oncotarget by studying the efficacy of the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to determine the range of response phenotypes and identify potential biomarkers of response. A panel of 63 NSCLC cell lines was studied for telomere length and imetelstat efficacy in inhibiting colony formation and no correlation was found with patient characteristics, tumor histology, and oncogenotypes. While there was no overall correlation between imetelstat efficacy with initial telomere length (ranging from 1.5 to 20 kb), the quartile of NSCLC lines with the shortest telomeres was more sensitive than the quartile with the longest telomeres. Continuous long-term treatment with imetelstat resulted in sustained telomerase inhibition, progressive telomere shortening and eventual growth inhibition in a telomere-length dependent manner. Cessation of imetelstat therapy before growth inhibition was followed by telomere regrowth. Likewise, in vivo imetelstat treatment caused tumor xenograft growth inhibition in a telomere-length dependent manner. We conclude from these preclinical studies of telomerase as an oncotarget tested by imetelstat response that imetelstat has efficacy across the entire oncogenotype spectrum of NSCLC, continuous therapy is necessary to prevent telomere regrowth, and short telomeres appears to be the best treatment biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Frink
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joan H Schiller
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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32
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Cupit-Link MC, Kirkland JL, Ness KK, Armstrong GT, Tchkonia T, LeBrasseur NK, Armenian SH, Ruddy KJ, Hashmi SK. Biology of premature ageing in survivors of cancer. ESMO Open 2017; 2:e000250. [PMID: 29326844 PMCID: PMC5757468 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 30 million cancer survivors exist worldwide. Survivors have an earlier onset and higher incidence of chronic comorbidities, including endocrinopathies, cardiac dysfunction, osteoporosis, pulmonary fibrosis, secondary cancers and frailty than the general population; however, the fundamental basis of these changes at the cellular level is unknown. An electronic search was performed on Embase, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Original articles addressing the cellular biology of ageing and/or the mechanisms of cancer therapies similar to ageing mechanisms were included, and references of these articles were reviewed for further search. We found multiple biological process of ageing at the cellular level and their association with cancer therapies, as well as with clinical effects. The direct effects of various chemotherapies and radiation on telomere length, senescent cells, epigenetic modifications and microRNA were found. We review the effects of cancer therapies on recognised hallmarks of ageing. Long-term comorbidities seen in cancer survivors mimic the phenotypes of ageing and likely result from the interaction between therapeutic exposures and the underlying biology of ageing. Long-term follow-up of cancer survivors and research on prevention strategies should be pursued to increase the length and quality of life among the growing population of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Saro H Armenian
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Kathryn J Ruddy
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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33
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Yu EY, Hsu M, Holloman WK, Lue NF. Contributions of recombination and repair proteins to telomere maintenance in telomerase-positive and negative Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 107:81-93. [PMID: 29052918 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination and repair factors are known to promote both telomere replication and recombination-based telomere extension. Herein, we address the diverse contributions of several recombination/repair proteins to telomere maintenance in Ustilago maydis, a fungus that bears strong resemblance to mammals with respect to telomere regulation and recombination mechanisms. In telomerase-positive U. maydis, deletion of rad51 and blm separately caused shortened but stably maintained telomeres, whereas deletion of both engendered similar telomere loss, suggesting that the repair proteins help to resolve similar problems in telomere replication. In telomerase-negative cells, the loss of Rad51 or Brh2 caused accelerated senescence and failure to generate survivors on semi-solid medium. However, slow growing survivors can be isolated through continuous liquid culturing, and these survivors exhibit type II-like as well as ALT-like telomere features. In contrast, the trt1Δ blmΔ double mutant gives rise to survivors as readily as the trt1Δ single mutant, and like the single mutant survivors, exhibit almost exclusively type I-like telomere features. In addition, we observed direct physical interactions between Blm and two telomere-binding proteins, which may thus recruit or regulate Blm at telomeres. Our findings provide the basis for further analyzing the interplays between telomerase, telomere replication, and telomere recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min Hsu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William K Holloman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal F Lue
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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34
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Telomerase based anticancer immunotherapy and vaccines approaches. Vaccine 2017; 35:5768-5775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteria and viruses possess circular DNA, whereas eukaryotes with typically very large DNA molecules have had to evolve into linear chromosomes to circumvent the problem of supercoiling circular DNA of that size. Consequently, such organisms possess telomeres to cap chromosome ends. Telomeres are essentially tandem repeats of any DNA sequence that are present at the ends of chromosomes. Their biology has been an enigmatic one, involving various molecules interacting dynamically in an evolutionarily well-trimmed fashion. Telomeres range from canonical hexameric repeats in most eukaryotes to unimaginably random retrotransposons, which attach to chromosome ends and reverse-transcribe to DNA in some plants and insects. Telomeres invariably associate with specialised protein complexes that envelop it, also regulating access of the ends to legitimate enzymes involved in telomere metabolism. They also transcribe into repetitive RNA which also seems to be playing significant roles in telomere maintenance. Telomeres thus form the intersection of DNA, protein, and RNA molecules acting in concert to maintain chromosome integrity. Telomere biology is emerging to appear ever more complex than previously envisaged, with the continual discovery of more molecules and interplays at the telomeres. This review also includes a section dedicated to the history of telomere biology, and intends to target the scientific audience new to the field by rendering an understanding of the phenomenon of chromosome end protection at large, with more emphasis on the biology of human telomeres. The review provides an update on the field and mentions the questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriram Venkatesan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Aik Kia Khaw
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore.
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, 768828 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore.
- Tembusu College, National University of Singapore, 138598 Singapore, Singapore.
- VIT University, Vellore 632014, India.
- Mangalore University, Mangalore 574199, India.
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36
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Islam B, Stadlbauer P, Gil-Ley A, Pérez-Hernández G, Haider S, Neidle S, Bussi G, Banas P, Otyepka M, Sponer J. Exploring the Dynamics of Propeller Loops in Human Telomeric DNA Quadruplexes Using Atomistic Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2458-2480. [PMID: 28475322 PMCID: PMC5514396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
have carried out a series of extended unbiased molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations (up to 10 μs long, ∼162 μs in
total) complemented by replica-exchange with the collective variable
tempering (RECT) approach for several human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex
(GQ) topologies with TTA propeller loops. We used different AMBER
DNA force-field variants and also processed simulations by Markov
State Model (MSM) analysis. The slow conformational transitions in
the propeller loops took place on a scale of a few μs, emphasizing
the need for long simulations in studies of GQ dynamics. The propeller
loops sampled similar ensembles for all GQ topologies and for all
force-field dihedral-potential variants. The outcomes of standard
and RECT simulations were consistent and captured similar spectrum
of loop conformations. However, the most common crystallographic loop
conformation was very unstable with all force-field versions. Although
the loss of canonical γ-trans state of the
first propeller loop nucleotide could be related to the indispensable
bsc0 α/γ dihedral potential, even supporting this particular
dihedral by a bias was insufficient to populate the experimentally
dominant loop conformation. In conclusion, while our simulations were
capable of providing a reasonable albeit not converged sampling of
the TTA propeller loop conformational space, the force-field description
still remained far from satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barira Islam
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stadlbauer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Gil-Ley
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Hernández
- Department for Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Shozeb Haider
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Giovanni Bussi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pavel Banas
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Martí-Centelles R, Murga J, Falomir E, Carda M, Marco JA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Imines Structurally Related to Resveratrol as Dual Inhibitors of VEGF Protein Secretion and hTERT Gene Expression 1. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of 28 N-benzylidene aniline derivatives structurally related to the natural stilbene resveratrol has been prepared through condensation of anilines with the corresponding aldehydes. The ability of these imines to inhibit proliferation of two tumor cell lines (HT-29 and MCF-7) and one non-tumor cell line (HEK-293) was first determined. Subsequently, we determined the ability of some of the most cytotoxic compounds to inhibit the secretion of the VEGF-A factor in HT-29 cells and to downregulate the expression of the VEGF and hTERT genes, the latter one being involved in the activation of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Murga
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eva Falomir
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda
- Depart. de Q. Inorgánica y Orgánica, Univ. Jaume I, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J. Alberto Marco
- Depart. de Q. Orgánica, Univ. de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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38
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Javan Maasomi Z, Pilehvar Soltanahmadi Y, Dadashpour M, Alipour S, Abolhasani S, Zarghami N. Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Silibinin and Chrysin in T47D Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1283-1287. [PMID: 28610415 PMCID: PMC5555536 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.5.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most significant causes of female cancer death worldwide. Although several chemotherapeutics have been developed to treat this type of cancer, issues remain such as low survival rates and high reoccurrence after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To explore a chemopreventive approach to enhancing breast cancer treatment efficacy, the antiproliferative effects of a combination of chrysin and silibinin, two herbal substances, in T47D breast cancer cells were assessed. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity of the agents singly and in combination was evaluated by MTT assay. Also, qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression levels of hTERT and cyclin D1 genes after 48 h treatment. Results: Cell viability assays revealed that chrysin or silibinin alone inhibited proliferation in a dose and time-dependent manner, and combining the drugs synergistically induced growth inhibition in the breast cancer cell line. The precise nature of this interaction was further analyzed by the median-effect method, where the combination indices (CI) were <1 for combination treatments, indicating synergism regarding T47D cell proliferation. qPCR results showed that the drug combination also synergistically down-regulated the mRNA levels of hTERT and cyclin D1 at all used concentrations compared with the drugs used alone after 48 h treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The data provide evidence that synergistic antiproliferative effects of Chrysin and Silibinin are linked to the down-regulation of cyclin D1 and hTERT genes, and suggest that their combination may have therapeutic value in treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Javan Maasomi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.
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39
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Liu X, Wang Y, Chang G, Wang F, Wang F, Geng X. Alternative Splicing of hTERT Pre-mRNA: A Potential Strategy for the Regulation of Telomerase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030567. [PMID: 28272339 PMCID: PMC5372583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of telomerase is one of the key events in the malignant transition of cells, and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is indispensable in the process of activating telomerase. The pre-mRNA alternative splicing of hTERT at the post-transcriptional level is one of the mechanisms for the regulation of telomerase activity. Shifts in splicing patterns occur in the development, tumorigenesis, and response to diverse stimuli in a tissue-specific and cell type–specific manner. Despite the regulation of telomerase activity, the alternative splicing of hTERT pre-mRNA may play a role in other cellular functions. Modulating the mode of hTERT pre-mRNA splicing is providing a new precept of therapy for cancer and aging-related diseases. This review focuses on the patterns of hTERT pre-mRNA alternative splicing and their biological functions, describes the potential association between the alternative splicing of hTERT pre-mRNA and telomerase activity, and discusses the possible significance of the alternative splicing of the hTERT pre-mRNA in the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of cancer and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Guangming Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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40
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Martínez P, Blasco MA. Telomere-driven diseases and telomere-targeting therapies. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:875-887. [PMID: 28254828 PMCID: PMC5379954 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Martínez and Blasco review the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases associated with telomere dysfunction, including telomeropathies, age-related disorders, and cancer. Current and future therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent these diseases, including preclinical development of telomere-targeted therapies using mouse models, are discussed. Telomeres, the protective ends of linear chromosomes, shorten throughout an individual’s lifetime. Telomere shortening is proposed to be a primary molecular cause of aging. Short telomeres block the proliferative capacity of stem cells, affecting their potential to regenerate tissues, and trigger the development of age-associated diseases. Mutations in telomere maintenance genes are associated with pathologies referred to as telomere syndromes, including Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, pulmonary fibrosis, aplastic anemia, and liver fibrosis. Telomere shortening induces chromosomal instability that, in the absence of functional tumor suppressor genes, can contribute to tumorigenesis. In addition, mutations in telomere length maintenance genes and in shelterin components, the protein complex that protects telomeres, have been found to be associated with different types of cancer. These observations have encouraged the development of therapeutic strategies to treat and prevent telomere-associated diseases, namely aging-related diseases, including cancer. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying telomere-driven diseases and highlight recent advances in the preclinical development of telomere-targeted therapies using mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid E-28029, Spain
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41
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Gomez DLM, Armando RG, Cerrudo CS, Ghiringhelli PD, Gomez DE. Telomerase as a Cancer Target. Development of New Molecules. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 16:2432-40. [PMID: 26873194 PMCID: PMC4997958 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160212122425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are the terminal part of the chromosome containing a long repetitive and non-codifying sequence that has as function protecting the chromosomes. In normal cells, telomeres lost part of such repetitive sequence in each mitosis, until telomeres reach a critical point, triggering at that time senescence and cell death. However, in most of tumor cells in each cell division a part of the telomere is lost, however the appearance of an enzyme called telomerase synthetize the segment that just has been lost, therefore conferring to tumor cells the immortality hallmark. Telomerase is significantly overexpressed in 80–95% of all malignant tumors, being present at low levels in few normal cells, mostly stem cells. Due to these characteristics, telomerase has become an attractive target for new and more effective anticancer agents. The capability of inhibiting telomerase in tumor cells should lead to telomere shortening, senescence and apoptosis. In this work, we analyze the different strategies for telomerase inhibition, either in development, preclinical or clinical stages taking into account their strong points and their caveats. We covered strategies such as nucleosides analogs, oligonucleotides, small molecule inhibitors, G-quadruplex stabilizers, immunotherapy, gene therapy, molecules that affect the telomere/telomerase associated proteins, agents from microbial sources, among others, providing a balanced evaluation of the status of the inhibitors of this powerful target together with an analysis of the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology. Quilmes National University, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina. R. Saenz Peña 352, (1876) Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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42
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Patel P, Kato T, Ujiie H, Wada H, Lee D, Hu HP, Hirohashi K, Ahn JY, Zheng J, Yasufuku K. Multi-Modal Imaging in a Mouse Model of Orthotopic Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161991. [PMID: 27584018 PMCID: PMC5008802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of CF800, a novel PEGylated nano-liposomal imaging agent containing indocyanine green (ICG) and iohexol, for real-time near infrared (NIR) fluorescence and computed tomography (CT) image-guided surgery in an orthotopic lung cancer model in nude mice. METHODS CF800 was intravenously administered into 13 mice bearing the H460 orthotopic human lung cancer. At 48 h post-injection (peak imaging agent accumulation time point), ex vivo NIR and CT imaging was performed. A clinical NIR imaging system (SPY®, Novadaq) was used to measure fluorescence intensity of tumor and lung. Tumor-to-background-ratios (TBR) were calculated in inflated and deflated states. The mean Hounsfield unit (HU) of lung tumor was quantified using the CT data set and a semi-automated threshold-based method. Histological evaluation using H&E, the macrophage marker F4/80 and the endothelial cell marker CD31, was performed, and compared to the liposomal fluorescence signal obtained from adjacent tissue sections. RESULTS The fluorescence TBR measured when the lung is in the inflated state (2.0 ± 0.58) was significantly greater than in the deflated state (1.42 ± 0.380 (n = 7, p<0.003). Mean fluorescent signal in tumor was highly variable across samples, (49.0 ± 18.8 AU). CT image analysis revealed greater contrast enhancement in lung tumors (a mean increase of 110 ± 57 HU) when CF800 is administered compared to the no contrast enhanced tumors (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Preliminary data suggests that the high fluorescence TBR and CT tumor contrast enhancement provided by CF800 may have clinical utility in localization of lung cancer during CT and NIR image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Patel
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hideki Ujiie
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hironobu Wada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daiyoon Lee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hsin-pei Hu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kentaro Hirohashi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinzi Zheng
- TECHNA Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
- TECHNA Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Telomeres maintain genomic integrity in normal cells, and their progressive shortening during successive cell divisions induces chromosomal instability. In the large majority of cancer cells, telomere length is maintained by telomerase. Thus, telomere length and telomerase activity are crucial for cancer initiation and the survival of tumors. Several pathways that regulate telomere length have been identified, and genome-scale studies have helped in mapping genes that are involved in telomere length control. Additionally, genomic screening for recurrent human telomerase gene hTERT promoter mutations and mutations in genes involved in the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, such as ATRX and DAXX, has elucidated how these genomic changes contribute to the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer cells. Attempts have also been made to develop telomere length- and telomerase-based diagnostic tools and anticancer therapeutics. Recent efforts have revealed key aspects of telomerase assembly, intracellular trafficking and recruitment to telomeres for completing DNA synthesis, which may provide novel targets for the development of anticancer agents. Here, we summarize telomere organization and function and its role in oncogenesis. We also highlight genomic mutations that lead to reactivation of telomerase, and mechanisms of telomerase reconstitution and trafficking that shed light on its function in cancer initiation and tumor development. Additionally, recent advances in the clinical development of telomerase inhibitors, as well as potential novel targets, will be summarized.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Telomeres progressively shorten throughout life. A hallmark of advanced malignancies is the ability for continuous cell divisions that almost universally correlates with the stabilization of telomere length by the reactivation of telomerase. The repression of telomerase and shorter telomeres in humans may have evolved, in part, as an anticancer protection mechanism. Although there is still much we do not understand about the regulation of telomerase, it remains a very attractive and novel target for cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on the current state of advances in the telomerase area, identifies outstanding questions, and addresses areas and methods that need refinement. SIGNIFICANCE Despite many recent advances, telomerase remains a challenging target for cancer therapy. There are few telomerase-directed therapies, and many of the assays used to measure telomeres and telomerase have serious limitations. This review provides an overview of the current state of the field and how recent advances could affect future research and treatment approaches. Cancer Discov; 6(6); 584-93. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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45
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Lin CC, Hsieh MH, Teng SC. Genistein suppresses the proliferation of telomerase-negative cells. Food Sci Nutr 2016; 5:197-204. [PMID: 28265354 PMCID: PMC5332266 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In both tumor and yeast cells that lack telomerase, telomeres are maintained via an alternative recombination mechanism. In this study, we tested genistein, a potential TOP2 inhibitor required for telomere–telomere recombination, on the repression of telomere–telomere recombination. Genistein on the repression of type II recombination on a tlc1 yeast strain was examined by the telomeric DNA structures using Southern blot analysis. Telomere patterns of freshly dissected tlc1 spores containing an empty plasmid (pYES2) or a yeast TOP2 (yTOP2) plasmid were analyzed. The results indicated that the reintroduction of TOP2 recovered the type II pattern, implying genistein in the blockage of type II survivors in the tlc1 strain. The effects of genistein on both tlc1 and tlc1 rad 51 strains in liquid and solid mediums were also examined. Finally, treatment of 10 μmol/L of genistein showed inhibitory effect on the growth of telomerase‐negative U2OS alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) cells, but not in telomerase‐positive HCT116 cells. These results provide evidences that the inhibitory effects of genistein on telomerase‐negative cells depend on type II recombination pathway in yeast and the ALT pathway in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Lin
- Department of Food Science China University of Science and Technology Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 100 Taiwan
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46
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G-Quadruplex ligands: Potent inhibitors of telomerase activity and cell proliferation in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Rocca R, Costa G, Artese A, Parrotta L, Ortuso F, Maccioni E, Pinato O, Greco ML, Sissi C, Alcaro S, Distinto S, Moraca F. Hit Identification of a Novel Dual Binder for h-telo/c-myc G-Quadruplex by a Combination of Pharmacophore Structure-Based Virtual Screening and Docking Refinement. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1721-33. [PMID: 27008476 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that G-quadruplexes are targets of great interest for their roles in crucial biological processes, such as aging and cancer. Hence, a promising strategy for anticancer drug therapy is the stabilization of these structures by small molecules. We report a high-throughput in silico screening of commercial libraries from several different vendors by means of a combined structure-based pharmacophore model approach followed by docking simulations. The compounds selected by the virtual screening procedure were then tested for their ability to interact with human telomeric G-quadruplex folding by circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence intercalator displacement. Our approach resulted in the identification of a 13-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-12-hydroxy-8H-benzo[c]indolo[3,2,1-ij][1,5]naphthyridin-8-one derivative as a novel promising stabilizer of G-quadruplex structures within the human telomeric and the c-myc promoter sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Parrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Odra Pinato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Graecia" di Catanzaro, Campus "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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48
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García-Beccaria M, Martínez P, Méndez-Pertuz M, Martínez S, Blanco-Aparicio C, Cañamero M, Mulero F, Ambrogio C, Flores JM, Megias D, Barbacid M, Pastor J, Blasco MA. Therapeutic inhibition of TRF1 impairs the growth of p53-deficient K-RasG12V-induced lung cancer by induction of telomeric DNA damage. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:930-49. [PMID: 25971796 PMCID: PMC4520658 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are considered anti-cancer targets, as telomere maintenance above a minimum length is necessary for cancer growth. Telomerase abrogation in cancer-prone mouse models, however, only decreased tumor growth after several mouse generations when telomeres reach a critically short length, and this effect was lost upon p53 mutation. Here, we address whether induction of telomere uncapping by inhibition of the TRF1 shelterin protein can effectively block cancer growth independently of telomere length. We show that genetic Trf1 ablation impairs the growth of p53-null K-RasG12V-induced lung carcinomas and increases mouse survival independently of telomere length. This is accompanied by induction of telomeric DNA damage, apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and G2 arrest. Long-term whole-body Trf1 deletion in adult mice did not impact on mouse survival and viability, although some mice showed a moderately decreased cellularity in bone marrow and blood. Importantly, inhibition of TRF1 binding to telomeres by small molecules blocks the growth of already established lung carcinomas without affecting mouse survival or tissue function. Thus, induction of acute telomere uncapping emerges as a potential new therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Beccaria
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marinela Méndez-Pertuz
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Martínez
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Histopathology Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M Flores
- Animal Surgery and Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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49
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Zhang J, Wei MH, Lu R, Du GF, Zhou G. Declined hTERT expression of peripheral blood CD4+
T cells in oral lichen planus correlated with clinical parameter. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:516-22. [PMID: 26662465 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Department of Oral Medicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Ming-hui Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Rui Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Department of Oral Medicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Ge-fei Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Department of Oral Medicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Department of Oral Medicine; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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50
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Liu T, Yu H, Ding L, Wu Z, Gonzalez De Los Santos F, Liu J, Ullenbruch M, Hu B, Martins V, Phan SH. Conditional Knockout of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Mesenchymal Cells Impairs Mouse Pulmonary Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142547. [PMID: 26555817 PMCID: PMC4640706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is typically expressed in cellular populations capable of extended replication, such as germ cells, tumor cells, and stem cells, but is also induced in tissue injury, repair and fibrosis. Its catalytic component, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is induced in lung fibroblasts from patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease and in rodents with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. To evaluate the fibroblast specific role of TERT in pulmonary fibrosis, transgenic mice bearing a floxed TERT allele were generated, and then crossed with an inducible collagen α2(I)-Cre mouse line to generate fibroblast specific TERT conditional knockout mice. TERT-specific deficiency in mesenchymal cells caused attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis as manifested by reduced lung hydroxyproline content, type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin mRNA levels. The TERT-deficient mouse lung fibroblasts displayed decreased cell proliferative capacity and higher susceptibility to induced apoptosis compared with control cells. Additionally TERT deficiency was associated with heightened α-smooth muscle actin expression indicative of myofibroblast differentiation. However the impairment of cell proliferation and increased susceptibility to apoptosis would cause a reduction in the myofibroblast progenitor population necessary to mount a successful myofibroblast-dependent fibrotic response. These findings identified a key role for TERT in fibroblast proliferation and survival essential for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianju Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hongfeng Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lin Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew Ullenbruch
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Biao Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sem H. Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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