1
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Song S, Wang L, Jiang X, Liu X, Li S, Xie S, Lu D. CircHULC accelerates the growth of human liver cancer stem cells by enhancing chromatin reprogramming and chromosomal instability via autophagy. Cell Signal 2023:110772. [PMID: 37321526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CircHULC was overexpressed in several cancers, the role of CircHULC in malignancies has yet to be elucidated. METHODS Gene infection, tumorigenesis test in vitro and in vivo and the signaling pathway analysis were performed. RESULTS our results indicate that CircHULC promotes growth of human liver cancer stem cells and the malignant differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells. Mechanistically, CircHULC enhances the methylation modification of PKM2 via CARM1 and the deacetylase Sirt1. Moreover, CircHULC enhances the binding ability of TP53INP2/DOR with LC3 and LC3 with ATG4, ATG3, ATG5, ATG12. Therefore, CircHULC promotes the formation of autophagosomes. In particular, the binding ability of phosphorylated Beclin1 (Ser14) to Vps15, Vps34, ATG14L were significantly increased after CircHULC was overexpressed. Strikingly, CircHULC affects the expression of chromatin reprogramming factors and oncogenes through autophagy. Thereafter, Oct4, Sox2, KLF4, Nanog, and GADD45 were significantly decreased and C-myc was increased after CircHULC was overexpressed. Thus, CircHULC promotes the expression of H-Ras, SGK, P70S6K, 4E-BP1, Jun, and AKT. Interestingly, both CARM1 and Sirt1 determine the cancerous function of CircHULC dependent on autophagy. CONCLUSIONS we shed light on the fact that the targeted attenuation of deregulated functioning of CircHULC could be a viable approach for cancer treatment, and CircHULC may acts as the potential biomarker and therapeutic target for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Song
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shujie Li
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sijie Xie
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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2
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Miao N, Zeng Z, Lee T, Guo Q, Zheng W, Cai W, Chen W, Wang J, Sun T. Integrative epigenome profiling of 47XXY provides insights into whole genomic DNA hypermethylation and active chromatin accessibility. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1128739. [PMID: 37051325 PMCID: PMC10083376 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1128739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47XXY) is a disorder characterized by sex chromosomal aneuploidy, which may lead to changes in epigenetic regulations of gene expression. To define epigenetic architectures in 47XXY, we annotated DNA methylation in euploid males (46XY) and females (46XX), and 47XXY individuals using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and integrated chromatin accessbilty, and detected abnormal hypermethylation in 47XXY. Furthermore, we detected altered chromatin accessibility in 47XXY, in particular in chromosome X, using Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) in cultured amniotic cells. Our results construct the whole genome-wide DNA methylation map in 47XXY, and provide new insights into the early epigenomic dysregulation resulting from an extra chromosome X in 47XXY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiwei Guo
- United Diagnostic and Research Center for Clinical Genetics, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine & School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- Quanzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun,
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3
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Krivega M, Stiefel CM, Storchova Z. Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2126-2140. [PMID: 36459979 PMCID: PMC9808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome gains are detrimental for the development of the human embryo. As such, autosomal trisomies almost always result in spontaneous abortion, and the rare embryos surviving until live birth suffer from a plethora of pathological defects. There is no treatment currently available to ameliorate the consequences of trisomies, such as Down syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21). Identifying the source of the phenotypes observed in cells with extra chromosomes is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular causes of trisomy syndromes. Although increased expression of the genes localized on the extra chromosome triggers several pathological phenotypes, an alternative model suggests that global, aneuploidy-associated changes in cellular physiology also contribute to the pathology. Here, we compare the molecular consequences of trisomy syndromes in vivo against engineered cell lines carrying various chromosome gains in vitro. We point out several phenotypes that are shared by variable trisomies and, therefore, might be caused by the presence of an extra chromosome per se, independent of its identity. This alternative view may provide useful insights for understanding Down syndrome pathology and open additional opportunities for diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krivega
- Reproduction Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Infertility Disorders, Women Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Clara M. Stiefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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4
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Schiavoni F, Zuazua-Villar P, Roumeliotis TI, Benstead-Hume G, Pardo M, Pearl FMG, Choudhary JS, Downs JA. Aneuploidy tolerance caused by BRG1 loss allows chromosome gains and recovery of fitness. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1731. [PMID: 35365638 PMCID: PMC8975814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy results in decreased cellular fitness in many species and model systems. However, aneuploidy is commonly found in cancer cells and often correlates with aggressive growth, suggesting that the impact of aneuploidy on cellular fitness is context dependent. The BRG1 (SMARCA4) subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex is frequently lost in cancer. Here, we use a chromosomally stable cell line to test the effect of BRG1 loss on the evolution of aneuploidy. BRG1 deletion leads to an initial loss of fitness in this cell line that improves over time. Notably, we find increased tolerance to aneuploidy immediately upon loss of BRG1, and the fitness recovery over time correlates with chromosome gain. These data show that BRG1 loss creates an environment where karyotype changes can be explored without a fitness penalty. At least in some genetic backgrounds, therefore, BRG1 loss can affect the progression of tumourigenesis through tolerance of aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Schiavoni
- Epigenetics and Genome Stability Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Pedro Zuazua-Villar
- Epigenetics and Genome Stability Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Theodoros I Roumeliotis
- Functional Proteomics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Graeme Benstead-Hume
- Functional Proteomics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Frances M G Pearl
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jessica A Downs
- Epigenetics and Genome Stability Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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5
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Abstract
Aneuploidy, a genomic alternation characterized by deviations in the copy number of chromosomes, affects organisms from early development through to aging. Although it is a main cause of human pregnancy loss and a hallmark of cancer, how aneuploidy affects cellular function has been elusive. The last two decades have seen rapid advances in the understanding of the causes and consequences of aneuploidy at the molecular and cellular levels. These studies have uncovered effects of aneuploidy that can be beneficial or detrimental to cells and organisms in an environmental context-dependent and karyotype-dependent manner. Aneuploidy also imposes general stress on cells that stems from an imbalanced genome and, consequently, also an imbalanced proteome. These insights provide the fundamental framework for understanding the impact of aneuploidy in genome evolution, human pathogenesis and drug resistance.
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6
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Mouse models of aneuploidy to understand chromosome disorders. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:157-168. [PMID: 34719726 PMCID: PMC8913467 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An organism or cell carrying a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid count is in a state of aneuploidy. This condition results in significant changes in the level of expression of genes that are gained or lost from the aneuploid chromosome(s) and most cases in humans are not compatible with life. However, a few aneuploidies can lead to live births, typically associated with deleterious phenotypes. We do not understand why phenotypes arise from aneuploid syndromes in humans. Animal models have the potential to provide great insight, but less than a handful of mouse models of aneuploidy have been made, and no ideal system exists in which to study the effects of aneuploidy per se versus those of raised gene dosage. Here, we give an overview of human aneuploid syndromes, the effects on physiology of having an altered number of chromosomes and we present the currently available mouse models of aneuploidy, focusing on models of trisomy 21 (which causes Down syndrome) because this is the most common, and therefore, the most studied autosomal aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss the potential role of carrying an extra chromosome on aneuploid phenotypes, independent of changes in gene dosage, and methods by which this could be investigated further.
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7
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Hass R, von der Ohe J, Dittmar T. Cancer Cell Fusion and Post-Hybrid Selection Process (PHSP). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184636. [PMID: 34572863 PMCID: PMC8470238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of cancer cells either with other cancer cells (homotypic fusion) in local vicinity of the tumor tissue or with other cell types (e.g., macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stromal-/stem-like cells (MSC)) (heterotypic fusion) represents a rare event. Accordingly, the clinical relevance of cancer-cell fusion events appears questionable. However, enhanced tumor growth and/or development of certain metastases can originate from cancer-cell fusion. Formation of hybrid cells after cancer-cell fusion requires a post-hybrid selection process (PHSP) to cope with genomic instability of the parental nuclei and reorganize survival and metabolic functionality. The present review dissects mechanisms that contribute to a PHSP and resulting functional alterations of the cancer hybrids. Based upon new properties of cancer hybrid cells, the arising clinical consequences of the subsequent tumor heterogeneity after cancer-cell fusion represent a major therapeutic challenge. However, cellular partners during cancer-cell fusion such as MSC within the tumor microenvironment or MSC-derived exosomes may provide a suitable vehicle to specifically address and deliver anti-tumor cargo to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.D.); Tel.: +49-511-5326070 (R.H.); +49-2302-926165 (T.D.)
| | - Juliane von der Ohe
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZABF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.D.); Tel.: +49-511-5326070 (R.H.); +49-2302-926165 (T.D.)
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8
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Ariyoshi K, Hiroyama Y, Fujiwara N, Miura T, Kasai K, Nakata A, Fujishima Y, Ting Goh VS, Yoshida MA. Extracellular vesicles released from irradiated neonatal mouse cheek tissue increased cell survival after radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:73-78. [PMID: 33302296 PMCID: PMC7779349 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia is one of the common symptoms after high-dose radiation exposure. In our experiments, neonatal mice that received 7 Gy X-ray exhibited defects in overall hair growth, except for their cheeks. This phenomenon might suggest that some substances were secreted and prevented hair follicle loss in the infant tissues around their cheeks after radiation damage. In this study, we focused on exosome-like vesicles (ELV) secreted from cheek skin tissues and back skin tissues, as control, and examined their radiation protective effects on mouse fibroblast cell lines. We observed that ELV from irradiated cheek skin showed protective effects from radiation. Our results suggest that ELV from radiation-exposed cheek skin tissue is one of the secreted factors that prevent hair follicle loss after high-dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Corresponding author: Integrated Center for Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan. Tel: +81-24-547-1111: Fax: +81-24-547-1967: E-mail:
| | - Yota Hiroyama
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujiwara
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, 15-4-1, Maeda 7-jo, Teine-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Valerie Swee Ting Goh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Integrated Center for Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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9
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10
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Fujishima Y, Nakata A, Yoshida M. Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect is Mediated by Mitochondrial DNA in Exosome-Like Vesicles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9103. [PMID: 31235776 PMCID: PMC6591216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-like vesicles (ELV) are involved in mediating radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE). Here, we used ELV from control cell conditioned medium (CCCM) and from 4 Gy of X-ray irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM), which has been used to culture normal human fibroblast cells to examine the possibility of ELV mediating RIBE signals. We investigated whether ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum mediate RIBE signals. Induction of DNA damage was observed in cells that were treated with ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. In addition, we treated CCCM ELV and ICCM ELV with RNases, DNases, and proteinases to determine which component of ELV is responsible for RIBE. Induction of DNA damage by ICCM ELV was not observed after treatment with DNases. After treatment, DNA damages were not induced in CCCM ELV or ICCM ELV from mitochondria depleted (ρ0) normal human fibroblast cells. Further, we found significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in ICCM ELV and ELV from 4 Gy irradiated mouse serum. ELV carrying amplified mtDNA (ND1, ND5) induced DNA damage in treated cells. These data suggest that the secretion of mtDNA through exosomes is involved in mediating RIBE signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Maeda 7-jo 15-4-1, Teine-ku, Otaru, Sapporo, 006-8590, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan.
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11
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Abstract
Genomic instability is a common feature of tumours that has a wide range of disruptive effects on cellular homeostasis. In this review we briefly discuss how instability comes about, then focus on the impact of gain or loss of DNA (aneuploidy) on oxidative stress. We discuss several mechanisms that lead from aneuploidy to the production of reactive oxygen species, including the effects on protein complex stoichiometry, endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic disruption. Each of these are involved in positive feedback loops that amplify relatively minor genetic changes into major cellular disruption or cell death, depending on the capacity of the cell to induce antioxidants or processes such as mitophagy that can moderate the disruption. Finally we examine the direct effects of reactive oxygen species on mitosis and how oxidative stress can compromise centrosome number, cytoskeletal integrity and signalling processes that are vital for mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Newman
- a Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Lauren A Thurgood
- b Discipline of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Stephen L Gregory
- a Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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12
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Gałecki M, Tartas A, Szymanek A, Sims E, Lundholm L, Sollazzo A, Cheng L, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA, Żygierewicz J, Wojcik A, Brzozowska-Wardecka B. Precision of scoring radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei by unexperienced scorers. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1251-1258. [PMID: 31140900 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1625462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Dose assessment plays an important role in case of radiological accidents and can be performed by scoring structural changes of chromosome morphology induced in cells by ionizing radiation. The results of such a test are biased by scorer experience, therefore, simple to learn assays are recommended to be used when fast analysis of a large amount of data is needed. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two radiobiological assays - chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei - by unexperienced scorers with the reference values generated by an expert. Materials and methods: Each participant of an EU-funded two-week radiobiology course was asked to score Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to gamma radiation up to 4 Gy. The congruence of students' and expert's scores at each dose and the coherence of the dose-response curve parameters between the students were investigated. Results: Micronucleus test tended to be faster and easier to learn than scoring chromosomal aberrations. However, both assays carried out by inexperienced students showed reasonable dose-response curves. Conclusions: In the case of a large radiological accident involving many casualties, the unexperienced scorers would support the process of biodosimetric triage by cytogenetic biological dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gałecki
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Adrianna Tartas
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Emma Sims
- The Bioinformatics Group, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University , Bedford , UK
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alice Sollazzo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University , Hirosaki , Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University , Hirosaki , Japan
| | - Jarosław Żygierewicz
- Biomedical Physics Division, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden.,Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland
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13
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Tijhuis AE, Johnson SC, McClelland SE. The emerging links between chromosomal instability (CIN), metastasis, inflammation and tumour immunity. Mol Cytogenet 2019; 12:17. [PMID: 31114634 PMCID: PMC6518824 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-019-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers possess an incorrect number of chromosomes, a state described as aneuploidy. Aneuploidy is often caused by Chromosomal Instability (CIN), a process of continuous chromosome mis-segregation. CIN is believed to endow tumours with enhanced evolutionary capabilities due to increased intratumour heterogeneity, and facilitating adaptive resistance to therapies. Recently, however, additional consequences and associations with CIN have been revealed, prompting the need to understand this universal hallmark of cancer in a multifaceted context. This review is focused on the investigation of possible links between CIN, metastasis and the host immune system in cancer development and treatment. We specifically focus on these links since most cancer deaths are due to the consequences of metastasis, and immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding novel avenue of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa E. Tijhuis
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Sarah C. Johnson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Sarah E. McClelland
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
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14
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Barbosa MC, Grosso RA, Fader CM. Hallmarks of Aging: An Autophagic Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:790. [PMID: 30687233 PMCID: PMC6333684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein turnover pathway by which cellular components are delivered into the lysosomes for degradation and recycling. This intracellular process is able to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions, and its dysregulation could lead to the development of physiological alterations. The autophagic activity has been found to decrease with age, likely contributing to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and organelles during aging. Interestingly, failure of the autophagic process has been reported to worsen aging-associated diseases, such as neurodegeneration or cancer, among others. Likewise, it has been proposed in different organisms that maintenance of a proper autophagic activity contributes to extending longevity. In this review, we discuss recent papers showing the impact of autophagy on cell activity and age-associated diseases, highlighting the relevance of this process to the hallmarks of aging. Thus, understanding how autophagy plays an important role in aging opens new avenues for the discovery of biochemical and pharmacological targets and the development of novel anti-aging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carolina Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Adrián Grosso
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Marcelo Fader
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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15
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Chunduri NK, Storchová Z. The diverse consequences of aneuploidy. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:54-62. [PMID: 30602769 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, or imbalanced chromosome number, has profound effects on eukaryotic cells. In humans, aneuploidy is associated with various pathologies, including cancer, which suggests that it mediates a proliferative advantage under these conditions. Here, we discuss physiological changes triggered by aneuploidy, such as altered cell growth, transcriptional changes, proteotoxic stress, genomic instability and response to interferons, and how cancer cells adapt to the changing aneuploid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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16
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Guo X, Ni J, Liang Z, Xue J, Fenech MF, Wang X. The molecular origins and pathophysiological consequences of micronuclei: New insights into an age-old problem. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 779:1-35. [PMID: 31097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN), the small nucleus-like bodies separated from the primary nucleus, can exist in cells with numerical and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in apparently normal tissues and more so in tumors in humans. While MN have been observed for over 100 years, they were merely and constantly considered as passive indicators of chromosome instability (CIN) for a long time. Relatively little is known about the molecular origins and biological consequences of MN. Rapid technological advances are helping to close these gaps. Very recent studies provide exciting evidence that MN act as key platform for chromothripsis and a trigger of innate immune response, suggesting that MN could affect cellular functions by both genetic and nongenetic means. These previously unappreciated findings have reawakened widespread interests in MN. In this review, the diverse mechanisms leading to MN generation and the complex fate profiles of MN are discussed, together with the evidence for their contribution to CIN, inflammation, senescence and cell death. Moreover, we put this knowledge together into a speculative perspective on how MN may be responsible for cancer development and how their presence may influence the choice of treatment. We suggest that the heterogeneous responses to MN may function physiological to ensure the arrestment, elimination and immune clearance of damaged cells, but pathologically, may enable the survival and oncogenic transformation of cells bearing CIN. These insights not only underscore the complexity of MN biology, but also raise a host of new questions and provide fertile ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Michael F Fenech
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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17
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Akifumi N, Fujishima Y, Yoshida MA. Age Dependence of Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability in Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Radiat Res 2018; 190:623. [PMID: 30311845 DOI: 10.1667/rr15113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Age at exposure is a critical factor that influences the risk of radiation-induced leukemia. Accumulating evidence suggests that ionizing radiation can induce genomic instability and promote leukemogenesis in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, the influence of age on this phenomenon has not been elucidated. In this study, infant (1-week-old) or adult (14-week-old) C3H/He mice received sham or 4 Gy whole-body irradiation, and bone marrow cells were transplanted to recipients at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. Twelve days after bone marrow transplant, we analyzed the radiation-induced genomic instability by scoring the frequency of DNA damage and micronucleus formation in colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-Ss). We observed significant increases in DNA damage and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of the 4 Gy irradiated adult cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation. However, the frequency of DNA damage focus and micronucleus formation in CFU-Ss of 4 Gy irradiated infant cells transplanted at day 1 or 60 postirradiation was relatively decreased. Quantitative differences in the reactive oxygen species and cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase in CFU-Ss suggested that age-dependent radiation-induced genomic instability may result from chronic oxidative stress by pro-inflammatory states in HSC descendants after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Nakata Akifumi
- c Department of Basic Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, 047-0264, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- a Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
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18
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Chin TF, Ibrahim K, Thirunavakarasu T, Azanan MS, Oh L, Lum SH, Yap TY, Ariffin H. Nonclonal Chromosomal Aberrations in Childhood Leukemia Survivors. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2018; 37:243-253. [PMID: 30273079 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2018.1492054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of developing a second malignancy. One possible mechanism for neoplastic transformation of cells is through induction of persistent genomic instability. This study aims to seek evidence of chromosomal instability in long-term childhood leukemia survivors (CLS) in one of the largest pediatric academic oncology centers in South East Asia. METHODS 50 asymptomatic (subjects have remained leukemia-free since treatment cessation) CLS and 50 healthy controls were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Of 50 CLS, 44 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 had acute myeloid leukemia. G-banded karyotyping was performed on unstimulated peripheral blood leukocytes of all subjects. RESULTS CLS had significantly higher occurrence of karyotypic abnormalities compared to controls. Five CLS harbored six nonclonal abnormalities (mostly aneuploidy) while none were found in controls. CONCLUSION Subpopulations with nonclonal chromosomal aberrations were present in peripheral blood leukocytes of our cohort of childhood leukemia long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Foh Chin
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Malaya Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- c Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Tharshanadevasheri Thirunavakarasu
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Malaya Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Shafiq Azanan
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Malaya Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Lixian Oh
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Malaya Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Su Han Lum
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Tsiao Yi Yap
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Hany Ariffin
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.,b Department of Paediatrics , University of Malaya Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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19
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Xin X, Wu M, Meng Q, Wang C, Lu Y, Yang Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Pu H, Gui X, Li T, Li J, Jia S, Lu D. Long noncoding RNA HULC accelerates liver cancer by inhibiting PTEN via autophagy cooperation to miR15a. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:94. [PMID: 29895332 PMCID: PMC5998602 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNA HULC is highly up-regulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the functions of HULC in hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. METHODS RT-PCR, Western blotting, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) and tumorignesis test in vitro and in vivo were performed. RESULTS HULC is negatively associated with expression of PTEN or miR15a in patients of human liver cancer. Moreover, HULC accelerates malignant progression of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HULC increasesthe expression of P62 via decreasing mature miR15a. On the other hand, excessive HULC increases the expression of LC3 on the level of transcription and then activates LC3 through Sirt1 (a deacetylase). Notably, HULC enhanced the interplay between LC3 and ATG3. Furthermore, HULC also increases the expression of becline-1(autophagy related gene). Therefore, HULC increases the cellular autophagy by increasing LC3II dependent on Sirt1.Noteworthy, excessive HULC reduces the expression of PTEN, β-catenin and enhances the expression of SAPK/JUNK, PKM2, CDK2, NOTCH1, C-Jun in liver cancer cells. Of significance, our observations also revealed that HULC inhibited PTEN through ubiquitin-proteasome system mediated by autophagy-P62.Ultimately,HULC activates AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathway through inhibiting PTEN in human liver cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates a novel mechanism that lncRNA HULC produces a vital function during hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Xin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qiuyu Meng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qidi Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hu Pu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin Gui
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tianming Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Song Jia
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Tongji University School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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20
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Dürrbaum M, Kruse C, Nieken KJ, Habermann B, Storchová Z. The deregulated microRNAome contributes to the cellular response to aneuploidy. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:197. [PMID: 29703144 PMCID: PMC6389165 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aneuploidy, or abnormal chromosome numbers, severely alters cell physiology and is widespread in cancers and other pathologies. Using model cell lines engineered to carry one or more extra chromosomes, it has been demonstrated that aneuploidy per se impairs proliferation, leads to proteotoxic as well as replication stress and triggers conserved transcriptome and proteome changes. RESULTS In this study, we analysed for the first time miRNAs and demonstrate that their expression is altered in response to chromosome gain. The miRNA deregulation is independent of the identity of the extra chromosome and specific to individual cell lines. By cross-omics analysis we demonstrate that although the deregulated miRNAs differ among individual aneuploid cell lines, their known targets are predominantly associated with cell development, growth and proliferation, pathways known to be inhibited in response to chromosome gain. Indeed, we show that up to 72% of these targets are downregulated and the associated miRNAs are overexpressed in aneuploid cells, suggesting that the miRNA changes contribute to the global transcription changes triggered by aneuploidy. We identified hsa-miR-10a-5p to be overexpressed in majority of aneuploid cells. Hsa-miR-10a-5p enhances translation of a subset of mRNAs that contain so called 5'TOP motif and we show that its upregulation in aneuploids provides resistance to starvation-induced shut down of ribosomal protein translation. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that the changes of the microRNAome contribute on one hand to the adverse effects of aneuploidy on cell physiology, and on the other hand to the adaptation to aneuploidy by supporting translation under adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dürrbaum
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Kruse
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - K. Julia Nieken
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Habermann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Computational Biology Group, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM) UMR 7288, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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21
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Hewitt G, Korolchuk VI. Repair, Reuse, Recycle: The Expanding Role of Autophagy in Genome Maintenance. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:340-351. [PMID: 28011061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
(Macro)Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that delivers excess, aggregated, or damaged proteins and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is activated in response to numerous cellular stressors such as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and low levels of cellular nutrients as well as DNA damage. Although autophagy occurs in the cytoplasm, its inhibition leads to accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability. In the past few years, our understanding of the interplay between autophagy and genomic stability has greatly increased. In this review we summarize these recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms linking autophagy to DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Hewitt
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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