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Takemura H, Kruper JA, Miyata T, Rokem A. Tractometry of Human Visual White Matter Pathways in Health and Disease. Magn Reson Med Sci 2024; 23:316-340. [PMID: 38866532 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted MRI (dMRI) provides a unique non-invasive view of human brain tissue properties. The present review article focuses on tractometry analysis methods that use dMRI to assess the properties of brain tissue within the long-range connections comprising brain networks. We focus specifically on the major white matter tracts that convey visual information. These connections are particularly important because vision provides rich information from the environment that supports a large range of daily life activities. Many of the diseases of the visual system are associated with advanced aging, and tractometry of the visual system is particularly important in the modern aging society. We provide an overview of the tractometry analysis pipeline, which includes a primer on dMRI data acquisition, voxelwise model fitting, tractography, recognition of white matter tracts, and calculation of tract tissue property profiles. We then review dMRI-based methods for analyzing visual white matter tracts: the optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiation, forceps major, and vertical occipital fasciculus. For each tract, we review background anatomical knowledge together with recent findings in tractometry studies on these tracts and their properties in relation to visual function and disease. Overall, we find that measurements of the brain's visual white matter are sensitive to a range of disorders and correlate with perceptual abilities. We highlight new and promising analysis methods, as well as some of the current barriers to progress toward integration of these methods into clinical practice. These barriers, such as variability in measurements between protocols and instruments, are targets for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Takemura
- Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - John A Kruper
- Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Toshikazu Miyata
- Division of Sensory and Cognitive Brain Mapping, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ariel Rokem
- Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hu H, Zhou J, Jiang WH, Wu Q, Pu XY, Liu H, Chen HH, Xu XQ, Wu FY. Diagnosis of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: combined value of orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway diffusion kurtosis imaging. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-024-10615-9. [PMID: 38276980 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the combined performance of orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in diagnosing dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 61 thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients, including 25 with DON (40 eyes) and 36 without DON (72 eyes). Orbital MRI-based apical muscle index (MI), diameter index (DI) of the optic nerve (ON), area index (AI) of the ON, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and signal intensity ratio (SIR) of the ON, DKI-based kurtosis fractional anisotropy (KFA) and mean kurtosis (MK) of the optic tract (OT), optic radiation (OR), and Brodmann areas (BAs) 17, 18, and 19 were measured and compared between groups. The diagnostic performances of models were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and compared using the DeLong test. RESULTS TAO patients with DON had significantly higher apical MI, apical AI, and SIR of the ON, but significantly lower ADC of the ON than those without DON (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the DON group exhibited significantly lower KFA across the OT, OR, BA17, BA18, and BA19 and lower MK at the OT and OR than the non-DON group (p < 0.05). The model integrating orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway DKI parameters performed the best in diagnosing DON (AUC = 0.926), with optimal diagnostic sensitivity (80%) and specificity (94.4%), followed by orbital MRI combination (AUC = 0.890), and then intracranial visual pathway DKI combination (AUC = 0.832). CONCLUSION Orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway DKI can both assist in diagnosing DON. Combining orbital and intracranial imaging parameters could further optimize diagnostic efficiency. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The novel finding could bring novel insights into the precise diagnosis and treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy, accordingly, contributing to the improvement of the patients' prognosis and quality of life in the future. KEY POINTS • Orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway diffusion kurtosis imaging can both assist in diagnosing dysthyroid optic neuropathy. • Combining orbital MRI and intracranial visual pathway diffusion kurtosis imaging optimized the diagnostic efficiency of dysthyroid optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiong-Ying Pu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fei-Yun Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Carrozzi A, Gramegna LL, Sighinolfi G, Zoli M, Mazzatenta D, Testa C, Lodi R, Tonon C, Manners DN. Methods of diffusion MRI tractography for localization of the anterior optic pathway: A systematic review of validated methods. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103494. [PMID: 37651845 PMCID: PMC10477810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The anterior optic pathway (AOP) is a system of three structures (optic nerves, optic chiasma, and optic tracts) that convey visual stimuli from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. A successful reconstruction of the AOP using tractography could be helpful in several clinical scenarios, from presurgical planning and neuronavigation of sellar and parasellar surgery to monitoring the stage of fiber degeneration both in acute (e.g., traumatic optic neuropathy) or chronic conditions that affect AOP structures (e.g., amblyopia, glaucoma, demyelinating disorders or genetic optic nerve atrophies). However, its peculiar anatomy and course, as well as its surroundings, pose a serious challenge to obtaining successful tractographic reconstructions. Several AOP tractography strategies have been adopted but no standard procedure has been agreed upon. We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines in order to find the combinations of acquisition and reconstruction parameters that have been performed previously and have provided the highest rate of successful reconstruction of the AOP, in order to promote their routine implementation in clinical practice. For this purpose, we reviewed data regarding how the process of anatomical validation of the tractographies was performed. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used to assess the risk of bias and thus the study quality We identified thirty-nine studies that met our inclusion criteria, and only five were considered at low risk of bias and achieved over 80% of successful reconstructions. We found a high degree of heterogeneity in the acquisition and analysis parameters used to perform AOP tractography and different combinations of them can achieve satisfactory levels of anterior optic tractographic reconstruction both in real-life research and clinical scenarios. One thousand s/mm2 was the most frequently used b value, while both deterministic and probabilistic tractography algorithms performed morphological reconstruction of the tract satisfactorily, although probabilistic algorithms estimated a more realistic percentage of crossing fibers (45.6%) in healthy subjects. A wide heterogeneity was also found regarding the method used to assess the anatomical fidelity of the AOP reconstructions. Three main strategies can be found: direct visual direct visual assessment of the tractography superimposed to a conventional MR image, surgical evaluation, and computational methods. Because the latter is less dependent on a priori knowledge of the anatomy by the operator, computational methods of validation of the anatomy should be considered whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carrozzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Ludovica Gramegna
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Sighinolfi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Pituitary Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Pituitary Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Testa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Neil Manners
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy; Department for Life Quality Studies (QUVI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jin R, Cai Y, Zhang S, Yang T, Feng H, Jiang H, Zhang X, Hu Y, Liu J. Computational approaches for the reconstruction of optic nerve fibers along the visual pathway from medical images: a comprehensive review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191999. [PMID: 37304011 PMCID: PMC10250625 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic never fibers in the visual pathway play significant roles in vision formation. Damages of optic nerve fibers are biomarkers for the diagnosis of various ophthalmological and neurological diseases; also, there is a need to prevent the optic nerve fibers from getting damaged in neurosurgery and radiation therapy. Reconstruction of optic nerve fibers from medical images can facilitate all these clinical applications. Although many computational methods are developed for the reconstruction of optic nerve fibers, a comprehensive review of these methods is still lacking. This paper described both the two strategies for optic nerve fiber reconstruction applied in existing studies, i.e., image segmentation and fiber tracking. In comparison to image segmentation, fiber tracking can delineate more detailed structures of optic nerve fibers. For each strategy, both conventional and AI-based approaches were introduced, and the latter usually demonstrates better performance than the former. From the review, we concluded that AI-based methods are the trend for optic nerve fiber reconstruction and some new techniques like generative AI can help address the current challenges in optic nerve fiber reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richu Jin
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongning Cai
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyang Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibo Feng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyang Jiang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Research Institute of Trustworthy Autonomous Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Intelligent Computation, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Ava S, Tamam Y, Hazar L, Karahan M, Erdem S, Dursun ME, Keklikçi U. Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography and visual evoked potential in patients with multiple sclerosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:873-878. [PMID: 35225535 PMCID: PMC9114564 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_431_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify an easy-to-apply biomarker by correlating visual evoked potential (VEP) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Our study was planned prospectively. Patients with MS were divided into two groups, VEP prolonged group 1 and VEP normal group 2. Age-matched and gender-matched healthy individuals (group 3) were included as the control group. Vascular density (VD) of the optic nerve head (ONH) and radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) were measured and recorded by OCTA. The optic nerve damage of patients was measured and recorded with a VEP device. Results: Thirty-two eyes were included in group 1, 50 eyes were included in group 2, and 51 healthy eyes were included in group 3. In terms of visual acuity, group 1 was significantly lower than the other groups (P < 0.001). Regardless of the prolongation of p100 latency in patients with MS, whole image, inside disc ONH VD and in the same sectors in RPC VD were found to be significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between low ONH VD and RPC VD and prolonged VEP P100 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: VEP measurements can be correlated with OCTA measurements in patients with MS and can be used as a biomarker to determine the degree of optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ava
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Leyla Hazar
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mine Karahan
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Dursun
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Ugur Keklikçi
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Hori M, Maekawa T, Kamiya K, Hagiwara A, Goto M, Takemura MY, Fujita S, Andica C, Kamagata K, Cohen-Adad J, Aoki S. Advanced Diffusion MR Imaging for Multiple Sclerosis in the Brain and Spinal Cord. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:58-70. [PMID: 35173096 PMCID: PMC9199983 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been established its usefulness in evaluating normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and other lesions that are difficult to evaluate with routine clinical MRI in the evaluation of the brain and spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease. With the recent advances in the software and hardware of MRI systems, increasingly complex and sophisticated MRI and analysis methods, such as q-space imaging, diffusional kurtosis imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, white matter tract integrity, and multiple diffusion encoding, referred to as advanced diffusion MRI, have been proposed. These are capable of capturing in vivo microstructural changes in the brain and spinal cord in normal and pathological states in greater detail than DTI. This paper reviews the current status of recent advanced diffusion MRI for assessing MS in vivo as part of an issue celebrating two decades of magnetic resonance in medical sciences (MRMS), an official journal of the Japanese Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center.,Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Maekawa
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Kouhei Kamiya
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center.,Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | | | - Masami Goto
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University
| | | | - Shohei Fujita
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | | | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | | | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
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Caffarra S, Joo SJ, Bloom D, Kruper J, Rokem A, Yeatman JD. Development of the visual white matter pathways mediates development of electrophysiological responses in visual cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5785-5797. [PMID: 34487405 PMCID: PMC8559498 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The latency of neural responses in the visual cortex changes systematically across the lifespan. Here, we test the hypothesis that development of visual white matter pathways mediates maturational changes in the latency of visual signals. Thirty-eight children participated in a cross-sectional study including diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) sessions. During the MEG acquisition, participants performed a lexical decision and a fixation task on words presented at varying levels of contrast and noise. For all stimuli and tasks, early evoked fields were observed around 100 ms after stimulus onset (M100), with slower and lower amplitude responses for low as compared to high contrast stimuli. The optic radiations and optic tracts were identified in each individual's brain based on diffusion MRI tractography. The diffusion properties of the optic radiations predicted M100 responses, especially for high contrast stimuli. Higher optic radiation fractional anisotropy (FA) values were associated with faster and larger M100 responses. Over this developmental window, the M100 responses to high contrast stimuli became faster with age and the optic radiation FA mediated this effect. These findings suggest that the maturation of the optic radiations over childhood accounts for individual variations observed in the developmental trajectory of visual cortex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sendy Caffarra
- Division of Developmental‐Behavioral PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
- Stanford University Graduate School of EducationStanfordCalifornia
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and LanguageSan SebastianSpain
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sung Jun Joo
- Department of PsychologyPusan National UniversityPusanRepublic of Korea
| | - David Bloom
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- eScience InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - John Kruper
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- eScience InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Ariel Rokem
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- eScience InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Jason D. Yeatman
- Division of Developmental‐Behavioral PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCalifornia
- Stanford University Graduate School of EducationStanfordCalifornia
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He J, Zhang F, Xie G, Yao S, Feng Y, Bastos DCA, Rathi Y, Makris N, Kikinis R, Golby AJ, O'Donnell LJ. Comparison of multiple tractography methods for reconstruction of the retinogeniculate visual pathway using diffusion MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3887-3904. [PMID: 33978265 PMCID: PMC8288095 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinogeniculate visual pathway (RGVP) conveys visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The RGVP has four subdivisions, including two decussating and two nondecussating pathways that cannot be identified on conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion MRI tractography has the potential to trace these subdivisions and is increasingly used to study the RGVP. However, it is not yet known which fiber tracking strategy is most suitable for RGVP reconstruction. In this study, four tractography methods are compared, including constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) based probabilistic (iFOD1) and deterministic (SD-Stream) methods, and multi-fiber (UKF-2T) and single-fiber (UKF-1T) unscented Kalman filter (UKF) methods. Experiments use diffusion MRI data from 57 subjects in the Human Connectome Project. The RGVP is identified using regions of interest created by two clinical experts. Quantitative anatomical measurements and expert anatomical judgment are used to assess the advantages and limitations of the four tractography methods. Overall, we conclude that UKF-2T and iFOD1 produce the best RGVP reconstruction results. The iFOD1 method can better quantitatively estimate the percentage of decussating fibers, while the UKF-2T method produces reconstructed RGVPs that are judged to better correspond to the known anatomy and have the highest spatial overlap across subjects. Overall, we find that it is challenging for current tractography methods to both accurately track RGVP fibers that correspond to known anatomy and produce an approximately correct percentage of decussating fibers. We suggest that future algorithm development for RGVP tractography should take consideration of both of these two points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong He
- Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Guoqiang Xie
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of NeurosurgeryNuclear Industry 215 Hospital of Shaanxi ProvinceXianyangChina
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Center for Pituitary Tumor Surgery, Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuanjing Feng
- Institute of Information Processing and Automation, College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Dhiego C. A. Bastos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nikos Makris
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ron Kikinis
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alexandra J. Golby
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lauren J. O'Donnell
- Department of RadiologyBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Wan Q, Yu Y, Bao Y, Hu J, Wang P, Peng Y, Xia X, Liao Y, Liu J, Xie X, Li X. Evaluation of peripheral nerve acute crush injury in rabbits: comparison among diffusion kurtosis imaging, diffusion tensor imaging and electromyography. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 35:291-299. [PMID: 34374905 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) has been proven to provide additional value for assessing many central nervous system diseases compared with conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); however, whether it has the same value in peripheral nerve injury is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the performance of DKI, DTI, and electromyography (EMG) in evaluating peripheral nerve crush injury (PNCI) in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 27 New Zealand white rabbits were selected to establish a PNCI model. Longitudinal DTI, DKI, and EMG were evaluated before surgery and 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after surgery. At each time point, two rabbits were randomly selected for pathological examination. RESULTS The results showed that fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from both DKI and DTI demonstrated a significant difference between injured and control nerves at all time points (all P < 0.005) mean kurtosis of the injured nerve was lower than that on the control side after 2-8 weeks (all P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in radial kurtosis, axial kurtosis, and apparent diffusion coefficient at almost every time point. The difference in compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the bilateral gastrocnemius at each time point was statistically significant (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CMAP was a sensitive and reliable method to assess acute PNCI without being affected by perineural edema. DKI may not be superior to DTI in evaluating peripheral nerves, DTI with a shorter scanning time was preferred as an effective choice for evaluating acute peripheral nerve traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yudong Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Radiology, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Yingying Bao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jianfeng Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoying Xia
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | | | - Jieqiong Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xinchun Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Yanjiangxilu No. 151, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Ma Q, Wu X, Pan J, Zhu Q, Mao X. Primary visual cortex of the brain is associated with optic nerve head changes in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 208:106822. [PMID: 34311202 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the association between the primary visual cortex in the brain and optic nerve head changes, ONH, (structural thickness and microvascular changes) in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS Nineteen patients who were aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) seropositive NMOSD patients and twenty-two healthy controls (HC) were enrolled for this cross-sectional study. Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCT-A) was used to image and measure the capillaries density (RPC, radial peripapillary capillaries) and structural thickness (pRNFL, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer) around the optic nerve head. A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to image and evaluate the gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) the brain of each participant. We assessed the primary visual cortex (lingual gyrus, calcarine sulcus and thalamus) of the brain. RESULTS Changes in RPC density showed a significant association (P < 0.05) with FC of the right lingual gyrus, bilateral calcarine gyrus and left thalamus respectively. pRNFL thickness showed significant association with FC of the right lingual gyrus (Rho = 0.374, P = 0.016), right calcarine gyrus (Rho = 0.355, P = 0.023) and left thalamus (Rho = 0.376, P = 0.015) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Visual impairment, structural and microvascular changes around optic nerve head is associated with the functional visual networks in NMOSD. Our report suggests that structural and microvascular changes around the ONH reflect the changes in the primary visual cortex of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230022, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Quanwei Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230022, China.
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11
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Takemura H, Yuasa K, Amano K. Predicting Neural Response Latency of the Human Early Visual Cortex from MRI-Based Tissue Measurements of the Optic Radiation. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0545-19.2020. [PMID: 32424054 PMCID: PMC7333978 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0545-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the non-invasive measurement of visually evoked responses has been extensively studied, the structural basis of variabilities in latency in healthy humans is not well understood. We investigated how tissue properties of optic radiation could predict interindividual variability in the latency of the initial visually evoked component (C1), which may originate from the primary visual cortex (V1). We collected C1 peak latency data using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and checkerboard stimuli, and multiple structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 20 healthy subjects. While we varied the contrast and position of the stimuli, the C1 measurement was most reliable when high-contrast stimuli were presented to the lower visual field (LVF). We then attempted to predict interindividual variability in C1 peak latency in this stimulus condition with a multiple regression model using MRI parameters along the optic radiation. We found that this model could predict >20% of variance in C1 latency, when the data were averaged across the hemispheres. The model using the corticospinal tract did not predict variability in C1 latency, suggesting that there is no evidence for generalization to a non-visual tract. In conclusion, our results suggest that the variability in neural latencies in the early visual cortex in healthy subjects can be partly explained by tissue properties along the optic radiation. We discuss the challenges of predicting neural latency using current structural neuroimaging methods and other factors that may explain interindividual variance in neural latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yuasa
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Kaoru Amano
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Cercignani M, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott C. From micro- to macro-structures in multiple sclerosis: what is the added value of diffusion imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3888. [PMID: 29350435 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion imaging has been instrumental in understanding damage to the central nervous system as a result of its sensitivity to microstructural changes. Clinical applications of diffusion imaging have grown exponentially over the past couple of decades in many neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). For several reasons, MS has been extensively researched using advanced neuroimaging techniques, which makes it an 'example disease' to illustrate the potential of diffusion imaging for clinical applications. In addition, MS pathology is characterized by several key processes competing with each other, such as inflammation, demyelination, remyelination, gliosis and axonal loss, enabling the specificity of diffusion to be challenged. In this review, we describe how diffusion imaging can be exploited to investigate micro-, meso- and macro-scale properties of the brain structure and discuss how they are affected by different pathological substrates. Conclusions from the literature are that larger studies are needed to confirm the exciting results from initial investigations before current trends in diffusion imaging can be translated to the neurology clinic. Also, for a comprehensive understanding of pathological processes, it is essential to take a multiple-level approach, in which information at the micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales is fully integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cercignani
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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13
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Anti-Mycobacterial Antibodies in Paired Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Samples from Japanese Patients with Multiple Sclerosis or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120522. [PMID: 30544526 PMCID: PMC6306948 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local synthesis of antibodies and presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated the frequency of antibodies against mycobacterial and relevant human epitopes in the CSF of patients with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and whether these antibodies differed from those present in the serum. Matched serum and CSF samples from 46 patients with MS, 42 patients with NMOSD, and 29 age-matched and sex-matched control subjects were screened retrospectively for the presence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) pentapeptide (MAP_5p), MAP_2694295–303, and myelin basic protein (MBP)85–98 peptides by using indirect ELISA. Serum levels of anti-MAP_5p and anti-MAP_2694295–303 antibodies were highly prevalent in patients with MS when compared to patients with NMOSD and controls. Several patients with MS had detectable anti-MAP_5p and anti-MAP_2694295–303 antibodies in the CSF. Furthermore, a group of patients with MS showed intrathecally restricted production of antibodies against these peptides. Women appeared to mount a stronger humoral response to mycobacterial peptides than men. No significant difference in the frequency of anti-MBP85–98 antibodies was found between patients with MS and those with NMOSD. These data highlight the zoonotic potential of MAP, which suggests its involvement in MS etiopathogenesis.
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14
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Kikuchi K, Setoyama K, Tanaka E, Otsuka S, Terashi T, Nakanishi K, Takada S, Sakakima H, Ampawong S, Kawahara KI, Nagasato T, Hosokawa K, Harada Y, Yamamoto M, Kamikokuryo C, Kiyama R, Morioka M, Ito T, Maruyama I, Tancharoen S. Uric acid enhances alteplase-mediated thrombolysis as an antioxidant. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15844. [PMID: 30367108 PMCID: PMC6203847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) therapy may prevent early ischemic worsening after acute stroke in thrombolysis patients. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of UA on the thrombolytic efficacy of alteplase in human blood samples by measuring thrombolysis under flow conditions using a newly developed microchip-based flow-chamber assay. Human blood samples from healthy volunteers were exposed to UA, alteplase, or a combination of UA and alteplase. Whole blood and platelet-rich plasma were perfused over a collagen- and thromboplastin-coated microchip, and capillary occlusion was monitored with a video microscope and flow-pressure sensor. The area under the curve (extent of thrombogenesis or thrombolysis) at 30 minutes was 92% lower in the UA-alteplase-treated group compared with the alteplase-treated group. D-dimers were measured to evaluate these effects in human platelet-poor plasma samples. Although hydrogen peroxide significantly decreased the elevation of D-dimers by alteplase, UA significantly inhibited the effect of hydrogen peroxide. Meanwhile, rat models of thromboembolic cerebral ischemia were treated with either alteplase or UA-alteplase combination therapy. Compared with alteplase alone, the combination therapy reduced the infarct volume and inhibited haemorrhagic transformation. UA enhances alteplase-mediated thrombolysis, potentially by preventing oxidative stress, which inhibits fibrinolysis by alteplase in thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kentaro Setoyama
- Natural Science Center for Research and Education, Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shotaro Otsuka
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuto Terashi
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Seiya Takada
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Sakakima
- Course of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, (S.A.), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ko-Ichi Kawahara
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Foods, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoka Nagasato
- Research Institute, Fujimori Kogyo Co., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hosokawa
- Research Institute, Fujimori Kogyo Co., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Harada
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mika Yamamoto
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Kamikokuryo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kiyama
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Salunya Tancharoen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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15
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Zeng C, Du S, Han Y, Fu J, Luo Q, Xiang Y, Chen X, Luo T, Li Y, Zheng Y. Optic radiations are thinner and show signs of iron deposition in patients with long-standing remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis: an enhanced T 2*-weighted angiography imaging study. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:4447-4454. [PMID: 29713769 PMCID: PMC6132724 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate iron deposition and thickness and signal changes in optic radiation (OR) by enhanced T2*-weighted angiography imaging (ESWAN) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with unilateral and bilateral lesions or no lesions. Methods Fifty-one RRMS patients (42 patients with a disease duration [DD] ≥ 2 years [group Mor], nine patients with a DD < 2 years [group Les]) and 51 healthy controls (group Con) underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ESWAN at 3.0 T. The mean phase value (MPV) of the OR was measured on the phase image, and thickness and signal changes of the OR were observed on the magnitude image. Results The average MPVs for the OR were 1,981.55 ± 7.75 in group Mor, 1,998.45 ± 2.01 in group Les, and 2,000.48 ± 5.53 in group Con. In group Mor, 28 patients with bilateral OR lesions showed bilateral OR thinning with a heterogeneous signal, and 14 patients with unilateral OR lesions showed ipsilateral OR thinning with a heterogeneous signal. In the remaining nine patients without OR lesions and in group Con, the bilateral OR had a normal appearance. In the patients, a negative correlation was found between DD and OR thickness and a positive correlation was found between MPV and OR thickness. Conclusions We confirmed iron deposition in the OR in the RRMS patients, and the OR thickness was lower in the patients than in the controls. Key Points • Enhanced T2*-weighted magnetic resonance angiography (ESWAN) provides new insights into multiple sclerosis (MS). • Focal destruction of the optic radiation (OR) is detectable by ESWAN. • Iron deposition in OR can be measured on ESWAN phase image in MS patients. • OR thickness was lower in the patients than in the controls. • Iron deposition and thickness changes of the OR are associated with disease duration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-018-5461-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Silin Du
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yongliang Han
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jialiang Fu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yayun Xiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tianyou Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yongmei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yineng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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