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Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis feeding reduces the early stage of chemically induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:395-405. [PMID: 35506448 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide and linked to dietary/lifestyle factors. Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (AP) contains bioactive compounds with beneficial effects in vivo/in vitro. We evaluated the effects of AP feeding against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male Sprague Dawley rats were given subcutaneous injections of DMH (4 × 40 mg/kg body weight) (G1-G3) or vehicle (G4-G5) twice a week (weeks 3-4). During weeks 1-4, animals were fed a diet containing 1 % (G2) or 2 % (G3-G4) AP powder (w/w). After this period, all groups received a balanced diet until week 12. Some animals were euthanised after the last DMH injection (week 4) for histological, immunohistochemical (Ki-67, γ-H2AX and caspase-3) and molecular analyses (real time-PCR for 91 genes), while other animals were euthanised at week 12 for preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) analysis. Both AP treatments (G2-G3) significantly decreased the DMH-induced increase in γ-H2AX (DNA damage) and caspase 3 (DNA damage-induced cell death) in colonic crypts at week 4. In addition, Cyp2e1 (Drug metabolism), Notch1, Notch2 and Jag1 genes (Notch pathway) and Atm, Wee1, Chek2, Mgmt, Ogg1 and Xrcc6 genes (DNA repair) were also down-regulated by 2 % AP feeding (G3) at week 4. A significant reduction in ACF development was observed in both AP-treated groups (G2-G3) at week 12. In conclusion, findings indicate that AP feeding reduced acute colonic damage after DMH, resulting in fewer preneoplastic lesions. Our study provided mechanistic insights on dietary AP-preventive effects against early colon carcinogenesis.
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van Breda SG, Mathijs K, Pieters HJ, Sági-Kiss V, Kuhnle GG, Georgiadis P, Saccani G, Parolari G, Virgili R, Sinha R, Hemke G, Hung Y, Verbeke W, Masclee AA, Vleugels-Simon CB, van Bodegraven AA, de Kok TM. Replacement of Nitrite in Meat Products by Natural Bioactive Compounds Results in Reduced Exposure to N-Nitroso Compounds: The PHYTOME Project. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001214. [PMID: 34382747 PMCID: PMC8530897 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE It has been proposed that endogenously form N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) are partly responsible for the link between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. As nitrite has been indicated as critical factor in the formation of NOCs, the impact of replacing the additive sodium nitrite (E250) by botanical extracts in the PHYTOME project is evaluated. METHOD AND RESULTS A human dietary intervention study is conducted in which healthy subjects consume 300 g of meat for 2 weeks, in subsequent order: conventional processed red meat, white meat, and processed red meat with standard or reduced levels of nitrite and added phytochemicals. Consumption of red meat products enriched with phytochemicals leads to a significant reduction in the faecal excretion of NOCs, as compared to traditionally processed red meat products. Gene expression changes identify cell proliferation as main affects molecular mechanism. High nitrate levels in drinking water in combination with processed red meat intake further stimulates NOC formation, an effect that could be mitigated by replacement of E250 by natural plant extracts. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that addition of natural extracts to conventionally processed red meat products may help to reduce CRC risk, which is mechanistically support by gene expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone G van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Mathijs
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Pieters
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Virág Sági-Kiss
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Gunter G Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Panagiotis Georgiadis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Giovanna Saccani
- SSICA-Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parolari
- SSICA-Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Virgili
- SSICA-Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Parma, Italy
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gert Hemke
- Hemke Nutriconsult, Prins Clauslaan 70, 5684 GB Best, The Netherlands
| | - Yung Hung
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Ad A Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Balthazar CF, de Moura NA, Romualdo GR, Rocha RS, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Santillo A, Silva MC, Barbisan LF, Cruz AG, Albenzio M. Synbiotic sheep milk ice cream reduces chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7406-7414. [PMID: 33934866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sheep dairy products containing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may have health-promoting properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sheep milk ice cream [conventional full-fat (CONV), full-fat enriched with probiotic (PROB, 100 mg % wt/wt of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01), or nonfat synbiotic (SYNB, Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 and inulin, 10% wt/wt)] on carcinogen-induced colonic crypt cytotoxicity and premalignant lesion development. Male Swiss mice received 2 doses of colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg of body weight) at wk 3 and 4. Two weeks before and during AOM administrations (4 wk) mice were treated with CONV, PROB, or SYNB by gavage (10 mL/kg). Mice were euthanized at wk 4 or 25 (n = 5 or 10 mice/group, respectively). At wk 4, a significant reduction in micronucleated colonocytes was observed in PROB and SYNB groups, and a significant decrease in both p53 expression and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts was observed in SYNB group. At wk 25, both PROB and SYNB interventions reduced the mean number of colonic premalignant lesions. However, only SYNB group showed lower incidence and number of high-grade premalignant lesions in the colonic mucosa. These findings indicate that PROB or SYNB sheep milk ice cream, especially SYNB intervention, can reduce chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso F Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Romualdo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon S Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Pimentel
- Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Paraná (IFPR), Paranavaí, 87703-536, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy.
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Zhao R, Coker OO, Wu J, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Nakatsu G, Bian X, Wei H, Chan AWH, Sung JJY, Chan FKL, El-Omar E, Yu J. Aspirin Reduces Colorectal Tumor Development in Mice and Gut Microbes Reduce its Bioavailability and Chemopreventive Effects. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:969-983.e4. [PMID: 32387495 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in the intestinal microbiota affect development of colorectal cancer and drug metabolism. We studied whether the intestinal microbiota affect the ability of aspirin to reduce colon tumor development in mice. METHODS We performed studies with APCmin/+ mice and mice given azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium to induce colorectal carcinogenesis. Some mice were given antibiotics to deplete intestinal microbes, with or without aspirin, throughout the entire experiment. Germ-free mice were studied in validation experiments. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histopathology, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblots. Blood samples and gut luminal contents were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and an arylesterase activity assay. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene and shotgun metagenome sequencing. RESULTS Administration of aspirin to mice reduced colorectal tumor number and load in APCmin/+ mice and mice given azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium that had been given antibiotics (depleted gut microbiota), but not in mice with intact microbiota. Germ-free mice given aspirin developed fewer colorectal tumors than conventionalized germ-free mice given aspirin. Plasma levels of aspirin were higher in mice given antibiotics than in mice with intact gut microbiota. Analyses of luminal contents revealed that aerobic gut microbes, including Lysinibacillus sphaericus, degrade aspirin. Germ-free mice fed L sphaericus had lower plasma levels of aspirin than germ-free mice that were not fed this bacterium. There was an inverse correlation between aspirin dose and colorectal tumor development in conventional mice, but this correlation was lost with increased abundance of L sphaericus. Fecal samples from mice fed aspirin were enriched in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, which are considered beneficial, and had reductions in Alistipes finegoldii and Bacteroides fragili, which are considered pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin reduces development of colorectal tumors in APCmin/+ mice and mice given azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium, depending on the presence of intestinal microbes. L sphaericus in the gut degrades aspirin and reduced its chemopreventive effects in mice. Fecal samples from mice fed aspirin were enriched in beneficial bacteria, with reductions in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liuyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Geicho Nakatsu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiqing Bian
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emad El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Mapping insoluble indole metabolites in the gastrointestinal environment of a murine colorectal cancer model using desorption/ionisation on porous silicon imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12342. [PMID: 31451756 PMCID: PMC6710270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are a structurally diverse group of compounds found in food, toxins, medicines, and produced by commensal microbiota. On contact with acidic stomach conditions, indoles undergo condensation to generate metabolites that vary in solubility, activity and toxicity as they move through the gut. Here, using halogenated ions, we map promising chemo-preventative indoles, i) 6-bromoisatin (6Br), ii) the mixed indole natural extract (NE) 6Br is found in, and iii) the highly insoluble metabolites formed in vivo using desorption/ionisation on porous silicon-mass spectrometry imaging (DIOS-MSI). The functionalised porous silicon architecture allowed insoluble metabolites to be detected that would otherwise evade most analytical platforms, providing direct evidence for identifying the therapeutic component, 6Br, from the mixed indole NE. As a therapeutic lead, 0.025 mg/g 6Br acts as a chemo-preventative compound in a 12 week genotoxic mouse model; at this dose 6Br significantly reduces epithelial cell proliferation, tumour precursors (aberrant crypt foci; ACF); and tumour numbers while having minimal effects on liver, blood biochemistry and weight parameters compared to controls. The same could not be said for the NE where 6Br originates, which significantly increased liver damage markers. DIOS-MSI revealed a large range of previously unknown insoluble metabolites that could contribute to reduced efficacy and increased toxicity.
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O'Connor PJ, Alonso-Amelot ME, Roberts SA, Povey AC. The role of bracken fern illudanes in bracken fern-induced toxicities. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 782:108276. [PMID: 31843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bracken fern is carcinogenic when fed to domestic and laboratory animals inducing bladder and ileal tumours and is currently classified as a possible human carcinogen by IARC. The carcinogenic illudane, ptaquiloside (PTQ) was isolated from bracken fern and is widely assumed to be the major bracken carcinogen. However, several other structurally similar illudanes are found in bracken fern, in some cases at higher levels than PTQ and so may contribute to the overall toxicity and carcinogenicity of bracken fern. In this review, we critically evaluate the role of illudanes in bracken fern induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, the mechanistic basis of these effects including the role of DNA damage, and the potential for human exposure in order to highlight deficiencies in the current literature. Critical gaps remain in our understanding of bracken fern induced carcinogenesis, a better understanding of these processes is essential to establish whether bracken fern is also a human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Connor
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M E Alonso-Amelot
- Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - S A Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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7
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High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092137. [PMID: 31052187 PMCID: PMC6540251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High red meat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dietary fibers, such as resistant starch (RS) seemed to protect against CRC. The aim of this study was to determine whether high-amylose potato starch (HAPS), high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB)—produced by an organocatalytic route—could oppose the negative effects of a high-protein meat diet (HPM), in terms of fermentation pattern, cecal microbial composition, and colonic biomarkers of CRC. Rats were fed a HPM diet or an HPM diet where 10% of the maize starch was substituted with either HAPS, HAMS, or HAMSB, for 4 weeks. Feces, cecum digesta, and colonic tissue were obtained for biochemical, microbial, gene expression (oncogenic microRNA), and immuno-histochemical (O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) adduct) analysis. The HAMS and HAMSB diets shifted the fecal fermentation pattern from protein towards carbohydrate metabolism. The HAMSB diet also substantially increased fecal butyrate concentration and the pool, compared with the other diets. All three RS treatments altered the cecal microbial composition in a diet specific manner. HAPS and HAMSB showed CRC preventive effects, based on the reduced colonic oncogenic miR17-92 cluster miRNA expression, but there was no significant diet-induced differences in the colonic O6MeG adduct levels. Overall, HAMSB consumption showed the most potential for limiting the negative effects of a high-meat diet.
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Kraus A, McKeague M, Seiwert N, Nagel G, Geisen SM, Ziegler N, Trantakis IA, Kaina B, Thomas AD, Sturla SJ, Fahrer J. Immunological and mass spectrometry-based approaches to determine thresholds of the mutagenic DNA adduct O6-methylguanine in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:559-572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Head RJ, Fay MF, Cosgrove L, Y. C. Fung K, Rundle-Thiele D, Martin JH. Persistence of DNA adducts, hypermutation and acquisition of cellular resistance to alkylating agents in glioblastoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:917-926. [PMID: 29020502 PMCID: PMC5718815 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1385680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a lethal form of brain tumour usually treated by surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent. Key to the success of this multimodal approach is maintaining apoptotic sensitivity of tumour cells to the alkylating agent. This initial treatment likely establishes conditions contributing to development of drug resistance as alkylating agents form the O6-methylguanine adduct. This activates the mismatch repair (MMR) process inducing apoptosis and mutagenesis. This review describes key juxtaposed drivers in the balance between alkylation induced mutagenesis and apoptosis. Mutations in MMR genes are the probable drivers for alkylation based drug resistance. Critical to this interaction are the dose-response and temporal interactions between adduct formation and MMR mutations. The precision in dose interval, dose-responses and temporal relationships dictate a role for alkylating agents in either promoting experimental tumour formation or inducing tumour cell death with chemotherapy. Importantly, this resultant loss of chemotherapeutic selective pressure provides opportunity to explore novel therapeutics and appropriate combinations to minimise alkylation based drug resistance and tumour relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Head
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M. F. Fay
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Genesis Cancer Care, NSW, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L. Cosgrove
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - D. Rundle-Thiele
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - J. H. Martin
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Ballista-Hernández J, Martínez-Ferrer M, Vélez R, Climent C, Sánchez-Vázquez MM, Torres C, Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Ayala-Peña S, Torres-Ramos CA. Mitochondrial DNA Integrity Is Maintained by APE1 in Carcinogen-Induced Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:831-841. [PMID: 28360037 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity have been reported in many cancers; however, the contribution of mtDNA integrity to tumorigenesis is not well understood. We used a transgenic mouse model that is haploinsufficient for the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Apex1+/-) gene, which encodes the base excision repair (BER) enzyme APE1, to determine its role in protecting mtDNA from the effects of azoxymethane (AOM), a carcinogen used to induce colorectal cancer. Repair kinetics of AOM-induced mtDNA damage was evaluated using qPCR after a single AOM dose and a significant induction in mtDNA lesions in colonic crypts from both wild-type (WT) and Apex1+/-animals were observed. However, Apex1+/- mice had slower repair kinetics in addition to decreased mtDNA abundance. Tumors were also induced using multiple AOM doses, and both WT and Apex1+/-animals exhibited significant loss in mtDNA abundance. Surprisingly, no major differences in mtDNA lesions were observed in tumors from WT and Apex1+/- animals, whereas a significant increase in nuclear DNA lesions was detected in tumors from Apex1+/- mice. Finally, tumors from Apex1+/- mice displayed an increased proliferative index and histologic abnormalities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that APE1 is important for preventing changes in mtDNA integrity during AOM-induced colorectal cancer.Implications: AOM, a colorectal cancer carcinogen, generates damage to the mitochondrial genome, and the BER enzyme APE1 is required to maintain its integrity. Mol Cancer Res; 15(7); 831-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Ballista-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Margaly Martínez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Roman Vélez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Consuelo Climent
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria M Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ceidy Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Adlin Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sylvette Ayala-Peña
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Carlos A Torres-Ramos
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Gene Expression Profile of Colon Mucosa after Cytotoxic Insult in wt and Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats: Possible Relation to Resistance to Apoptosis during Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1310342. [PMID: 27840820 PMCID: PMC5093255 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1310342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apc-mutated Pirc rats, spontaneously developing intestinal tumours, are resistant to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- (DMH-) induced colon apoptosis. To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the expression of genotoxic stress-related genes Mgmt, Gsta1, and Gstp1 in the colon of wt and Pirc rats in basal conditions and 24 h after DMH; plasmatic oxidant/antioxidant status was also evaluated. After DMH, Mgmt expression was increased in both genotypes but significantly only in wt rats; Gsta1 expression was significantly increased in both genotypes. Gstp1 expression did not vary after DMH but was lower in Pirc rats. Moreover, for each genotype, we studied by microarray technique whole gene expression profile after DMH. By unsupervised cluster analysis, 28 genes were differentially modulated between the two genotypes. Among them were interferon-induced genes Irf7, Oas1a, Oasl2, and Isg15 and the transcription factor Taf6l, overexpressed in DMH-treated wt rats and unchanged in Pirc rats. RT-PCR confirmed their overexpression in DMH-treated wt rats and showed a slighter variation in DMH-treated Pirc rats. Taken together, despite a blunted induction of Irf7, Oas1a, and Mgmt, defective apoptosis in Pirc rats 24 h after DMH is not mirrored by major differences in gene expression compared with wt rats.
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Fahrer J, Kaina B. Impact of DNA repair on the dose-response of colorectal cancer formation induced by dietary carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 106:583-594. [PMID: 27693244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, which is causally linked to dietary habits, notably the intake of processed and red meat. Processed and red meat contain dietary carcinogens, including heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) and N-nitroso compounds (NOC). NOC are agents that induce various N-methylated DNA adducts and O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), which are removed by base excision repair (BER) and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), respectively. HCAs such as the highly mutagenic 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) cause bulky DNA adducts, which are removed from DNA by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Both O6-MeG and HCA-induced DNA adducts are linked to the occurrence of KRAS and APC mutations in colorectal tumors of rodents and humans, thereby driving CRC initiation and progression. In this review, we focus on DNA repair pathways removing DNA lesions induced by NOC and HCA and assess their role in protecting against mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in the large intestine. We further discuss the impact of DNA repair on the dose-response relationship in colorectal carcinogenesis in view of recent studies, demonstrating the existence of 'no effect' point of departures (PoDs), i.e. thresholds for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The available data support the threshold concept for NOC with DNA repair being causally involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fahrer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Le Leu RK, Scherer BL, Mano MT, Winter JM, Lannagan T, Head RJ, Lockett T, Clarke JM. Dietary butyrylated high-amylose starch reduces azoxymethane-induced colonic O(6)-methylguanine adducts in rats as measured by immunohistochemistry and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Nutr Res 2016; 36:982-988. [PMID: 27632918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
O(6)-methyl guanine (O(6)MeG) adducts are major toxic, promutagenic, and procarcinogenic adducts involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Resistant starch and its colonic metabolite butyrate are known to protect against oncogenesis in the colon. In this study, we hypothesized that a dietary intervention that specifically delivers butyrate to the large bowel (notably butyrylated high-amylose maize starch [HAMSB]) would reduce colonic levels of O(6)MeG in rats shortly after exposure to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alkylating agent azoxymethane (AOM) when compared with a low-amylose maize starch (LAMS). A further objective was to validate an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method for quantifying O(6)MeG against a high-performance liquid chromatography method using fluorescence and diode array detection. Rats were fed either LAMS or HAMSB diets for 4 weeks followed by a single injection of AOM or saline and killed 6 hours later. After AOM exposure, both IHC and high-performance liquid chromatography method using fluorescence and diode array detection measured a substantially increased quantity of DNA adducts in the colon (P<.001). Both techniques demonstrated equally that consumption of HAMSB provided a protective effect by reducing colonic adduct load compared with the LAMS diet (P<.05). In addition, IHC allowed visualization of the O(6)MeG distribution, where adduct load was reduced in the lower third of the crypt compartment in HAMSB-fed rats (P=.036). The apoptotic response to AOM was higher in the HAMSB-fed rats (P=.002). In conclusion, the reduction in O(6)MeG levels and enhancement of the apoptotic response to DNA damage in the colonic epithelium through consumption of HAMSB provide mechanistic insights into how HAMSB protects against colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark T Mano
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jean M Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park
| | - Tamsin Lannagan
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard J Head
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor Lockett
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie M Clarke
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Narayan S, Sharma R. Molecular mechanism of adenomatous polyposis coli-induced blockade of base excision repair pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis. Life Sci 2015; 139:145-52. [PMID: 26334567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of death in both men and women in North America. Despite chemotherapeutic efforts, CRC is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Thus, to develop effective treatment strategies for CRC, one needs knowledge of the pathogenesis of cancer development and cancer resistance. It is suggested that colonic tumors or cell lines harbor truncated adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) without DNA repair inhibitory (DRI)-domain. It is also thought that the product of the APC gene can modulate base excision repair (BER) pathway through an interaction with DNA polymerase β (Pol-β) and flap endonuclease 1 (Fen-1) to mediate CRC cell apoptosis. The proposed therapy with temozolomide (TMZ) exploits this particular pathway; however, a high percentage of colorectal tumors continue to develop resistance to chemotherapy due to mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency. In the present communication, we have comprehensively reviewed a critical issue that has not been addressed previously: a novel mechanism by which APC-induced blockage of single nucleotide (SN)- and long-patch (LP)-BER play role in DNA-alkylation damage-induced colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States.
| | - Ritika Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 United States
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Butyrylated starch intake can prevent red meat-induced O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine adducts in human rectal tissue: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:220-30. [PMID: 26084032 PMCID: PMC4531472 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk with high red meat (HRM) intakes, whereas dietary fibre intake appears to be protective. In the present study, we examined whether a HRM diet increased rectal O(6)-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O(6)MeG) adduct levels in healthy human subjects, and whether butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB) was protective. A group of twenty-three individuals consumed 300 g/d of cooked red meat without (HRM diet) or with 40 g/d of HAMSB (HRM+HAMSB diet) over 4-week periods separated by a 4-week washout in a randomised cross-over design. Stool and rectal biopsy samples were collected for biochemical, microbial and immunohistochemical analyses at baseline and at the end of each 4-week intervention period. The HRM diet increased rectal O(6)MeG adducts relative to its baseline by 21% (P < 0.01), whereas the addition of HAMSB to the HRM diet prevented this increase. Epithelial proliferation increased with both the HRM (P < 0.001) and HRM + HAMSB (P < 0.05) diets when compared with their respective baseline levels, but was lower following the HRM + HAMSB diet compared with the HRM diet (P < 0.05). Relative to its baseline, the HRM + HAMSB diet increased the excretion of SCFA by over 20% (P < 0.05) and increased the absolute abundances of the Clostridium coccoides group (P < 0.05), the Clostridium leptum group (P < 0.05), Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.01), Parabacteroides distasonis (P < 0.001) and Ruminococcus bromii (P < 0.05), but lowered Ruminococcus torques (P < 0.05) and the proportions of Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques and Escherichia coli (P < 0.01). HRM consumption could increase the risk of CRC through increased formation of colorectal epithelial O(6)MeG adducts. HAMSB consumption prevented red meat-induced adduct formation, which may be associated with increased stool SCFA levels and/or changes in the microbiota composition.
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Whetstone RD, Gold B. T-cells enhance stem cell mutagenesis in the mouse colon. Mutat Res 2015; 774:1-5. [PMID: 25770826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A role of inflammation in the etiology of cancer is attributed to the production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that can damage DNA. To test this hypothesis, we determined the mutation frequency (MF) in colonic stem cells in C57Bl/6 mice exposed to azoxymethane (AOM), dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and a combination of AOM and DSS (AOM+DSS). AOM+DSS efficiently and rapidly produces colon tumors in B6 mice. AOM produces promutagenic O(6)-methylguanine lesions in DNA but does not induce colon tumors in C57Bl/6 mice as a single agent. DSS produces inflammation in the colon but does not produce tumors except upon multiple cycles of treatment in some DNA repair deficient mouse models. In addition, using TCRβ null mice we tested whether α/β T cells have any effect on the colonic stem cell MF in mice treated with AOM, DSS and AOM+DSS. The TCRβ(-/-) mice are devoid of the critical receptor required for normal cytolytic and regulatory α/β T-cell functions. The MF in the untreated and DSS treated WT and TCRβ(-/-) mice was the same (<10(-5)) indicating that DSS and subsequent inflammation does not generate stem cell mutations in mice that are WT for DNA repair. AOM yielded mutant crypts in WT and TCRβ(-/-) mice with MF's of ∼4×10(-4) and 2×10(-4), respectively, which represents a statistically significant decrease in the MF in the immune compromised mice. The combined treatment of AOM+DSS afforded fully mutated crypts in both strains with a statistically significant lower MF in the TCRβ(-/-) mice. In addition, the MF in both strains of mice after the combination of AOM+DSS is lower than observed with AOM alone indicating that DSS inflammation destroyed pre-existing AOM mutated crypts. Using the MF in WT mice, the efficiency for the conversion of promutagenic O(6)-methylguanine lesions into a stem cell mutations was calculated to be ∼0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Whetstone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Barry Gold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Hosein AN, Lim YC, Day B, Stringer B, Rose S, Head R, Cosgrove L, Sminia P, Fay M, Martin JH. The effect of valproic acid in combination with irradiation and temozolomide on primary human glioblastoma cells. J Neurooncol 2015; 122:263-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bu SY, Kwon H, Sung MK. Supplementation of Seaweeds Extracts Suppresses Azoxymethane-induced Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colon and Liver of ICR Mice. J Cancer Prev 2014; 19:216-23. [PMID: 25337591 PMCID: PMC4189504 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.3.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Seamustard and seatangle are commonly consumed seaweeds in Korea and rich sources of non-digestible polysaccharides which possess biological activities. However anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer activities of these seaweeds under physiological condition have not been clarified yet. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of seaweeds consumption on azoxymethane (AOM) -induced DNA methylation at N7 and O6 position of guanine base, an indicator of DNA damage related to cancer initiation. Methods: Thirty ICR mice were divided into five groups and fed one of the following diets for two weeks: control diet, diet containing 10% water-soluble or water-insoluble fraction of seamustard or seatangle. After two weeks of experimental diet AOM was injected at 6 hours before sacrifice and N7-methylguanine (N7-meG) and O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) from the colon and liver DNA were quantified using a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: Water-soluble fractions of both seamustard and seatangle significantly reduced AOM-induced production of N7-meG guanine in colon and liver. Also water-soluble fractions of these seaweeds suppressed the level of methylation at O6-guanine of colon and liver directly responsible for tumorigenesis. While water-insoluble fraction of seamustard suppressed the production of N7-meG in liver this seaweed fraction decreased O6-meG and the ratio of O6/N7-meG in liver. Water insoluble fraction of seatangle decreased both O6- and N7-meG in colon and liver. Supplementation of all seaweeds extracts increased fecal weight of animals and the increase of fecal weight by water-insoluble fraction of seaweeds were higher than that by water-soluble fraction. Conclusion: Seamustard and seatangle intake may effectively prevent colon and liver carcinogenesis by decreasing DNA damage and the mechanism of inhibiting carcinogenesis by seaweeds in a long term study are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Bu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Hoonjeong Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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