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Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Staniec K, Gorylewski D, Keller A. First Acyclovir Determination Procedure via Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Coupled with Well-Conductive Base Electrolyte. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1125. [PMID: 38400283 PMCID: PMC10893355 DOI: 10.3390/s24041125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a new voltammetric procedure for acyclovir (ACY) trace-level determination has been described. For this purpose, an electrochemically activated screen-printed carbon electrode (aSPCE) coupled with well-conductive electrolyte (CH3COONH4, CH3COOH and NH4Cl) was used for the first time. A commercially available SPCE sensor was electrochemically activated by conducting cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans in 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH solution and rinsed with deionized water before a series of measurements were taken. This treatment reduced the charge transfer resistance, increased the electrode active surface area and improved the kinetics of the electron transfer. The activation step and high conductivity of supporting electrolyte significantly improved the sensitivity of the procedure. The newly developed differential-pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) procedure is characterized by having the lowest limit of detection among all voltammetric procedures currently described in the literature (0.12 nmol L-1), a wide linear range of the calibration curve (0.5-50.0 and 50.0-1000.0 nmol L-1) as well as extremely high sensitivity (90.24 nA nmol L-1) and was successfully applied in the determination of acyclovir in commercially available pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland (D.G.)
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2
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Yanik S, Emre D, Alp M, Algi F, Yilmaz S, Bilici A, Ozkan-Ariksoysal D. A novel electrochemical biosensor based on palladium nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide-polyaminophenol matrix for the detection and discrimination of mitomycin C-DNA and acyclovir-DNA interaction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115524. [PMID: 37320972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Both the design of molecules that will interact specifically with DNA and the determination of the mechanism of action of this drug on DNA are important as they allow the control of gene expression. In particular, rapid and precise analysis of this type of interaction is a vital element for pharmaceutical studies. In the present study, a novel reduced graphene oxide/ palladium nanoparticles/ poly(2-amino-4-chlorophenol) (rGO/Pd@PACP) nanocomposite was synthesized by chemical process to modify pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surface. Here, the performance of the newly developed nanomaterial-based biosensor for drug-DNA interaction analysis has been demonstrated. For this purpose, it was determined whether this system, which was developed by selecting a drug molecule (Mitomycin C; MC) known to interact with DNA and a drug molecule (Acyclovir; ACY) that does not interact with DNA, performs a reliable/accurate analysis. Here, ACY was used as a negative control. Compared to bare PGE, the rGO/Pd@PACP nanomaterial modified sensor exhibited 17 times higher sensitivity performance in terms of guanine oxidation signal measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Moreover, the developed nanobiosensor system provided a highly specific determination between the anticancer drug MC and ACY by discrimination the interactions of these drugs with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ACY was also preferred in studies for the optimization of the new nanobiosensor developed. ACY was detected in a concentration as low as 0.0513 μM (51.3 nM) (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1711 μM with a linear range from 0.1 to 0.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Yanik
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Deniz Emre
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Vocational School of Health Services, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Meltem Alp
- Aksaray University, Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Algi
- Aksaray University, Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM M. Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Selehattin Yilmaz
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale, Turkey.
| | - Ali Bilici
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale, Turkey
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3
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Lalei M, Zarei K. Fabrication of RuNPs/TBA/PGE and its application for the electrochemical determination of trace amounts of acyclovir. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Kanagavalli P, Natchimuthu Karuppusamy M, Ganesan VS, Saravanan HP, Palanisamy T, Veerapandian M. Electropolymerized Melamine on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide: Growth Mechanistics, Electrode Processing, and Amperometric Sensing of Acyclovir. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3512-3525. [PMID: 36820624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free, cost-efficient, redox-active electrode materials, combining graphene derivatives with nitrogen-rich polymelamine (PM), are widely explored as an interface layer for electrocatalysis and an electrochemical sensor platform. However, conventional chemical routes often yield derivatives of PM suffering from impaired redox behavior, restricting their electron-transfer kinetics. Herein, an optimal potentiodynamic method has been established to electrodeposit PM on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO). A supporting electrolyte, containing Cl-, enhances the formation of intermediates NH3+ and ═NH2+ at the monomeric melamine, eventually interacting with the residual oxygenated functional groups of ErGO to form PM. In situ Raman spectrum analysis revealed the influence of the defective area and the graphitization ratio on the ErGO surface during the course of electropolymerization of melamine. Under optimal electrodeposition conditions (E = 0-1.6 V; ν = 0.1 V/s), the amount of electrodeposited PM on the ErGO surface was determined to be 16.5 μg/(cycle·cm2), using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis. An ErGO-PM-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a screen-printed electrode exhibit the direct electrooxidation of acyclovir (ACV). Amperometric analyses of ErGO-PM-modified electrodes exhibited the lowest detection limit of 137.4 pM with analytical robustness, rapid steady state, and reproducibility promising for ACV detection in complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiyaraj Kanagavalli
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Murugasenapathi Natchimuthu Karuppusamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Veka Sri Ganesan
- Centre for Education (CFE), CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | | | - Tamilarasan Palanisamy
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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5
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Lu XY, Li J, Kong FY, Wei MJ, Zhang P, Li Y, Fang HL, Wang W. Improved Performance for the Electrochemical Sensing of Acyclovir by Using the rGO–TiO2–Au Nanocomposite-Modified Electrode. Front Chem 2022; 10:892919. [PMID: 35646815 PMCID: PMC9130495 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.892919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for sensitive sensing of acyclovir (ACV) was designed by using the reduced graphene oxide–TiO2–Au nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode (rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE). Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to confirm morphology, structure, and composition properties of the rGO–TiO2–Au nanocomposites. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were used to demonstrate the analytical performance of the rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE for ACV. As a result, rGO–TiO2–Au/GCE exerted the best response for the oxidation of ACV under the pH of 6.0 PB solution, accumulation time of 80 s at open-circuit, and modifier amount of 7 µl. The oxidation peak currents of ACV increased linearly with its concentration in the range of 1–100 µM, and the detection limit was calculated to be 0.3 µM (S/N = 3). The determination of ACV concentrations in tablet samples also demonstrated satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- *Correspondence: Fen-Ying Kong, ; Wei Wang,
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6
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Wei Y, Yao L, Wu Y, Liu X, Feng J, Ding J, Li K, He Q. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection for nanomolarity Acyclovir at ferrous molybdate nanorods and graphene oxide composited glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Recent Developments in Voltammetric Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The even growing production of both well-known and new derivatives with pharmaceutical action involves the need for developing facile and reliable methods for the analysis of these compounds. Among the widely used instrumental techniques, the electrochemical ones are probably the simplest and the most rapid, also having good performance characteristics. However, the key tool in electroanalysis is the working electrode. Due to the inherent electrochemical and economic advantages of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE), the interest in its applicability in the analysis of different analytes has continuously increased in recent years. Thus, this paper aims to review the scientific reports published in the last 10 years on the use of the disposable eco- and user-friendly PGEs in the electroanalysis of compounds of pharmaceutical importance in different matrices. The PGE characteristics and designs (bare or modified with various types of materials), along with their applications and performance parameters (e.g., linear range, limit of detection, and reproducibility), will be discussed, and their advantages and limitations will be critically emphasized.
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8
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Electroanalytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluids: A Review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Sensitive voltammetric determination of oxymetazoline hydrochloride at a disposable electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Wei YP, Yao LY, Wu YY, Liu X, Peng LH, Tian YL, Ding JH, Li KH, He QG. Critical Review of Synthesis, Toxicology and Detection of Acyclovir. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216566. [PMID: 34770975 PMCID: PMC8587948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and selective antiviral drug, and the study of its toxicology and the use of appropriate detection techniques to control its toxicity at safe levels are extremely important for medicine efforts and human health. This review discusses the mechanism driving ACV’s ability to inhibit viral coding, starting from its development and pharmacology. A comprehensive summary of the existing preparation methods and synthetic materials, such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, guanine and its derivatives, and other purine derivatives, is presented to elucidate the preparation of ACV in detail. In addition, it presents valuable analytical procedures for the toxicological studies of ACV, which are essential for human use and dosing. Analytical methods, including spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI-CL) are also highlighted. A brief description of the characteristics of each of these methods is also presented. Finally, insight is provided for the development of ACV to drive further innovation of ACV in pharmaceutical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the past life and future challenges of ACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wei
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
| | - Liang-Yuan Yao
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
| | - Yi-Yong Wu
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
| | - Li-Hong Peng
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Ya-Ling Tian
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
| | - Kang-Hua Li
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (Q.-G.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-2218-3426 (Q.-G.H.)
| | - Quan-Guo He
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.-P.W.); (Y.-Y.W.); (L.-H.P.); (Y.-L.T.)
- Zhuzhou People’s Hospital, Zhuzhou 412001, China; (X.L.); (J.-H.D.)
- Hunan Qianjin Xiangjiang Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.L.); (Q.-G.H.); Tel./Fax: +86-731-2218-3426 (Q.-G.H.)
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11
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Rajaji U, K YK, Chen SM, Raghu MS, Parashuram L, Alzahrani FM, Alsaiari NS, Ouladsmane M. Deep eutectic solvent synthesis of iron vanadate-decorated sulfur-doped carbon nanofiber nanocomposite: electrochemical sensing tool for doxorubicin. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:303. [PMID: 34435234 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Detection of anticancer drug (doxorubicin) using an electrochemical sensor is developed based on a transition metal vanadate's related carbon composite material. With an environmentally friendly process, we have synthesized a metal oxide composite of iron vanadate nanoparticle assembled with sulfur-doped carbon nanofiber (FeV/SCNF). The FeV/SCNF composite was characterized using XRD, TEM, FESEM with elemental mapping, XPS and EDS. In contrast to other electrodes reported in the literature, a much-improved electrochemical efficiency is shown by FeV/SCNF composite modified electrodes. Amperometric technique has been employed at 0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for the sensitive detection of DOX within a wide range of 20 nM-542.5 μM and it possesses enhanced selectivity in presence of common interferents. The modified electrochemical sensors show high sensitivity of 46.041 μA μM-1 cm-2. The newly developed sensor could be used for the determination of doxorubicin in both blood serum and drug formulations with acceptable results, suggesting its feasibility for real-time applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umamaheswari Rajaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yogesh Kumar K
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - M S Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, 560103, India
| | - L Parashuram
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, 560103, India
| | - Fatimah Mohammed Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Salem Alsaiari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ouladsmane
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Gege Ü, Karakaya S, Dilgin Y. Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Trifluralin at a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Gege
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17100 Çanakkale Turkey
| | - Serkan Karakaya
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17100 Çanakkale Turkey
| | - Yusuf Dilgin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17100 Çanakkale Turkey
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13
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Selcuk O, Demir Y, Erkmen C, Yıldırım S, Uslu B. Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1662-1693. [PMID: 33983841 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1908111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are used because they are simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming methods. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the analysis of currently used antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2021. Since studies on antiviral drugs are numerous, selected publications were reviewed in this article. The analysis of antiviral drugs was divided into three main groups: chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods which were applied to different matrices, including pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Selcuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Yıldırım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Senel M, Alachkar A. Lab-in-a-pencil graphite: A 3D-printed microfluidic sensing platform for real-time measurement of antipsychotic clozapine level. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:405-411. [PMID: 33331378 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel lab-in-a-pencil graphite microfluidic sensing electrode (μFSE) was fabricated for real-time flow injection measurement of the antipsychotic drug clozapine (Clz). A simple, low-cost, and reusable μFSE was obtained by using 3D printing of a microfluidic chamber integrated with a flat pencil graphite without the need to utilize complex technologies. The μFSE has tubular geometry with 800 μm diameter, where the solution continuously flows in the holes of flat pencil graphite electrodes. Under optimized conditions, this device offers fast and effective Clz detection with good analytical features. A linear calibration curve in the range of 0.5 to 10 μM Clz was obtained with good sensitivity (0.01275 μA μM-1) and detection limit (24 nM). Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our lab-fabricated microfluidic electrochemical device by monitoring Clz in serum samples at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Senel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4625, USA.
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15
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Qian L, Durairaj S, Prins S, Chen A. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112836. [PMID: 33272868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The surging growth of the pharmaceutical industry is a result of the rapidly increasing human population, which has inevitably led to new biomedical and environmental issues. Aside from the quality control of pharmaceutical production and drug delivery, there is an urgent need for precise, sensitive, portable, and cost-effective technologies to track patient overdosing and to monitor ambient water sources and wastewater for pharmaceutical pollutants. The development of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds has garnered immense attention due to their advantages, such as high sensitivity and selectivity, real-time monitoring, and ease of use. This review article surveys state-of-the-art nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection and quantification of six classes of significant pharmaceutical compounds, including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer drugs. Important factors such as sensor/analyte interactions, design rationale, fabrication, characterization, sensitivity, and selectivity are discussed. Strategies for the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors and biosensors tailored toward specific pharmaceuticals are highlighted to provide readers and scientists with an extensive toolbox for the detection of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Our aims are two-fold: (i) to inspire readers by further elucidating the properties and functionalities of existing nanomaterials for the detection of pharmaceuticals; and (ii) to provide examples of the potential opportunities that these devices have for the advanced sensing of pharmaceutical compounds toward safeguarding human health and ecosystems on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Sharmila Durairaj
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Scott Prins
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada.
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16
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Alves GF, Lisboa TP, Faria LV, Farias DM, Matos MAC, Matos RC. Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode for Ciprofloxacin Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Square Wave Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Figueira Alves
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
| | - Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
| | - Lucas Vinícius Faria
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
| | - Davi Marques Farias
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
| | - Renato Camargo Matos
- NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas) Departamento de Química Instituto de Ciências Exatas Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG Brasil
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Kłysik K, Pietraszek A, Karewicz A, Nowakowska M. Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Viruses – A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180309105519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Herpes Simplex (HSV) viruses are widely spread, highly contagious
human pathogens. The statistics indicate that 50-90% of adults worldwide are seropositive for
these viruses, mainly HSV-1 and HSV-2. The primary infection results in the appearance of
watery blisters (cold sores) on the skin, lips, tongue, buccal mucosa or genitals. The ocular
infection is the major cause of corneal blindness in the Western World. Once the HSV virus
enters human body, it cannot be completely eradicated because HSV viruses are able to
change into their latent form which can survive the treatment. The viron resides in trigeminal
ganglia of the host, who becomes vulnerable to the reoccurrence of the disease during the
whole lifespan. The neurotropic and neuro-invasive properties of HSV are responsible for
neurodegenerative illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease. Acyclovir and its analogues, being
the inhibitors of the viral DNA replication, are the only approved medicines for HSV infection
therapies.
Objective:
The current paper presents the up-to-date overview of the important pharmacological
features of acyclovir, its analogues and their delivery systems including the mechanism of
action, routes of administration, absorption and metabolism, as well as side effects of the therapy.
Conclusion:
Acyclovir remains the gold standard in the treatment of herpes virus infections,
mainly due to the emerging of the new delivery systems improving considerably its bioavailability.
The analogues of acyclovir, especially their esters, characterized by significantly
higher bioavailability and safety, may gradually replace acyclovir in selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kłysik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Pietraszek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Karewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Karakaya S, Kartal B, Dilgin Y. Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of an antimalarial drug (amodiaquine) at a disposable and low cost electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Ayaz S, Karakaya S, Emir G, Dilgin DG, Dilgin Y. A novel enzyme-free FI-amperometric glucose biosensor at Cu nanoparticles modified graphite pencil electrode. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Background:
This review investigates the ophthalmic drugs that have been studied with
voltammetry in the web of science database in the last 10 years.
Introduction:
Ophthalmic drugs are used in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of various ophthalmological
diseases and conditions. A significant literature has emerged in recent years that investigates
determination of these active compounds via electroanalytical methods, particularly voltammetry. Low
cost, rapid determination, high availability, efficient sensitivity and simple application make voltammetry
one of the most used methods for determining various kinds of drugs including ophthalmic ones.
Methods:
In this particular review, we searched the literature via the web of science database for ophthalmic
drugs which are investigated with voltammetric techniques using the keywords of voltammetry,
electrochemistry, determination and electroanalytical methods.
Results:
We found 33 types of pharmaceuticals in nearly 140 articles. We grouped them clinically into
seven major groups as antibiotics, antivirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-glaucomatous
drugs, steroidal drugs, local anesthetics and miscellaneous. Voltammetric techniques, electrodes, optimum
pHs, peak potentials, limit of detection values, limit of quantification values, linearity ranges,
sample type and interference effects were compared.
Conclusion:
Ophthalmic drugs are widely used in the clinic and it is important to determine trace
amounts of these species analytically. Voltammetry is a preferred method for its ease of use, high sensitivity,
low cost, and high availability for the determination of ophthalmic drugs as well as many other
medical drugs. The low limits of detection values indicate that voltammetry is quite sufficient for determining
ophthalmic drugs in many media such as human serum, urine and ophthalmic eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Inam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ersin Demir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, 03200, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Macêdo IYLD, Alecrim MF, Oliveira Neto JR, Torres IMS, Thomaz DV, Gil EDS. Piroxicam voltammetric determination by ultra low cost pencil graphite electrode. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000317344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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22
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Karakaya S. Development of an amperometric hydrazine sensor at a disposable poly(alizarin red S) modified pencil graphite electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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da Cunha CEP, Rodrigues ESB, Fernandes Alecrim M, Thomaz DV, Macêdo IYL, Garcia LF, de Oliveira Neto JR, Moreno EKG, Ballaminut N, de Souza Gil E. Voltammetric Evaluation of Diclofenac Tablets Samples through Carbon Black-Based Electrodes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E83. [PMID: 31167398 PMCID: PMC6630689 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac (DIC) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of wide use around the world. Electroanalytical methods display a high analytical potential for application in pharmaceutical samples but the drawbacks concerning electrode fouling and reproducibility are of major concern. Henceforth, the aim of this work was to propose the use of alternative low-cost carbon black (CB) and ionic liquid (IL) matrix to modify the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) in order to quantify DIC in raw materials, intermediates, and final products, as well as in stability assays of tablets. The proposed method using CB+IL/PGE displayed good recovery (99.4%) as well as limits of detection (LOD) of 0.08 µmol L-1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.28 µmol L-1. CB+IL/PGE response was five times greater than the unmodified PGE. CB+IL-PGE stands as an interesting alternative for DIC assessment in different pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas Vieira Thomaz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-970, Brazil.
| | | | - Luane Ferreira Garcia
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Nara Ballaminut
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-970, Brazil.
| | - Eric de Souza Gil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-970, Brazil.
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24
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Karakaya S, Dilgin DG. Low-cost determination of cetirizine by square wave voltammetry in a disposable electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-2384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Karakaya S, Dilgin Y. Sensitive Flow-Injection Electrochemical Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide at a Palladium Nanoparticle-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1509986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karakaya
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Dilgin
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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26
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Preparation of a disposable and low-cost electrochemical sensor for propham detection based on over-oxidized poly(thiophene) modified pencil graphite electrode. Talanta 2018; 187:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Ayaz S, Dilgin Y. Flow injection amperometric determination of hydrazine based on its electrocatalytic oxidation at pyrocatechol violet modified pencil graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Dilgin DG. Determination of Calcium Dobesilate by Differential Pulse Voltammetry at a Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1323335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Giray Dilgin
- Biga Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Biga, Çanakkale, Turkey
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29
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Emir G, Dilgin Y. Flow Injection Analysis of Sulfide at a Calmagite-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1317782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Emir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Dilgin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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30
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Martínez-Rojas F, Del Valle MA, Isaacs M, Ramírez G, Armijo F. Electrochemical Behaviour Study and Determination of Guanine, 6-Thioguanine, Acyclovir and Gancyclovir on Fluorine-doped SnO2
Electrode. Application in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Martínez-Rojas
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica; Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - M. A. Del Valle
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica; Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - M. Isaacs
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica; Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - Galo Ramírez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica; Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - F. Armijo
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Laboratorio de Bioelectroquímica; Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7820436 Macul Santiago Chile
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31
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David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M. Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:1905968. [PMID: 28255500 PMCID: PMC5307002 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1905968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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32
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Özcan A, İlkbaş S, Atılır Özcan A. Development of a disposable and low-cost electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection based on poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid)-modified electrochemically over-oxidized pencil graphite electrode. Talanta 2017; 165:489-495. [PMID: 28153287 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, preparation of a single-use electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of dopamine (DOP) was investigated by electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid on electrochemically over-oxidized pencil graphite electrode (p(P3CA)/EOPGE). Cyclic voltammetry measurements of Fe(CN)64-/3- indicated that the electrochemically over-oxidized PGE (EOPGE) showed superior electron transfer characteristics according to bare PGE. The ionized carboxyl groups found in the structure of poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid) (p(P3CA)) showed high affinity towards positively charged DOP. The combination of the advantages of EOPGE and p(P3CA) in p(P3CA)/EOPGE led to a synergistic effect on the electrochemical oxidation of DOP. The effects of experimental variables on the voltammetric performance of the p(P3CA)/EOPGE were examined by preparing the electrodes at different conditions. The p(P3CA)/EOPGE showed high selectivity towards DOP by discriminating its oxidation potential from the common interfering substances such as ascorbic and uric acids. The p(P3CA)/EOPGE showed linear responses in the electrochemical oxidation of DOP between the concentration values of 0.025µM and 7.5µM. Detection limit was determined as 0.0025µM according to signal to noise ratio (S/N: 3). Analytical application of p(P3CA)/EOPGE was successfully tested in the determination of DOP in blood serum and pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Özcan
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Salih İlkbaş
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ayça Atılır Özcan
- Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
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