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DiPeso L, Pendyala S, Huang HZ, Fowler DM, Hatch EM. Image-based identification and isolation of micronucleated cells to dissect cellular consequences. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.04.539483. [PMID: 37205341 PMCID: PMC10187275 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in isolating cells based on visual phenotypes have transformed our ability to identify the mechanisms and consequences of complex traits. Micronucleus (MN) formation is a frequent outcome of genome instability, triggers extensive disease-associated changes in genome structure and signaling coincident with MN rupture, and is almost exclusively defined by visual analysis. Automated MN detection in microscopy images has proved extremely challenging, limiting unbiased discovery of the mechanisms and consequences of MN formation and rupture. In this study we describe two new MN segmentation modules: a rapid and precise model for classifying micronucleated cells and their rupture status (VCS MN), and a robust model for accurate MN segmentation (MNFinder) from a broad range of microscopy images. As a proof-of-concept, we define the transcriptome of non-transformed human cells with intact or ruptured MN after inducing chromosome missegregation by combining VCS MN with photoactivation-based cell isolation and RNASeq. Surprisingly, we find that neither MN formation nor rupture triggers a unique transcriptional response. Instead, transcriptional changes are correlated with increased aneuploidy in these cell classes. Our MN segmentation modules overcome a significant challenge to reproducible MN quantification, and, joined with visual cell sorting, enable the application of powerful functional genomics assays, including pooled CRISPR screens and time-resolved analyses of cellular and genetic consequences, to a wide-range of questions in MN biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian DiPeso
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Heather Z. Huang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Hatch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kirsch-Volders M, Mišík M, de Gerlache J. Tetraploidy as a metastable state towards malignant cell transformation within a systemic approach of cancer development. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503764. [PMID: 38821671 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, may be a natural physiological condition or pathophysiological such as in cancer cells or stress induced tetraploidisation. Its contribution to cancer development is well known. However, among the many models proposed to explain the causes, mechanisms and steps of malignant cell transformation, only few integrate tetraploidization into a systemic multistep approach of carcinogenesis. Therefore, we will i) describe the molecular and cellular characteristics of tetraploidy; ii) assess the contribution of stress-induced tetraploidy in cancer development; iii) situate tetraploidy as a metastable state leading to cancer development in a systemic cell-centered approach; iiii) consider knowledge gaps and future perspectives. The available data shows that stress-induced tetraploidisation/polyploidisation leads to p53 stabilisation, cell cycle arrest, followed by cellular senescence or apoptosis, suppressing the proliferation of tetraploid cells. However, if tetraploid cells escape the G1-tetraploidy checkpoint, it may lead to uncontrolled proliferation of tetraploid cells, micronuclei induction, aneuploidy and deploidisation. In addition, tetraploidization favors 3D-chromatin changes and epigenetic effects. The combined effects of genetic and epigenetic changes allow the expression of oncogenic gene expression and cancer progression. Moreover, since micronuclei are inducing inflammation, which in turn may induce additional tetraploidization, tetraploidy-derived genetic instability leads to a carcinogenic vicious cycle. The concept that polyploid cells are metastable intermediates between diploidy and aneuploidy is not new. Metastability denotes an intermediate energetic state within a dynamic system other than the system's state at least energy. Considering in parallel the genetic/epigenetic changes and the probable entropy levels induced by stress-induced tetraploidisation provides a new systemic approach to describe cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Heng E, Thanedar S, Heng HH. The Importance of Monitoring Non-clonal Chromosome Aberrations (NCCAs) in Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2825:79-111. [PMID: 38913304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3946-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis has traditionally focused on the clonal chromosome aberrations, or CCAs, and considered the large number of diverse non-clonal chromosome aberrations, or NCCAs, as insignificant noise. Our decade-long karyotype evolutionary studies have unexpectedly demonstrated otherwise. Not only the baseline of NCCAs is associated with fuzzy inheritance, but the frequencies of NCCAs can also be used to reliably measure genome or chromosome instability (CIN). According to the Genome Architecture Theory, CIN is the common driver of cancer evolution that can unify diverse molecular mechanisms, and genome chaos, including chromothripsis, chromoanagenesis, and polypoidal giant nuclear and micronuclear clusters, and various sizes of chromosome fragmentations, including extrachromosomal DNA, represent some extreme forms of NCCAs that play a key role in the macroevolutionary transition. In this chapter, the rationale, definition, brief history, and current status of NCCA research in cancer are discussed in the context of two-phased cancer evolution and karyotype-coded system information. Finally, after briefly describing various types of NCCAs, we call for more research on NCCAs in future cytogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Heng
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjana Thanedar
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Henry H Heng
- Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Fragoulis GE, Ntouros PA, Nezos A, Vlachogiannis NI, McInnes IB, Tektonidou MG, Skarlis C, Souliotis VL, Mavragani CP, Sfikakis PP. Type-I interferon pathway and DNA damage accumulation in peripheral blood of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274060. [PMID: 38124740 PMCID: PMC10731026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The abnormal DNA damage response is associated with upregulation of the type-1 interferon (IFN-I) pathway in certain rheumatic diseases. We investigated whether such aberrant mechanisms operate in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods DNA damage levels were measured by alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 52 PsA patients and age-sex-matched healthy individuals. RNA expression of IFIT1, MX1 and IFI44, which are selectively induced by IFN-I, was quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and their composite normalized expression resulted in IFN-I score calculation. RNA expression of IL1β, IL6, TNF, IL17A and IL23A was also assessed in PsA and control subgroups. Results In PsA, DNA damage accumulation was increased by almost two-fold compared to healthy individuals (olive tail moment arbitrary units, mean ± SD; 9.42 ± 2.71 vs 4.88 ± 1.98, p<0.0001). DNA damage levels significantly correlated with serum C-Reactive-protein and IL6 RNA expression in PBMCs. Despite increased DNA damage, the IFN-I score was strikingly lower in PsA patients compared to controls (-0.49 ± 6.99 vs 4.24 ± 4.26; p<0.0001). No correlation was found between IFN-I pathway downregulation and DNA damage. However, the IFN-I score in a PsA subgroup was lower in those patients with higher IL1β expression, as well as in those with higher TNF/IL23A PBMCs expression. Conclusion DNA damage in PsA correlates with measures of inflammation but is not associated with the IFN-I pathway induction. The unexpected IFN-I downregulation, albeit reminiscent to findings in experimental models of spondyloarthritis, may be implicated in PsA pathogenesis and explained by operation of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Fragoulis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis A. Ntouros
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrianos Nezos
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I. Vlachogiannis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria G. Tektonidou
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Skarlis
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L. Souliotis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P. Mavragani
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Fenech MF, Bull CF, Van Klinken BJW. Protective Effects of Micronutrient Supplements, Phytochemicals and Phytochemical-Rich Beverages and Foods Against DNA Damage in Humans: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1337-1358. [PMID: 37573943 PMCID: PMC10721466 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage diminishes cellular health, increases risk of developmental and degenerative diseases, and accelerates aging. Optimizing nutrient intake can minimize accrual of DNA damage. The objectives of this review are to: 1) assemble and systematically analyze high-level evidence for the effect of supplementation with micronutrients and phytochemicals on baseline levels of DNA damage in humans, and 2) use this knowledge to identify which of these essential micronutrients or nonessential phytochemicals promote DNA integrity in vivo in humans. We conducted systematic literature searches of the PubMed database to identify interventional, prospective, cross-sectional, or in vitro studies that explored the association between nutrients and established biomarkers of DNA damage associated with developmental and degenerative disease risk. Biomarkers included lymphocyte chromosome aberrations, lymphocyte and buccal cell micronuclei, DNA methylation, lymphocyte/leukocyte DNA strand breaks, DNA oxidation, telomere length, telomerase activity, and mitochondrial DNA mutations. Only randomized, controlled interventions and uncontrolled longitudinal intervention studies conducted in humans were selected for evaluation and data extraction. These studies were ranked for the quality of their study design. In all, 96 of the 124 articles identified reported studies that achieved a quality assessment score ≥ 5 (from a maximum score of 7) and were included in the final review. Based on these studies, nutrients associated with protective effects included vitamin A and its precursor β-carotene, vitamins C, E, B1, B12, folate, minerals selenium and zinc, and phytochemicals such as curcumin (with piperine), lycopene, and proanthocyanidins. These findings highlight the importance of nutrients involved in (i) DNA metabolism and repair (folate, vitamin B12, and zinc) and (ii) prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation (vitamins A, C, E, lycopene, curcumin, proanthocyanidins, selenium, and zinc). Supplementation with certain micronutrients and their combinations may reduce DNA damage and promote cellular health by improving the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fenech
- Molecular Diagnostics Solutions, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Caroline F Bull
- Molecular Diagnostics Solutions, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - B Jan-Willem Van Klinken
- GSK Consumer Healthcare (now named Haleon), Warren, New Jersey, USA; Brightseed, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Towards prevention of aneuploidy-associated cellular senescence and aging: more questions than answers? MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108474. [PMID: 37866738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss how aneuploidy contributes to the aging process, and to identify plausible strategies for its prevention. After an overview of mechanisms leading to aneuploidy and the major features of cellular senescence, we discuss the link between (i) aneuploidy and cellular senescence; (ii) aneuploidy and aging; and (iii) cellular senescence and aging. We also consider (i) interactions between aneuploidy, micronuclei, cellular senescence and aging, (ii) the potential of nutritional treatments to prevent aneuploidy-associated senescence and aging, and (iii) knowledge and technological gaps. Evidence for a causal link between aneuploidy, senescence and aging is emerging. In vitro, aneuploidy accompanies the entry into cellular senescence and can itself induce senescence. How aneuploidy contributes in vivo to cellular senescence is less clear. Several routes depending on aneuploidy and/or senescence converge towards chronic inflammation, the major driver of unhealthy aging. Aneuploidy can induce the pro-inflammatory Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), either directly or as a result of micronucleus (MN) induction leading to leakage of DNA into the cytoplasm and triggering of the cGAS-STING pathway of innate immune response. A major difficulty in understanding the impact of aneuploidy on senescence and aging in vivo, results from the heterogeneity of cellular senescence in different tissues at the cytological and molecular level. Due to this complexity, there is at the present time no biomarker or biomarker combination characteristic for all types of senescent cells. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of the critical role aneuploidy plays in cellular senescence and aging is essential to devise practical strategies to protect human populations from aneuploidy-associated pathologies. We discuss emerging evidence, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that adequate amounts of specific micronutrients are essential for prevention of aneuploidy in humans and that precise nutritional intervention may be essential to help avoid the scourge of aneuploidy-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia.
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Baggio C, Luisetto R, Boscaro C, Scanu A, Ramonda R, Albiero M, Sfriso P, Oliviero F. Leucocyte Abnormalities in Synovial Fluid of Degenerative and Inflammatory Arthropathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065450. [PMID: 36982526 PMCID: PMC10056596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome damage has been related to the induction of autoimmune processes, chronic inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that some rheumatological diseases are associated with overall genomic instability in the T cell compartment. However, no data regarding leucocyte abnormalities in synovial fluid (SF) and their relationship with inflammation are available. The aim of this study was to investigate cellular phenotypes in SF collected from patients with different inflammatory arthropathies, including rhematoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), crystal-induced arthritis (CIA), and non-inflammatory arthropathies, such as osteoarthritis (OA). We found high percentage of micronuclei in SF from CIA compared to the other groups and a high frequency of pyknotic cell in RA and CIA patients. A correlation between pyknosis and immature polymorphonuclear cells with local inflammatory indices was observed. The study of the apoptosis process revealed an increased BAX expression in CIA and RA compared to OA and PsA, while Bcl-2 was higher in CIA. Caspase-3 activity was increased in SF from RA patients and correlates with inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, our results showed that inflammatory SF is associated with genomic instability and abnormal cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baggio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology-DISCOG, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlotta Boscaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Scanu
- Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Oliviero
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8218682
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Ziliotto M, Chies JAB. HIV Infection, Chromosome Instability, and Micronucleus Formation. Viruses 2023; 15:155. [PMID: 36680195 PMCID: PMC9867034 DOI: 10.3390/v15010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome integrity is critical for proper cell functioning, and chromosome instability can lead to age-related diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Chromosome instability is caused by multiple factors, including replication stress, chromosome missegregation, exposure to pollutants, and viral infections. Although many studies have investigated the effects of environmental or lifestyle genotoxins on chromosomal integrity, information on the effects of viral infections on micronucleus formation and other chromosomal aberrations is still limited. Currently, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease treatable by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, HIV-infected individuals still face important health problems, such as chronic inflammation and age-related diseases. In this context, this article reviews studies that have evaluated genomic instability using micronucleus assays in the context of HIV infection. In brief, HIV can induce chromosome instability directly through the interaction of HIV proteins with host DNA and indirectly through chronic inflammation or as a result of ART use. Connections between HIV infection, immunosenescence and age-related disease are discussed in this article. The monitoring of HIV-infected individuals should consider the increased risk of chromosome instability, and lifestyle interventions, such as reduced exposure to genotoxins and an antioxidant-rich diet, should be considered. Therapies to reduce chronic inflammation in HIV infection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Centromere defects, chromosome instability, and cGAS-STING activation in systemic sclerosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7074. [PMID: 36400785 PMCID: PMC9674829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere defects in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) have remained unexplored despite the fact that many centromere proteins were discovered in patients with SSc. Here we report that lesion skin fibroblasts from SSc patients show marked alterations in centromeric DNA. SSc fibroblasts also show DNA damage, abnormal chromosome segregation, aneuploidy (only in diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc)) and micronuclei (in all types of SSc), some of which lose centromere identity while retaining centromere DNA sequences. Strikingly, we find cytoplasmic "leaking" of centromere proteins in limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) fibroblasts. Cytoplasmic centromere proteins co-localize with antigen presenting MHC Class II molecules, which correlate precisely with the presence of anti-centromere antibodies. CENPA expression and micronuclei formation correlate highly with activation of the cGAS-STING/IFN-β pathway as well as markers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fibrosis, ultimately suggesting a link between centromere alterations, chromosome instability, SSc autoimmunity, and fibrosis.
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10
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Tasdemiroglu Y, Gourdie RG, He JQ. In vivo degradation forms, anti-degradation strategies, and clinical applications of therapeutic peptides in non-infectious chronic diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 932:175192. [PMID: 35981605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Current medicinal treatments for diseases comprise largely of two categories: small molecular (chemical) (e.g., aspirin) and larger molecular (peptides/proteins, e.g., insulin) drugs. Whilst both types of therapeutics can effectively treat different diseases, ranging from well-understood (in view of pathogenesis and treatment) examples (e.g., flu), to less-understood chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes), classical small molecule drugs often possess significant side-effects (a major cause of drug withdrawal from market) due to their low- or non-specific targeting. By contrast, therapeutic peptides, which comprise short sequences from naturally occurring peptides/proteins, commonly demonstrate high target specificity, well-characterized modes-of-action, and low or non-toxicity in vivo. Unfortunately, due to their small size, linear permutation, and lack of tertiary structure, peptidic drugs are easily subject to rapid degradation or loss in vivo through chemical and physical routines, thus resulting in a short half-life and reduced therapeutic efficacy, a major drawback that can reduce therapeutic efficiency. However, recent studies demonstrate that the short half-life of peptidic drugs can be significantly extended by various means, including use of enantiomeric or non-natural amino acids (AAs) (e.g., L-AAs replacement with D-AAs), chemical conjugation [e.g., with polyethylene glycol], and encapsulation (e.g., in exosomes). In this context, we provide an overview of the major in vivo degradation forms of small therapeutic peptides in the plasma and anti-degradation strategies. We also update on the progress of small peptide therapeutics that are either currently in clinical trials or are being successfully used in clinical therapies for patients with non-infectious diseases, such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Tasdemiroglu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Jia-Qiang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Guo X, Hintzsche H, Xu W, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Interplay of cGAS with micronuclei: Regulation and diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108440. [PMID: 35970331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, sophisticate regulation of genome function requires all chromosomes to be packed into a single nucleus. Micronucleus (MN), the dissociative nucleus-like structure frequently observed in aging and multiple disease settings, has critical, yet under-recognized, pathophysiological functions. Micronuclei (MNi) have recently emerged as major sources of cytosolic DNA that can activate the cGAS-STING axis in a cell-intrinsic manner. However, MNi induced from different genotoxic stressors display great heterogeneity in binding or activating cGAS and the signaling responses downstream of the MN-induced cGAS-STING axis have divergent outcomes including autoimmunity, autoinflammation, metastasis, or cell death. Thus, full characterization of molecular network underpinning the interplay of cGAS and MN is important to elucidate the pathophysiological roles of immunogenic MN and design improved drugs that selectively target cancer via boosting the MN-derived cGAS-STING axis. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms for self-DNA discrimination by cGAS. We focus on discussing how MN immunogencity is dictated by multiple mechanisms including integrity of micronuclear envelope, state of nucleosome and DNA, competitive factors, damaged mitochondrial DNA and micronucleophagy. We also describe emerging links between immunogenic MN and human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and COVID-19. Particularly, we explore the exciting concept of inducing immunogenic MN as a therapeutic approach in treating cancer. We propose a new theoretical framework to describe immunogenic MN as a biological sensor to modulate cellular processes in response to genotoxic stress and provide perspectives on developing novel experimental approaches to unravel the complexity of MN immunogenicity regulation and immunogenic MN pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Henning Hintzsche
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Weijiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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12
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Gerussi A, Paraboschi EM, Cappadona C, Caime C, Binatti E, Cristoferi L, Asselta R, Invernizzi P. The Role of Epigenetics in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094873. [PMID: 35563266 PMCID: PMC9105933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune disease of the liver, affecting mostly females. There is evidence that epigenetic changes have a pathogenic role in PBC. Epigenetic modifications are related to methylation of CpG DNA islands, post-translational modifications of histone proteins, and non-coding RNAs. In PBC, there are data showing a dysregulation of all these levels, especially in immune cells. In addition, epigenetics seems to be involved in complex phenomena such as X monosomy or abnormalities in the process of X chromosome inactivation, which have been reported in PBC and appear to influence its sex imbalance and pathogenesis. We review here historical data on epigenetic modifications in PBC, present new data, and discuss possible links among X-chromosome abnormalities at a genetic and epigenetic level, PBC pathogenesis, and PBC sex imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (C.C.); (E.B.); (L.C.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Elvezia Maria Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (E.M.P.); (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Claudio Cappadona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (E.M.P.); (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Chiara Caime
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (C.C.); (E.B.); (L.C.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Binatti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (C.C.); (E.B.); (L.C.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Cristoferi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (C.C.); (E.B.); (L.C.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (E.M.P.); (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.G.); (C.C.); (E.B.); (L.C.)
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence:
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13
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Giordano AMS, Luciani M, Gatto F, Abou Alezz M, Beghè C, Della Volpe L, Migliara A, Valsoni S, Genua M, Dzieciatkowska M, Frati G, Tahraoui-Bories J, Giliani SC, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Ostuni R, D'Alessandro A, Di Micco R, Merelli I, Lombardo A, Reijns MAM, Gromak N, Gritti A, Kajaste-Rudnitski A. DNA damage contributes to neurotoxic inflammation in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome astrocytes. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213058. [PMID: 35262626 PMCID: PMC8916121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant induction of type I IFN is a hallmark of the inherited encephalopathy Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), but the mechanisms triggering disease in the human central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive. Here, we generated human models of AGS using genetically modified and patient-derived pluripotent stem cells harboring TREX1 or RNASEH2B loss-of-function alleles. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals that spontaneous proinflammatory activation in AGS astrocytes initiates signaling cascades impacting multiple CNS cell subsets analyzed at the single-cell level. We identify accumulating DNA damage, with elevated R-loop and micronuclei formation, as a driver of STING- and NLRP3-related inflammatory responses leading to the secretion of neurotoxic mediators. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of proapoptotic or inflammatory cascades in AGS astrocytes prevents neurotoxicity without apparent impact on their increased type I IFN responses. Together, our work identifies DNA damage as a major driver of neurotoxic inflammation in AGS astrocytes, suggests a role for AGS gene products in R-loop homeostasis, and identifies common denominators of disease that can be targeted to prevent astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Sole Giordano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gatto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monah Abou Alezz
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Beghè
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucrezia Della Volpe
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Migliara
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Valsoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Julie Tahraoui-Bories
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Clara Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, "Angelo Nocivelli" Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Brescia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Renato Ostuni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin A M Reijns
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalia Gromak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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14
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Gerussi A, Caime C, Binatti E, Cristoferi L, Asselta R, Gershwin EM, Invernizzi P. X marks the spot in autoimmunity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:429-437. [PMID: 35349778 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune diseases mostly affect females. Besides hormones, several factors related to chromosome X have been called in action to explain this sex predominance. AREAS COVERED This paper provides an overview on the role of chromosome X (chrX) in explaining why females have higher susceptibility to autoimmunity. The work outlines some essential concepts regarding chrX inactivation, escape from chrX inactivation and the evolutionary history of chrX. In addition, we will discuss the concept of gene escape in immune cells, with examples related to specific X-linked genes and autoimmune diseases. EXPERT OPINION There is growing evidence that many genes present on chrX escape inactivation, and some of them have significant immune-mediated functions. In immune cells of female individuals the escape of these genes is not constant, but the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling this plasticity are not completely understood. Future studies aimed at the characterization of these modifications at single-cell resolution, together with conformational 3D studies of the inactive X chromosome, will hopefully help to fill this gap of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Caime
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Eleonora Binatti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Cristoferi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Eric M Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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15
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Preparation, Antioxidant and Immunoregulatory Activities of a Macromolecular Glycoprotein from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050705. [PMID: 35267338 PMCID: PMC8909850 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza has exhibited various bioactive functions due to the existence of polysaccharides, hydrophilic phenolic acids, diterpenoid quinones, and essential oils. However, little research has reported the glycoprotein preparation and corresponding bioactivities. In this study, the water-soluble glycoprotein from S. miltiorrhiza roots was firstly isolated with the extraction process optimized by response surface methodology, and then, the preliminary structural properties, and the antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities were investigated. Results showed that the extraction conditions for higher extraction yields were identified as follows: ultrasonic power of 220 W, ultrasonic time of 2.0 h, extraction temperature of 60 °C, liquid/solid ratio of 20 mL/g, and the glycoprotein yields of 1.63 ± 0.04%. Structural analysis showed that the glycoprotein comprised protein and polysaccharide (contents of 76.96% and 20.62%, respectively), with an average molecular weight of 1.55 × 105 Da. Besides, bioactivities analysis showed that the glycoprotein presented strong scavenging effects on multiple free radicals, and effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities and immunological indicators in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised mice dose-dependently. These data demonstrated that S. miltiorrhiza glycoprotein presented the potential to be a novel edible functional compound, and could be practically applied in the food industry.
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16
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Thompson CM, Aardema MJ, Heintz MM, MacGregor JT, Young RR. A review of mammalian in vivo genotoxicity of hexavalent chromium: implications for oral carcinogenicity risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 51:820-849. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.2000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Liu H, Wang F, Cao Y, Dang Y, Ge B. OUP accepted manuscript. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6583286. [PMID: 35536585 PMCID: PMC9475664 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are critical for the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns and subsequent mounting of innate immunity and shaping of adaptive immunity. The identification of 2′3′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) as a major cytosolic DNA receptor is a milestone in the field of DNA sensing. The engagement of cGAS by double-stranded DNA from different origins, including invading pathogens, damaged mitochondria, ruptured micronuclei, and genomic DNA results in the generation of cGAMP and activation of stimulator of interferon genes, which thereby activates innate immunity mainly characterized by the activation of type I interferon response. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the subcellular localization and novel functions of cGAS. In this review, we particularly focus on summarizing the multifaceted roles of cGAS in regulating senescence, autophagy, cell stemness, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, antitumor effect, DNA replication, DNA damage repair, micronucleophagy, as well as cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajuan Cao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifang Dang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Correspondence to: Baoxue Ge, E-mail:
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18
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Donnellan L, Simpson BS, Dhillon VS, Costabile M, Fenech M, Deo P. OUP accepted manuscript. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:24-33. [PMID: 35079805 PMCID: PMC9186029 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with elevated frequencies of micronuclei (MNi) and other DNA damage biomarkers. Interestingly, individuals with T2D are more likely to be deficient in micronutrients (folic acid, pyridoxal-phosphate, cobalamin) that play key roles in one-carbon metabolism and maintaining genomic integrity. Furthermore, it has recently been shown that deficiencies in these nutrients, in particular folic acid leaves cells susceptible to glucose-induced DNA damage. Therefore, we sought to investigate if the B lymphoblastoid WIL2-NS cell line cultured under folic acid-deficient conditions was more sensitive to DNA damage induced by glucose, or the reactive glycolytic byproduct methylglyoxal (MGO) and subsequent advanced glycation endproduct formation. Here, we show that only WIL2-NS cultured under folic acid-deficient conditions (23 nmol/l) experience an increase in MNi frequency when exposed to high concentrations of glucose (45 mmol/l) or MGO (100 µmol/l). Furthermore, we showed aminoguanidine, a well-validated MGO and free radical scavenger was able to prevent further MNi formation in folic acid-deficient cells exposed to high glucose, which may be due to a reduction in MGO-induced oxidative stress. Interestingly, we also observed an increase in MGO and other dicarbonyl stress biomarkers in folic acid-deficient cells, irrespective of glucose concentrations. Overall, our evidence shows that folic acid-deficient WIL2-NS cells are more susceptible to glucose and/or MGO-induced MNi formation. These results suggest that individuals with T2D experiencing hyperglycemia and folic acid deficiency may be at higher risk of chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Donnellan
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley S Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Varinderpal S Dhillon
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- University of South Australia, Centre for Cancer Biology and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia
| | - Permal Deo
- Corresponding author. University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. E-mail:
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19
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Aneuploidy, inflammation and diseases. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111777. [PMID: 35358789 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2022.111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how numerical aneuploidy may trigger inflammation in somatic cells and its consequences. Therefore we: i) summarized current knowledge on the cellular and molecular pathological effects of aneuploidy; ii) considered which of these aspects are able to trigger inflammation; iii) determined the genetic and environmental factors which may modulate the link between aneuploidy and inflammation; iv) explored the rôle of diet in prevention of aneuploidy and inflammation; v) examined whether aneuploidy and inflammation are causes and/or consequences of diseases; vi) identified the knowledge gaps and research needed to translate these observations into improved health care and disease prevention. The relationships between aneuploidy, inflammation and diseases are complex, because they depend on which chromosomes are involved, the proportion of cells affected and which organs are aneuploid in the case of mosaic aneuploidy. Therefore, a systemic approach is recommended to understand the emergence of aneuploidy-driven diseases and to take preventive measures to protect individuals from exposure to aneugenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia.
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20
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Bagordo F, Panico A, Zizza A, Serio F, Idolo A, Tumolo MR, Guido M, Gambino I, Grassi T. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay in children living in an area with low anthropogenic pressure: The EFFE.BI.P. study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503424. [PMID: 35094808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the micronucleus (MN) frequency in exfoliated buccal cells (EBCs) of 256 6-8-years-old schoolchildren living in a rural area of Salento peninsula (Southern Italy) with low anthropogenic pressure and with a normal rate of chronic diseases in order to determine the basal level of MN and identify which factors are able to influence it. Information about the personal data, lifestyles and dietary habits of the children were obtained by the administration of a questionnaire to their parents. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay was performed to evaluate the presence of early genotoxic effects among the children. In addition, the level of environmental exposure was assessed by sampling atmospheric particulate fractions near the schools attended by participants. The association between MN frequency and individual or environmental factors was also assessed. The children had a mean MN frequency of 0.27 ± 0.43‰ (95%CI = 0.22-0.33). This frequency was positively associated with vehicular traffic (OR = 2.99; 95%CI = 1.15-7.74) and negatively associated with a high educational level of the mother (OR = 0.41; 95%CI = 0.18-0.95) and physical exercise (OR = 0.56; 95%CI = 0.32-0.57). Data on genotoxic effects in buccal cells found in this study could be considered as the MN level in a pediatric population not exposed to environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Panico
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Antonella Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesca Serio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Adele Idolo
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority (ASL LE), 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Tumolo
- Institute for Research on Population & Social Policies, National Research Council, Research Unit of Brindisi, c/o ex Osp. Di Summa, Piazza Di Summa, 72100, Brindisi, Italy.
| | - Marcello Guido
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Isabella Gambino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni 165, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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21
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Heng E, Moy A, Liu G, Heng HH, Zhang K. ER Stress and Micronuclei Cluster: Stress Response Contributes to Genome Chaos in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673188. [PMID: 34422803 PMCID: PMC8371933 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Amanda Moy
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Guo Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Henry H Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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22
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Donnellan L, Simpson B, Dhillon VS, Costabile M, Fenech M, Deo P. Methylglyoxal induces chromosomal instability and mitotic dysfunction in lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:339-348. [PMID: 34297102 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with elevated levels of DNA damage, in particular micronuclei (MNi) which are formed by acentric chromosome fragments caused by double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), or whole chromosomes which fail to segregate during mitosis. We investigated if methylglyoxal (MGO), a reactive dicarbonyl known to be elevated in type 2 diabetes is capable of increasing chromosomal instability and DNA damage as measured by the cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay in B-lymphoblastoid WIL2-NS cells and primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We also investigated the level of various dicarbonyl stress biomarkers, including extracellular and intracellular MGO, protein and MGO modifications of DNA. WIL2-NS cells exposed to either MGO or a glyoxalase 1 inhibitor showed increases in MNi and nuclear buds, which were associated with an increase in intracellular MGO. DNA damage in the form of MNi and nucleoplasmic bridges were observed in primary PBL exposed to 10 µM MGO, suggesting low concentrations of MGO may be genotoxic. Furthermore, we showed, using fluorescent in situ hybridization, that the majority of MNi caused by MGO in WIL2-NS cells were caused by whole chromosome loss events, rather than DSBs. Our data suggest that MGO, a reactive metabolite elevated in type 2 diabetes and other pathologies, can affect genomic integrity by impairing chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Donnellan
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Bradley Simpson
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Varinderpal S Dhillon
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,University of South Australia, Centre for Cancer Biology and SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Permal Deo
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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23
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Rafferty K, Archer KJ, Turner K, Brown R, Jackson-Cook C. Trisomy 21-associated increases in chromosomal instability are unmasked by comparing isogenic trisomic/disomic leukocytes from people with mosaic Down syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254806. [PMID: 34283872 PMCID: PMC8291705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome, which results from a trisomic imbalance for chromosome 21, has been associated with 80+ phenotypic traits. However, the cellular changes that arise in somatic cells due to this aneuploid condition are not fully understood. The primary aim of this study was to determine if germline trisomy 21 is associated with an increase in spontaneous somatic cell chromosomal instability frequencies (SCINF). To achieve this aim, we quantified SCINF in people with mosaic Down syndrome using a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. By comparing values in their isogenic trisomic/disomic cells, we obtained a measure of differences in SCINF that are directly attributable to a trisomy 21 imbalance, since differential effects attributable to "background" genetic factors and environmental exposures could be eliminated. A cross-sectional assessment of 69 people with mosaic Down syndrome (ages 1 to 44; mean age of 12.84 years) showed a significantly higher frequency of micronuclei in their trisomic (0.37 ± 0.35 [mean ± standard deviation]) compared to disomic cells (0.18 ± 0.11)(P <0.0001). The daughter binucleates also showed significantly higher levels of abnormal patterns in the trisomic (1.68 ± 1.21) compared to disomic (0.35 ± 0.45) cells (P <0.0001). Moreover, a significant Age x Cell Type interaction was noted (P = 0.0113), indicating the relationship between age and SCINF differed between the trisomic and disomic cells. Similarly, a longitudinal assessment (mean time interval of 3.9 years; range of 2 to 6 years) of 18 participants showed a mean 1.63-fold increase in SCINF within individuals over time for their trisomic cells (P = 0.0186), compared to a 1.13-fold change in their disomic cells (P = 0.0464). In summary, these results showed a trisomy 21-associated, age-related increase in SCINF. They also underscore the strength of the isogenic mosaic Down syndrome model system for "unmasking" cellular changes arising from a trisomy 21 imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rafferty
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kellie J. Archer
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristi Turner
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Colleen Jackson-Cook
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Biomarkers of Genotoxicity in Medical Workers Exposed to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147504. [PMID: 34299125 PMCID: PMC8304237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical staff represent the largest group of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Chronic exposure to low-dose IR may result in DNA damage and genotoxicity associated with increased risk of cancer. This review aims to identify the genotoxicity biomarkers that are the most elevated in IR-exposed vs. unexposed health workers. A systematic review of the literature was performed to retrieve relevant studies with various biomarkers of genotoxicity. Subsequent meta-analyses produced a pooled effect size for several endpoints. The search procedure yielded 65 studies. Chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) frequencies were significantly different between IR-exposed and unexposed workers (θpooled = 3.19, 95% CI 1.46–4.93; and θpooled = 1.41, 95% CI 0.97–1.86, for total aberrant cells and MN frequencies, respectively), which was not the case for ring chromosomes and nucleoplasmic bridges. Although less frequently used, stable translocations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and comet assay endpoints were also statistically different between IR-exposed and unexposed workers. This review confirms the relevance of CA and MN as genotoxicity biomarkers that are consistently elevated in IR-exposed vs. unexposed workers. Other endpoints are strong candidates but require further studies to validate their usefulness. The integration of the identified biomarkers in future prospective epidemiological studies is encouraged.
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Bonassi S, Fenech M. Roadmap for translating results from the micronucleus assay into clinical practice: From observational studies to randomized controlled trials. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108390. [PMID: 34893155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
According to the definition delivred by the WHO, a biomarker, independently from its role that may be indicative of exposure, response or effect, is inevitably linked to a clinical outcome or to a disease. The presence of a continuum from early biological events to therapy, and prognosis is the unifying mechanism that justifies this conclusion. Traditionally, the technical and inter-individual variability of the assays, together with the long duration between early pathogenetic events and the disease, prevented clinical applications to these biomarkers. These limitations became less important with the emerging of personalized preventive medicine because of the focus on disease prediction and prevention, and the recommended use of all data concerning measurable patient's features. Several papers have been published on the best validation procedures for translating biomarkers to real life. The history of cholesterol concentration is extensively discussed as a reliable example of a biomarker that - after a long and controversial validation process - is currently used in clinical practice. The frequency of micronucleated cells is a reliable biomarker for the pathogenesis of cancer and other non-communicable diseases, and the link with clinical outcomes is substantiated by epidemiological evidence and strong mechanistic basis. Available literature concerning the use of the micronucleus assay in clinical studies is discussed, and a suitable three-levels road-map driving this biomarker towards clinical practice is presented. Under the perspective of personalized medicine, the use of the micronucleus assays can play a decisive role in addressing preventive and therapeutic strategies of chronic diseases. In many cases the MN assay is either currently used in clinical practice or classified as adequate to consider translation into practice. The roadmap to clinical validation of the micronucleus assay finds inspiration from the history of biomarkers such as cholesterol, which clearly showed that the evidence from prospective studies or RCTs is critical to achieve the required level of trust from the healthcare profession. (307 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, 00166, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, 00166, Italy.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia; University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia.
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26
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Inflammatory cytokine storms severity may be fueled by interactions of micronuclei and RNA viruses such as COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2. A hypothesis. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108395. [PMID: 34893160 PMCID: PMC8479308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review we bring together evidence that (i) RNA viruses are a cause of chromosomal instability and micronuclei (MN), (ii) those individuals with high levels of lymphocyte MN have a weakened immune response and are more susceptible to RNA virus infection and (iii) both RNA virus infection and MN formation can induce inflammatory cytokine production. Based on these observations we propose a hypothesis that those who harbor elevated frequencies of MN within their cells are more prone to RNA virus infection and are more likely, through combined effects of leakage of self-DNA from MN and RNA from viruses, to escalate pro-inflammatory cytokine production via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) mechanisms to an extent that is unresolvable and therefore confers high risk of causing tissue damage by an excessive and overtly toxic immune response. The corollaries from this hypothesis are (i) those with abnormally high MN frequency are more prone to infection by RNA viruses; (ii) the extent of cytokine production and pro-inflammatory response to infection by RNA viruses is enhanced and possibly exceeds threshold levels that may be unresolvable in those with elevated MN levels in affected organs; (iii) reduction of MN frequency by improving nutrition and life-style factors increases resistance to RNA virus infection and moderates inflammatory cytokine production to a level that is immunologically efficacious and survivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA, 5048, Australia; Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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