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Huang Y, Cohen TA, Sperry BM, Larson H, Nguyen HA, Homer MK, Dou FY, Jacoby LM, Cossairt BM, Gamelin DR, Luscombe CK. Organic building blocks at inorganic nanomaterial interfaces. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:61-87. [PMID: 34851347 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review presents our perspective on designing organic molecules for the functionalization of inorganic nanomaterial surfaces, through the model of an "anchor-functionality" paradigm. This "anchor-functionality" paradigm is a streamlined design strategy developed from a comprehensive range of materials (e.g., lead halide perovskites, II-VI semiconductors, III-V semiconductors, metal oxides, diamonds, carbon dots, silicon, etc.) and applications (e.g., light-emitting diodes, photovoltaics, lasers, photonic cavities, photocatalysis, fluorescence imaging, photo dynamic therapy, drug delivery, etc.). The structure of this organic interface modifier comprises two key components: anchor groups binding to inorganic surfaces and functional groups that optimize their performance in specific applications. To help readers better understand and utilize this approach, the roles of different anchor groups and different functional groups are discussed and explained through their interactions with inorganic materials and external environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Huang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Theodore A Cohen
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Breena M Sperry
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Helen Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Micaela K Homer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Laura M Jacoby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Barbhuiya NH, Misra U, Singh SP. Biocatalytic membranes for combating the challenges of membrane fouling and micropollutants in water purification: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131757. [PMID: 34371356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the list of water contaminants has grown tremendously due to many anthropogenic activities. Various conventional technologies are available for water and wastewater treatment. However, micropollutants of emerging concern (MEC) are posing a great threat due to their activity at trace concentration and poor removal efficiency by the conventional treatment processes. Advanced technology like membrane technology can remove MEC to some extent. However, issues like the different chemical properties of MEC, selectivity, and fouling of membranes can affect the removal efficiency. Moreover, the concentrate from the membrane filtration may need further treatment. Enzymatic degradation of pollutants and foulants is one of the green approaches for removing various contaminants from the water as well as mitigating membrane fouling. Biocatalytic membranes (BCMs), in which enzymes are immobilized on membranes, combines the advantages of membrane separation and enzymatic degradation. This review article discussed various commonly used enzymes in BCMs for removing MEC and fouling. The majorly used enzymes were oxidoreductases and hydrolases for removing MEC, antifouling, and self-cleaning ability. The various BCM synthesis processes based on entrapment, crosslinking, and binding have been summarized, along with the effects of the addition of the nanoparticles on the performances of the BCMs. The scale-up, commercial viability, challenges, and future direction for improving BCMs have been discussed and shown bright possibilities for these new generation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmul Haque Barbhuiya
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Utkarsh Misra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies (IDPCS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Vanangamudi A, Dumée LF, Duke MC, Yang X. Dual Functional Ultrafiltration Membranes with Enzymatic Digestion and Thermo-Responsivity for Protein Self-Cleaning. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:E85. [PMID: 30235868 PMCID: PMC6161312 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling surface⁻protein interaction during wastewater treatment is the key motivation for developing functionally modified membranes. A new biocatalytic thermo-responsive poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/nylon-6,6/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAAm) ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated to achieve dual functionality of protein-digestion and thermo-responsive self-cleaning. The PVDF/nylon-6,6/PNIPAAm composite membranes were constructed by integrating a hydrophobic PVDF cast layer and hydrophilic nylon-6,6/PNIPAAm nanofiber layer on to which trypsin was covalently immobilized. The enzyme immobilization density on the membrane surface decreased with increasing PNIPAAm concentration, due to the decreased number of amine functional sites. An ultrafiltration study was performed using the synthetic model solution containing BSA/NaCl/CaCl2, where the PNIPAAm containing biocatalytic membranes demonstrated a combined effect of enzymatic and thermo-switchable self-cleaning. The membrane without PNIPAAm revealed superior fouling resistance and self-cleaning with an RPD of 22%, compared to membranes with 2 and 4 wt % PNIPAAm with 26% and 33% RPD, respectively, after an intermediate temperature cleaning at 50 °C, indicating that higher enzyme density offers more efficient self-cleaning than the combined effect of enzyme and PNIPAAm at low concentration. The conformational volume phase transition of PNIPAAm did not affect the stability of immobilized trypsin on membrane surfaces. Such novel surface engineering design offer a promising route to mitigate surface⁻protein contamination in wastewater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbharasi Vanangamudi
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Mikel C Duke
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
| | - Xing Yang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
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Vanangamudi A, Saeki D, Dumée LF, Duke M, Vasiljevic T, Matsuyama H, Yang X. Surface-Engineered Biocatalytic Composite Membranes for Reduced Protein Fouling and Self-Cleaning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27477-27487. [PMID: 30048587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new biocatalytic nanofibrous composite ultrafiltration membrane was developed to reduce protein fouling interactions and self-clean the membrane surface. The dual-layer poly(vinylidenefluoride)/nylon-6,6/chitosan composite membrane contains a hydrophobic poly(vinylidenefluoride) cast support layer and a hydrophilic functional nylon-6,6/chitosan nanofibrous surface layer where enzymes were chemically attached. The intrinsic surface chemistry and high surface area of the nanofibers allowed optimal and stable immobilization of trypsin (TR) and α-chymotrypsin enzymes via direct covalent binding. The enzyme immobilization was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and visualized by confocal microscopy analysis. The prepared biocatalytic composite membranes were nanoporous with superior permeability offering stable protein antiadhesion and self-cleaning properties owing to the repulsive mechanism and digestion of proteins into peptides and amino acids, which was quantified by the gel electrophoresis technique. The TR-immobilized composite membranes exhibited 2.7-fold higher permeance and lower surface protein contamination with 3-fold greater permeance recovery, when compared to the pristine membrane after two ultrafiltration cycles with the model feed solution containing bovine serum albumin/NaCl/CaCl2. The biocatalytic membranes retained about 50% of the enzyme activity after six reuse cycles but were regenerated to 100% activity after enzyme reloading, leading to a simple and cost-effective water remediation operation. Such surface- and pore-engineered membranes with self-cleaning properties offer a viable solution for severe surface protein contamination in food and water applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbharasi Vanangamudi
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Daisuke Saeki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada, Kobe , Hyogo 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds , Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | | | | | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada, Kobe , Hyogo 657-8501 , Japan
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Pei J, Huang Y, Yang Y, Yuan H, Liu X, Ni C. A Novel Layered Anchoring Structure Immobilized Cellulase via Covalent Binding of Cellulase on MNPs Anchored by LDHs. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Atacan K, Özacar M. Characterization and immobilization of trypsin on tannic acid modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:227-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Liu D, Huang Y, Chen M, Wang S, Liu K, Lai W. Rapid detection method for aflatoxin B1 in soybean sauce based on fluorescent microspheres probe. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tong Y, Xin Y, Yang H, Zhang L, Wang W. Efficient improvement on stability of sarcosine oxidase via poly-lysine modification on enzyme surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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The use of papain inhibitor immobilized onto polyaniline for bioaffinity chromatography of cysteine proteases. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Immobilization and stabilization of cholesterol oxidase on modified sepharose particles. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 56:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Calcium alginate beads encapsulated PMMA-g-CS nano-particles for α-chymotrypsin immobilization. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:2095-102. [PMID: 23399263 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan grafted with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA-g-CS) was prepared via a free-radicals polymerization technique as a carrier for enzyme immobilization. α-Chymotrypsin (CT), as an enzyme model in this study, was immobilized onto the prepared PMMA-g-CS via covalent bonding. Calcium alginate (CA) beads were developed for encapsulating PMMA-g-CS-CT to produce PMMA-g-CS-CT/CA composite beads. Morphology and size of PMMA-g-CS particles were investigated by TEM and found to be in the nanoscale. The structure and surface morphology of the beads before and after immobilization process were characterized by FT-IR and SEM, respectively. Both the bound CT content and relative activity of immobilized enzyme were measured. A higher retained activity (about 97.7%) obtained for the immobilized CT at pH 9 for 24 h. The results indicated that immobilized CT maintained excellent performance even after 25 reuses and retained 75% from its original activity after 60 days of storage at 25 °C.
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Peng G, Zhao C, Liu B, Sun Z, Luo R. Chitosan Modified PSt-GMA Microspheres With/Without Spacer-Arms as Carriers: Their Influences on Kinetics, Stability, Optimal pH, Adsorption Behavior of Immobilized Trypsin. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2012.714678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mendis M, Mendoza BR, Simsek S. Covalent Immobilization of Transglucosidase onto Polymer Beads for Production of Isomaltooligosaccharides. Catal Letters 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-012-0866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Taitt CR, Shriver-Lake LC, Anderson GP, Ligler FS. Surface modification and biomolecule immobilization on polymer spheres for biosensing applications. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 726:77-94. [PMID: 21424444 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-052-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Microspheres and nanospheres are being used in many of today's biosensing applications for automated sample processing, flow cytometry, signal amplification in microarrays, and labeling in multiplexed analyses. The surfaces of the spheres/particles need to be modified with proteins and other biomolecules to be used in these sensing applications. This chapter contains protocols to modify carboxyl- and amine-coated polymer spheres with proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Taitt
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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Shi Q, Su Y, Ning X, Chen W, Peng J, Jiang Z. Trypsin-enabled construction of anti-fouling and self-cleaning polyethersulfone membrane. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:647-651. [PMID: 20801020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Constructing anti-fouling and self-cleaning membrane surfaces based on covalent attachment of trypsin on poly(methacrylic acid)-graft-polyethersulfone (PMAA-g-PES) membrane was reported. The carboxylic acid groups enriched on asymmetric PMAA-g-PES membrane surface were activated with 1-ethyl-(3-3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and employed as chemical anchors for the conjugation with amino groups of trypsin. Activity assays showed that such chemically immobilized trypsin was much more active and stable than that of the physically adsorbed counterpart. Trypsin covalently attached on membrane surface could substantially resist protein fouling in dynamic flow process. The considerable enhancement of protein solution permeation flux was observed as a consequence of rapid enzymatic degradation of protein deposited onto membrane surface. The permeation flux of the membrane could be recovered upon simple hydraulic flush after protein filtration, suggesting superior self-cleaning property. After multi-cycle BSA filtration over 15-day period, the active self-cleaning membrane maintained more than 95.0% of its initial flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Xu J, Hou Z, Yuan X, Guo H. Observation particle morphology of colloidal system by conventional SEM with an improved specimen preparation technique. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 74:749-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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El-Ghaffar MAA, Atia KS, Hashem MS. Synthesis and characterization of binary copolymers of methyl methacrylate with glycidyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate as carriers for cellulase. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhou J. Immobilization of cellulase on a reversibly soluble-insoluble support: properties and application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6741-6746. [PMID: 20459124 DOI: 10.1021/jf100759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase was coupled to N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC) showing soluble-insoluble characteristics with pH change. Cellulase immobilized on NSC (NSCC) is in a soluble state during the enzyme reaction, yet can be recovered in its insoluble form by lowering the pH of the reaction solution after the reaction. NSCC was obtained under the optimized immobilization conditions of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) 10 mg, cellulase 15 mg, and pH 5.0. The retention activity of the immobilized cellulase was found to be 48.8%. The effects of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of NSCC were studied and compared with those of free cellulase. The optimum temperature and pH of NSCC was 45 degrees C and 4.0, respectively, which was found unchanged compared with the free one. The stability of cellulase against change in the pH and temperature was improved by the immobilization. The effectiveness of employing NSCC for extracting flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaf powder was investigated. Results showed that NSCC enhanced extraction yield up to 2.35-fold when compared with the conventional method. Moreover, NSCC retained 83.5% of its initial activity after five batches of hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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Achyuta AKH, Stephens KD, Pryce Lewis HG, Murthy SK. Mitigation of reactive human cell adhesion on poly(dimethylsiloxane) by immobilized trypsin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4160-7. [PMID: 20214394 PMCID: PMC2924170 DOI: 10.1021/la903441u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Occlusion or blockage of silicone shunts utilized in the treatment of hydrocephalus is a major challenge that is currently addressed by multiple shunt replacements. Shunt occlusion is caused by the adhesion and proliferation of reactive cells, such as glial and vascular cells, into the lumen of the catheter and on valve components. This in vitro study describes how the adhesive behavior of four human cell types on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces can be suppressed by functionalization with trypsin, a proteolytic enzyme. The covalently conjugated trypsin retained its proteolytic activity and acted in a dose-dependent manner. Trypsin-modified PDMS surfaces supported significantly lower adhesion of normal human astrocytes, human microglia, human dermal fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared to unmodified PDMS surfaces (p < 0.0001). Immunofluorescence imaging of cellular fibronectin and quantitative adsorption experiments with serum components indicated that the PDMS surfaces immobilized with trypsin inhibited surface remodeling by all cell types and resisted protein adsorption. The impact of this work lies in the recognition that the well-known proteolytic characteristics of trypsin can be harnessed by covalent surface immobilization to suppress cell adhesion and protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar H. Achyuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 342 SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kyle D. Stephens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 342 SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Shashi K. Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., 342 SN, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Tamura A, Satoh E, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Yamada K. Removal of alkylphenols by the combined use of tyrosinase immobilized on ion-exchange resins and chitosan beads. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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22
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Immobilization of urease in alginate, paraffin and lac. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc1002175p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme urease (EC.3.5.1.5) from jack bean meal was immobilized by various techniques, such as entrapment in calcium alginate gel spheres in aqueous suspension, lac impregnated muslin cloth as dry films and by embedding in paraffin wax impregnated muslin cloth. The activity of the free and immobilized enzymes as a function of pH, temperature, storage stability, kinetic parameters and periodic use were compared. The immobilized enzyme showed good storage stability. After repeated use, the alginate beads turned brown and deteriorated, hence the storage stability was not good. The paraffin films were preserved dry because during wet preservation, the film slightly softened and the protein leached out slightly. The alginate beads had moderate mechanical stability. The lac films were tougher than the paraffin wax films in terms of mechanical stability. The Km and Vmax values were altered after immobilization. The Km values for calcium alginate and lac were low, while it was larger in paraffin film as compared to the free enzyme. This may be due to the fact that immobilization on calcium alginate and lac in presence of CaCl2 and methanol exposed certain active sites of the urease. While immobilization on paraffin masks the active sites and may lead to reduced binding of the substrate.
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Bayramoğlu G, Yakup Arıca M. Immobilization of laccase onto poly(glycidylmethacrylate) brush grafted poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) films: Enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The immobilization of trypsin onto polyaniline for protein digestion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Hong J, Huang J, Liu S, Yu J, Luo S. Stability and activity of chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic nanogels covered with carboxyl groups. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cullen SP, Mandel IC, Gopalan P. Surface-anchored poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) brushes as templates for enzyme immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13701-13709. [PMID: 18956849 DOI: 10.1021/la8024952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored surface-anchored poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) (PVDMA) brushes as potential templates for protein immobilization. The brushes were grown using atom transfer radical polymerization from surface-anchored initiators and characterized by a combination of ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RNase A was immobilized as a model enzyme through the nucleophilic attack of azlactone by the amine groups in the lysines located in the protein. The surface density of RNase A increased linearly from 5 to 50 nm. For 50 nm thick poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) brushes, 7.5 microg/cm2 of RNase A was bound. The kinetics and thermodynamics of RNase A immobilization, the activity relative to surface density, and the pH and temperature dependence were examined. A Langmuir-like model for binding kinetics indicates that the kinetics are controlled by the rate of adsorption of RNase A and has an adsorption rate constant, k(ads), of 2.8 x 10(-8) microg(-1) s(-1) cm3. A maximum relative activity of approximately 0.95, which is near the activity of free RNase A, was reached at 1.2 microg/cm2 (approximately 3.0 monolayers) of immobilized RNase A. The immobilized RNase A had a similar temperature and pH dependence as free RNase A, indicating no significant change in conformation. The PVDMA template was extended to other biotechnologically relevant enzymes, such as deoxyribonuclease I, glucose oxidase, glucoamylase, and trypsin, with relative activities higher than or comparable to those of enzymes immobilized by other means. PVDMA brushes offer an efficient route to immobilize proteins via the ring opening of azlactone without the need for activation or pretreatment while retaining high relative activities of the bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cullen
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Caramori S, Fernandes K. The use of poly(ethylene terephthalate)–poly(aniline) composite for trypsin immobilisation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bryjak J, Liesiene J, Kolarz BN. Application and properties of butyl acrylate/pentaerythrite triacrylate copolymers and cellulose-based Granocel as carriers for trypsin immobilization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 61:66-74. [PMID: 17768035 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main point was the search for a proper carrier and the kind of carrier activation for trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) immobilization. The acrylic and cellulose-based carriers were specially prepared in that they possessed the most often used anchor groups: -OH, -NH(2), DEAE and/or -COOH. The immobilization procedures were selected to apply mainly to protein amine groups and appropriate anchor groups on the carrier. As activity tests low (N-benzoyl-dl-arginine-p-nitroanilide, BAPNA) and high (casein) molecular weight substrates were used. It was found, as a rule, that trypsin bound to -COOH groups with the help of carbodiimide was less active and that the amount of bound protein and measured activity (BAPNA) are considerably higher when protein is immobilized via divinyl sulfone. Both rules were observed irrespective of the nature of the polymer matrix. Both types of carriers were found suitable for trypsin immobilization and they were far better than the corresponding Eupergit C-bound enzyme preparations. Taking into account storage stability and activity for both substrates, the divinylsulfone linkage formed between unmodified Granocel and trypsin was the most effective method for the enzyme immobilization. For this preparation, BAPNA and casein conversion, thermal stability at 60 degrees C and estimated kinetic parameters were compared with those obtained for the native enzyme. It was shown that mass transport limitations could be effectively eliminated by suitable conditions and immobilized trypsin was considerably more stable. The values k(cat)/K(m) indicated that the immobilized enzyme was even better as amidase activity was regarded and its potential for protein hydrolysis was only less than twice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Bryjak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, Poland.
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Gole A, Murphy CJ. Azide-derivatized gold nanorods: functional materials for "click" chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:266-272. [PMID: 18052398 DOI: 10.1021/la7026303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein the synthesis of functional gold nanorods suitable for carrying out "click" chemistry reactions. Gold nanorods modified with a copolymer containing sulfonate and maleic acid groups have been conjugated to a bifunctional azide molecule (amine-PEG-azide). The maleic acid molecules in the copolymer participate in carbodiimide-mediated amide bond formation with amine groups of the azide linker, whereas the sulfonate groups prevent nanorod aggregation in water. Spectroscopic and zeta-potential measurements have been used to confirm the successful surface modification of the gold nanorods. These azide-functionalized nanorods can carry out chemical reactions based on click chemistry. As a case study, we have demonstrated the "clicking" of azide-nanorods to an acetylene-functionalized enzyme, trypsin, by a copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The enzyme is not only stable after bioconjugation but is also biologically active, as demonstrated by its digestion of the protein casein. For comparison, the biological activity of trypsin conjugated to gold nanorods by two other commonly used methods (carbodiimide-mediated covalent attachment via amide bond formation and simple electrostatic adsorption) has been studied. The enzyme conjugated by click chemistry demonstrates improved biological activity compared with other forms of bioconjugation. This general and simple approach is easy, specific with higher yields, environmentally benign, and applicable to a wide range of analytes and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Gole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The W. M. Keck Open Laboratory for Bionanoparticle Technology, Discovery and Development, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Bayramoglu G, Tunali Y, Arica MY. Immobilization of β-galactosidase onto magnetic poly(GMA–MMA) beads for hydrolysis of lactose in bed reactor. CATAL COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Xu J, Hou Z, Li T. Novel Sample Preparation Method of Polymer Emulsion for SEM Observation. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70:847-50. [PMID: 17576124 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a simple and reliable method for obtaining the detailed information about the average size, size distribution, and the surface morphology of particles with variation of the sample preparation of a polymer emulsion. In this work, the characteristic features of the particles of rosin size with high viscosity were first described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphologies of polymer emulsion of solid lipid nanoparticles and of the microspheres were observed. The advantage of the method is that not only the true size and shape of emulsion particles can be shown, but the problem of high-viscosity emulsion that prevents there study with SEM is solved. Using this new method, the micromorphology and size distribution of the emulsion particles with different viscosities have been clearly observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shandong Institute of Light Industry, Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China.
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