1
|
Krishnan A, Callanan DG, Sendra VG, Lad A, Christian S, Earla R, Khanehzar A, Tolentino AJ, Vailoces VAS, Greene MK, Scott CJ, Kunimoto DY, Hassan TS, Genead MA, Tolentino MJ. Comprehensive Ocular and Systemic Safety Evaluation of Polysialic Acid-Decorated Immune Modulating Therapeutic Nanoparticles (PolySia-NPs) to Support Entry into First-in-Human Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:481. [PMID: 38675441 PMCID: PMC11054942 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An inflammation-resolving polysialic acid-decorated PLGA nanoparticle (PolySia-NP) has been developed to treat geographic atrophy/age-related macular degeneration and other conditions caused by macrophage and complement over-activation. While PolySia-NPs have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy, this study evaluated its systemic and intraocular safety. PolySia-NPs were evaluated in vitro for mutagenic activity using Salmonella strains and E. coli, with and without metabolic activation; cytotoxicity was evaluated based on its interference with normal mitosis. PolySia-NPs were administered intravenously in CD-1 mice and Sprague Dawley rats and assessed for survival and toxicity. Intravitreal (IVT) administration in Dutch Belted rabbits and non-human primates was assessed for ocular or systemic toxicity. In vitro results indicate that PolySia-NPs did not induce mutagenicity or cytotoxicity. Intravenous administration did not show clastogenic activity, effects on survival, or toxicity. A single intravitreal (IVT) injection and two elevated repeat IVT doses of PolySia-NPs separated by 7 days in rabbits showed no signs of systemic or ocular toxicity. A single IVT inoculation of PolySia-NPs in non-human primates demonstrated no adverse clinical or ophthalmological effects. The demonstration of systemic and ocular safety of PolySia-NPs supports its advancement into human clinical trials as a promising therapeutic approach for systemic and retinal degenerative diseases caused by chronic immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Krishnan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - David G. Callanan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Victor G. Sendra
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Amit Lad
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Sunny Christian
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Ravinder Earla
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Ali Khanehzar
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Andrew J. Tolentino
- Department of Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | | | - Michelle K. Greene
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- The Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- The Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Derek Y. Kunimoto
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Tarek S. Hassan
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oaks, MI 48067, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Genead
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Michael J. Tolentino
- Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (A.K.); (D.G.C.); (A.L.); (S.C.); (R.E.); (A.K.); (M.K.G.); (C.J.S.); (D.Y.K.); (T.S.H.); (M.A.G.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida School of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Orlando College of Osteopathic Medicine, Orlando, FL 34787, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gasperini S, Greco G, Angelini S, Hrelia P, Fimognari C, Lenzi M. Antimutagenicity and Antioxidant Activity of Castanea sativa Mill. Bark Extract. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2465. [PMID: 37896225 PMCID: PMC10610242 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Castanea sativa Mill. (Cs), a plant traditionally employed in nutrition and to treat various respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, possesses cancer chemopreventive characteristics. In particular, Cs bark extract previously demonstrated antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against a leukemic lymphoblastic cell line. Starting from this evidence, the aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility to affect also the earlier phases of the carcinogenic process by evaluating Cs bark extract's antimutagenic properties, in particular using the "In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test" on TK6 cells performed by flow cytometry. For this purpose, since an ideal chemopreventive agent should be virtually nontoxic, the first step was to exclude the extract's genotoxicity. Afterwards, the antimutagenic effect of the extract was evaluated against two known mutagens, the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) and the aneugen vinblastine (VINB). Our results indicate that Cs bark extract protected cells from MMC-induced damage (micronuclei frequency fold increase reduction from 2.9 to 1.8) but not from VINB. Moreover, we demonstrated that Cs bark extract was a strong antioxidant and significantly reduced MMC-induced ROS levels by over 2 fold. Overall, our research supports the assumption that Cs bark extract can counteract MMC mutagenicity by possibly scavenging ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gasperini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (S.A.); (P.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Giulia Greco
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Angelini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (S.A.); (P.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (S.A.); (P.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (S.A.); (P.H.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lenzi M, Gasperini S, Corli G, Marti M, Hrelia P. Genotoxicity Evaluation of The Novel Psychoactive Substance MTTA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10498. [PMID: 37445675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MTTA, also known as mephtetramine, is a stimulant novel psychoactive substance characterized by a simil-cathinonic structure. To date, little has been studied on its pharmaco-toxicological profile, and its genotoxic potential has never been assessed. In order to fill this gap, the aim of the present work was to evaluate its genotoxicity on TK6 cells in terms of its ability to induce structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations by means of a cytofluorimetric protocol of the "In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus (MN) test". To consider the in vitro effects of both the parental compound and the related metabolites, TK6 cells were treated with MTTA in the absence or presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (S9 mix) for a short-term time (3 h) followed by a recovery period (23 h). No statistically significant increase in the MNi frequency was detected. Specifically, in the presence of S9 mix, only a slight increasing trend was observable at all tested concentrations, whereas, without S9 mix, at 75 µM, almost a doubling of the negative control was reached. For the purposes of comprehensive evaluation, a long-term treatment (26 h) was also included. In this case, a statistically significant enhancement in the MNi frequency was observed at 50 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sofia Gasperini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
PEGylation of genistein-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles and its effect on in vitro cell viability and genotoxicity properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113082. [PMID: 36542950 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled bovine serum albumin nanoparticles loaded with the isoflavone genistein have shown apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity against murine mammary adenocarcinoma F3II cells. Due to their protein nature and small particle size (13-15 nm), their parenteral administration could be affected by possible immunogenic reactions and rapid clearance from the bloodstream. To avoid these problems, PEGylation of the systems was achieved in this work by using a 30 kDa methoxy-polyethylene glycol carbonyl imidazole derivative through the reaction between the carbonyl imidazole group and the amino groups of Lys residues on the protein surface, which was confirmed by a 17% reduction in the available amino groups content measured by the o-phthaldialdehyde method. PEGylated isoforms were obtained, showing an increase of particle size from 13 to 15 nm to around 260 nm, and were purified by SEC-FPLC and characterized by SDS-PAGE, DLS and AFM techniques. The effect of PEGylation on BSAnp-Gen cytotoxicity and genotoxicity against F3II cells was evaluated in vitro by MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis and micronucleus assay. From the results, PEGylation produced an improvement of the biological properties of genistein-loaded nanoparticles in terms of cytotoxicity (lower IC50), not affecting the induction of apoptosis, decreasing the genotoxicity of the systems (less induction of micronucleus formation).
Collapse
|
5
|
Broudic K, Amberg A, Schaefer M, Spirkl HP, Bernard MC, Desert P. Nonclinical safety evaluation of a novel ionizable lipid for mRNA delivery. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 451:116143. [PMID: 35843341 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines hold tremendous potential in disease control and prevention for their flexibility with respect to production, application, and design. Recent breakthroughs in mRNA vaccination would have not been possible without major advances in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) technologies. We developed an LNP containing a novel ionizable cationic lipid, Lipid-1, and three well known excipients. An in silico toxicity hazard assessment for genotoxicity, a genotoxicity assessment, and a dose range finding toxicity study were performed to characterize the safety profile of Lipid-1. The in silico toxicity hazard assessment, utilizing two prediction systems DEREK and Leadscope, did not find any structural alert for mutagenicity and clastogenicity, and prediction in the statistical models were all negative. In addition, applying a read-across approach a structurally very similar compound was tested negative in two in vitro assays confirming the low genotoxicity potential of Lipid-1. A dose range finding toxicity study in rabbits, receiving a single intramuscular injection of either different doses of an mRNA encoding Influenza Hemagglutinin H3 antigen encapsulated in the LNP containing Lipid-1 or the empty LNP, evaluated local tolerance and systemic toxicity during a 2-week observation period. Only rabbits exposed to the vaccine were able to develop a specific IgG response, indicating an appropriate vaccine take. The vaccine was well tolerated up to 250 μg mRNA/injection, which was defined as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). These results support the use of the LNP containing Lipid-1 as an mRNA delivery system for different vaccine formulations and its deployment into clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, In Silico Toxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Schaefer
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, In Silico Toxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Spirkl
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety, In Silico Toxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreira Dantas GDP, Nascimento Martins EMD, Gomides LS, Chequer FMD, Burbano RR, Furtado CA, Santos AP, Tagliati CA. Pyrene-polyethylene glycol-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Genotoxicity in V79-4 fibroblast cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503463. [PMID: 35483786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of pyrene-polyethylene glycol-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-PyPEG), engineered as a nanoplatform for bioapplication, was evaluated. Toxicity was assessed in hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79-4). MTT and Cell Titer Blue methods were used to evaluate cell viability. Genotoxicity was measured by the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to test induction of structural chromosome aberrations (clastogenic activity) and/or numerical chromosome changes (aneuploidogenic activity). Exogenous metabolic activation enzymes were used in the CBMN-Cyt and FISH tests. Only with metabolic activation, the hybrids caused chromosomal damage, by both clastogenic and aneugenic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziela de Paula Ferreira Dantas
- ToxLab, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Lívia Santos Gomides
- Laboratório de Química de Nanoestruturas de Carbono, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Farah Maria Drumond Chequer
- Laboratório de Análises Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu (UFSJ-CCO), Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Rommel Rodríguez Burbano
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Clascídia Aparecida Furtado
- Laboratório de Química de Nanoestruturas de Carbono, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adelina Pinheiro Santos
- Laboratório de Química de Nanoestruturas de Carbono, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Tagliati
- ToxLab, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cocchi V, Gasperini S, Lenzi M. Anthraquinones: Genotoxic until Proven Otherwise? A Study on a Substance-Based Medical Device to Implement Available Data for a Correct Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030142. [PMID: 35324767 PMCID: PMC8953541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A genotoxicological study was carried out on a substance-based medical device (SMD) containing anthraquinones in order to evaluate its potential mutagenic effect. The “In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test” was performed on human TK6 cells by flow cytometry. Cultures were treated with concentrations of SMD tested in the range of 0–2 mg/mL for short treatment time (3 h) both in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system, followed by a recovery period in fresh medium (23 h) and for extended treatment time (26 h) without an exogenous metabolic activation system. At the end of both treatment times, cytotoxicity, cytostasis, apoptosis and micronuclei (MNi) frequency were analysed in treated cultures and then compared with those measured in concurrent negative control cultures. The SMD did not induce a statistically significant increase MNi frequency under any of experimental conditions tested. The negative outcome shows that the SMD is non-mutagenic in terms of its ability to induce chromosomal aberrations both in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. The study ended by analyzing intracellular ROS levels to exclude the pro-oxidant ability, typically linked to DNA damage. On the contrary, our results demonstrated the ability the SMD to counteract oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ribas LE, Baravalle ME, Gasser FB, Renna MS, Addona S, Ortega HH, Savino GH, Van de Velde F, Hein GJ. Extraction of phenolic compounds from the shells of pecan nuts with cytotoxic activity through apoptosis against the colon cancer cell line HT-29. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5409-5423. [PMID: 34730241 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The water extraction of phenolic compounds from two varieties ("Mahan" and "Marameck") of pecan nutshells (Carya illinoinensis) without and with sonication, varying the solvent/solid ratio (S), the pH, and the refluxing time (t), was studied. Additionally, the in vitro cytotoxicity and the determination of the cell death mechanism of the extracts against the colon cancer cell line HT-29 were investigated. The content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) of "Marameck" nutshells resulted higher than for the "Mahan" variety, and the pH increase resulted in higher TPC contents for both cultivars. The optimized conditions for TPC extraction without and with sonication resulted: S = 33 ml/g, pH = 12, and t = 9.6 min, and yielded ≈ 70 and 90 mg/g of TPC for "Mahan" and "Marameck" nutshells, respectively. The optimized extracts of pecan nutshells without sonication from both cultivars presented similar cytotoxicity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 ≈ 50 µg/ml), higher than for sonicated extracts (IC50 ≈ 88 and 138 µg/ml for "Mahan" and "Marameck," respectively). Cell death through apoptosis was the main mechanism of cell death induced by the nutshell extracts. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The extraction of phenolic compounds (TPC) from the residues of two varieties of pecan nutshells ("Mahan" and "Marameck") was studied. An optimal combination of variables within the pH range that minimizes the solvent-to-solid ratio (S) and the time of refluxing (t), saving at the same time, water and energy, was set up. The phenolic compound extracts obtained from the residues of the pecan nuts exhibit cytotoxic effects against colon cancer cells and could be of interest as an alternative treatment of different types of cancer. Additionally, these extracts may be of importance to the food industry as they can be used as antioxidant agents in food formulation. Also, the high levels of anthocyanidins obtained from the pecan nut extracts after proanthocyanidins' strong acid hydrolysis can be purified and employed as natural red dyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Emanuel Ribas
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Baravalle
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fátima Belén Gasser
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Sol Renna
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvina Addona
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo Héctor Ortega
- Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Graciela Hilda Savino
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Franco Van de Velde
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Juan Hein
- Centro Universitario Gálvez, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Centro de Medicina Comparada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen L, Li N, Liu Y, Faquet B, Alépée N, Ding C, Eilstein J, Zhong L, Peng Z, Ma J, Cai Z, Ouedraogo G. A new 3D model for genotoxicity assessment: EpiSkin™ Micronucleus Assay. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:51-61. [PMID: 32067034 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Regulation on Cosmetics (no. 1223/2009) has prohibited the use of animals in safety testing since March 2009 for ingredients used in cosmetics. Irreversible events at the chromosome level (clastogenesis and aneugenesis) are commonly evaluated by scoring either micronuclei or chromosome aberrations using cell-based genotoxicity assays. Like most in vitro genotoxicity assays, the 2D in vitro micronucleus assay exhibits a poor specificity and does not mimic the dermal route. To address these limitations, the current project aims to develop and validate a 3D micronucleus assay using the EpiSkin™ model. This project is scientifically supported by the Cosmetics Europe Genotoxicity Task Force. In a first step, two key criteria for the development of micronucleus assay, namely, the sufficient yield of cells from the EpiSkin™ model and an acceptable proliferation rate of the basal layer, were assessed and demonstrated. Subsequently, six chemicals (vinblastine, n-ethylnitrosourea, β-butyrolactone, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2,4-dichlorophenoland d-limonene) were evaluated in the EpiSkin™ Micronucleus Assay. At least two independent experiments using 48- and 72-h incubations were performed for each chemical. Results showed good inter-experimental reproducibility, as well as the correct identification of all six tested chemicals. The metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene on the EpiSkin™ model was also investigated and confirmed by the formation of an intermediate metabolite (2-aminofluorene). These preliminary results from the EpiSkin™ Micronucleus Assay indicate that it is a promising in vitro assay for assessing genotoxicity. The availability and suitability of this test method contribute significantly to the development of non-animal testing methods in China and its impact on the worldwide field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizao Chen
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Brigitte Faquet
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | - Nathalie Alépée
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| | - Chunmei Ding
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Joan Eilstein
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation India, Bearys Global Research Triangle, Bangalore, India
| | - Lingyan Zhong
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengang Peng
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzi Cai
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation China, Shanghai, China
| | - Gladys Ouedraogo
- Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen H, Ledent M, Beauvois V, Anthonissen R, Verschaeve L, Collard JF, Hinsenkamp M, Feipel V, Mertens B. In vitro 50 Hz magnetic field long-term exposure: Cytogenetic tests on human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells and validation of the test environment. MethodsX 2020; 7:101071. [PMID: 33088726 PMCID: PMC7558212 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential health effects of extremely low-frequency (electro)magnetic fields (ELF-(E)MFs) have long been investigated, but the results are still inconclusive. With respect to genotoxicity, sound data related to the effects of long-term exposure to ELF-(E)MFs on the genetic material and the impact of long-term pre-exposure to ELF-(E)MFs on the sensitivity of cells to the damage induced by known mutagens are needed. In this manuscript, an optimized protocol for a combined in vitro comet/micronucleus study to investigate these effects in a human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6) is provided including the description of a well-validated exposure system. Furthermore, the use of a shielding system to limit background ELF-MFs inside the incubator is described as well.Optimized protocols for cytogenetic tests with ELF-MFs on TK6 cells ensure the reproducibility of test results. Validation of exposure environment and exposure system are needed prior to performing tests with ELF-MFs. A simple, but effective method to shield cells and reduce unintentional ELF-MF exposure consists of using the mu-metal cylinder. This is of particular interest when studying the effects of low exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Belgium.,Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maryse Ledent
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Belgium
| | | | - Roel Anthonissen
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Belgium
| | - Luc Verschaeve
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Mertens
- Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cocchi V, Hrelia P, Lenzi M. Antimutagenic and Chemopreventive Properties of 6-(Methylsulfinyl) Hexyl Isothiocyanate on TK6 Human Cells by Flow Cytometry. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1242. [PMID: 32973500 PMCID: PMC7461824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
6-(methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC), is the main bioactive compound present in Wasabia japonica rhizome. Several scientific studies have shown that 6-MITC possesses interesting antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and antioxidant properties which therefore suggested us it could have an interesting chemopreventive potential. In a recent publication, we demonstrated, in two different leukemia cell lines, its ability to modulate several mechanisms supporting its antitumor activity. For this reason, we thought useful to continue the research, by investigating the potential antimutagenic activity of 6-MITC and thus better define its profile as a possible chemopreventive agent. 6-MITC antimutagenic effect against two known mutagenic agents: the clastogen Mitomycin C (MMC) and the aneuplodogen Vinblastine (VINB), was analyzed, in terms of micronuclei frequency decrease, after short- and long- time treatment on TK6 human cells, using a new automated protocol of the “In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleous Test” by flow cytometry. The results showed a different behavior of the isothiocyante. In particular, 6-MITC was unable to counteract the MMC genotoxicity, but when it was associated with VINB a statistically significant decrease in the micronuclei frequency was registered. Overall, the results obtained suggest a potential antimutagenic activity of 6-MITC, in particular against the aneuploidogen agents. This ability, to inhibit or counteract the mutations at the cellular level has a great therapeutic value and it represents a mechanism through a chemopreventive agent can express its activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cocchi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Whitwell J, Smith R, Chirom T, Watters G, Hargreaves V, Lloyd M, Phillips S, Clements J. Inclusion of an extended treatment with recovery improves the results for the human peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus assay. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:217-237. [PMID: 31209484 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro micronucleus (IVMN) test was endorsed for regulatory genotoxicity testing with adoption of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) 487 in 2010. This included two equally acceptable options for extended treatment in the absence of metabolic activation: a treatment for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles with harvest at the end of treatment (Option A) or treatment for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles followed by recovery for 1.5-2.0 cell cycles prior to harvest (Option B). Although no preferences were discussed, TG 487 cautions that Option B may not be appropriate for stimulated lymphocytes where exponential growth may be declining at 96 h after phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. Following revision of TG 487 in 2014 and 2016, emphasis has been placed on using Option A. Given the purpose of the IVMN assay is to determine both clastogenic and aneugenic potential, the authors believe the assay is compromised if an extended treatment with recovery is not included for sensitive detection of certain classes of chemical. In this study, average generation time (via bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) was measured up to 144 h after PHA stimulation. In addition, the HPBL micronucleus (MN) assay was performed using Option A and B treatment schedules. Cytotoxicity (replication index) and MN induction were determined following treatment with 14 chemicals. The data demonstrate that lymphocytes actively divide beyond 96 h after PHA stimulation. Furthermore, MN induction was only observed with some aneugenic chemicals and nucleoside analogues in HPBLs following extended treatment with a recovery period. For the majority of chemicals tested the magnitude of MN induction was generally greater and MN induction was observed across a wider concentration range following the Option B treatment schedule. In addition, steep concentration-related toxicity following treatment without recovery is more common, making selection of suitable concentrations (within regulatory toxicity limits) for MN analysis challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Robert Smith
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Teresa Chirom
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Gary Watters
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Victoria Hargreaves
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mel Lloyd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Julie Clements
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Genetic Toxicology, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thorne D, Leverette R, Breheny D, Lloyd M, McEnaney S, Whitwell J, Clements J, Bombick B, Gaça M. Genotoxicity evaluation of tobacco and nicotine delivery products: Part Two. In vitro micronucleus assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110546. [PMID: 31163219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a variety of test matrices from tobacco and nicotine delivery products were assessed against a 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette using the in vitro micronucleus assay. Testing was conducted using two Chinese hamster cell lines (CHO and V79), and a human lymphoblastoid cell line (TK6), in accordance with established guidelines. Total particulate matter (TPM) from a 3R4F Reference cigarette was compared to an electronic cigarette e-liquid, electronic cigarette TPM and TPM from a commercial tobacco heating product using a standard and an extended treatment condition with recovery period. Cells were assessed with 3R4F TPM prior to assessment of the other tobacco and nicotine product test matrices. These cell lines gave varied responses to 3R4F TPM with the most robust response using V79 cells. The use of an extended exposure/recovery period was seen to increase assay sensitivity for CHO and V79 cell lines but was less clear for TK6 cells. Negative responses were observed for all products except 3R4F across all treatment conditions in V79 cells. The most potent response to cigarette smoke was following extended treatment with recovery, suggesting this may be a more appropriate treatment for the future assessment of tobacco and nicotine product test matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mel Lloyd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Stephen McEnaney
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - James Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Julie Clements
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, 401 N. Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Marianna Gaça
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The application of an in vitro micronucleus test in mouse fibroblast L929 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 841:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Takeiri A, Matsuzaki K, Motoyama S, Yano M, Harada A, Katoh C, Tanaka K, Mishima M. High-content imaging analyses of γH2AX-foci and micronuclei in TK6 cells elucidated genotoxicity of chemicals and their clastogenic/aneugenic mode of action. Genes Environ 2019; 41:4. [PMID: 30766621 PMCID: PMC6362597 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The in vitro micronucleus (MN) test is an important component of a genotoxicity test battery that evaluates chemicals. Although the standard method of manually scoring micronucleated (MNed) cells by microscope is a reliable and standard method, it is laborious and time-consuming. A high-throughput assay system for detecting MN cells automatically has long been desired in the fields of pharmaceutical development or environmental risk monitoring. Although the MN test per se cannot clarify whether the mode of MN induction is aneugenic or clastogenic, this clarification may well be made possible by combining the MN test with an evaluation of γH2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). In the present study, we aimed to establish a high-content (HC) imaging assay that automatically detects micronuclei (MNi) and simultaneously measures γH2AX foci in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Results TK6 cells were fixed on the bottom of each well in 96-well plates hypotonically, which spreads the cells thinly to detach MNi from the primary nuclei. Then, the number of MNi and immunocytochemically-stained γH2AX foci were measured using an imaging analyzer. The system correctly judged 4 non-genotoxins and 13 genotoxins, which included 9 clastogens and 4 aneugens representing various genotoxic mechanisms, such as DNA alkylation, cross-linking, topoisomerase inhibition, and microtubule disruption. Furthermore, all the clastogens induced both γH2AX foci and MNi, while the aneugens induced only MNi, not γH2AX foci; therefore, the HC imaging assay clearly discriminated the aneugens from the clastogens. Additionally, the test system could feasibly analyze cell cycle, to add information about a chemical’s mode of action. Conclusions A HC imaging assay to detect γH2AX foci and MNi in TK6 cells was established, and the assay provided information on the aneugenic/clastogenic mode of action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41021-019-0117-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Takeiri
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kaori Matsuzaki
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Shigeki Motoyama
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Mariko Yano
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Asako Harada
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Chiaki Katoh
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| | - Masayuki Mishima
- Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka, 412-8513 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pereira I, Fraga S, Silva S, Teixeira JP, Gama M. In vitro genotoxicity assessment of an oxidized dextrin-based hydrogel for biomedical applications. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:639-649. [PMID: 30485472 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, crosslinked networks of hydrophilic polymers swollen with a large amount of water or biological fluids, without dissolving. Dextrin, a low-molecular-weight carbohydrate composed by glucose residues, has been used to develop an injectable hydrogel for biomedical applications. Dextrin was first oxidized to introduce aldehyde groups, which then reticulate with adipic acid dihydrazide, forming the dextrin-based hydrogel (HG). The HG and its components were tested for cyto- and genotoxicity according to the International Standard ISO 10993-3 on the biological evaluation of medical devices. To assess genotoxicity, a battery of in vitro genotoxicity tests employing both eukaryotic and prokaryotic models was performed: comet assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and Ames test. Our data revealed that the HG (IC50 = 2.8 mg/mL) and oxidized dextrin by itself (IC50 = 1.2 mg/mL) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cellular viability of human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells after 24 hours of exposure to the test agents. However, these concentrations are unlikely to be reached in vivo. In addition, no significant increase in the DNA and chromosomal damage of TK6 cells exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of the HG and its isolated components was detected. Furthermore, neither the HG nor its metabolites exerted a mutagenic effect in different of Salmonella typhimurium strains and in an Escherichia coli mix. Our data demonstrated the genocompatibility of the HG (up to 3.5 mg/mL) for biomedical applications. To our best acknowledge, this is the first report with a detailed genotoxicity assessment of an aldehyde-modified polysaccharide/adipic acid dihydrazide hydrogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gama
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Benford D, Calò G, Dahan A, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Németh-Zámboriné É, Arcella D, Baert K, Cascio C, Levorato S, Schutte M, Vleminckx C. Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05243. [PMID: 32625895 PMCID: PMC7009406 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. Poppy seeds do not contain the opium alkaloids, but can become contaminated with alkaloids as a result of pest damage and during harvesting. The European Commission asked EFSA to provide an update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. The assessment is based on data on morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, noscapine and papaverine in poppy seed samples. The CONTAM Panel confirms the acute reference dose (ARfD) of 10 μg morphine/kg body weight (bw) and concluded that the concentration of codeine in the poppy seed samples should be taken into account by converting codeine to morphine equivalents, using a factor of 0.2. The ARfD is therefore a group ARfD for morphine and codeine, expressed in morphine equivalents. Mean and high levels of dietary exposure to morphine equivalents from poppy seeds considered to have high levels of opium alkaloids (i.e. poppy seeds from varieties primarily grown for pharmaceutical use) exceed the ARfD in most age groups. For poppy seeds considered to have relatively low concentrations of opium alkaloids (i.e. primarily varieties for food use), some exceedance of the ARfD is also seen at high levels of dietary exposure in most surveys. For noscapine and papaverine, the available data do not allow making a hazard characterisation. However, comparison of the dietary exposure to the recommended therapeutical doses does not suggest a health concern for these alkaloids. For thebaine and oripavine, no risk characterisation was done due to insufficient data. However, for thebaine, limited evidence indicates a higher acute lethality than for morphine and the estimated exposure could present a health risk.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ocampo IZ, de Queiroz Souza Passos P, Ramirez de Carvalho L, Lira da Cruz CA, Esteves-Pedro NM, Medeiros da Silva F, Higa OZ, Dias LAP, Okazaki K, Vieira DP. In vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic evaluation of peptides used in nuclear medicine (DOTATATE and Ubiquicidin 29-41) in CHO-K1 cells. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2301-2310. [PMID: 27686814 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronucleus (MN) assay constitutes a valuable surrogate to the chromosome aberration technique for in vitro testing of the genotoxicity of substances. As test substances, two peptidic compounds (DOTATATE and Ubiquicidin29-41) used in nuclear medicine, were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in CHO-K1 cells. None of the compounds showed detectable cytotoxicity (0.5-7.3 ng/mL for DOTATATE and 0.3-4.5 ng/mL for UBI29-41), genotoxicity (0.72, 7.2 and 72.0 ng/ml for DOTATATE and 0.45, 4.5 and 45.0 ng/mL for UBI29-41) or cell cycle changes as compared to untreated controls at the concentrations tested. Statistical analysis showed good concordance between two independent analysts. The results corroborate the notion of the safety of the compounds and present improvements of the in vitro MN assay when performed in a pre-clinical trial context that increase the throughput of small-to-medium testing facilities as an alternative to high content screening systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Zegarra Ocampo
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luma Ramirez de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Ayala Lira da Cruz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olga Zazuco Higa
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,Biosynthesis Laboratory, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Pereira Dias
- Center of Radiopharmacy, Quality Control Management, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kayo Okazaki
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Perez Vieira
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Nuclear and Energetic Research IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. LineuPrestes, 2242, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jia H, Zhang C, Glatt H, Liu Y. Role of exposure/recovery schedule in micronuclei induction by several promutagens in V79-derived cells expressing human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 808:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
20
|
Brüsehafer K, Manshian BB, Doherty AT, Zaïr ZM, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. The clastogenicity of 4NQO is cell-type dependent and linked to cytotoxicity, length of exposure and p53 proficiency. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:171-80. [PMID: 26362870 PMCID: PMC4748179 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) is used as a positive control in various genotoxicity assays because of its known mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. The chemical is converted into 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and gives rise to three main DNA adducts, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4AQO, 3-(desoxyguanosin-N (2)-yl)-4AQO and 3-(deoxyadenosin-N (6)-yl)-4AQO. This study was designed to assess the shape of the dose-response curve at low concentrations of 4NQO in three human lymphoblastoid cell lines, MCL-5, AHH-1 and TK6 as well as the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell line in vitro. Chromosomal damage was investigated using the in vitro micronucleus assay, while further gene mutation and DNA damage studies were carried out using the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase forward mutation and comet assays. 4NQO showed little to no significant increases in micronucleus induction in the human lymphoblastoid cell lines, even up to 55±5% toxicity. A dose-response relationship could only be observed in the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y after 4NQO treatment, even at concentrations with no reduction in cell viability. Further significant increases in gene mutation and DNA damage induction were observed. Hence, 4NQO is a more effective point mutagen than clastogen, and its suitability as a positive control for genotoxicity testing has to be evaluated for every individual assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brüsehafer
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. ILS1, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. Tel: +44 179 260 2512; Fax: +44 179 260 2147;
| | | | - Ann T. Doherty
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Unit 310, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB40WG, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kirkland D, Kasper P, Martus HJ, Müller L, van Benthem J, Madia F, Corvi R. Updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 795:7-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
22
|
Soeteman-Hernández LG, Fellows MD, Johnson GE, Slob W. Correlation of In Vivo Versus In Vitro Benchmark Doses (BMDs) Derived From Micronucleus Test Data: A Proof of Concept Study. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:355-67. [PMID: 26443842 PMCID: PMC4659532 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the applicability of using in vitro micronucleus (MN) data from human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to derive in vivo genotoxicity potency information. Nineteen chemicals covering a broad spectrum of genotoxic modes of action were tested in an in vitro MN test using TK6 cells using the same study protocol. Several of these chemicals were considered to need metabolic activation, and these were administered in the presence of S9. The Benchmark dose (BMD) approach was applied using the dose-response modeling program PROAST to estimate the genotoxic potency from the in vitro data. The resulting in vitro BMDs were compared with previously derived BMDs from in vivo MN and carcinogenicity studies. A proportional correlation was observed between the BMDs from the in vitro MN and the BMDs from the in vivo MN assays. Further, a clear correlation was found between the BMDs from in vitro MN and the associated BMDs for malignant tumors. Although these results are based on only 19 compounds, they show that genotoxicity potencies estimated from in vitro tests may result in useful information regarding in vivo genotoxic potency, as well as expected cancer potency. Extension of the number of compounds and further investigation of metabolic activation (S9) and of other toxicokinetic factors would be needed to validate our initial conclusions. However, this initial work suggests that this approach could be used for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations which would support the reduction of animals used in research (3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mick D Fellows
- AstraZeneca, R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom; and
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Wout Slob
- *National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kotova N, Hebert N, Härnwall EL, Vare D, Mazurier C, Douay L, Jenssen D, Grawé J. A novel micronucleus in vitro assay utilizing human hematopoietic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015. [PMID: 26208286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The induction of micronucleated reticulocytes in the bone marrow is a sensitive indicator of chromosomal damage. Therefore, the micronucleus assay in rodents is widely used in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity testing. A test system based on cultured human primary cells could potentially provide better prediction compared to animal tests, increasing patient safety while also implementing the 3Rs principle, i.e. replace, reduce and refine. Hereby, we describe the development of an in vitro micronucleus assay based on animal-free ex vivo culture of human red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells. To validate the method, five clastogens with direct action, three clastogens requiring metabolic activation, four aneugenic and three non-genotoxic compounds have been tested. Also, different metabolic systems have been applied. Flow cytometry was used for detection and enumeration of micronuclei. Altogether, the results were in agreement with the published data and indicated that a sensitive and cost effective in vitro assay to assess genotoxicity with a potential to high-throughput screening has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kotova
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - N Hebert
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; Etablissement Francais du Sang Ile de France, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - E-L Härnwall
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Vare
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Mazurier
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; Etablissement Francais du Sang Ile de France, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - L Douay
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France; Etablissement Francais du Sang Ile de France, Ivry-sur-Seine, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - D Jenssen
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Grawé
- Dept. of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Aiba née Kaneko M, Hirota M, Kouzuki H, Mori M. Prediction of genotoxic potential of cosmetic ingredients by an in silico battery system consisting of a combination of an expert rule-based system and a statistics-based system. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:77-98. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
25
|
Sobol Z, Spellman RA, Thiffeault C, Dobo KL, Schuler M. Impact of cell cycle delay on micronucleus frequency in TK6 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:64-69. [PMID: 23982927 DOI: 10.1002/em.21810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with TK6 cells have shown that extending the recovery period after pulse treatment allows for greater micronucleus expression for some compounds. This study explores the role of cell cycle delay in micronucleus expression after pulse treatment with three model genotoxins [mitomycin C, etoposide (ETOP), vinblastine]. Cells were treated for 4 hr and allowed to recover for 36 hr with samples removed at various time points during the recovery period and analyzed for cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and micronucleus frequency. Our results show that mitomycin C causes cell cycle delay for 20 hr after pulse treatment and cell cycle perturbation is no longer evident after 36 hr of recovery. The micronucleus frequency of cells sampled at 36 hr is doubled when compared with cells sampled at 20 hr after mitomycin C removal. When cells were treated with indirect acting genotoxins (ETOP, vinblastine), cell cycle perturbation was not observed at the 20 hr time point. Micronucleus frequency after treatment with either ETOP or vinblastine did not differ between the 20 hr and the 36 hr time point. All three compounds induced similar levels of apoptosis ranging from 4.5 to 5.6% with maximum induction occurring at the 36-hr time point. We conclude that TK6 cells exhibit extended cell cycle arrest after exposure to MMC and can go on to express micronuclei, after overcoming cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Sobol
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology Center of Expertise, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|