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Elkama A, Şentürk K, Karahalil B. Assessment of genotoxicity biomarkers in gasoline station attendants due to occupational exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:337-351. [PMID: 38597775 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241247089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Gasoline station attendants are exposed to numerous chemicals that might have genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, such as benzene in fuel vapor and particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust emission. According to IARC, benzene and diesel particulates are Group 1 human carcinogens, and gasoline has been classified as Group 2A "possibly carcinogenic to humans." At gas stations, self-service is not implemented in Turkey; fuel-filling service is provided entirely by employees, and therefore they are exposed to those chemicals in the workplace during all working hours. Genetic monitoring of workers with occupational exposure to possible genotoxic agents allows early detection of cancer. We aimed to investigate the genotoxic damage due to exposures in gasoline station attendants in Turkey. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the Comet, chromosomal aberration, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Gasoline station attendants (n = 53) had higher tail length, tail intensity, and tail moment values than controls (n = 61). In gasoline station attendants (n = 46), the frequencies of chromatid gaps, chromosome gaps, and total aberrations were higher compared with controls (n = 59). Increased frequencies of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges were determined in gasoline station attendants (n = 47) compared with controls (n = 40). Factors such as age, duration of working, and smoking did not have any significant impact on genotoxic endpoints. Only exposure increased genotoxic damage in gasoline station attendants independently from demographic and clinical characteristics. Occupational exposure-related genotoxicity risk may increase in gasoline station attendants who are chronically exposed to gasoline and various chemicals in vehicle exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Elkama
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerem Şentürk
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Bensu Karahalil
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
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Mendes TDMC, Soares JP, Salvador PTCDO, de Castro JL. Surveillance of Occupational Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds at Gas Stations: A Scoping Review Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:518. [PMID: 38791733 PMCID: PMC11121088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Health surveillance guides public policies, allows for the monitoring of occupational exposures that may cause health risks, and can prevent work-related diseases. The scoping review protocol herein is designed to map studies on the surveillance of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas stations and identify the governmental agencies and public health measures in different countries. This review protocol is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. It includes research articles, theses, dissertations, and official documents on surveillance measures for occupational exposure to VOCs (i.e., benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene) in gas stations from different countries. All languages and publication dates will be considered, and a spreadsheet will be used to extract and analyze qualitative and quantitative data. The final version will present the main surveillance measures implemented, responsible entities, results, challenges, limitations, and potential gaps in gas stations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Pontes Soares
- Insikiran Institute of Indigenous Higher Education, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Janete Lima de Castro
- Postgraduate in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59056-000, Brazil;
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Ladeira C, Møller P, Giovannelli L, Gajski G, Haveric A, Bankoglu EE, Azqueta A, Gerić M, Stopper H, Cabêda J, Tonin FS, Collins A. The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals-A Systematic Scoping Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38668493 PMCID: PMC11054096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - José Cabêda
- Guarda Nacional Republicana, Destacamento Territorial de Vila Franca de Xira, Núcleo de Proteção Ambiental, 1500-124 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
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Giardini I, da Poça KS, da Silva PVB, Andrade Silva VJC, Cintra DS, Friedrich K, Geraldino BR, Otero UB, Sarpa M. Hematological Changes in Gas Station Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105896. [PMID: 37239622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers (BTX) are present in gasoline. Exposure to benzene may lead to the appearance of a series of signs, symptoms, and complications, which are characterized by benzene poisoning, which is an occupational disease. This study evaluated the presence of signs and symptoms related to occupational exposure and whether occupational exposure to BTX is associated with the development of hematological changes. (2) Material and Methods: This cross-sectional epidemiological study included 542 participants, in which 324 were gas station workers (GSWs) and 218 were office workers (OWs) with no occupational exposure to benzene. To characterize the type of exposure (exposed and not exposed), trans,trans-Muconic acid (tt-MA), Hippuric acid (HA), and Methylhippuric acid (MHA) were used as exposure biomarkers. The tt-MA analysis revealed that the GSWs had 0.29 mg/g of urinary creatinine and the OWs had 0.13 mg/g of urinary creatinine. For HA, the GSWs presented 0.49 g/g of creatinine while the OWs presented 0.07. MHA analysis revealed that the GSWs had 1.57 g/g creatinine and the OWs had 0.01 g/g creatinine. Occupation habits and clinical symptoms were collected by questionnaire and blood samples were analyzed for hematological parameters. The persistence of hematological changes was evaluated with three serial blood collections every 15 days followed by laboratory hematological analysis. A descriptive analysis by the Chi-square test method was performed to evaluate the association between occupational exposure to fuels and the occurrence of changes in hematological parameters. (3) Results: In the GSWs, the most described signs and symptoms were somnolence (45.1%), headache (38.3%), dizziness (27.5%), tingling (25.4%), and involuntary movement (25%). Twenty GSWs that presented hematological alterations performed serial collections fifteen days apart. In addition, these workers presented total leukocyte counts above the upper limit and lymphocyte counts close to the lower limit. Leukocytosis and lymphopenia are hematological alterations present in chronic benzene poisoning. (4) Conclusions: The results found an initial change in different hematological parameters routinely used in clinics to evaluate health conditions. These findings reveal the importance of valuing clinical changes, even in the absence of disease, during the health monitoring of gas station workers and other groups that share the same space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Giardini
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Soares da Poça
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)-Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-010, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Vieira Baptista da Silva
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valnice Jane Caetano Andrade Silva
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deborah Santos Cintra
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karen Friedrich
- Centro de Estudos de Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Collective Health Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)-Rua Frei Caneca, 94-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-010, RJ, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)-Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-010, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ubirani Barros Otero
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia Sarpa
- Technical Area of Environment, Work and Cancer, National Cancer Institute-INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20230-240, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Institute, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO)-Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar-Centro, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20211-010, RJ, Brazil
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Wang D, Lin D, Feng G, Yang X, Deng L, Li P, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Fu S, Zhang N. Impact of chronic benzene poisoning on aberrant mitochondrial DNA methylation: A prospective observational study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:990051. [PMID: 36817889 PMCID: PMC9937586 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.990051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene is used as an industrial solvent, which may result in chronic benzene poisoning (CBP). Several studies suggested that CBP was associated with mitochondrial epigenetic regulation. This study aimed to explore the potential relation between CBP and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation. This prospective observational study enrolled CBP patients admitted to Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases hospital and healthy individuals between 2018 and 2021. The white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), and platelet (PLT) counts and mtDNA methylation levels were measured using blood flow cytometry and targeted bisulfite sequencing, respectively. A total of 90 participants were recruited, including 30 cases of CBP (20 females, mean age 43.0 ± 8.0 years) and 60 healthy individuals (42 females, mean age 43.5 ± 11.5 years). This study detected 168 mitochondrial methylation sites >0 in all study subjects. The mtDNA methylation levels in the CBP cases were lower than the healthy individuals [median ± interquartile-range (IQR), 25th percentile, 75th percentile: (1.140 ± 0.570, 0.965, 1.535)% vs. median ± IQR, 25th percentile, 75th percentile: (1.705 ± 0.205,1.240,2.445)%, P < 0.05]. Additionally, the spearman correlation analysis showed that the mtDNA methylation levels were positively correlated with the counts of circulating leukocytes [WBC (r = 0.048, P = 0.036)] and platelets [PLT (r = 0.129, P < 0.01)]. We provided solid evidence of association between CBP and aberrant mtDNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianpeng Wang
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Dianpeng Wang ✉
| | - Dafeng Lin
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gangquan Feng
- Medical Laboratory College, Hebei North University in China, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangli Yang
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lidan Deng
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peimao Li
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Medical Laboratory College, Hebei North University in China, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Song Fu
- Medical Laboratory College, Hebei North University in China, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Naixing Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen, China,Naixing Zhang ✉
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Microaerobic enrichment of benzene-degrading bacteria and description of Ideonella benzenivorans sp. nov., capable of degrading benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene under microaerobic conditions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:1113-1128. [PMID: 35841500 PMCID: PMC9363352 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the bacterial community structure of enrichment cultures degrading benzene under microaerobic conditions was investigated through culturing and 16S rRNA gene Illumina amplicon sequencing. Enrichments were dominated by members of the genus Rhodoferax followed by Pseudomonas and Acidovorax. Additionally, a pale amber-coloured, motile, Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated B7T was isolated from the microaerobic benzene-degrading enrichment cultures and characterized using a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The 16S rRNA gene and whole genome-based phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain B7T formed a lineage within the family Comamonadaceae, clustered as a member of the genus Ideonella and most closely related to Ideonella dechloratans CCUG 30977T. The sole respiratory quinone is ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids are C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/iso-C15:0 2-OH). The DNA G + C content of the type strain is 68.8 mol%. The orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values between strain B7T and closest relatives were below the threshold values for species demarcation. The genome of strain B7T, which is approximately 4.5 Mb, contains a phenol degradation gene cluster, encoding a multicomponent phenol hydroxylase (mPH) together with a complete meta-cleavage pathway including a I.2.C-type catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene. As predicted by the genome, the type strain is involved in aromatic hydrocarbon-degradation: benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene are degraded aerobically and also microaerobically as sole source of carbon and energy. Based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain B7T is a member of the genus Ideonella and represents a novel species for which the name Ideonella benzenivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is strain B7T (= LMG 32,345T = NCAIM B.02664T).
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D'Souza LC, Dwivedi S, Raihan F, Yathisha UG, Raghu SV, Mamatha BS, Sharma A. Hsp70 overexpression in Drosophila hemocytes attenuates benzene-induced immune and developmental toxicity via regulating ROS/JNK signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1723-1739. [PMID: 35301792 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, a ubiquitous environmental chemical, is known to cause immune dysfunction and developmental defects. This study aims to investigate the relation between benzene-induced immune dysfunction and developmental toxicity in a genetically tractable animal model, Drosophila melanogaster. Further, the study explored the protective role of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) against benzene-induced immunotoxicity and subsequent developmental impact. Drosophila larvae exposed to benzene (1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 mM) were examined for total hemocyte (immune cells) count, phagocytic activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and their developmental delay and reduction were analyzed. Benzene exposure for 48 h reduced the total hemocytes count and phagocytic activity, along with an increase in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation in the larval hemocytes. Subsequently, JNK-dependent activation of the apoptosis (Caspase-3 dependent) was also observed. During their development, benzene exposure to Drosophila larvae led to 3 days of delay in development, and ~40% reduced adult emergence. Hsp70-overexpression in hemocytes was found to mitigate benzene-induced oxidative stress and abrogated the JNK-mediated apoptosis in hemocytes, thus restoring total hemocyte count and improving phagocytotic activity. Further, hsp70-overexpression in hemocytes also lessened the benzene-induced developmental delay (rescue of 2.5 days) and improved adult emergence (~20%) emergence, revealing a possible control of immune cells on the organism's development and survival. Overall, this study established that hsp70-overexpression in the Drosophila hemocytes confers protection against benzene-induced immune injury via regulating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which helps in the organism's survival and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Clinton D'Souza
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Shiwangi Dwivedi
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Faiza Raihan
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Undiganalu Gangadharappa Yathisha
- Division of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | | | - Bangera Sheshappa Mamatha
- Division of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Division of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangaluru, India
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Figueiredo VO, Carvalho LVBD, Borges RM, Costa-Amaral IC, Santos MVCD, Rosa ACS, Menezes MACD, Mattos RDCODC, Sarcinelli PN, Alves SR, Larentis AL, Gonçalves ES. [Assessment of exposure to BTEX in vehicle filling stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and risks to workers' health]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00351520. [PMID: 34816964 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00351520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasoline is a complex mixture of substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted into the air, with the special relevance of benzene since it is provenly carcinogenic. The study aimed to assess BTEX concentrations in filling stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to calculate the cancer risk associated with such exposures. Two types of sampling were performed (stationary and mobile), adapted from methodology n. 1,501 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for aromatic hydrocarbons, in six filling stations in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Stationary sampling was done near the fuel pumps, while mobile sampling was done in the breathing zone of the workers (station attendants) as they moved around the station. The samples were analyzed with gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The sampling results were used to calculate the health risk, using the indicators Hazard quotient (HQ) and Cancer risk (CR) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, respectively, in filling station workers. Environmental concentrations for the most of the BTEX compounds were below the recommended limits, except for benzene, a carcinogenic compound, which displayed concentrations far above the limits, leading to high cancer risk values. The results showed that there are health risks for filling station attendants, especially the risk of developing cancer from excessive exposure to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oliva Figueiredo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Renato Marçullo Borges
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paula Novaes Sarcinelli
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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