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Assessment of genotoxic chemicals using chemogenomic profiling based on gene-knockout library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105278. [PMID: 34843885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the adverse effects of genotoxic chemicals and identifying them effectively from non-genotoxic chemicals are of great worldwide concerns. Here, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) genome-wide single-gene knockout screening approach was conducted to assess two genotoxic chemicals (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and formaldehyde (FA)) and environmental pollutant dichloroacetic acid (DCA, genotoxicity is controversial). DNA repair was significant enriched in the gene ontology (GO) biology process (BP) terms and KEGG pathways when exposed to low concentrations of 4-NQO and FA. Higher concentrations of 4-NQO and FA influenced some RNA metabolic and biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, replication and repair associated pathways were top ranked KEGG pathways with high fold-change for low concentrations of 4-NQO and FA. The similar gene profiles perturbed by DCA with three test concentrations identified, the common GO BP terms associated with aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway. DCA has no obvious genotoxicity as there was no enriched DNA damage and repair pathways and fold-change of replication and repair KEGG pathways were very low. Five genes (RAD18, RAD59, MUS81, MMS4, and BEM4) could serve as candidate genes for genotoxic chemicals. Overall, the yeast functional genomic profiling showed great performance for assessing the signatures and potential molecular mechanisms of genotoxic chemicals.
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Guan M, Xia P, Tian M, Chen D, Zhang X. Molecular fingerprints of conazoles via functional genomic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104998. [PMID: 32919014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conazoles were designed to inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. Conazoles have been widely used as agricultural fungicides and are frequently detected in the environment. Although conazoles have been reported to have adverse effects, such as potential carcinogenic effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity remain unclear. Here, the molecular fingerprints of five conazoles (propiconazole (Pro), penconazole (Pen), tebuconazole (Teb), flusilazole (Flu) and epoxiconazole (Epo)) were assessed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) via functional genome-wide knockout mutant profiling. A total of 169 (4.49%), 176 (4.67%), 198 (5.26%), 218 (5.79%) and 173 (4.59%) responsive genes were identified at three concentrations (IC50, IC20 and IC10) of Pro, Pen, Teb, Flu and Epo, respectively. The five conazoles tended to have similar gene mutant fingerprints and toxicity mechanisms. "Ribosome" (sce03010) and "cytoplasmic translation" (GO: 0002181) were the common KEGG pathway and GO biological process term by gene set enrichment analysis of the responsive genes, which suggested that conazoles influenced protein synthesis. Conazoles also affected fatty acids synthesis because "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" pathway was among the top-ranked KEGG pathways. Moreover, two genes, YGR037C (acyl-CoA-binding protein) and YCR034W (fatty acid elongase), were key fingerprints of conazoles because they played vital roles in conazole-induced toxicity. Overall, the fingerprints derived from the yeast functional genomic screening provide an alternative approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of environmental pollutant conazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, 176 North Jiangdong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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da Rosa Monte Machado G, Diedrich D, Ruaro TC, Zimmer AR, Lettieri Teixeira M, de Oliveira LF, Jean M, Van de Weghe P, de Andrade SF, Baggio Gnoatto SC, Fuentefria AM. Quinolines derivatives as promising new antifungal candidates for the treatment of candidiasis and dermatophytosis. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1691-1701. [PMID: 32737869 PMCID: PMC7394049 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged as a current serious global public health problem. The main problem involving these infections is the expansion of multidrug resistance. Therefore, the prospection of new compounds with efficacy antifungal becomes necessary. Thus, this study evaluated the antifungal profile and toxicological parameters of quinolines derivatives against Candida spp. and dermatophyte strains. As a result, a selective anti-dermatophytic action was demonstrated by compound 5 (geometric means (GM = 19.14 μg ml−1)). However, compounds 2 (GM = 50 μg ml−1) and 3 (GM = 47.19 μg ml−1) have presented only anti-Candida action. Compounds 3 and 5 did not present cytotoxic action. Compound 5 did not produce dermal and mucosal toxicity. In addition, this compound showed the absence of genotoxic potential, suggesting safety for topical and systemic use. Quinolines demonstrated a potent anti-dermatophytic and anti-yeast action. Moreover, compound 5 presented an excellent toxicological profile, acting as a strong candidate for the development of a new effective and safe compound against dermatophytosis of difficult treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella da Rosa Monte Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Applied Mycology - Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Denise Diedrich
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Thaís Carine Ruaro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mário Lettieri Teixeira
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Federal Catarinense Institute, Highway SC 283 - Fragosos, Concórdia, SC, 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Luís Flávio de Oliveira
- Cell Toxicology Research Laboratory, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472 - Km 585, Uruguaiana, RS, 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Mickael Jean
- Natural Products Syntheses and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Rennes University 1, Street du Thabor, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Van de Weghe
- Natural Products Syntheses and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Rennes University 1, Street du Thabor, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite n° 500, Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenue Ipiranga, n° 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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Silva GS, Zuravski L, Duarte MMMF, Machado MM, Oliveira LFS. Fluconazole induces genotoxicity in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via immunomodulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10: new challenges for safe therapeutic regimens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:123-129. [PMID: 30721634 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1566357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Context: Fluconazole (FNZ) is a drug used in antifungal therapy. However, the minimum FNZ dose to interfering with immune responses or inducing DNA damage is still unknown. Objective: This study investigated the toxicological profile of FNZ on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with different concentrations of this azole. Materials and methods: Cultured PBMCs were exposed to FNZ (6, 12, 30, 60 and 120 μg/mL) and the toxicological profile was assessed by the following parameters: cytotoxic and nuclear division index (necrotic, apoptotic and viable cells), DNA damage (alkaline comet test), mutagenic potential (micronucleus test), cytokine modulation (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ), and predictive toxicity (Osiris® and LAZAR® programs). Results: Our results demonstrated that FNZ induced cellular DNA damage and mutagenicity at concentrations above the plasma peak (>30 μg/mL) and 6 μg/mL, respectively, which was associated with increased TNF-α, and decrease IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations. These effects may be related to increased apoptosis and cytotoxic nuclear division index in the cultured PBMCs. In silico results indicated potential mutagenic, tumorigenic, irritant, and carcinogenic effects, which were partially confirmed by the above assays. Discussion and conclusions: Together, these findings suggest the need to rationalize the use of FNZ, especially if it is used for long periods or with concomitant pathologies requiring azole therapy that may increase FNZ's plasma concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Silva
- a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa , Uruguaiana , Brazil
| | - L Zuravski
- b Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa , Uruguaiana , Brazil
| | - M M M F Duarte
- c Department of Pharmacy , Pharmacy College, Lutheran University of Brazil , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - M M Machado
- a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa , Uruguaiana , Brazil
| | - L F S Oliveira
- a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa , Uruguaiana , Brazil
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Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Fluconazole on African Green Monkey Kidney (Vero) Cell Line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6271547. [PMID: 30515410 PMCID: PMC6236965 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6271547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is well-established as the first-line treatment for Candida albicans infections. Despite its extensive use, reports on its genotoxic/mutagenic effects are controversial; therefore, further studies are needed to better clarify such effects. African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of fluconazole and were then evaluated for different parameters, such as cytotoxicity (MTT/cell death by fluorescent dyes), genotoxicity/mutagenicity (comet assay/micronucleus test), and induction of oxidative stress (DCFH-DA assay). Fluconazole was used at concentrations of 81.6, 163.2, 326.5, 653, 1306, and 2612.1μM for the MTT assay and 81.6, 326.5, and 1306μM for the remaining assays. MTT results showed that cell viability reduced upon exposure to fluconazole concentration of 1306μM (85.93%), being statistically significant (P<0.05) at fluconazole concentration of 2612.1μM (35.25%), as compared with the control (100%). Fluconazole also induced necrosis (P<0.05) in Vero cell line when cells were exposed to all concentrations (81.6, 326.5, and 1306μM) for both tested harvest times (24 and 48 h) as compared with the negative control. Regarding genotoxicity/mutagenicity, results showed fluconazole to increase significantly (P<0.05) DNA damage index, as assessed by comet assay, at 1306μM versus the negative control (DI=1.17 vs DI=0.28, respectively). Micronucleus frequency also increased until reaching statistical significance (P<0.05) at 1306μM fluconazole (with 42MN/1000 binucleated cells) as compared to the negative control (13MN/1000 binucleated cells). Finally, significant formation of reactive oxygen species (P<0.05) was observed at 1306μM fluconazole vs the negative control (OD=40.9 vs OD=32.3, respectively). Our experiments showed that fluconazole is cytotoxic and genotoxic in the assessed conditions. It is likely that such effects may be due to the oxidative properties of fluconazole and/or the presence of FMO (flavin-containing monooxygenase) in Vero cells.
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Rencüzoğulları E, Aydın M. Genotoxic and mutagenic studies of teratogens in developing rat and mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 2018; 42:409-429. [PMID: 29745766 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1465950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of teratogenic chemical agents in both rat and mouse have been reviewed. Of these chemicals, 97 are drugs and 33 are pesticides or belong to other groups. Large literature searches were conducted to determine the effects of chemicals on chromosome abnormalities, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus formation in experimental animals such as rats and mice. In addition, studies that include unscheduled DNA synthesis, DNA adduct formations, and gene mutations, which help to determine the genotoxicity or mutagenicity of chemicals, have been reviewed. It has been estimated that 46.87% of teratogenic drugs and 48.48% of teratogenic pesticides are positive in all tests. So, all of the teratogens involved in this group have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. On the other hand, 36.45% of the drugs and 21.21% of the pesticides have been found to give negative results in at least one test, with the majority of the tests giving positive results. However, only 4.16% of the drugs and 18.18% of the pesticides were determined to give negative results in the majority of the tests. Among tests with major negative results, 12.50% of the teratogenic drugs and 12.12% of the teratogenic pesticides were negative in all conducted tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyüp Rencüzoğulları
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
| | - Muhsin Aydın
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
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Tunca H, Berber AA, Çanakçi K, Tuna M, Yildiz SZ, Aksoy H. Synthesis, characterization, and determination of genotoxic effect of a novel dimeric 8-hydroxyquinoline Cd(II) SCN complex. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:300-308. [PMID: 27631679 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1223094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a Cd(II) complex was synthesized using 8-hydroxyquinoline and thiocyanate as the ligands and structurally characterized with the combination of FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-vis, and MS spectral data. Then, genotoxic effects of the prepared complex were investigated. Genotoxic properties of the dimeric 8-hydroxyquinolinthiocyanatoCd(II) [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] complex synthesized as drug raw material were analyzed in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 μg/mL [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] were used for 24 and 48 h durations. [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] significantly increased chromosomal aberrations (CAs) at 4, 6, and 8 μg/mL concentrations after a 24- h period and 2 and 4 μg/mL after a 48-h period. [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] significantly decreased the mitotic index (MI) at all concentrations, both at 24 and 48 h. Micronuclei frequency (MN) was not affected by [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] treatment compared with the control. After application for a 48 h period, 6 and 8 μg/mL concentrations showed toxic effects both in chromosomal abnormality and in micronucleus tests. It also decreased the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI), but this result was statistically significant only at 6 and 8 μg/mL concentrations. In the comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)), significant increases in comet tail length, tail moment, and tail intensity were observed at all concentrations. [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2] displays clastogenic effect in the concentrations used in human peripheral lymphocytes at chromosomal abnormality, micronucleus tests, and cytokinesis-block proliferation index parameters. Further studies should be conducted in other test systems to evaluate the complete genotoxic potential of [Cd2(8Q)2(SCN)2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Tunca
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey and
| | - Ahmet Ali Berber
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey and
| | - Kubra Çanakçi
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Murat Tuna
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Salih Zeki Yildiz
- b Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Aksoy
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University , Esentepe Campus , Sakarya , Turkey and
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Fontes ACL, Bretas Oliveira D, Santos JRA, Carneiro HCS, Ribeiro NDQ, Oliveira LVND, Barcellos VA, Paixão TA, Abrahão JS, Resende-Stoianoff MA, Vainstein MH, Santos DA. A subdose of fluconazole alters the virulence of Cryptococcus gattii during murine cryptococcosis and modulates type I interferon expression. Med Mycol 2016; 55:203-212. [PMID: 27486215 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive infection caused by yeast-like fungus of the genera Cryptococcus spp. The antifungal therapy for this disease provides some toxicity and the incidence of infections caused by resistant strains increased. Thus, we aimed to assess the consequences of fluconazole subdoses during the treatment of cryptococcosis in the murine inflammatory response and in the virulence factors of Cryptococcus gattii. Mice infected with Cryptococcus gattii were treated with subdoses of fluconazole. We determined the behavior of mice and type 1 interferon expression during the treatment; we also studied the virulence factors and susceptibility to fluconazole for the colonies recovered from the animals. A subdose of fluconazole prolonged the survival of mice, but the morbidity of cryptococcosis was higher in treated animals. These data were linked to the increase in: (i) fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration, (ii) capsule size and (iii) melanization of C. gattii, which probably led to the increased expression of type I interferons in the brains of mice but not in the lungs. In conclusion, a subdose of fluconazole altered fungal virulence factors and susceptibility to this azole, leading to an altered inflammatory host response and increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alide Caroline Lima Fontes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo Bretas Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ribeiro Alves Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Laboratório de Micologia, Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Hellem Cristina Silva Carneiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Noelly de Queiroz Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Vívien Neves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Abreu Barcellos
- Laboratório de Biologia de fungos de importância médica e biotecnológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Resende-Stoianoff
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Laboratório de Biologia de fungos de importância médica e biotecnológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Chen ZF, Ying GG. Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:142-153. [PMID: 26277639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to non-target organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment. Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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10
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El-Shershaby AF, Dakrory AI, El-Dakdoky MH, Ibrahim J, Kassem F. Biomonitoring of the Genotoxic and Hepatotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Potentials of Itraconazole in Pregnant Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:55-64. [PMID: 25920496 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are more susceptible to both vaginal colonization and infection by yeast. One hundred million fungal infected patients have been treated worldwide with itraconazole (Caputo, 2003. METHOD Itraconazole was administrated orally to pregnant rats at doses of 75, 100, or 150 mg/kg during gestational days (GD) 1 to 7 or GD 8 to 14 or GD 14 to 20. The genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of the antifungal drug itraconazole were assessed during different periods of pregnancy using different methods. RESULTS It was found that itraconazole was a genotoxic drug for both mothers and fetuses. This finding was observed via significant elevation in the estimated comet assay parameters (percentage of fragmented DNA, tail moment, and olive moment), percentage of fragmented DNA measured by diphenylamine assay and mixed smearing and laddering of DNA fragments of liver samples. In addition, itraconazole caused significant elevation in the level of hepatic malondialdehyde and depletion in the catalase activity and glutathione level. Furthermore, itraconazole induced histopathological alterations in the hepatic tissues of both mothers and fetuses. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that itraconazole administration at doses of 75, 100, or 150 mg/kg during pregnancy induced maternal and fetal toxicity that could be induced by the genotoxicity and the oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed I Dakrory
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai H El-Dakdoky
- Zoology Department, Women's College for Arts, Science & Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jehane Ibrahim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Kassem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tolomeotti D, Castro-Prado MAAD, Sant’Anna JRD, Martins ABT, Della-Rosa VA. Genotoxic evaluation of terbinafine in human lymphocytesin vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:306-11. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.959174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Süloğlu AK, Karacaoğlu E, Koçkaya EA, Selmanoğlu G, Loğoglu E. Cytotoxic Effects of a Novel Thialo Benzene Derivative 2,4-Dithiophenoxy-1-iodo-4-bromobenzene (C18H12S2IBr) in L929 Cells. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:319-324. [PMID: 24801487 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814530437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of a newly synthesized thialo benzene derivative 2,4-dithiophenoxy-1-iodo-4-bromobenzene (C18H12S2IBr) and a well-known antifungal agent, fluconazole, in L929 cells. L929 cells were treated with 250, 500, or 1000 µg/mL of C18H12S2IBr and with the same doses of fluconazole. Cytotoxicity tests including 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and protein content were compared. Glucose and lactate concentrations were measured to determine alterations in metabolic activity. Apoptosis was investigated by TUNEL test and results were supported with survivin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with C18H12S2IBr resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity as indicated by MTT, LDH leakage assay, and decreased protein concentration. The loss of cell viability and the increased LDH leakage in 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL C18H12S2IBr and fluconazole groups indicated cell membrane damage and necrotic cell death. In all groups, metabolic activities were altered but apoptosis was not induced. We have previously investigated lower doses of C18H12S2IBr; there was no cytotoxicity in L929 cells. In this study, higher doses caused cytotoxicity and alterations in metabolic activity . When we consider the similar results obtained from fluconazole and especially the lowest dose of C18H12S2IBr, this newly synthesized compound may be a good alternative antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Kılıç Süloğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Karacaoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Arzu Koçkaya
- The Higher Vocational School of Health Services, Gazi University, Gölbaşı Campus, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güldeniz Selmanoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Loğoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gazi University, Technical Schools, Ankara, Turkey
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Harrison BD, Hashemi J, Bibi M, Pulver R, Bavli D, Nahmias Y, Wellington M, Sapiro G, Berman J. A tetraploid intermediate precedes aneuploid formation in yeasts exposed to fluconazole. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001815. [PMID: 24642609 PMCID: PMC3958355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When exposed to the antifungal drug fluconazole, Candida albicans undergoes abnormal growth, forming three-lobed “trimeras.” These aneuploid trimeras turn out genetically variable progeny with varying numbers of chromosomes, increasing the odds of creating a drug-resistant strain. Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, is generally diploid. However, 50% of isolates that are resistant to fluconazole (FLC), the most widely used antifungal, are aneuploid and some aneuploidies can confer FLC resistance. To ask if FLC exposure causes or only selects for aneuploidy, we analyzed diploid strains during exposure to FLC using flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy. FLC exposure caused a consistent deviation from normal cell cycle regulation: nuclear and spindle cycles initiated prior to bud emergence, leading to “trimeras,” three connected cells composed of a mother, daughter, and granddaughter bud. Initially binucleate, trimeras underwent coordinated nuclear division yielding four daughter nuclei, two of which underwent mitotic collapse to form a tetraploid cell with extra spindle components. In subsequent cell cycles, the abnormal number of spindles resulted in unequal DNA segregation and viable aneuploid progeny. The process of aneuploid formation in C. albicans is highly reminiscent of early stages in human tumorigenesis in that aneuploidy arises through a tetraploid intermediate and subsequent unequal DNA segregation driven by multiple spindles coupled with a subsequent selective advantage conferred by at least some aneuploidies during growth under stress. Finally, trimera formation was detected in response to other azole antifungals, in related Candida species, and in an in vivo model for Candida infection, suggesting that aneuploids arise due to azole treatment of several pathogenic yeasts and that this can occur during the infection process. Fungal infections are a particularly challenging problem in medicine due to the small number of effective antifungal drugs available. Fluconazole, the most commonly prescribed antifungal, prevents cells from growing but does not kill them, giving the fungal population a window of opportunity to become drug resistant. Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen, and many fluconazole-resistant strains of this microbe have been isolated in the clinic. Fluconazole-resistant isolates often contain an abnormal number of chromosomes (a state called aneuploidy), and the additional copies of drug resistance genes on those chromosomes enable the cells to circumvent the drug. How Candida cells acquire abnormal chromosome numbers is a very important medical question—is aneuploidy merely passively selected for, or is it actively induced by the drug treatment? In this study, we found that fluconazole and other related azole antifungals induce abnormal cell cycle progression in which mother and daughter cells fail to separate after chromosome segregation. Following a further growth cycle, these cells form an unusual cell type that we have termed “trimeras”—three-lobed cells with two nuclei. The aberrant chromosome segregation dynamics in trimeras produce progeny with double the normal number of chromosomes. Unequal chromosome segregation in these progeny leads to an increase in the prevalence of aneuploidy in the population. We postulate that the increase in aneuploidy greatly increases the odds of developing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Harrison
- Department of Genetics, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jordan Hashemi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maayan Bibi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rebecca Pulver
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Danny Bavli
- Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Melanie Wellington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Sapiro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Genetics, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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El-Shershaby AF, Imam A, Helmy M, Ibrahim J, kassem F. In uteroexposure to itraconazole during different gestational periods of rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 24:50-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.848006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Nirmala MJ, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Improved efficacy of fluconazole against candidiasis using bio-based microemulsion technique. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:417-29. [PMID: 23586695 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Joyce Nirmala
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore; Tamil Nadu; India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore; Tamil Nadu; India
| | - N. Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore; Tamil Nadu; India
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Šiviková K, Dianovský J, Holečková B, Galdíková M, Kolesárová V. Assessment of cytogenetic damage in bovine peripheral lymphocytes exposed to in vitro tebuconazole-based fungicide. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:555-562. [PMID: 23632246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tebuconazole-based fungicide was tested in vitro for its potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. Following 24h and 48 h of incubation, several cytogenetic endpoints were investigated such as: Chromosome Aberrations (CAs); Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs); Micronuclei (MN); Mitotic Index (MI); Proliferation Index (PI); and Cytokinesis Block Proliferation Index (CBPI). The cultured lymphocytes were exposed to the fungicide formulation at concentrations of 3, 6, 15, 30 and 60 μg mL(-1). Statistical significant increases were seen in the CA assays at concentrations ranging from 6 to 30 μg mL(-1) for 24h. The higher doses caused a decrease or total inhibition of chromosome damages in comparison to the last active dose, or the control values. The Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation (FISH) technique was also used for the study of stable/unstable structural chromosomal aberrations and numerical aberrations of aneuploidy/polyploidy at the concentrations of 6 and 15 μg mL(-1). Under conditions of our study, no reciprocal translocations were detected. The more frequent types of aberrations were trisomies and monosomies; both have been identified in association with either bovine chromosome 5 or 7. No statistical significant value was seen in the induced MN; but, the clear, evident reduction of the CBPI was observed. Significant elevations of SCE were observed after the applications of the fungicide formulation at doses from 15 to 60 μg mL(-1) in each donor for 24h. The highest concentrations also caused a statistical significant decrease in the PI. The treatment for 48 h failed to exhibit any genotoxic activity of the fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šiviková
- Institute of Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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17
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Genotoxicity assessment of vaccine adjuvant squalene. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sayed HM, Fouad D, Ataya FS, Hassan NH, Fahmy MA. The modifying effect of selenium and vitamins A, C, and E on the genotoxicity induced by sunset yellow in male mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 744:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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He L, Yang L, Zhang ZR, Gong T, Deng L, Gu Z, Sun X. In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of a family of novel MeO-PEG-poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-PEG-OMe triblock copolymer and PLGA nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:455102. [PMID: 19822931 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/45/455102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the booming development of nanoparticle materials for pharmaceutical applications, studies on their genotoxicity are few. In our previous efforts to develop an intravenous nanoparticle material, a family of novel monomethoxy(polyethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)-monomethoxy (PELGE) polymers was synthesized. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nine kinds of selected blank PELGE and PLGA (poly(D,L-lactic and glycolic acid)) nanoparticles were evaluated using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays with or without the addition of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix), using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles exhibited a dose-dependent response, with a concentration of 5 mg ml(-1) being the turning point. The frequencies of MN observed in samples treated with various nanoparticles were not statistically different from those seen in the negative controls in the presence or absence of the S9 mix. Also, no cell cycle delay was observed. The numbers of SCE per cell observed in samples treated with five kinds of PELGE nanoparticles were significantly greater than those found in the negative controls with or without the S9 mix. The discrepancies found in the two assays suggest that the five kinds of nanoparticles may produce only a weakly clastogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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Selmecki AM, Dulmage K, Cowen LE, Anderson JB, Berman J. Acquisition of aneuploidy provides increased fitness during the evolution of antifungal drug resistance. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000705. [PMID: 19876375 PMCID: PMC2760147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of drug resistance is an important process that affects clinical outcomes. Resistance to fluconazole, the most widely used antifungal, is often associated with acquired aneuploidy. Here we provide a longitudinal study of the prevalence and dynamics of gross chromosomal rearrangements, including aneuploidy, in the presence and absence of fluconazole during a well-controlled in vitro evolution experiment using Candida albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen. While no aneuploidy was detected in any of the no-drug control populations, in all fluconazole-treated populations analyzed an isochromosome 5L [i(5L)] appeared soon after drug exposure. This isochromosome was associated with increased fitness in the presence of drug and, over time, became fixed in independent populations. In two separate cases, larger supernumerary chromosomes composed of i(5L) attached to an intact chromosome or chromosome fragment formed during exposure to the drug. Other aneuploidies, particularly trisomies of the smaller chromosomes (Chr3–7), appeared throughout the evolution experiment, and the accumulation of multiple aneuploid chromosomes per cell coincided with the highest resistance to fluconazole. Unlike the case in many other organisms, some isolates carrying i(5L) exhibited improved fitness in the presence, as well as in the absence, of fluconazole. The early appearance of aneuploidy is consistent with a model in which C. albicans becomes more permissive of chromosome rearrangements and segregation defects in the presence of fluconazole. C. albicans, the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, acquires resistance to fluconazole by genetic alterations that often include changes in the number of chromosomes or chromosome arms (aneuploidy). Here we demonstrate that chromosomal rearrangements resulting in increased gene dosage are the predominant means of acquired resistance to the antifungal drug fluconazole in replicated experimental populations of C. albicans. A specific aneuploidy, isochromosome 5L, which is composed of two copies of the left arm of Chr5, occurs with high frequency and is detectable soon after fluconazole exposure. The early appearance of aneuploidy in some populations is consistent with a model in which C. albicans becomes more permissive of chromosome rearrangements and segregation defects in the presence of fluconazole. The results presented here indicate that the C. albicans genome is highly plastic and imply that exposure to an antifungal drug induces genome reorganization events, some of which provide a fitness advantage in the presence of drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Selmecki
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Keely Dulmage
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James B. Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Celik M, Yilmaz S, Aksoy H, Unal F, Yüzbaşioğlu D, Dönbak L. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:431-434. [PMID: 19230001 DOI: 10.1002/em.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that can be found in contaminated food and feed. There is some evidence to suggest that certain mycotoxins may be mutagenic. Here, we investigate the genotoxicity of the mycotoxin moniliformin (MON) (3-hydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using chromosomal aberration (CA), sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), and micronucleus (MN) analysis. Lymphocyte cultures were treated for 48 h with six different concentrations of MON between 2.5 and 25 microM. CA, SCE, and MN frequencies were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner compared with the negative control. The mitotic, replication, and cytokinesis-block proliferation indices were not affected by treatment with MON. The results provide evidence to demonstrate that MON can exert cytogenetic effects in human cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Celik
- Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
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Özkan D, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Ünal F, Yılmaz S, Aksoy H. Evaluation of the cytogenetic damage induced by the organophosphorous insecticide acephate. Cytotechnology 2009; 59:73-80. [PMID: 19404762 PMCID: PMC2698438 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-009-9195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The organophosphorous insecticide acephate was tested for its ability to induce in vitro cytogenetic effect in human peripheral lymphocytes by using the chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) assay. The level of nuclear DNA damage of acephate was evaluated by using the comet assay. Concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mug mL(-1) of acephate were used. All concentrations of acephate induced significant increase in the frequency of CAs and in the formation of MN dose dependently (r = 0.92 at 24 h, r = 0.95 at 48 h for CAs, r = 0.87 for MN). A significant increase was observed in induction of SCE at 50, 100 and 200 mug mL(-1) concentrations during 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 mug mL(-1)) during 48 h treatment period in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.84 at 24 h, r = 0.88 at 48 h). Acephate did not affect the replicative index and cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI). However, it significantly decreased the mitotic index at all three highest concentrations (50, 100, 200 mug mL(-1)) for 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 mug mL(-1)) for 48 h treatment, dose-dependently (r = 0.94 at 24 h, r = 0.92 at 48 h). A significant increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 100 and 200 mug mL(-1) concentrations compared with negative control in a concentration-dependent manner (r = 0.94). The mean comet tail intensity was significantly increased at only 200 mug mL(-1) concentration. The present results indicate that acephate is a clastogenic, cytotoxic agent and it causes DNA damage at high concentrations in human lymphocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Özkan
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ünal
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yılmaz
- Osmaniye Vocational High School, Department of Technical Programs, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 80000 Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Aksoy
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
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Pérez-Rivera AA, Hu T, Aardema MJ, Nash J. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of the imidazole antifungal climbazole: Comparison to published results for other azole compounds. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:27-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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López Nigro M, Carballo M. Genotoxicity and cell death induced by tinidazole (TNZ). Toxicol Lett 2008; 180:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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