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Mechmechani S, Yammine J, Alhuthali S, El Mouzawak M, Charvourou G, Ghasrsallaoui A, Chihib NE, Doulgeraki A, Karam L. Study of the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm, Biofilm-Detached Cells, and Planktonic Cells to Microencapsulated Carvacrol Used Alone or Combined with Low-pH Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7222. [PMID: 39000327 PMCID: PMC11242642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose severe problems in the medical field and food industry, as they are the cause of many serious infections and food-borne diseases. The extreme biofilms' resistance to conventional anti-microbial treatments presents a major challenge to their elimination. In this study, the difference in resistance between Staphylococcus aureus DSMZ 12463 biofilms, biofilm-detached cells, and planktonic cells against microcapsules containing carvacrol was assessed. The antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of low pH disinfection medium containing the microencapsulated carvacrol was also studied. In addition, the effect of low pH on the in vitro carvacrol release from microcapsules was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of microencapsulated carvacrol was 0.625 mg mL-1. The results showed that biofilms exhibited greater resistance to microencapsulated carvacrol than the biofilm-detached cells and planktonic cells. Low pH treatment alone, by hydrochloric acid addition, showed no bactericidal effect on any of the three states of S. aureus strain. However, microencapsulated carvacrol was able to significantly reduce the planktonic cells and biofilm-detached cells below the detection limit (no bacterial counts), and the biofilm by approximatively 3 log CFU mL-1. In addition, results showed that microencapsulated carvacrol combined with low pH treatment reduced biofilm by more than 5 log CFU mL-1. Thus, the use of microencapsulated carvacrol in acidic environment could be a promising approach to combat biofilms from abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Jina Yammine
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Sakhr Alhuthali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Georgia Charvourou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
| | - Adem Ghasrsallaoui
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique, CNRS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nour Eddine Chihib
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Kowalska G, Rosicka-Kaczmarek J, Miśkiewicz K, Nowak A, Motyl I, Oracz J, Brzozowska A, Grzegorczyk A, Świniarska Z. Influence of Novel Microcapsulates of Bee Products on Gut Microbiota Modulation and Their Prebiotic and Pro-Adhesive Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2751. [PMID: 38930817 PMCID: PMC11206356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With the aim to obtain controlled-release systems and to preserve the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and prebiotic activity of the bioactive compounds, microencapsulation of both honeydew honey and royal jelly into biopolymeric microparticles based on rye bran heteropolysaccharides (HPS) was successfully performed. Honeydew honey and royal jelly microcapsules were prepared by spray-drying method and were characterized in terms of morphology and biological properties. Due to the resistance of the obtained encapsulates to the acidic pH in the stomach and digestive enzymes, the microcapsules showed prebiotic properties positively influencing both the growth, retardation of the dying phase, and the pro-adhesive properties of probiotic bacteria, i.e., Bifidobacterium spp. and lactic acid bacteria. Moreover, as a result of fermentation of the microcapsules of bee products in the lumen of the large intestine, an increased synthesis of short-chain fatty acids, i.e., butyric acid, was found on average by 39.2% in relation to the SCFA concentrations obtained as a result of fermentation of native bee products, thus opening new perspectives for the exploitation of honeydew honey and royal jelly loaded microcapsules for nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kowalska
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Justyna Rosicka-Kaczmarek
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Karolina Miśkiewicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173 Street, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Ilona Motyl
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173 Street, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Joanna Oracz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Anna Brzozowska
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Aleksandra Grzegorczyk
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
| | - Zuzanna Świniarska
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22 Street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.O.); (A.B.); (A.G.); (Z.Ś.)
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Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, El Omari K, Fadel A, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology based on the use of microencapsulated pepsin, trypsin and carvacrol to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:903-915. [PMID: 36451605 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm lifestyle plays a major role in the resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. In this study, two microencapsulated proteases (pepsin ME-PEP and trypsin ME-TRYP) were evaluated for their biofilm dispersal activity and their synergistic effect with microencapsulated carvacrol (ME-CARV). Spray-drying was used to protect enzymes and essential oil and enhance their activities. Cell count analysis proved the synergistic activity of enzymes and carvacrol treatment as biofilms were further reduced after combined treatment in comparison to ME-CARV or enzymes alone. Furthermore, results showed that sequential treatment in the order ME-TRYP - ME-PEP - ME-CARV resulted in more efficient biofilm removal with a maximum reduction of 5 log CFU mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and 4 log CFU mL-1 for E. faecalis. This study proposes that the combination of microencapsulated proteases with ME-CARV could be useful for the effective control of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d'Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Univ Lille, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, Fadel A, El Omari K, Khelissa S, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Microencapsulation of carvacrol as an efficient tool to fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270200. [PMID: 35776742 PMCID: PMC9249205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are involved in serious problems in medical and food sectors due to their contribution to numerous severe chronic infections and foodborne diseases. The high resistance of biofilms to antimicrobial agents makes their removal as a big challenge. In this study, spray-drying was used to develop microcapsules containing carvacrol, a natural antimicrobial agent, to enhance its activity against P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms. The physicochemical properties and microscopic morphology of the realized capsules and cells were characterized. The minimum inhibitory concentration of encapsulated carvacrol (E-CARV) (1.25 mg mL-1) was 4-times lower than that of free carvacrol (F-CARV) (5 mg mL-1) against P. aeruginosa, while it remained the same against E. faecalis (0.625 mg mL-1). E-CARV was able to reduce biofilm below the detection limit for P. aeruginosa and by 5.5 log CFU ml-1 for E. faecalis after 15 min of treatment. Results also showed that F-CARV and E-CARV destabilize the bacterial cell membrane leading to cell death. These results indicate that carvacrol exhibited a strong antimicrobial effect against both bacterial biofilms. In addition, spray-drying could be used as an effective tool to enhance the antibiofilm activity of carvacrol, while reducing the concentrations required for disinfection of abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, FR 2638 –IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Lille, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Faculty of Public Health, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- University Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Encapsulation of volatile compounds in liquid media: Fragrances, flavors, and essential oils in commercial formulations. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102544. [PMID: 34717207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first marketed example of the application of microcapsules dates back to 1957. Since then, microencapsulation techniques and knowledge have progressed in a plethora of technological fields, and efforts have been directed toward the design of progressively more efficient carriers. The protection of payloads from the exposure to unfavorable environments indeed grants enhanced efficacy, safety, and stability of encapsulated species while allowing for a fine tuning of their release profile and longer lasting beneficial effects. Perfumes or, more generally, active-loaded microcapsules are nowadays present in a very large number of consumer products. Commercial products currently make use of rigid, stable polymer-based microcapsules with excellent release properties. However, this type of microcapsules does not meet certain sustainability requirements such as biocompatibility and biodegradability: the leaking via wastewater contributes to the alarming phenomenon of microplastic pollution with about 4% of total microplastic in the environment. Therefore, there is a need to address new issues which have been emerging in relation to the poor environmental profile of such materials. The progresses in some of the main application fields of microencapsulation, such as household care, toiletries, cosmetics, food, and pesticides are reviewed herein. The main technologies employed in microcapsules production and the mechanisms underlying the release of actives are also discussed. Both the advantages and disadvantages of every technique have been considered to allow a careful choice of the most suitable technique for a specific target application and prepare the ground for novel ideas and approaches for encapsulation strategies that we expect to be proposed within the next years.
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A quantitative study of aggregation behaviour and integrity of spray-dried microcapsules using three deep convolutional neural networks with transfer learning. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rivas JC, Cabral LMC, Rocha-Leão MHMD. Microencapsulation of guava pulp using prebiotic wall material. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Important functional compounds present in fruits are often lost in technological processes and during storage. Microencapsulation technique allows maintaining the compounds of interest and adding value to the product using functional encapsulating materials. This work aimed to produce microencapsulated guava pulp using the spray-drying technique and a functional encapsulant material, i.e., a mix of inulin and maltodextrin. The guava pulp was analyzed for centesimal composition, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity. The microspheres were analyzed for retention of carotenoids, antioxidant activity over time, and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Two proportions of coating material could maintain the antioxidant activity of guava pulp. The microencapsulation with a higher percentage of inulin is a preferred option due to the good results of retention and stability regarding antioxidant activity over time, relevant retention of the carotenoid content, and a more stable microstructure. In addition, inulin can add value to powders owing to its inherent functional properties. The product obtained in the study is innovative and interesting, as well as may provide a capable use of these materials as encapsulated agents. In fact, it can be considered a potential functional ingredient.
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Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Wang J, Dumas E, Barras A, Jama C, Jbilou F, Loukili N, Chihib NE. Anti-biofilm activity of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride microcapsules against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:49-60. [PMID: 33522301 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1873958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) was trapped into maltodextrins/pectin spray dried microcapsules to improve its activity against Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Two different microcapsules were prepared: uncomplexed DTAC-microcapsules (UDM), containing DTAC and maltodextrins; and complexed DTAC-microcapsules (CDM) containing DTAC complexed with pectin and maltodextrins. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both free and microencapsulated DTAC were investigated against S. Enteritidis and S. aureus. The MICs of DTAC were significantly lower when encapsulated. CDM treatment resulted in a 2 and 3.2 log reduction in S. aureus and S. Enteritidis biofilm culturable biomass, respectively. Microencapsulation reduced the cytotoxicity of DTAC by up to 32-fold. Free DTAC and CDM targeted the cell membrane resulting in the leakage of the intracellular molecules and subsequent cell death. The development of DTAC microcapsules reduced the amount of DTAC required to maintain the high standards of cleanliness and hygiene required in the food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Khelissa
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jian Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Dumas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Univ Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Charafeddine Jama
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Fouzia Jbilou
- Former student of the University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Noureddine Loukili
- Infection Control Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
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Bhagwat A, Bhushette P, Annapure US. Spray drying studies of probiotic Enterococcus strains encapsulated with whey protein and maltodextrin. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-020-00061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Probiotic Enterococcus strains of human origin were microencapsulated by spray drying using whey protein and maltodextrin as an encapsulating agent. The obtained encapsulates were characterized for stability, viability, and physiological properties.
Results
The microcapsules were prepared from probiotic Enterococcus strains that were previously isolated from human vagina and infants’ meconium. The microcapsules revealed similar particle sizes and morphologies. The highest hygroscopicity was observed in the microcapsules produced with strain E. rivorum S22C (0.17 ± 1.15) g water/kg powder/min. E. canintestini S18A revealed highest dissolution time in water (703 ± 2 s). The DSC thermogram revealed excellent thermal stability of all microcapsules. The physicochemical and morphological characteristics of the microcapsules were acceptable with regard to residual water content, particle mean size, and thermophysical properties and storage stability under room temperature conditions, with a low inactivation rate of Enterococcus strains. All the microcapsules revealed the recommended count of probiotic cells, low moisture content with low water activity. Observation under a scanning electron microscope revealed spherical-shaped partially collapsed structures measuring between 9 and 14 μm with surface concavities.
Conclusions
The microcapsule probiotic strains of Enterococcus microencapsulated by spray drying using whey protein and maltodextrin revealed properties of acceptable standards. These strains can have future potential as developing probiotic animal feed and food industry.
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Yue H, Qiu B, Jia M, Liu J, Wang J, Huang F, Xu T. Development and optimization of spray-dried functional oil microcapsules: Oxidation stability and release kinetics. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4730-4738. [PMID: 32994934 PMCID: PMC7500757 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to optimize the microencapsulation method for a functional oil using high amylose corn starch (HACS) and assessed its structure and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the optimal microencapsulation condition is achieved by using 28.5% of functional oil, 15.75% of HACS, and 57.86% of proportion of monoglyceride in emulsifier with 94.86% microencapsulation efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurement showed that the functional oil microcapsules were uniform size, smooth surface, spherical shape, and without cracks in the wall of the capsules. In vitro oil release of microencapsulates results showed that microencapsulated functional oil containing HACS has a better sustained release effect. The microcapsules containing HACS exhibited a lower lipid oxidation rate during storage. In conclusion, microencapsulation of HACS as wall material improved the stability of functional oil and this formulation of microcapsules was satisfactorily applied in powdered food for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yue
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture Jinan China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture Jinan China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture Jinan China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing) Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing) Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) Beijing China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture Jinan China
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing Ministry of Agriculture Jinan China
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Muqtader A M, Fatima F, Khalid Anw M, F. Aldawsa M, A. Soliman G, H. Fayed M. Development and Characterization of Spray-dried Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Sildenafil: In vivo Evaluation. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.460.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shahidi Noghabi M, Molaveisi M. The effect of wall formulation on storage stability and physicochemical properties of cinnamon essential oil microencapsulated by spray drying. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Baldim I, Rosa DM, Souza CRF, Da Ana R, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Santini A, Souto EB, Oliveira WP. Factors Affecting the Retention Efficiency and Physicochemical Properties of Spray Dried Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lippia sidoides Essential Oil. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050693. [PMID: 32365717 PMCID: PMC7277518 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are widely used in various industrial sectors but can present several instability problems when exposed to environmental factors. Encapsulation technologies are effective solutions to improve EOs properties and stability. Currently, the encapsulation in lipid nanoparticles has received significant attention, due to the several recognized advantages over conventional systems. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the lipid matrix composition and spray-drying process on the physicochemical properties of the lipid-based nanoparticles loaded with Lippia sidoides EO and their retention efficiency for the oil. The obtained spray-dried products were characterized by determination of flow properties (Carr Index: from 25.0% to 47.93%, and Hausner ratio: from 1.25 to 1.38), moisture (from 3.78% to 5.20%), water activity (<0.5), and powder morphology. Zeta potential, mean particle size and polydispersity index, of the redispersed dried product, fell between −25.9 mV and −30.9 mV, 525.3 nm and 1143 nm, and 0.425 and 0.652, respectively; showing slight differences with the results obtained prior to spray-drying (from −16.4 mV to −31.6 mV; 147 nm to 1531 nm; and 0.459 to 0.729). Thymol retention in the dried products was significantly lower than the values determined for the liquid formulations and was affected by the drying of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Baldim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.B.); (D.M.R.); (C.R.F.S.)
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Débora M. Rosa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.B.); (D.M.R.); (C.R.F.S.)
| | - Claudia R. F. Souza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.B.); (D.M.R.); (C.R.F.S.)
| | - Raquel Da Ana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (W.P.O.)
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- CEB–Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (W.P.O.)
| | - Wanderley P. Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.B.); (D.M.R.); (C.R.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (W.P.O.)
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14
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Celery cellulose hydrogel as carriers for controlled release of short-chain fatty acid by ultrasound. Food Chem 2020; 309:125717. [PMID: 31699559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using celery cellulose hydrogels as carriers was explored for controlled release of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) triggered by ultrasound. The hydrogels were prepared with the phase inversion method and further characterized using FT-IR, SEM and XRD techniques. At the optimal cellulose concentration (8.33 and 6.25 mg/mL), the hydrogels (F4 and F5) exhibited the swelling ratio of 185%, and Young's modulus of the F4 and F5 was lower than that of others. The hydrogels were loaded with SCFAs owing to its hydrophilicity and swelling properties, and the maximum loading capacity of SCFAs achieved nearly 80%. Interestingly, the loaded SCFAs within hydrogel carrier could be readily released if an ultrasound trigger is exerted. Our results indicate that the ultrasound-triggered strategy for the SCFAs delivery system could provide a promising basis to achieve on-demand, reproducible, repeated, and tunable dosing of bioactive molecules.
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15
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Etzbach L, Meinert M, Faber T, Klein C, Schieber A, Weber F. Effects of carrier agents on powder properties, stability of carotenoids, and encapsulation efficiency of goldenberry ( Physalis peruviana L.) powder produced by co-current spray drying. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 3:73-81. [PMID: 32914123 PMCID: PMC7473355 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maltodextrin, modified starch, inulin, alginate, gum arabic, and combinations thereof were used as carrier agents for spray drying of carotenoid-rich goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) juice and compared to cellobiose as an alternative carrier. Powders were analyzed with respect to particle size and morphology, yield, moisture content, cold water solubility, suspension stability, hygroscopicity, carotenoid encapsulation efficiency, and carotenoid retention during storage. A high initial carotenoid concentration after spray drying, a high encapsulation efficiency of 77.2%, and a slow carotenoid degradation kinetics favored the high carotenoid content of the cellobiose powder at the end of the storage. Cellobiose might protect the carotenoids from degradation processes by light exposure, high temperature, and oxygen due to a tighter particle crust and larger particle sizes. Therefore, cellobiose may be considered a potential carrier agent for the encapsulation of carotenoid-rich fruit juices. Goldenberry juice was spray dried with different carrier agents. Cellobiose was used as carrier agent in the present study for the first time. The cellobiose powder provided the best retention of carotenoids. Spray drying promoted isomerization reactions of all-trans-β-carotene. Cellobiose proved to be effective for spray drying of carotenoid-rich juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Etzbach
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Messina Meinert
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thilo Faber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolin Klein
- Pfeifer & Langen GmbH & Co. KG, Duerener Str. 40, D-50189, Elsdorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Weber
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Evaluation of Thermal Effects on the Bioactivity of Curcumin Microencapsulated with Porous Starch-Based Wall Material Using Spray Drying. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin was microencapsulated by porous starch using a spray dryer with a particle size between 1.5 and 2.0 µm and subjected to water bath (40–100 °C) and oven heating (150–200 °C) in comparison to non-encapsulated samples. The minimum possible encapsulation rate ranged from 26.75 to 52.23%. A reasonable thermal stability was observed after water bath heating with regard to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity. On the other hand, the increase in oven heating temperature caused significant alterations compared with the control samples (p < 0.05). The encapsulated particles subjected to oven heating at 170 °C demonstrated serious collapse. The DPPH scavenging activity of non-encapsulated curcumin was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from 48.94% ± 3.72% (control, 0 °C) to 40.42% ± 2.23% (oven heating, 160 °C); however, remained stable for the encapsulated samples (51.18% ± 4.86%–50.02% ± 1.79%) without significant difference (p < 0.05). The ABTS scavenging activity was promoted as a function of the oven heating temperature. Both DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities remained stable after water bath. Nevertheless, the color of microencapsulated curcumin was better preserved in comparison to the controls.
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17
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Spray-drying microencapsulation of nisin by complexation with exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic Bacillus tequilensis-GM and Leuconostoc citreum-BMS. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Colín-Cruz M, Pimentel-González D, Carrillo-Navas H, Alvarez-Ramírez J, Guadarrama-Lezama A. Co-encapsulation of bioactive compounds from blackberry juice and probiotic bacteria in biopolymeric matrices. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Shaaruddin S, Mahmood Z, Ismail H, Mohd Ghazali H, Hamzah MY, Muhammad K. Stability of β-carotene in carrot powder and sugar confection as affected by resistant maltodextrin and octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) starches. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:3461-3470. [PMID: 31274914 PMCID: PMC6581996 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation has been used to overcome the problem of instability of functional pigments such as carotenoids from natural sources. In this study, β-carotene in carrot juice was spray dried with four different wall materials namely maltodextrin, resistant maltodextrin, octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA) starches Capsul (CAP) and HICAP-100 (HCAP). The objective of this research was to study the effects of various wall materials on physicochemical properties and stability of β-carotene powders along with its stability after incorporation into sugar confection. All four wall materials produced powders of acceptable quality in terms of moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility as well as onset glass transition temperature. OSA starches exhibited better pigment retention post spray drying where juices encapsulated with HCAP showed the highest retention (94.34%). This was also represented in more orange Hue values (H°) in powders produced with CAP (53.93) and HCAP (53.33). Powders produced with HCAP also showed the longest half-life after storage at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, as well as under exposure to light. Similarly, carrot powders produced with OSA starches also exhibited better β-carotene retention after production of hard candy confection. Though candies with HCAP encapsulated juices showed the highest β-carotene retention post candy processing, candies with CAP encapsulated carrot juices exhibited better long term stability after storage at 25 °C and 40 °C as well as under exposure to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safura Shaaruddin
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Zhafarina Mahmood
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Ismail
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Yusof Hamzah
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysia Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kharidah Muhammad
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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20
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Iurckevicz G, Dahmer D, Q Santos VA, Vetvicka V, M Barbosa-Dekker A, F H Dekker R, Maneck Malfatti CR, A da Cunha MA. Encapsulated Microparticles of (1→6)-β-d-Glucan Containing Extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia: Production and Characterization. Molecules 2019; 24:E2099. [PMID: 31163607 PMCID: PMC6600449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are biomacromolecules well known, among other biological activities, for their immunomodulatory potential. Similarly, extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia also possess biological properties and are used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammation, ulcers, and hepatic diseases. Microparticles containing (1→6)-β-d-glucan (lasiodiplodan) and B. dracunculifolia extract were produced and characterized. A 23 factorial design was employed to define the conditions of production of microparticles by atomization. Lasiodiplodan associated with maltodextrin and gum arabic was studied as a matrix material. Microparticles of 0.4 μm mean size and high phenolics content (3157.9 μg GAE/g) were obtained under the optimized conditions. The microparticle size ranged from 0.23 to 1.21 µm, and the mathematical model that best represented the release kinetics of the extract was the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Diffusional exponent (n) values of 0.64 at pH 7.7 and 1.15 at pH 2.61 were found, indicating particles with a non-Fickian or anomalous transport system, and Super Case II transport, respectively. Thermal analysis indicated that the microparticles demonstrated high thermal stability. The X-ray diffraction analyses revealed an amorphous structure, and HPLC-DAD analysis showed microparticles rich in phenolic compounds: caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and catechin. The microparticles obtained comprise a new biomaterial with biological potential for applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genice Iurckevicz
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Rua Simeão Varela de Sá, 03, Vila Carli, CEP, Guarapuava, PR 85040-080, Brazil.
| | - Débora Dahmer
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, Km 1, CEP, Pato Branco, PR 85503-390, Brazil.
| | - Vidiany A Q Santos
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, Km 1, CEP, Pato Branco, PR 85503-390, Brazil.
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd St, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Chemistry Department, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, CEP, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Ricardo Maneck Malfatti
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Rua Simeão Varela de Sá, 03, Vila Carli, CEP, Guarapuava, PR 85040-080, Brazil.
| | - Mário A A da Cunha
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, Km 1, CEP, Pato Branco, PR 85503-390, Brazil.
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21
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A Novel Encapsulation Method for Phase Change Materials with a AgBr Shell as a Thermal Energy Storage Material. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Micro/nanoencapsulated phase change materials, used typically as energy storage materials, are frequently applied in energy-saving and energy-efficient processes. In this work, we proposed a novel method for the micro/nanoencapsulation of phase change materials (PCMs), which has the advantage of simple operation and can be suitable for encapsulation of more than one PCM. Fatty acid PCMs, such as steric acid and palmitic acid, and non-fatty acid PCMs, like beeswax, have both been successfully micro/nanoencapsulated by a silver bromide (AgBr) shell with this method. The obtained fatty acid/AgBr micro/nanocapsules, with diameters of less than 1 µm, show good thermal storage capacities over 150 J/g with their encapsulation ratios as high as 92.4%. Similarly, the prepared beeswax/AgBr micro/nanocapsules show a high encapsulation ratio. In addition, all the micro/nanocapsules exhibit good thermal stability. Therefore, the method developed by this work is highly-efficient for the encapsulation of PCMs, which is beneficial for PCMs in various applications as energy storage materials.
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22
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Sotelo-Bautista M, Bello-Perez LA, Gonzalez-Soto RA, Yañez-Fernandez J, Alvarez-Ramirez J. OSA-maltodextrin as wall material for encapsulation of essential avocado oil by spray drying. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1562939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A. Bello-Perez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Alimentaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, CDMX, México
| | | | - Jorge Yañez-Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Alimentaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, CDMX, México
| | - Jose Alvarez-Ramirez
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, CDMX, México
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23
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Surojanametakul V, Boonbumrung S, Tungtrakul P, Varanyanond W, Themtakul K, Yoshihashi T. Encapsulation of Natural Flavor from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. in Rice Starch Aggregates. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.25.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vipa Surojanametakul
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University
| | - Sumitra Boonbumrung
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University
| | - Patcharee Tungtrakul
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University
| | - Warunee Varanyanond
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University
| | - Kitsana Themtakul
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development (IFRPD), Kasetsart University
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24
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Development and physico-chemical characterization of microencapsulated bifidobacteria in passion fruit juice: A functional non-dairy product for probiotic delivery. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Papoutsis K, Golding JB, Vuong Q, Pristijono P, Stathopoulos CE, Scarlett CJ, Bowyer M. Encapsulation of Citrus By-Product Extracts by Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying Using Combinations of Maltodextrin with Soybean Protein and ι-Carrageenan. Foods 2018; 7:E115. [PMID: 30029543 PMCID: PMC6069085 DOI: 10.3390/foods7070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of different combinations of maltodextrin (MD) coating agents (MD, MD + soybean protein, and MD + ι-carrageenan) on the encapsulation of lemon by-product aqueous extracts using freeze-drying and spray-drying were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the microparticles were evaluated. Freeze-drying with the mixture of MD + soybean protein resulted in the highest retention of TPC, TFC, and FRAP (1.66 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g d.b., 0.43 ± 0.02 mg CE/g d.b., and 3.70 ± 0.05 mM TE/g, respectively). Freeze-drying resulted in microparticles with lower moisture content (MC) and water activity (aw) than those produced by spray-drying. Specifically, the MC and aw of the microparticles produced by freeze-drying ranged from 1.15 to 2.15% and 0.13 to 0.14, respectively, while the MC and aw of the microparticles produced by spray-drying ranged from 6.06% to 6.60% and 0.33 to 0.40, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that spray-drying resulted in the formation of spherical particles of different sizes regardless of the type of coating agent. Although freeze-drying resulted in microparticles with amorphous glassy shapes, the mixture of MD + soybean protein resulted in the formation of spherical porous particles. X-ray diffraction revealed a low degree of crystallinity for the samples produced by both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papoutsis
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - John B Golding
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 26, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia.
| | - Quan Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Penta Pristijono
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Costas E Stathopoulos
- Division of Food and Drink, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Michael Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, P.O. Box 127, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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26
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Jantrawut P, Boonsermsukcharoen K, Thipnan K, Chaiwarit T, Hwang KM, Park ES. Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity of Orange Oil in Pectin Thin Film by Microemulsion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E545. [PMID: 30029478 PMCID: PMC6070789 DOI: 10.3390/nano8070545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare orange oil microemulsion (ME) and to investigate the antimicrobial activity of film containing orange oil ME. First, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened on their efficiency to form ME using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The influences of surfactant and co-surfactant mass ratios were studied and optimized ME-loaded-films were prepared. Then, films containing orange oil ME were characterized by SEM and texture analyzer, and then evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes using an agar disc diffusion method. The results showed that Tween 80 as surfactant and propylene glycol as co-surfactant at a 1:1 ratio possessed the maximum ME area. Three ME formulations of ME 20, ME 25, and ME 30, which consisted of 20, 25, and 30% w/v of orange oil were prepared, respectively. All ME formulations showed particle sizes of about 60.26⁻80.00 nm, with broad a polydispersity index of 0.42. The orange oil ME films exhibited higher elastic values than the control. The diameters of inhibition zones for FME 20, FME 25, and FME 30 against P. acnes were 13.64, 15.18, and 16.10 mm, respectively. Only the FME 30 had an antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 8.32 mm of inhibition zone. Contrarily, the control film had no antimicrobial activity against both bacteria. In conclusion, the present study found that the antibacterial activity of orange oil in pectin thin film could be enhanced by preparing orange oil as an ME before loading into pectin thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kasidech Boonsermsukcharoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kanyanut Thipnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Tanpong Chaiwarit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kyu-Mok Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea.
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea.
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27
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Nizori A, Bui LTT, Jie F, Small DM. Impact of varying hydrocolloid proportions on encapsulation of ascorbic acid by spray drying. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Addion Nizori
- Agricultural Technology Faculty; Technology of Agricultural Product; Jambi University; Tribrata Street, KM 11 Mestong-Jambi 36364 Indonesia
- Applied Chemistry; School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; City Campus, GPO Box 2476 Melbourne VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Lan T. T. Bui
- Department of Defence; Defence Science and Technology Organisation; Scottsdale TAS PO Box 147, 7260 Australia
| | - Ferry Jie
- School of Business and Law; Edith Cowan University; 270 Joondalup Drive Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
| | - Darryl M. Small
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science; RMIT University Bundoora Campus; Plenty Rd Bundoora VIC 3083 Australia
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28
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Influence of multilayer O/W emulsions stabilized by proteins from a novel lupin variety Alu Prot -CGNA and ionic polysaccharides on d -limonene retention during spray-drying. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Ben Amara C, Kim L, Oulahal N, Degraeve P, Gharsallaoui A. Using complexation for the microencapsulation of nisin in biopolymer matrices by spray-drying. Food Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Sanchez-Reinoso Z, Osorio C, Herrera A. Effect of microencapsulation by spray drying on cocoa aroma compounds and physicochemical characterisation of microencapsulates. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Silva EK, Toledo Hijo AAC, da Costa JMG, Marques GR, Pereira J, Borges SV. Influence of the addition of microencapsulated Swiss cheese bioaroma on the technical and sensory qualities of cheese bread. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Keven Silva
- Food Science Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG 37200-000 Brazil
| | | | | | - Gerson R Marques
- Food Science Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Joelma Pereira
- Food Science Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Soraia V Borges
- Food Science Department; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras MG 37200-000 Brazil
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33
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Lago CC, Noreña CPZ. Polydextrose as Wall Material for Microencapsulation of Yacon Juice by Spray Drying. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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35
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Uekane TM, Costa ACP, Pierucci APT, da Rocha-Leão MHM, Rezende CM. Sulfur aroma compounds in gum Arabic/maltodextrin microparticles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Lim YH, Siow LF. Spray Dried Xanthone in Oil Emulsion Using Inulin as Wall Material. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Lim
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Lee-Fong Siow
- School of Science; Monash University Malaysia; 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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37
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Ray S, Raychaudhuri U, Chakraborty R. An overview of encapsulation of active compounds used in food products by drying technology. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Taruna Syah I, Darmadji P, Pranoto Y. Microencapsulation of Refined Liquid Smoke Using Maltodextrin Produced from Broken Rice Starch. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikrar Taruna Syah
- Graduate Program of Food Science and Technology; Faculty of Agricultural Technology; Gadjah Mada University; Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Purnama Darmadji
- Department of Food and Agriculture Product Technology; Faculty of Agricultural Technology; Gadjah Mada University; Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Yudi Pranoto
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Faculty of Agricultural Technology; Gadjah Mada University; Yogyakarta Indonesia
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39
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Tian G, Li Y, Yuan Q, Cheng L, Kuang P, Tang P. The stability and degradation kinetics of Sulforaphene in microcapsules based on several biopolymers via spray drying. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:5-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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da Costa JMG, Silva EK, Toledo Hijo AAC, Azevedo VM, Malta MR, Ferreira Alves JGL, Borges SV. Microencapsulation of Swiss cheese bioaroma by spray-drying: Process optimization and characterization of particles. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Thermodynamic properties, kinetics and adsorption mechanisms of Swiss cheese bioaroma powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Hashtjin AM, Abbasi S. Nano-emulsification of orange peel essential oil using sonication and native gums. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Tirgar M, Jinap S, Zaidul ISM, Mirhosseini H. Suitable coating material for microencapsulation of spray-dried fish oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015; 52:4441-9. [PMID: 26139910 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to screen the most suitable coating material for the production of microencapsulated fish oil powder using ternary blends of maltodextrin (15, 25 % w/w), Arabic gum (2.5, 7.5 % w/w), and methylcellulose (0.5, 1.5 % w/w). The physical properties of fish oil emulsion and encapsulated powders were evaluated. Arabic gum (5 % w/w) showed the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the surface mean diameter of the droplets in the emulsion. Maltodextrin had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the centrifuge stability of the emulsion and the amount of surface oil of the powder at 15 and 20 % (w/w) respectively, whereas methylcellulose (0.5 % w/w) had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the width distribution of the droplets in the emulsion. The total optimal area leading to the formation of coating material with desirable physical properties was expected to be obtained by the combination of 16 % (w/w) maltodextrin, 6.5 % (w/w) Arabic gum, and 0.88 % (w/w) methylcellulose respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tirgar
- Department of Food Science/Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - S Jinap
- Department of Food Science/Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - I S M Zaidul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University of Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - H Mirhosseini
- Department of Food Science/Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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44
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SOOTTITANTAWAT A, PARTANEN R, NEOH TL, YOSHII H. Encapsulation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Flavors by Spray Drying. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.11301/jsfe.16.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tze Loon NEOH
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University
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45
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Potential use of whey concentrate and prebiotics as carrier agents to protect Bifidobacterium-BB-12 microencapsulated by spray drying. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Murali S, Kar A, Mohapatra D, Kalia P. Encapsulation of black carrot juice using spray and freeze drying. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2014; 21:604-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013214557843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Black carrot juice extracted using pectinase enzyme was encapsulated in three different carrier materials (maltodextrin 20DE, gum arabic and tapioca starch) using spray drying at four inlet temperatures (150, 175, 200 and 225 ℃) and freeze drying at a constant temperature of − 53 ℃ and vacuum of 0.22–0.11 mbar with the constant feed mixture. The products were analyzed for total anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, water solubility index, encapsulation efficiency and total colour change. For both the drying methods followed in this study, maltodextrin 20DE as the carrier material has proven to be better in retaining maximum anthocyanin and antioxidant activity compared to gum arabic and tapioca starch. The best spray dried product, was obtained at 150 ℃. The most acceptable was the freeze dried product with maximum anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, water solubility index, encapsulation efficiency and colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murali
- Division of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Kar
- Division of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Debabandya Mohapatra
- Agricultural Produce Processing Division, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Pritam Kalia
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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47
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Marques GR, Borges SV, de Mendonça KS, de Barros Fernandes RV, Menezes EGT. Application of maltodextrin in green corn extract powder production. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Characterization of Microencapsulated Rosemary Essential Oil and Its Antimicrobial Effect on Fresh Dough. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Hashtjin AM, Abbasi S. Optimization of ultrasonic emulsification conditions for the production of orange peel essential oil nanoemulsions. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:2679-89. [PMID: 25892765 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of emulsifying conditions on some physical and rheological properties of orange peel essential oil (OPEO) in water nanoemulsions. In this regard, using the response surface methodology, the influence of ultrasonication conditions including sonication amplitude (70-100 %), sonication time (90-150 s) and process temperature (5-45 °C) on the mean droplets diameter (Z-average value), polydispersity index (PDI), and viscosity of the OPEO nanoemulsions was evaluated. In addition, the flow behavior and stability of selected nanoemulsions was evaluated during storage (up to 3 months) at different temperatures (5, 25 and 45 °C). Based on the results of the optimization, the optimum conditions for producing OPEO nanoemulsions (Z-average value 18.16 nm) were determined as 94 % (sonication amplitude), 138 s (sonication time) and 37 °C (process temperature). Moreover, analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed high coefficients of determination values (R (2) > 0.95) for the response surface models of the energy input and Z-average. In addition, the flow behavior of produced nanoemulsions was Newtonian, and the effect of time and storage temperature as well as their interactions on the Z-average value was highly significant (P < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirmajidi Hashtjin
- Food Colloids and Rheology Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soleiman Abbasi
- Food Colloids and Rheology Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Wu Y, Zou L, Mao J, Huang J, Liu S. Stability and encapsulation efficiency of sulforaphane microencapsulated by spray drying. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:497-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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