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Skadiņš I, Labsvārds KD, Grava A, Amirian J, Tomsone LE, Ruško J, Viksna A, Bandere D, Brangule A. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Latvian Honey against Causative Agents of Wound Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050816. [PMID: 37237718 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is widely used in traditional medicine and modern wound healing biomaterial research as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. The study's objectives were to evaluate the antibacterial activity and polyphenolic profiles of 40 monofloral honey samples collected from beekeepers in the territory of Latvia. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Latvian honey samples were compared with commercial Manuka honey and the honey analogue sugar solutions-carbohydrate mixture and tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, clinical isolates Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produced Escherichia coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the well-diffusion method (80% honey solution w/v) and microdilution method. The honey samples with the highest antimicrobial potential were tested to prevent biofilm development and activity against a preformed biofilm. The principal component analysis of the antimicrobial properties of honey samples vs. polyphenolic profile was performed. Eleven honey samples exhibited antibacterial activity to all investigated bacteria. The antibacterial effect of the samples was most significant on the Gram-positive bacteria compared to the studied Gram-negative bacteria. Latvian honey presents promising potential for use in wound healing biomaterials, opening the possibility of achieving long-term antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingus Skadiņš
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Krišs Dāvids Labsvārds
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Grava
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jhaleh Amirian
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Elīna Tomsone
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jānis Ruško
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arturs Viksna
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnese Brangule
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Al-Hatamleh MAI, Alshaer W, Hatmal MM, Lambuk L, Ahmed N, Mustafa MZ, Low SC, Jaafar J, Ferji K, Six JL, Uskoković V, Mohamud R. Applications of Alginate-Based Nanomaterials in Enhancing the Therapeutic Effects of Bee Products. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:865833. [PMID: 35480890 PMCID: PMC9035631 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.865833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the ancient times, bee products (i.e., honey, propolis, pollen, bee venom, bee bread, and royal jelly) have been considered as natural remedies with therapeutic effects against a number of diseases. The therapeutic pleiotropy of bee products is due to their diverse composition and chemical properties, which is independent on the bee species. This has encouraged researchers to extensively study the therapeutic potentials of these products, especially honey. On the other hand, amid the unprecedented growth in nanotechnology research and applications, nanomaterials with various characteristics have been utilized to improve the therapeutic efficiency of these products. Towards keeping the bee products as natural and non-toxic therapeutics, the green synthesis of nanocarriers loaded with these products or their extracts has received a special attention. Alginate is a naturally produced biopolymer derived from brown algae, the desirable properties of which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity. This review presents an overview of alginates, including their properties, nanoformulations, and pharmaceutical applications, placing a particular emphasis on their applications for the enhancement of the therapeutic effects of bee products. Despite the paucity of studies on fabrication of alginate-based nanomaterials loaded with bee products or their extracts, recent advances in the area of utilizing alginate-based nanomaterials and other types of materials to enhance the therapeutic potentials of bee products are summarized in this work. As the most widespread and well-studied bee products, honey and propolis have garnered a special interest; combining them with alginate-based nanomaterials has led to promising findings, especially for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Furthermore, future directions are proposed and discussed to encourage researchers to develop alginate-based stingless bee product nanomedicines, and to help in selecting suitable methods for devising nanoformulations based on multi-criteria decision making models. Also, the commercialization prospects of nanocomposites based on alginates and bee products are discussed. In conclusion, preserving original characteristics of the bee products is a critical challenge in developing nano-carrier systems. Alginate-based nanomaterials are well suited for this task because they can be fabricated without the use of harsh conditions, such as shear force and freeze-drying, which are often used for other nano-carriers. Further, conjunction of alginates with natural polymers such as honey does not only combine the medicinal properties of alginates and honey, but it could also enhance the mechanical properties and cell adhesion capacity of alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Lidawani Lambuk
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkifli Mustafa
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Siew Chun Low
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Khalid Ferji
- LCPM, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Luc Six
- LCPM, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Rohimah Mohamud,
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Revolutionizing non-conventional wound healing using honey by simultaneously targeting multiple molecular mechanisms. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 62:100834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Scepankova H, Combarros-Fuertes P, Fresno JM, Tornadijo ME, Dias MS, Pinto CA, Saraiva JA, Estevinho LM. Role of Honey in Advanced Wound Care. Molecules 2021; 26:4784. [PMID: 34443372 PMCID: PMC8398244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey is a natural product rich in several phenolic compounds, enzymes, and sugars with antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential. Indeed, the development of honey-based adhesives for wound care and other biomedical applications are topics being widely investigated over the years. Some of the advantages of the use of honey for wound-healing solutions are the acceleration of dermal repair and epithelialization, angiogenesis promotion, immune response promotion and the reduction in healing-related infections with pathogenic microorganisms. This paper reviews the main role of honey on the development of wound-healing-based applications, the main compounds responsible for the healing capacity, how the honey origin can influence the healing properties, also highlighting promising results in in vitro and in vivo trials. The challenges in the use of honey for wound healing are also covered and discussed. The delivery methodology (direct application, incorporated in fibrous membranes and hydrogels) is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Scepankova
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.P.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Patricia Combarros-Fuertes
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Campus de Vegazana, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - José María Fresno
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Campus de Vegazana, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - María Eugenia Tornadijo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Campus de Vegazana, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (P.C.-F.); (J.M.F.); (M.E.T.)
| | - Miguel Sousa Dias
- CIMO, Mountain Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Carlos A. Pinto
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.P.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jorge A. Saraiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (H.S.); (C.A.P.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Letícia M. Estevinho
- CIMO, Mountain Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal;
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Lima LL, Taketa TB, Beppu MM, Sousa IMDO, Foglio MA, Moraes ÂM. Coated electrospun bioactive wound dressings: Mechanical properties and ability to control lesion microenvironment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 100:493-504. [PMID: 30948086 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced wound dressings capable of interacting with lesions and changing the wound microenvironment to improve healing are promising to increase the therapeutic efficacy of this class of biomaterials. Aiming at the production of bioactive wound dressings with the ability to control the wound microenvironment, biomaterials of three different chemical compositions, but with the same architecture, were produced and compared. Electrospinning was employed to build up a biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) layer consisting of poly(caprolactone) (PCL), 50/50 dl-lactide/glycolide copolymer (PDLG) and poly(l-lactide) (PLLA). As a post-treatment to broaden the bioactivity of the dressings, an alginate coating was applied to sheathe and functionalize the surface of the hydrophobic electrospun wound dressings, in combination with the extract of the plant Arrabidaea chica Verlot, known for its anti-inflammatory and healing promotion properties. Wettable bioactive structures capable to interact with media simulating lesion microenvironments, with tensile strength and elongation at break ranging respectively from 155 to 273 MPa and from 0.94 to 1.39% were obtained. In simulated exudative microenvironment, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) values around 700 g/m2/day were observed, while water vapor permeability rates (WVPR) reached about 300 g/m2/day. In simulated dehydrated microenvironment, values of WVTR around 200 g/m2/day and WVPR around 175 g/m2/day were attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonetá Lauro Lima
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bezerra Taketa
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Masumi Beppu
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilza Maria de Oliveira Sousa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Cândido Portinari, 200, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary Ann Foglio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Cândido Portinari, 200, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses, School of Chemical Engineering - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av. Albert Einstein, 500, CEP 13083-852 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Nordin A, Sainik NQAV, Zulfarina MS, Naina-Mohamed I, Saim A, Bt Hj Idrus R. Honey and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in wound healing: An evidence-based review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Oryan A, Alemzadeh E, Moshiri A. Burn wound healing: present concepts, treatment strategies and future directions. J Wound Care 2017; 26:5-19. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2017.26.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Oryan
- Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
| | - E. Alemzadeh
- PhD student, Department of Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
| | - A. Moshiri
- Assistant Professor, Division of Regenerative Pharmacology, RAZI Drug Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Division of Surgery and Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
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McLoone P, Oluwadun A, Warnock M, Fyfe L. Honey: A Therapeutic Agent for Disorders of the Skin. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2016; 5:241. [PMID: 29138732 PMCID: PMC5661189 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2016.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Problems with conventional treatments for a range of dermatological disorders have led scientists to search for new compounds of therapeutic value. Efforts have included the evaluation of natural products such as honey. Manuka honey, for example, has been scientifically recognised for its anti-microbial and wound healing properties and is now used clinically as a topical treatment for wound infections. In this review, scientific evidence for the effectiveness of honey in the treatment of wounds and other skin conditions is evaluated. A plethora of in vitro studies have revealed that honeys from all over the world have potent antimicrobial activity against skin relevant microbes. Moreover, a number of in vitro studies suggest that honey is able to modulate the skin immune system. Clinical research has shown honey to be efficacious in promoting the healing of partial thickness burn wounds while its effectiveness in the treatment of non-burn acute wounds and chronic wounds is conflicted. Published research investigating the efficacy of honey in the treatment of other types of skin disorders is limited. Nevertheless, positive effects have been reported, for example, kanuka honey from New Zealand was shown to have therapeutic value in the treatment of rosacea. Anti-carcinogenic effects of honey have also been observed in vitro and in a murine model of melanoma. It can be concluded that honey is a biologically active and clinically interesting substance but more research is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of its medicinal value in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline McLoone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Afolabi Oluwadun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Mary Warnock
- Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Fyfe
- Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Rajput M, Bhandaru N, Anura A, Pal M, Pal B, Paul RR, Chatterjee J, Mukherjee R. Differential Behavior of Normal and Fibrotic Fibroblasts under the Synergistic Influence of Micropillar Topography and the Rigidity of Honey/Silk-Fibroin Substrates. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1528-1539. [PMID: 33440589 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rajput
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
| | - Nandini Bhandaru
- Instability & Soft Patterning Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
| | - Anji Anura
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
| | - Mousumi Pal
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal -700114, India
| | - Barnali Pal
- B.
C Roy Technological Hospital, Indian Institute of Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
| | - Ranjan Rashmi Paul
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal -700114, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School
of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability & Soft Patterning Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
- School of Nano Science & Nano Technology (SNST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal -721302, India
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Biological properties and therapeutic activities of honey in wound healing: A narrative review and meta-analysis. J Tissue Viability 2016; 25:98-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McLoone P, Warnock M, Fyfe L. Honey: an immunomodulatory agent for disorders of the skin. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Chaudhary A, Bag S, Mandal M, Krishna Karri SP, Barui A, Rajput M, Banerjee P, Sheet D, Chatterjee J. Modulating prime molecular expressions and in vitro wound healing rate in keratinocyte (HaCaT) population under characteristic honey dilutions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:211-219. [PMID: 25794801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE In traditional medicines honey is known for healing efficacy and vividly used as "Anupan" in Ayurvedic medicines appreciating roles in dilutions. Validating efficacy of physico-chemically characterized honey in dilutions, studies on in vitro wound healing and attainment of cellular confluence epithelial cells including expressions of cardinal genes is crucial. To evaluate effects of characterized honey in varied dilutions on cellular viability, in vitro wound healing and modulation of prime epithelial gene expressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six Indian honey-samples from different sources were physico-chemically characterized and optimal one was explored in dilutions (v/v%) through in vitro studies on human epithelial (HaCaT) cells for viability, wound healing and expressions of genes p63, E-cadherin, β-catenin, GnT-III and GnT-V. RESULTS Studied honey samples (i.e. A-F) depicted range of pH (2-4), water (12.48-23.95), electrical conductivity (2.57-14.34), carbohydrate (68.73-98.65), protein (.316-5.36) and antioxidant potential. Though sample A and F showed physico-chemical proximity, but overall bio-impact of the earlier was better, thus studied in 8-.1% (v/v) dilution range. Four dilutions (.01, .04, .1, .25 v/v%) augmented cellular viability but in vitro wound healing was fastest (p<.05) under .1%. Such efficacy was further documented for p63 up-regulation by immunocytochemistry and mRNA studies. The E-cadherin and β-catenin mRNA-expressions were also up-regulated and their proteins were predominantly cytoplasmic. E-cadherin up-regulation was corroborative with down-regulation and up-regulation of GnT-III and GnT-V respectively. CONCLUSION Present study illustrated efficacy of particular honey dilution (.1%) with characteristic free radical scavenging activity in facilitating cell proliferation and attainment of confluence towards faster wound healing and modulation of cardinal epithelial genes (viz. p63, E-cadherin, β-catenin, Gnt-III and V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chaudhary
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sri Phani Krishna Karri
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, IIEST, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Monika Rajput
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Provas Banerjee
- Banerjees׳ Biomedical Research Foundation, Sainthia, 731234 Birbhum, West Bengal, India
| | - Debdoot Sheet
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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