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Rifai A, Tran N, Leitch V, Booth MA, Williams R, Fox K. Osteoblast Cell Response on Polycrystalline Diamond-Coated Additively Manufactured Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7509-7516. [PMID: 35006692 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of metals using selective laser melting can create customized parts with various degrees of complexity and geometry for medical implants. However, challenges remain in accepting orthopedic implants due to the bio-inert surface of metal scaffolds, resulting in a lack of osseointegration. Here, we show that polycrystalline diamond (PCD) coatings on selective laser melted titanium (SLM-Ti) scaffolds can improve the cell-to-material interaction of osteoblasts. The results show that by controlling the uniformity of the diamond coatings, we can mediate the biological response of osteoblasts, such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and spreading. The osteoblasts show favorable cell adhesion and spreading on non-planar PCD-coated scaffolds compared to the un-coated SLM-Ti scaffold. This study plays an important role in understanding the key physicochemical behavior of bone cell growth on customized orthopedic implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaqil Rifai
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nhiem Tran
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Victoria Leitch
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Marsilea A Booth
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Richard Williams
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Kate Fox
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.,Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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2
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Mani N, Rifai A, Houshyar S, Booth MA, Fox K. Diamond in medical devices and sensors: An overview of diamond surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mani
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Aaqil Rifai
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | | | - Kate Fox
- Center for Additive Manufacturing School of Engineering RMIT University VIC Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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3
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Shivdasani MN, Evans M, Burns O, Yeoh J, Allen PJ, Nayagam DAX, Villalobos J, Abbott CJ, Luu CD, Opie NL, Sabu A, Saunders AL, McPhedran M, Cardamone L, McGowan C, Maxim V, Williams RA, Fox KE, Cicione R, Garrett DJ, Ahnood A, Ganesan K, Meffin H, Burkitt AN, Prawer S, Williams CE, Shepherd RK. In vivo feasibility of epiretinal stimulation using ultrananocrystalline diamond electrodes. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:045014. [PMID: 32659750 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aba560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to their increased proximity to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), epiretinal visual prostheses present the opportunity for eliciting phosphenes with low thresholds through direct RGC activation. This study characterised the in vivo performance of a novel prototype monolithic epiretinal prosthesis, containing Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline (N-UNCD) diamond electrodes. APPROACH A prototype implant containing up to twenty-five 120 × 120 µm N-UNCD electrodes was implanted into 16 anaesthetised cats and attached to the retina either using a single tack or via magnetic coupling with a suprachoroidally placed magnet. Multiunit responses to retinal stimulation using charge-balanced biphasic current pulses were recorded acutely in the visual cortex using a multichannel planar array. Several stimulus parameters were varied including; the stimulating electrode, stimulus polarity, phase duration, return configuration and the number of electrodes stimulated simultaneously. MAIN RESULTS The rigid nature of the device and its form factor necessitated complex surgical procedures. Surgeries were considered successful in 10/16 animals and cortical responses to single electrode stimulation obtained in eight animals. Clinical imaging and histological outcomes showed severe retinal trauma caused by the device in situ in many instances. Cortical measures were found to significantly depend on the surgical outcomes of individual experiments, phase duration, return configuration and the number of electrodes stimulated simultaneously, but not stimulus polarity. Cortical thresholds were also found to increase over time within an experiment. SIGNIFICANCE The study successfully demonstrated that an epiretinal prosthesis containing diamond electrodes could produce cortical activity with high precision, albeit only in a small number of cases. Both surgical approaches were highly challenging in terms of reliable and consistent attachment to and stabilisation against the retina, and often resulted in severe retinal trauma. There are key challenges (device form factor and attachment technique) to be resolved for such a device to progress towards clinical application, as current surgical techniques are unable to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit N Shivdasani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia. The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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4
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Wang T, Huang L, Liu Y, Li X, Liu C, Handschuh-Wang S, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Tang Y. Robust Biomimetic Hierarchical Diamond Architecture with a Self-Cleaning, Antibacterial, and Antibiofouling Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24432-24441. [PMID: 32342682 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a worldwide problem from healthcare to marine exploration. Aggressive biofouling, wear, and corrosion lead to severe deterioration in function and durability. Here, micro- and nanostructured hierarchical diamond films mimicking the morphology of plant leaves were developed to simultaneously achieve superhydrophobicity, antibacterial efficacy, and marine antibiofouling, combined with mechanical and chemical robustness. These coatings were designed and successfully constructed on various commercial substrates, such as titanium alloys, silicon, and quartz glass via a chemical vapor deposition process. The unique surface structure of diamond films reduced bacteria attachment by 90-99%. In the marine environment, these biomimetic diamond films significantly reduced more than 95% adhesion of green algae. The structured diamond films retained mechanical robustness, superhydrophobicity, and antibacterial efficacy under high abrasion and corrosive conditions, exhibiting at least 20 times enhanced wear resistance than the bare commercial substrates even after long-term immersion in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Centre for Brain Connectome and Behavior, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Tsai RJ, Aldaoud A, Redoute JM, Garrett DJ, Prawer S, Grayden DB. Analysis of the capacitance of minimally insulated parallel wires implanted in biological tissue. Biomed Microdevices 2020; 22:14. [PMID: 31965323 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
State of the art bioelectronic implants are using thin cables for therapeutic electrical stimulation. If cable insulation is thin, biological tissue surrounding cables can be unintentionally stimulated. The capacitance of the cable must be much less than the stimulating electrodes to ensure stimulating currents are delivered to the electrode-tissue interface. This work derives and experimentally validates a model to determine the capacitance of parallel cables implanted in biological tissue. Biological tissue has a high relative permittivity, so the capacitance of cabling implanted in the human body depends on cable insulation thickness. Simulations and measurements demonstrate that insulation thickness influences the capacitance of implanted parallel cables across almost two orders of magnitude: from 20 pF/m to 700 pF/m. The results are verified using four different methods: solving the Laplacian numerically from first principles, using a commercially available electrostatic solver, and measuring twelve different parallel pairs of wires using two different potentiostats. Cable capacitance simulations and measurements are performed in air, a porcine blood pool and porcine muscle tissue. The results do not differ by more than 30% for a given cable across simulation and measurement methodologies. The modelling in this work can be used to design cabling for minimally-invasive biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jhen Tsai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ammar Aldaoud
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Jean-Michel Redoute
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liége, Belgium
| | - David J Garrett
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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6
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Au ion-mediated self-assembled tyrosine-rich peptide nanostructure embedded with gold nanoparticle satellites. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rifai A, Tran N, Lau DW, Elbourne A, Zhan H, Stacey AD, Mayes ELH, Sarker A, Ivanova EP, Crawford RJ, Tran PA, Gibson BC, Greentree AD, Pirogova E, Fox K. Polycrystalline Diamond Coating of Additively Manufactured Titanium for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8474-8484. [PMID: 29470044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing using selective laser melted titanium (SLM-Ti) is used to create bespoke items across many diverse fields such as medicine, defense, and aerospace. Despite great progress in orthopedic implant applications, such as for "just in time" implants, significant challenges remain with regards to material osseointegration and the susceptibility to bacterial colonization on the implant. Here, we show that polycrystalline diamond coatings on these titanium samples can enhance biological scaffold interaction improving medical implant applicability. The highly conformable coating exhibited excellent bonding to the substrate. Relative to uncoated SLM-Ti, the diamond coated samples showed enhanced mammalian cell growth, enriched apatite deposition, and reduced microbial S. aureus activity. These results open new opportunities for novel coatings on SLM-Ti devices in general and especially show promise for improved biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hualin Zhan
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Alastair D Stacey
- School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Edwin L H Mayes
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility (RMMF) , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | | | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science , Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn , Victoria 3122 , Australia
| | | | - Phong A Tran
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Queensland 4059 , Australia
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8
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Barriga-Rivera A, Bareket L, Goding J, Aregueta-Robles UA, Suaning GJ. Visual Prosthesis: Interfacing Stimulating Electrodes with Retinal Neurons to Restore Vision. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:620. [PMID: 29184478 PMCID: PMC5694472 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bypassing of degenerated photoreceptors using retinal neurostimulators is helping the blind to recover functional vision. Researchers are investigating new ways to improve visual percepts elicited by these means as the vision produced by these early devices remain rudimentary. However, several factors are hampering the progression of bionic technologies: the charge injection limits of metallic electrodes, the mechanical mismatch between excitable tissue and the stimulating elements, neural and electric crosstalk, the physical size of the implanted devices, and the inability to selectively activate different types of retinal neurons. Electrochemical and mechanical limitations are being addressed by the application of electromaterials such as conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes and nanocrystalline diamonds, among other biomaterials, to electrical neuromodulation. In addition, the use of synthetic hydrogels and cell-laden biomaterials is promising better interfaces, as it opens a door to establishing synaptic connections between the electrode material and the excitable cells. Finally, new electrostimulation approaches relying on the use of high-frequency stimulation and field overlapping techniques are being developed to better replicate the neural code of the retina. All these elements combined will bring bionic vision beyond its present state and into the realm of a viable, mainstream therapy for vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Barriga-Rivera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Division of Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lilach Bareket
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Josef Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gregg J. Suaning
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Tasaki T, Guo Y, Meng Q, Mamun MAA, Kasahara Y, Akasaka S, Fujimori A. Dependency of Nanodiamond Particle Size and Outermost-Surface Composition on Organo-Modification: Evaluation by Formation of Organized Molecular Films and Nanohybridization with Organic Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14379-14390. [PMID: 28395137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation behavior of organized organo-modified nanodiamond films and polymer nanocomposites has been investigated using nanodiamonds of several different particle sizes and outermost-surface compositions. The nanodiamond particle sizes used in this study were 3 and 5 nm, and the outermost surface contained -OH and/or -COOH groups. The nanodiamond was organo-modified to prepare -OH2+ cations and -COO- anions on the outermost surface by carboxylic anion of fatty acid and long-chain phosphonium cation, respectively. The surface of nanodiamond is known to be covered with a nanolayer of adsorbed water, which was exploited here for the organo-modification of nanodiamond with long-chain fatty acids via adsorption, leading to nanodispersions of nanodiamond in general organic solvents as a mimic of solvency. Particle multilayers were then formed via the Langmuir-Blodgett technique and subjected to fine structural analysis. The organo-modification enabled integration and multilayer formation of inorganic nanoparticles due to enhancement of the van der Waals interactions between the chains. Therefore, "encounters" between the organo-modifying chain and the inorganic particles led to solubilization of the inorganic particles and enhanced interactions between the particles; this can be regarded as imparting a new functionality to the organic molecules. Nanocomposites with a transparent crystalline polymer were fabricated by nanodispersing the nanodiamond into the polymer matrix, which was achievable due to the organo-modification. The resulting transparent nanocomposites displayed enhanced degrees of crystallization and improved crystallization temperatures, compared with the neat polymer, due to a nucleation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Tasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yifei Guo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qi Meng
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Al Mamun
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kasahara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shuichi Akasaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Fujimori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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10
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Ahnood A, Meffin H, Garrett DJ, Fox K, Ganesan K, Stacey A, Apollo NV, Wong YT, Lichter SG, Kentler W, Kavehei O, Greferath U, Vessey KA, Ibbotson MR, Fletcher EL, Burkitt AN, Prawer S. Diamond Devices for High Acuity Prosthetic Vision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:e1600003. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Physics University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Hamish Meffin
- National Vision Research Institute Australian College of Optometry Victoria 3053 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - David J. Garrett
- School of Physics University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kate Fox
- School of Physics University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne 3000 Australia
| | | | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Physics University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | | | - Yan T. Wong
- National Vision Research Institute Australian College of Optometry Victoria 3053 Australia
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | | | - William Kentler
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Engineering RMIT University Melbourne 3000 Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kirstan A. Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- National Vision Research Institute Australian College of Optometry Victoria 3053 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Erica L. Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Anthony N. Burkitt
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
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11
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Shimoni O, Shi B, Adlard PA, Bush AI. Delivery of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to the Brain. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:405-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Maas M. Carbon Nanomaterials as Antibacterial Colloids. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080617. [PMID: 28773737 PMCID: PMC5509023 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and the various forms of diamond have attracted great attention for their vast potential regarding applications in electrical engineering and as biomaterials. The study of the antibacterial properties of carbon nanomaterials provides fundamental information on the possible toxicity and environmental impact of these materials. Furthermore, as a result of the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria strains, the development of novel antibacterial materials is of great importance. This article reviews current research efforts on characterizing the antibacterial activity of carbon nanomaterials from the perspective of colloid and interface science. Building on these fundamental findings, recent functionalization strategies for enhancing the antibacterial effect of carbon nanomaterials are described. The review concludes with a comprehensive outlook that summarizes the most important discoveries and trends regarding antibacterial carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maas
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, MAPEX-Centre for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany.
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13
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Diamond encapsulated photovoltaics for transdermal power delivery. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:589-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Ultrananocrystalline diamond-CMOS device integration route for high acuity retinal prostheses. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:9952. [PMID: 25877379 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High density electrodes are a new frontier for biomedical implants. Increasing the density and the number of electrodes used for the stimulation of retinal ganglion cells is one possible strategy for enhancing the quality of vision experienced by patients using retinal prostheses. The present work presents an integration strategy for a diamond based, high density, stimulating electrode array with a purpose built application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The strategy is centered on flip-chip bonding of indium bumps to create high count and density vertical interconnects between the stimulator ASIC and an array of diamond neural stimulating electrodes. The use of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) housing prevents cross-contamination of the biocompatible diamond electrode with non-biocompatible materials, such as indium, used in the microfabrication process. Micro-imprint lithography allowed edge-to-edge micro-scale pattering of the indium bumps on non-coplanar substrates that have a form factor that can conform to body organs and thus are ideally suited for biomedical applications. Furthermore, micro-imprint lithography ensures the compatibility of lithography with the silicon ASIC and aluminum contact pads. Although this work focuses on 256 stimulating diamond electrode arrays with a pitch of 150 μm, the use of indium bump bonding technology and vertical interconnects facilitates implants with tens of thousands electrodes with a pitch as low as 10 μm, thus ensuring validity of the strategy for future high acuity retinal prostheses, and bionic implants in general.
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15
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The influence of sterilization on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 61:324-32. [PMID: 26838856 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diamond has shown great potential in different biomedical applications, but the effects of sterilization on its properties have not been investigated. Here, we studied the influence of five sterilization techniques (solvent cleaning, oxygen plasma, UV irradiation, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide) on nitrogen-included ultrananocrystalline diamond. The chemical modification of the diamond surface was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Different degrees of surface oxidation and selective sp(2) bonded carbon etching were found following all sterilization techniques, resulting in an increase of hydrophilicity. Higher viabilities of in vitro mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and rat cortical neuron cells were observed on oxygen plasma, autoclave and hydrogen peroxide sterilized diamond, which correlated with their higher hydrophilicity. By examination of apatite formation in simulated body fluid, in vivo bioactivity was predicted to be best on those surfaces which have been oxygen plasma treated and lowest on those which have been exposed to UV irradiation. The charge injection properties were also altered by the sterilization process and there appears to be a correlation between these changes and the degree of oxygen termination of the surface. We find that the modification brought by autoclave, oxygen plasma and hydrogen peroxide were most consistent with the use of N-UNCD in biological applications as compared to samples sterilized by solvent cleaning or UV exposure or indeed non-sterilized. A two-step process of sterilization by hydrogen peroxide following oxygen plasma treatment was then suggested. However, the final choice of sterilization technique will depend on the intended end application.
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Al Mamun MA, Soutome Y, Kasahara Y, Meng Q, Akasaka S, Fujimori A. Fabrication of Transparent Nanohybrids with Heat Resistance Using High-Density Amorphous Formation and Uniform Dispersion of Nanodiamond. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:17792-17801. [PMID: 26186275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new technology for the production of transparent material using a "crystalline" polymer is proposed in the present study. Further, transparent and flexible crystalline polymer nanohybrid film containing well-dispersed nanodiamond filler was fabricated. Partially fluorinated crystalline polymer with switchboard-type lamellae results in high transparency as a consequence of the formation of a high-density amorphous structure based on high-temperature drawing just below the melting point at 110 °C. Although the formation of nanohybrid materials composed of fluorinated-polymer/organo-modified nanocarbon is generally difficult, we confirmed the formation, via melt-compounding, using atomic force microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Even though the polymer matrix/nanodiamond hybrid has remarkable aggregation properties, a well-dispersed state was achieved because of improvement in wettability obtained through surface modification of filler. The resulting nanohybrid demonstrates transparency, increased thermal degradation temperature, and enhanced mechanical properties, which seem to be derived from the nucleation effect caused by the adsorption of the terminal polymer chain onto the organic modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Al Mamun
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Youichi Soutome
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kasahara
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qi Meng
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shuichi Akasaka
- ‡Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Fujimori
- †Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Aramesh M, Tong W, Fox K, Turnley A, Seo DH, Prawer S, Ostrikov KK. Nanocarbon-Coated Porous Anodic Alumina for Bionic Devices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:4992-5006. [PMID: 28793486 PMCID: PMC5455473 DOI: 10.3390/ma8084992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly-stable and biocompatible nanoporous electrode is demonstrated herein. The electrode is based on a porous anodic alumina which is conformally coated with an ultra-thin layer of diamond-like carbon. The nanocarbon coating plays an essential role for the chemical stability and biocompatibility of the electrodes; thus, the coated electrodes are ideally suited for biomedical applications. The corrosion resistance of the proposed electrodes was tested under extreme chemical conditions, such as in boiling acidic/alkali environments. The nanostructured morphology and the surface chemistry of the electrodes were maintained after wet/dry chemical corrosion tests. The non-cytotoxicity of the electrodes was tested by standard toxicity tests using mouse fibroblasts and cortical neurons. Furthermore, the cell-electrode interaction of cortical neurons with nanocarbon coated nanoporous anodic alumina was studied in vitro. Cortical neurons were found to attach and spread to the nanocarbon coated electrodes without using additional biomolecules, whilst no cell attachment was observed on the surface of the bare anodic alumina. Neurite growth appeared to be sensitive to nanotopographical features of the electrodes. The proposed electrodes show a great promise for practical applications such as retinal prostheses and bionic implants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aramesh
- School of Physics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
- Plasma Nanoscience Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
| | - Wei Tong
- School of Physics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Kate Fox
- Center for Additive Manufacturing, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ann Turnley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Dong Han Seo
- Plasma Nanoscience Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
| | - Steven Prawer
- School of Physics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
- Plasma Nanoscience Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), PO Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
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Fujimori A, Kasahara Y, Honda N, Akasaka S. The role of modifying molecular chains in the formation of organized molecular films of organo-modified nanodiamond: construction of a highly ordered low defect particle layer and evaluation of desorption behavior of organic chains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2895-2904. [PMID: 25692757 DOI: 10.1021/la505008u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of organo-modifying molecular chains in the formation of molecular films of organo-modified nanodiamond is discussed herein based on interfacial chemical particle integration of organo-modified nanodiamond having a particle size of 5 nm. The surface of nanodiamond is known to be covered with a nanolayer of adsorbed water. This water nanolayer was exploited for organo-modification of nanodiamond with long-chain fatty acids via adsorption, leading to nanodispersion of nanodiamond in general organic solvents as a mimic of solvency. The organo-modified nanodiamond dispersed "solution" was used as a spreading solution for depositing a mono-"particle" layer on the water surface, and a Langmuir particle layer was integrated at the air/water interface. Multi-"particle" layers were then formed via the Langmuir-Blodgett technique and were subjected to fine structural analysis. The effect of organo-modification enabled integration and multilayer formation of inorganic nanoparticles due to enhancement of the van der Waals interactions between the chains. That is to say, the "encounter" between the organo-modifying chain and the inorganic particles led to solubilization of the inorganic particles and enhanced interactions between the particles, which can be regarded as imparting new function to the organic molecules. The morphology of the single-particle layer was maintained after removal of the organic region of the composite via the baking process, whereas the regularity of the layered period was disordered. Thus, the organic chains are essential as modifiers for maintenance of the layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Fujimori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Functional Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University , 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Tong W, Fox K, Ganesan K, Prawer S. Design of a Patterned Diamond Substrate for Ordered Neural Cell Adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protcy.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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