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Mat Yusoff Y, Ahid F, Abu Seman Z, Abdullah J, Kamaluddin NR, Esa E, Zakaria Z. Comprehensive analysis of mutations and clonal evolution patterns in a cohort of patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:45. [PMID: 34560908 PMCID: PMC8464159 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with the acquisition of additional somatic mutations which are thought to drive phenotypic adaptability, clonal selection and evolution of leukemic clones during treatment. We performed high throughput exome sequencing of matched presentation and relapsed samples from 6 cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML) patients treated with standard remission induction chemotherapy in order to contribute with the investigation of the mutational landscape of CN-AML and clonal evolution during AML treatment. Result A total of 24 and 32 somatic variants were identified in presentation and relapse samples respectively with an average of 4.0 variants per patient at presentation and 5.3 variants per patient at relapse, with SNVs being more frequent than indels at both disease stages. All patients have somatic variants in at least one gene that is frequently mutated in AML at both disease presentation and relapse, with most of these variants are classic AML and recurrent hotspot mutations including NPM1 p.W288fs, FLT3-ITD, NRAS p.G12D and IDH2 p.R140Q. In addition, we found two distinct clonal evolution patterns of relapse: (1) a leukemic clone at disease presentation acquires additional mutations and evolves into the relapse clone after the chemotherapy; (2) a leukemic clone at disease presentation persists at relapse without the addition of novel somatic mutations. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that the relapse-initiating clones may pre-exist prior to therapy, which harbor or acquire mutations that confer selective advantage during chemotherapy, resulting in clonal expansion and eventually leading to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuslina Mat Yusoff
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadly Ahid
- Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zahidah Abu Seman
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Julia Abdullah
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Rizan Kamaluddin
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ezalia Esa
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zubaidah Zakaria
- Hematology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Somatic Mutations and Autoimmunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082056. [PMID: 34440825 PMCID: PMC8394445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are among the most common chronic illness caused by a dysregulated immune response against self-antigens. Close to 5% of the general population in Western countries develops some form of autoimmunity, yet its underlying causes, although intensively studied, are still not fully known, and no curative therapies exist. It is well established that autoimmune diseases have common mechanisms and are caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. One novel risk factor that can contribute to autoimmunity is somatic mutations, in a role parallel to their role in cancer. Somatic mutations are stochastic, de novo, non-inherited mutations. In this hypothesis, the persistent proliferation of self-reactive lymphocytes (that is usually hindered by a series of checkpoints) is permitted, due to somatic mutations in these expanding cells, allowing them to bypass multiple regulatory checkpoints, causing autoimmunity. This novel concept of the contribution of these mutations in non-malignant diseases has recently started to be explored. It proposes a novel paradigm for autoimmunity etiology and could be the missing piece of the autoimmunity puzzle.
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Bemis JC, Heflich RH. In vitro mammalian cell mutation assays based on the Pig-a gene: A report of the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) Workgroup. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403028. [PMID: 31699348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pig-a gene mutation assays enumerate cells with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-deficient phenotype as a reporter of mutation in the endogenous Pig-a gene. Methods for measuring mutation in this gene are quite well established for in vivo systems. This approach to mutagenicity assessment has now been extended to in vitro mammalian cell-based systems. An expert workgroup from the 7th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing tasked with assessing the status of in vitro mammalian cell mutation assays has investigated the merits and limitations of in vitro Pig-a gene mutation assays. A review of the current status of these developing methodologies and the formation of consensus statements on the utility and application of these assays were performed to provide guidance for their potential use in genotoxicity hazard identification and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bemis
- Litron Laboratories, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - R H Heflich
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
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4
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The Problem of Non-Shared Environment in Behavioral Genetics. Behav Genet 2019; 49:259-269. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-019-09950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kimberland ML, Hou W, Alfonso-Pecchio A, Wilson S, Rao Y, Zhang S, Lu Q. Strategies for controlling CRISPR/Cas9 off-target effects and biological variations in mammalian genome editing experiments. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Evensen NA, Madhusoodhan PP, Meyer J, Saliba J, Chowdhury A, Araten DJ, Nersting J, Bhatla T, Vincent TL, Teachey D, Hunger SP, Yang J, Schmiegelow K, Carroll WL. MSH6 haploinsufficiency at relapse contributes to the development of thiopurine resistance in pediatric B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 103:830-839. [PMID: 29449434 PMCID: PMC5927991 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.176362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia is poor, and understanding mechanisms underlying resistance is essential to developing new therapy. Relapse-specific heterozygous deletions in MSH6, a crucial part of DNA mismatch repair, are frequently detected. Our aim was to determine whether MSH6 deletion results in a hypermutator phenotype associated with generation of secondary mutations involved in drug resistance, or if it leads to a failure to initiate apoptosis directly in response to chemotherapeutic agents. We knocked down MSH6 in mismatch repair proficient cell lines (697 and UOCB1) and showed significant increases in IC50s to 6-thioguanine and 6-mercaptopurine (697: 26- and 9-fold; UOCB1: 5- and 8-fold) in vitro, as well as increased resistance to 6-mercaptopurine treatment in vivo. No shift in IC50 was observed in deficient cells (Reh and RS4;11). 697 MSH6 knockdown resulted in increased DNA thioguanine nucleotide levels compared to non-targeted cells (3070 vs. 1722 fmol/μg DNA) with no difference observed in mismatch repair deficient cells. Loss of MSH6 did not give rise to microsatellite instability in cell lines or clinical samples, nor did it significantly increase mutation rate, but rather resulted in a defect in cell cycle arrest upon thiopurine exposure. MSH6 knockdown cells showed minimal activation of checkpoint regulator CHK1, γH2AX (DNA damage marker) and p53 levels upon treatment with thiopurines, consistent with intrinsic chemoresistance due to failure to recognize thioguanine nucleotide mismatching and initiate mismatch repair. Aberrant MSH6 adds to the list of alterations/mutations associated with acquired resistance to purine analogs emphasizing the importance of thiopurine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Evensen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - P Pallavi Madhusoodhan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Meyer
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jason Saliba
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashfiyah Chowdhury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Araten
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York NY, USA
| | - Jacob Nersting
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teena Bhatla
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiffaney L Vincent
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Teachey
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William L Carroll
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Bemis JC, Avlasevich SL, Labash C, McKinzie P, Revollo J, Dobrovolsky VN, Dertinger SD. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein deficiency serves as a reliable reporter of Pig-a gene Mutation: Support from an in vitro assay based on L5178Y/Tk +/- cells and the CD90.2 antigen. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:18-29. [PMID: 29115020 PMCID: PMC5771857 DOI: 10.1002/em.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lack of cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein(s) has been used as a reporter of Pig-a gene mutation in several model systems. As an extension of this work, our laboratory initiated development of an in vitro mutation assay based on the flow cytometric assessment of CD90.2 expression on the cell surface of the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y/Tk+/- . Cells were exposed to mutagenic and nonmutagenic compounds for 24 hr followed by washout and incubation for an additional 7 days. Following this mutant manifestation time, cells were labeled with fluorescent antibodies against CD90.2 and CD45 antigens. These reagents indicated the presence of GPI-anchored proteins and general cell surface membrane receptor integrity, respectively. Instrument set-up was aided by parallel processing of a GPI anchor-deficient subclone. Results show that the mutagens reproducibly caused increased frequencies of mutant phenotype cells, while the nonmutagens did not. Further modifications to the method, including application of a viability dye and an isotype control for instrument set-up, were investigated. As a means to verify that the GPI-anchored protein-negative phenotype reflects bona fide Pig-a gene mutation, sequencing was performed on 38 CD90.2-negative L5178Y/Tk+/- clones derived from cultures treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. All clones were found to have mutation(s) within the Pig-a gene. The continued investigation of L5178Y/Tk+/- cells, CD90.2 labeling, and flow cytometric analysis as the basis of an in vitro mutation assay is clearly supported by this work. These data also provide evidence of the reliability of using GPI anchor-deficiency as a valid reporter of Pig-a gene mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:18-29, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Page McKinzie
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Javier Revollo
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Vasily N Dobrovolsky
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas
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8
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Somatic mutations in clonally expanded cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28635960 PMCID: PMC5482061 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations contribute to tumorigenesis. Although these mutations occur in all proliferating cells, their accumulation under non-malignant conditions, such as in autoimmune disorders, has not been investigated. Here, we show that patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis have expanded CD8+ T-cell clones; in 20% (5/25) of patients CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, harbour somatic mutations. In healthy controls (n=20), only one mutation is identified in the CD8+ T-cell pool. Mutations exist exclusively in the expanded CD8+ effector-memory subset, persist during follow-up, and are predicted to change protein functions. Some of the mutated genes (SLAMF6, IRF1) have previously been associated with autoimmunity. RNA sequencing of mutation-harbouring cells shows signatures corresponding to cell proliferation. Our data provide evidence of accumulation of somatic mutations in expanded CD8+ T cells, which may have pathogenic significance for RA and other autoimmune diseases. Accumulation of somatic mutations in lymphocytes is a feature of some cancers. Here the authors show that patients with recent onset of rheumatoid arthritis also accumulate mutations in their expanded CD8+ effector memory T cell pool independent of cancer association.
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9
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Olsen AK, Dertinger SD, Krüger CT, Eide DM, Instanes C, Brunborg G, Hartwig A, Graupner A. The Pig-a Gene Mutation Assay in Mice and Human Cells: A Review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:78-92. [PMID: 28481423 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This MiniReview describes the principle of mutation assays based on the endogenous Pig-a gene and summarizes results for two species of toxicological interest, mice and human beings. The work summarized here largely avoids rat-based studies, as are summarized elsewhere. The Pig-a gene mutation assay has emerged as a valuable tool for quantifying in vivo and in vitro mutational events. The Pig-a locus is located at the X-chromosome, giving the advantage that one inactivated allele can give rise to a mutated phenotype, detectable by multicolour flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, only minute blood volumes are required, making it easily incorporated into ongoing studies or experiments with limited biological materials. Low blood volumes also allow individuals to serve as their own controls, providing temporal information of the mutagenic process, and/or outcome of intervention. These characteristics make it a promising exposure marker. To date, the Pig-a gene mutation assay has been most commonly performed in rats, while reports regarding its usefulness in other species are accumulating. Besides its applicability to in vivo studies, it holds promise for genotoxicity testing using cultured cells, as shown in recent studies. In addition to safety assessment roles, it is becoming a valuable tool in basic research to identify mutagenic effects of different interventions or to understand implications of various gene defects by investigating modified mouse models or cell systems. Human blood-based assays are also being developed that may be able to identify genotoxic environmental exposures, treatment- and lifestyle-related factors or endogenous host factors that contribute to mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Karin Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norway
| | | | - Christopher T Krüger
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dag M Eide
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norway.,Department of Toxicology and Risk, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norway
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne Graupner
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norway
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Craig M. Towards Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Models of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2017; 6:293-304. [PMID: 28418603 PMCID: PMC5445232 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia is a serious toxic complication of chemotherapeutic treatment. For years, mathematical models have been developed to better predict hematological outcomes during chemotherapy in both the traditional pharmaceutical sciences and mathematical biology disciplines. An increasing number of quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models that combine systems approaches, physiology, and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics have been successfully developed. Here, I detail the shift towards QSP efforts, emphasizing the importance of incorporating systems-level physiological considerations in pharmacometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Craig
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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11
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Horibata K, Ukai A, Ishikawa S, Sugano A, Honma M. Monitoring genotoxicity in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: application of the PIG-A assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 808:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Forster VJ, Nahari MH, Martinez-Soria N, Bradburn AK, Ptasinska A, Assi SA, Fordham SE, McNeil H, Bonifer C, Heidenreich O, Allan JM. The leukemia-associated RUNX1/ETO oncoprotein confers a mutator phenotype. Leukemia 2015; 30:250-3. [PMID: 26050648 PMCID: PMC4705432 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Forster
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M H Nahari
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - N Martinez-Soria
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A K Bradburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - A Ptasinska
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S A Assi
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S E Fordham
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - H McNeil
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - C Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - O Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - J M Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Schubert J, Röth A. Update on paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: on the long way to understand the principles of the disease. Eur J Haematol 2015; 94:464-73. [PMID: 25702878 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schubert
- Internal Medicine II, Elblandklinikum Riesa, Riesa, Germany
| | - Alexander Röth
- Department of Haematology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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