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Ratnesh RK, Singh MK, Kumar V, Singh S, Chandra R, Singh M, Singh J. Mango Leaves ( Mangifera indica)-Derived Highly Florescent Green Graphene Quantum Dot Nanoprobes for Enhanced On-Off Dual Detection of Cholesterol and Fe 2+ Ions Based on Molecular Logic Operation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38875229 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we have engineered a molecular logic gate system employing both Fe2+ ions and cholesterol as bioanalytes for innovative detection strategies. We utilized a green-synthesis method employing the mango leaves extract to create fluorescent graphene quantum dots termed "mGQDs". Through techniques like HR-TEM, i.e., high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the successful formation of mGQDs was confirmed. The photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of mGQDs were investigated for potential applications in metal ion detection, specifically Fe2+ traces in water, by using fluorescence techniques. Under 425 nm excitation, mGQDs exhibited emission bands at 495 and 677 nm in their PL spectrum. Fe2+-induced notable quenching of mGQDs' PL intensity decreased by 97% with 2.5 μM Fe2+ ions; however, adding 20 mM cholesterol resulted in a 92% recovery. Detection limits were established through a linear Stern-Volmer (S-V) plot at room temperature, yielding values of 4.07 μM for Fe2+ ions and 1.8 mM for cholesterol. Moreover, mGQDs demonstrated biocompatibility, aqueous solubility, and nontoxicity, facilitating the creation of a rapid nonenzymatic cholesterol detection method. Selectivity and detection studies underscored mGQDs' reliability in cholesterol level monitoring. Additionally, a molecular logic gate system employing Fe2+ metal ions and cholesterol as a bioanalyte was established for detection purposes. Overall, this research introduces an ecofriendly approach to craft mGQDs and highlights their effectiveness in detecting metal ions and cholesterol, suggesting their potential as versatile nanomaterials for diverse analytical and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratneshwar Kumar Ratnesh
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005, India
| | - Mrityunjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Maharaja Surajmal Brij University, Bharatpur, Rajasthan 321201, India
- Institute of Nano Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Khan R, Qureshi A, Azhar M, Hassan ZU, Gul S, Ahmad S. Recent Progress of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots for Biosensors: Synthesis of Solution Methods and their Medical Applications. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03809-3. [PMID: 38869710 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In the fields of health and biology, fluorescent nanomaterials have emerged as highly potential and very useful candidates for use in biosensor applications. These typical highly powerful nanomaterials are carbon dots (CDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) among many other metallic nanomaterials. In the context of medical biosensors, this review article investigates the techniques of synthesis, and many uses of these nanomaterials, the obstacles that they face, and the potential for their future. We cover the significance of fluorescent nanomaterials, their use in the medical field, as well as the several techniques of synthesis for CDs and GQDs, including ultrasonication, hydrothermal, electrochemical method, surface modification, and solvothermal. In addition, we also discuss their biomedical applications, which include biomolecule detection, disease diagnosis and examine the obstacles and prospective possibilities for development of ultra-bright, ultra-sensitive, and selective biosensors for use in in-vivo research.Fluorescent carbon dots and graphene quantum dots is synthesized by using several types of raw material and methods. These Carbon dots and graphene quantum dots are used in the medical field includes detection of biomaterials, detection of cancer, virus and mutation in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaqat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Amina Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ul Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Sagheer Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Government Postgraduate College, Manshera, 21300, Pakistan.
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3
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Rasheed PA, Ankitha M, Pillai VK, Alwarappan S. Graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16001-16023. [PMID: 38765479 PMCID: PMC11099990 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are low dimensional carbon based materials with interesting physical, chemical and biological properties that enable their applications in numerous fields. GQDs possess unique electronic structures that impart special functional attributes such as tunable optical/electrical properties in addition to heteroatom-doping and more importantly a propensity for surface functionalization for applications in biosensing and bioimaging. Herein, we review the recent advancements in the top-down and bottom-up approaches for the synthesis of GQDs. Following this, we present a detailed review of the various surface properties of GQDs and their applications in bioimaging and biosensing. GQDs have been used for fluorescence imaging for visualizing tumours and monitoring the therapeutic responses in addition to magnetic resonance imaging applications. Similarly, the photoluminescence based biosensing applications of GQDs for the detection of hydrogen peroxide, micro RNA, DNA, horse radish peroxidase, heavy metal ions, negatively charged ions, cardiac troponin, etc. are discussed in this review. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Menon Ankitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Vijayamohanan K Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Rami Reddy Nagar Mangalam Tirupati AP 517507 India
| | - Subbiah Alwarappan
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi 630003 Tamilnadu India
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He G, Mei C, Chen C, Liu X, Wu J, Deng Y, Liao Y. Application and progress of nanozymes in antitumor therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130960. [PMID: 38518941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Tumors remain one of the major threats to public health and there is an urgent need to design new pharmaceutical agents for their diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, due to the rapid development of nanotechnology, biotechnology, catalytic science, and theoretical computing, subtlety has gradually made great progress in research related to tumor diagnosis and treatment. Compared to conventional drugs, enzymes can improve drug distribution and enhance drug enrichment at the tumor site, thereby reducing drug side effects and enhancing drug efficacy. Nanozymes can also be used as tumor tracking imaging agents to reshape the tumor microenvironment, providing a versatile platform for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. In this paper, we review the current status of research on enzymes in oncology and analyze novel oncology therapeutic approaches and related mechanisms. To date, a large number of nanomaterials, such as noble metal nanomaterials, nonmetallic nanomaterials, and carbon-based nanomaterials, have been shown to be able to function like natural enzymes, particularly with significant advantages in tumor therapy. In light of this, the authors in this review have systematically summarized and evaluated the construction, enzymatic activity, and their characteristics of nanozymes with respect to current modalities of tumor treatment. In addition, the application and research progress of different types of nicknames and their features in recent years are summarized in detail. We conclude with a summary and outlook on the study of nanozymes in tumor diagnosis and treatment. It is hoped that this review will inspire researchers in the fields of nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, materials science and theoretical computing, and contribute to the development of nano-enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihua He
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chao Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Chenbo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Ye Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Jing HH, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI, Sasidharan S. The future of plant based green carbon dots as cancer Nanomedicine: From current progress to future Perspectives and beyond. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00048-1. [PMID: 38320729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of carbon dots (CDs) as anticancer agents had sparked a transformation in cancer research and treatment strategies. These fluorescent CDs, initially introduced in the early 2000 s, possess exceptional biocompatibility, tunable fluorescence, and surface modification capabilities, positioning them as promising tools in biomedical applications. AIM OF REVIEW The review encapsulates the transformative trajectory of green CDs as future anticancer nanomedicine, poised to redefine the strategies employed in the ongoing fight against cancer. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The versatility of CDs was rooted in their various synthesis approaches and sustainable strategies, enabling their adaptability for diverse therapeutic uses. In vitro studies had showcased CDs' selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing healthy counterparts, forming the basis for targeted therapeutic potential. This selectivity had been attributed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which opened avenues for targeted interventions. The role of CDs in combination therapies, synergizing with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted approaches was then investigated to heighten their anticancer efficacy. Notably, in vivo studies highlight CDs' remarkable biocompatibility and minimal side effects, endorsing their translational promise. Integration with conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy amplified the versatility and effectiveness of CDs. The exploration of CDs' applications in photo-induced treatments further solidified their significance, positioning them as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal agents (PA) in photothermal therapy (PTT). In PDT, CDs triggered the generation of ROS upon light exposure, facilitating cancer cell elimination, while in PTT, they induced localized hyperthermia within cancer cells, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. In vitro and in vivo investigations validated CDs' efficacy in PDT and PTT, affirming their potential for integration into combination therapies. Looking ahead, the future of CDs in anticancer treatment encompasses bioavailability, biocompatibility, synergistic treatments, tumor targeting, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics integration, personalized medicine, and clinical translation. This transformative odyssey of CDs as future anticancer agents is poised to redefine the paradigm of cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hui Jing
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Ali A Shati
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I Elbehairi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang 11800, Malaysia.
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Srivastava N, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Ranjan A, Aljabali AAA, El-Tanani M, Alfagih IM, Tambuwala MM. Development and evaluation of a protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug-loaded carbon nanotube delivery system for enhanced efficacy in HIV treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123678. [PMID: 38065344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to enhance the effectiveness of the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug by designing a novel delivery system using carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs). To achieve this, Fosamprenavir calcium (FPV), a prodrug of amprenavir known for inhibiting the proteolytic cleavage of immature virions, was selected as the protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug, and loaded onto COOH-MWCNTs using a direct loading method. The structural specificity of the drug-loaded MWCNTs, the percent entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release were rigorously evaluated for the developed formulation, referred to as FPV-MWCNT. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed to confirm the structural integrity and specificity of the FPV-MWCNT formulation. The results demonstrated a remarkable entrapment efficiency of 79.57 ± 0.4 %, indicating the successful loading of FPV onto COOH-MWCNTs. FE-SEM and AFM analyses further confirmed the well-dispersed and elongated structure of the FPV-MWCNT formulation, without any signs of fracture, ensuring the stability and integrity of the drug delivery system. Moreover, particle size analysis revealed an average size of 290.1 nm, firmly establishing the nanoscale range of the formulation, with a zeta potential of 0.230 mV, signifying the system's colloidal stability. In vitro drug release studies conducted in methanolic phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.4 and methanolic acetate buffer at pH 5 demonstrated sustained drug release from the FPV-MWCNT formulation. Over a period of 96 h, the formulation exhibited a cumulative drug release of 91.43 ± 2.3 %, showcasing the controlled and sustained release profile. Furthermore, hemolysis studies indicated a notable reduction in the toxicity of both FPV and MWCNT upon conjugation, although the percent hemolysis increased with higher concentrations, suggesting the need for careful consideration of dosage levels. In conclusion, the findings from this study underscore the potential of the FPV-MWCNT formulation as an effective and promising drug-conjugated system for delivering antiretroviral drugs. The successful encapsulation, sustained drug release, and reduced toxicity make FPV-MWCNT a compelling candidate for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of HIV. The developed delivery system holds great promise for future advancements in HIV treatment and paves the way for further research and development in the field of drug delivery utilizing carbon nanotube-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Abhigyan Ranjan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman M Alfagih
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, England, United Kingdom.
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Mazahir F, Sharma R, Yadav AK. Bioinspired theranostic quantum dots: Paving the road to a new paradigm for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103822. [PMID: 37949429 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research, a complete cure remains lacking for most types of cancer. Nanotechnology-based carriers, such as liposomes, nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and other nanocarriers, can target cancer cells, but their in vivo fate is unpredictable. Bioinspired quantum dots (BQDs) offer enhanced aqueous solubility, exceptionally low toxicity, biocompatibility, easy biofunctionalization, and selective cancer targeting. Due to their photoluminescence, high longitudinal relaxation value, photothermal effect upon laser irradiation, generation of singlet oxygen, and production of H2S for gas therapy, BQDs are excellent cancer theranostic agents. In this review, we highlight the theranostic application of, and existing challenges relating to BQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Rajeev Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior 474005, India
| | - Awesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India.
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Secerli J, Adatepe Ş, Altuntas S, Topal GR, Erdem O, Bacanlı M. In vitro toxicity of naringin and berberine alone, and encapsulated within PMMA nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105580. [PMID: 36893932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical compounds, such as naringin and berberine, have been used for many years due to their antioxidant activities, and consequently, beneficial health effects. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of naringin, berberine and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated with naringin or berberine and their possible cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects on mouse fibroblast (NIH/3 T3) and colon cancer (Caco-2) cells. According to the results of the study, it was found that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition antioxidant activity of naringin, berberine, and naringin or berberine encapsulated PMMA NPs, was significantly increased at higher tested concentrations due to the antioxidant effects of naringin, berberine and naringin or berberine encapsulated PMMA NPs. As a result of the cytotoxicity assay, after 24-, 48- and 72-h of exposure, all of the studied compounds caused cytotoxic effects in both cell lines. Genotoxic effects of studied compounds were not registered at lower tested concentrations. Based on these data, polymeric nanoparticles encapsulated with naringin or berberine may contribute to new treatment approaches for cancer, but further in vivo and in vitro research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jülide Secerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Türkiye
| | - Şeyma Adatepe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Türkiye
| | - Sevde Altuntas
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institution of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Türkiye; Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34662, Türkiye
| | - Gizem Rüya Topal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Türkiye
| | - Onur Erdem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Türkiye
| | - Merve Bacanlı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06018, Türkiye.
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Green Synthesis of Blue-Emitting Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for In Vitro CT26 and In Vivo Zebrafish Nano-Imaging as Diagnostic Probes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020632. [PMID: 36839953 PMCID: PMC9960939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) are prepared using black carbon as a feedstock and H2O2 as a green oxidizing agent in a straightforward and environmentally friendly manner. The process adopted microwave energy and only took two minutes. The GOQDs are 20 nm in size and have stable blue fluorescence at 440 nm. The chemical characteristics and QD morphology were confirmed by thorough analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transmission infra-red (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The biocompatibility test was used to evaluate the toxicity of GOQDs in CT26 cells in vitro and the IC50 was found to be 200 µg/mL with excellent survival rates. Additional in vivo toxicity assessment in the developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model found no observed abnormalities even at a high concentration of 400 μg/mL after 96 h post fertilization. The GOQDs luminescence was also tested both in vitro and in vivo. They showed excellent internal distribution in the cytoplasm, cell nucleus, and throughout the zebrafish body. As a result, the prepared GOQDs are expected to be simple and inexpensive materials for nano-imaging and diagnostic probes in nanomedicine.
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Barati F, Avatefi M, Moghadam NB, Asghari S, Ekrami E, Mahmoudifard M. A review of graphene quantum dots and their potential biomedical applications. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1137-1158. [PMID: 36066191 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221125311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Today, nanobiotechnology is a pioneering technology in biomedicine. Every day, new nanomaterials are synthesized with elevated physiochemical properties for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. One advancing class of materials is the Graphene family. Among different kinds of graphene derivatives, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) show fantastic optical, electrical, and electrochemical features originating from their unique quantum confinement effect. Due to the distinct properties of GQD, including large surface-to-volume ratio, low cytotoxicity, and easy functionalization, this nanomaterial has gone popular in biomedical field. Herein, a short overview of different strategies developed for GQD synthesis and functionalization is discussed. In the following, the most recent progress of GQD based nanomaterials in different biomedical fields, including bio-imaging, drug/gene delivery, antimicrobial, tissue engineering, and biosensors, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Barati
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manizheh Avatefi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Borzooee Moghadam
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Asghari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elena Ekrami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, 48482National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Saud A, Saleem H, Munira N, Shahab AA, Rahman Siddiqui H, Zaidi SJ. Sustainable Preparation of Graphene Quantum Dots for Metal Ion Sensing Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:148. [PMID: 36616057 PMCID: PMC9823882 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been extensively studied in water treatment and sensing applications because of their exceptional structure-related properties, intrinsic inert carbon property, eco-friendly nature, etc. This work reported on the preparation of GQDs from the ethanolic extracts of eucalyptus tree leaves by a hydrothermal treatment technique. Different heat treatment times and temperatures were used during the hydrothermal treatment technique. The optical, morphological, and compositional analyses of the green-synthesized GQDs were carried out. It can be noted that the product yield of GQDs showed the maximum yield at a reaction temperature of 300 °C. Further, it was noted that at a treatment period of 480 min, the greatest product yield of about 44.34% was attained. The quantum yields of prepared GQDs obtained after 480 min of treatment at 300 °C (named as GQD/300) were noted to be 0.069. Moreover, the D/G ratio of GQD/300 was noted to be 0.532 and this suggested that the GQD/300 developed has a nano-crystalline graphite structure. The TEM images demonstrated the development of GQD/300 with sizes between 2.0 to 5.0 nm. Furthermore, it was noted that the GQD/300 can detect Fe3+ in a very selective manner, and hence the developed GQD/300 was successfully used for the metal ion sensing application.
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Suresh RR, Kulandaisamy AJ, Nesakumar N, Nagarajan S, Lee JH, Rayappan JBB. Graphene Quantum Dots – Hydrothermal Green Synthesis, Material Characterization and Prospects for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis Applications: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavv Raghavender Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- Department of Bioengineering School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID) School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Suwon 16419 South Korea
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
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13
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Tak K, Sharma P, Sharma R, Dave V, Jain S, Sharma S. One-pot hydrothermal green synthesis of Polygala tenuifolia mediated graphene quantum dots for acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Dhas N, Pastagia M, Sharma A, Khera A, Kudarha R, Kulkarni S, Soman S, Mutalik S, Barnwal RP, Singh G, Patel M. Organic quantum dots: An ultrasmall nanoplatform for cancer theranostics. J Control Release 2022; 348:798-824. [PMID: 35752250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumours are the second leading cause of death globally, generating alterations in biological interactions and, as a result, malfunctioning of crucial genetic traits. Technological advancements have made it possible to identify tumours at the cellular level, making transcriptional gene variations and other genetic variables more easily investigated. Standard chemotherapy is seen as a non-specific treatment that has the potential to destroy healthy cells while also causing systemic toxicity in individuals. As a result, developing new technologies has become a pressing necessity. QDs are semiconductor particles with diameters ranging from 2 to 10 nanometers. QDs have grabbed the interest of many researchers due to their unique characteristics, including compact size, large surface area, surface charges, and precise targeting. QD-based drug carriers are well known among the many nanocarriers. Using QDs as a delivery approach enhances solubility, lengthens retention time, and reduces the harmful effects of loaded medicines. Several varieties of quantum dots used in drug administration are discussed in this article, along with their chemical and physical characteristics and manufacturing methods. Furthermore, it discusses the role of QDs in biological, medicinal, and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Monarch Pastagia
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Alisha Khera
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ritu Kudarha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Mital Patel
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India.
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15
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Graphene quantum dots: synthesis, properties, and applications to the development of optical and electrochemical sensors for chemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:258. [PMID: 35701638 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
GQDs exhibits exceptional electrochemical activity owing to their active edge sites that make them very attractive for biosensing applications. However, their use in the design of new biosensing devices for application to the detection and quantification of toxins, pathogens, and clinical biomarkers has so far not investigated in detail. In this regard, herein we provide a detailed review on various methodologies employed for the synthesis of GQDs, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, with a special focus on their applications in biosensing via fluorescence, photoluminescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and electrochemical techniques. We believe that this review will shed light on the critical issues and widen the applications of GQDs for the design of biosensors with improved analytical response for future applications. HIGHLIGHTS: • Properties of GQDs play a critical role in biosensing applications. • Synthesis of GQDs using top-down and bottom-up approaches is discussed comprehensively. • Overview of advancements in GQD-based sensors over the last decade. • Methods for the design of selective and sensitive GQD-based sensors. • Challenges and opportunities for future GQD-based sensors.
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16
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Lai WF, Obireddy SR, Zhang H, Zhang D, Wong WT. Advances in analysis of pharmaceuticals by using graphene-based sensors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200111. [PMID: 35618680 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective use of drugs relies on proper pharmaceutical analysis. Graphene has been extensively used to construct sensors for this purpose. Over the years, a large variety of pharmaceutical sensors have been developed from graphene or its derivatives. This articles reviews the current status of sensor development from graphene and its derivatives, and discusses the use of graphene-based sensors in pharmaceutical analysis. It is hoped that this article cannot only offer a snapshot of recent advances in the fabrication and use of graphene-based sensors, but can also provide insights into future engineering and optimization of the sensors for effective pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life and Health Sciences, 518172, Shenzhen, CHINA
| | - Sreekanth Reddy Obireddy
- Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Chemistry, TIRUPATI NATIONAL HIGHWAY, ITUKALAPALLI, 515004, India, 515003, ANANTHAPURAMU, INDIA
| | - Haotian Zhang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life and Health Sciences, CHINA
| | | | - Wing-Tak Wong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, CHINA
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17
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González-Domínguez JM, Grasa L, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Abás E, Domínguez-Alfaro A, Mesonero JE, Criado A, Ansón-Casaos A. Intrinsic and selective activity of functionalized carbon nanotube/nanocellulose platforms against colon cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 212:112363. [PMID: 35123194 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given their large surface area and versatile chemical reactivity, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are regarded as the basis of new pharmacological complexes. In this study, SWCNTs are chemically functionalized with fluorescein, folic acid, and capecitabine, a drug that is commonly used against colorectal cancer. These functionalized SWCNTs are dispersed in water by taking advantage of their synergistic interaction with type-II nanocrystalline cellulose (II-NCC), and the resulting colloidal system is tested in vitro on both normal (differentiated) and cancerous (proliferative) human colon cells (Caco-2). The functionalized SWCNT/II-NCC hybrids show a higher activity than the reference (capecitabine) against the Caco-2 cancer cell line. However, this effect appears to be intrinsically associated with the SWCNT/II-NCC complex, particularly boosted by fluorescein, as the presence of capecitabine is not required. In addition, confocal microscopy fluorescence imaging using cell cultures highlights the enormous potential of this nanohybrid platform for colon cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 -, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - J Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E Abás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - A Domínguez-Alfaro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J E Mesonero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 -, Universidad de Zaragoza - CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Centro de Investigacións Científcas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - A Ansón-Casaos
- Instituto de Carboquímica, ICB-CSIC, Miguel Luesma Castán 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Blessy Rebecca PN, Durgalakshmi D, Balakumar S, Rakkesh RA. Biomass‐Derived Graphene‐Based Nanocomposites: A Futuristic Material for Biomedical Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. N. Blessy Rebecca
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 TN India
| | - D. Durgalakshmi
- Department of Medical Physics Anna University Chennai 600025 TN India
| | - S. Balakumar
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology University of Madras Chennai 600025 TN India
| | - R. Ajay Rakkesh
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 TN India
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19
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Shahriar SMS, Nafiujjaman M, An JM, Revuri V, Nurunnabi M, Han DW, Lee YK. Graphene: A Promising Theranostic Agent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1351:149-176. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4923-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M, Sehat AA, Dordanihaghighi S, Allahbakhsh A, van der Kuur C, Arjmand M. Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102683. [PMID: 34549513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dot (GQD) is one of the youngest superstars of the carbon family. Since its emergence in 2008, GQD has attracted a great deal of attention due to its unique optoelectrical properties. Non-zero bandgap, the ability to accommodate functional groups and dopants, excellent dispersibility, highly tunable properties, and biocompatibility are among the most important characteristics of GQDs. To date, GQDs have displayed significant momentum in numerous fields such as energy devices, catalysis, sensing, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As this field is rapidly evolving, there is a strong need to identify the emerging challenges of GQDs in recent advances, mainly because some novel applications and numerous innovations on the ease of synthesis of GQDs are not systematically reviewed in earlier studies. This feature article provides a comparative and balanced discussion of recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. Besides, current challenges and future prospects of these emerging carbon-based nanomaterials are also highlighted. The outlook provided in this review points out that the future of GQD research is boundless, particularly if upcoming studies focus on the ease of purification and eco-friendly synthesis along with improving the photoluminescence quantum yield and production yield of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ali Akbari Sehat
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sara Dordanihaghighi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Colin van der Kuur
- ZEN Graphene Solutions, 210-1205 Amber Dr., Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6M4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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21
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Ravi PV, Subramaniyam V, Pattabiraman A, Pichumani M. Do amino acid functionalization stratagems on carbonaceous quantum dots imply multiple applications? A comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35028-35045. [PMID: 35494767 PMCID: PMC9043014 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05571b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are the noteworthy entity among biological molecules with diverse properties such as zwitterionic and amphoteric. Functionalizing carbon-based quantum dots using amino acids might be used for the extreme enhancement of electronic and optical properties of quantum dots and improve the performance of the resultant amino acid-functionalized quantum dots. The amino acid-functionalized quantum dots are highly soluble, sustainable, and biocompatible with virtuous optical and electrical performance, which makes them potential and suitable candidates for fabricating optoelectronic devices. The tenacity of using amino acids as functional groups to functionalize quantum dots and their novel properties are conferred to attain their multiple applications. The goal of this review is to provide the choices of amino acids based on the desired applications and a variety of functionalization techniques to make them a noteworthy material for future applications. The method of one-step and two-step functionalization strategies along with the properties of the resultant functionalized quantum dots and their plausible applications and future scope of the material are highlighted. Amidation is the basic principle behind the functionalization of quantum dots with amino acids. This review would be an exciting prospect to explore the pathways of the possible applications in different domains, in which the amino acid-functionalized quantum dots have not yet been explored. Further, this review article helps in pitching a variety of prominent applications right from sensors to energy storage systems either using the optical property or electronic property of amino acid-functionalized quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra V Ravi
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore 641 022 Tamilnadu India
| | - Vinodhini Subramaniyam
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore 641 022 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ajay Pattabiraman
- Government Primary Health Center Anaikatti Coimbatore 641 108 Tamilnadu India
| | - Moorthi Pichumani
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore 641 022 Tamilnadu India
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22
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Maruthapandi M, Saravanan A, Das P, Luong JHT, Gedanken A. Microbial inhibition and biosensing with multifunctional carbon dots: Progress and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107843. [PMID: 34624454 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) and their doped counterparts including nitrogen-doped CDs (N@CDs) have been synthesized by bottom-up or top-down approaches from different precursors. The attractiveness of such emerging 2D‑carbon-based nanosized materials is attributed to their excellent biocompatibility, preparation, aqueous dispersibility, and functionality. The antimicrobial, optical, and electrochemical properties of CDs have been advocated for two important biotechnological applications: bacterial eradication and sensing/biosensing. CDs as well as N@CDs act as antimicrobial agents as their surfaces encompass functional hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups that generate free radicals. As a new class of photoluminescent nanomaterials, CDs can be employed in diversified analytics. CDs with surface carboxyl or amino groups form nanocomposites with nanomaterials or be conjugated with biorecognition molecules toward the development of sensors/biosensors. The deployment of conductive CDs in electrochemical sensing has also increased significantly because of their quantum size, excellent biocompatibility, enzyme-mimicking activity, and high surface area. The review also addresses the ongoing challenges and promises of CDs in pathogenesis and analytics. Perspectives on the future possibilities include the use of CDs in microbial viability assay, wound healing, antiviral therapy, and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moorthy Maruthapandi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Arumugam Saravanan
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Poushali Das
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - John H T Luong
- School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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23
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Qiu Z, Li L, Zhu Q, Guo R, Yao Y, Wu C, Li S, Li P. Physical Stability, Rheology, Thermal Conductivity and Optical and Corrosion Properties of a Graphene Quantum Dot Fluid. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:5312-5318. [PMID: 33875124 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of their unique and tunable photoluminescence properties, exceptional physicochemical properties, high photostability, biocompatibility and small size, Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received a lot of attention. However, insufficient investigations have been carried out on GQD fluids. In this paper, the properties of a prepared GQD fluid are studied experimentally, involving the physical stability, rheology, thermal conductivity, optical properties and corrosion characteristics. It is found that a highly physically stable GQD fluid could be easily achieved because the selected GQDs are well dispersed. It is also found that the addition of GQDs had a slight effect on the base fluid viscosity, but it could significantly increase the thermal conductivity of the fluid. In addition, the investigation of the optical properties shows that the GQD fluid exhibited high absorption to sunlight. The transmittance of ultraviolet and near-infrared light is close to zero. In contrast, the transmittance of GQDs to visible light is high at low weight concentrations, but significantly decreases with the increase of the proportion of GQDs. The corrosion characteristics of the copper and carbon steel samples in the selected GQD fluid or deionized water were experimentally investigated. It is found that the selected GQD fluid can greatly accelerate the corrosion of copper. However, nearly the same corrosion rate is observed for carbon steel in the GQD fluid as that in deionized water. The high stability, low viscosity, enhanced thermal conductivity and unique optical and corrosion properties allowed the GQD fluid to have excellent potential for applications in the energy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhu Qiu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Qunzhi Zhu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Ruitang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Congcong Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 200090, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Tongji University, 200092, China
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24
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Aung YY, Wibrianto A, Sianturi JS, Ulfa DK, Sakti SCW, Irzaman I, Yuliarto B, Chang JY, Kwee Y, Fahmi MZ. Comparison Direct Synthesis of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Carbon Nanodots as Dual Active Targeting and Imaging of HeLa Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13300-13309. [PMID: 34056478 PMCID: PMC8158841 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the potential of carbon nanodots (CDs) synthesized from hyaluronic acid using microwave-assisted and furnace-assisted methods as bioimaging agents for cancer cells. The investigation on the effect of microwave-assisted and furnace-assisted times (2 min and 2 h) on determining CD character is dominantly discussed. Various CDs, such as HA-P1 and HA-P2 were, respectively, synthesized through the furnace-assisted method at 270 °C for 2 min and 2 h, whereas HA-M1 and HA-M2 were synthesized with the microwave-assisted method for 2 min and 2 h, respectively. Overall, various CDs were produced with an average diameter, with the maximum absorption of HA-P1, HA-P2, HA-M1, and HA-M2 at 234, 238, 221, and 217 nm, respectively. The photoluminescence spectra of these CDs showed particular emissions at 320 nm and excitation wavelengths from 340 to 400 nm. Several characterizations such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy reveal the CD properties such as amorphous structures, existence of D bands and G bands, and hydrophilic property supported with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The quantum yields of HA-M1, HA-M2, HA-P1, and HA-P2 were 12, 7, 9, and 23%, respectively. The cytotoxicity and in vitro activity were verified by a cell counting kit-8 assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy, which show a low toxicity with the percentage of living cells above 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Aung
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Aswandi Wibrianto
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Jefry S. Sianturi
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Desita K. Ulfa
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Satya. C. W. Sakti
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra
Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Irzaman Irzaman
- Department
of Physics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Brian Yuliarto
- Department
of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
| | - Jia-yaw Chang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, Republic of China
| | - Yaung Kwee
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Z. Fahmi
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Supra
Modification Nano-Micro Engineering Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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25
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Kandasamy G, Maity D. Multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles for biomedical cancer treatments - A comprehensive review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112199. [PMID: 34225852 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern-day search for the novel agents (their preparation and consequent implementation) to effectively treat the cancer is mainly fuelled by the historical failure of the conventional treatment modalities. Apart from that, the complexities such as higher rate of cell mutations, variable tumor microenvironment, patient-specific disparities, and the evolving nature of cancers have made this search much stronger in the latest times. As a result of this, in about two decades, the theranostic nanoparticles (TNPs) - i.e., nanoparticles that integrate therapeutic and diagnostic characteristics - have been developed. The examples for TNPs include mesoporous silica nanoparticles, luminescence nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles. These TNPs have emerged as single and powerful cancer-treating multifunctional nanoplatforms, as they widely provide the necessary functionalities to overcome the previous/conventional limitations including lack of the site-specific delivery of anti-cancer drugs, and real-time continuous monitoring of the target cancer sites while performing therapeutic actions. This has been mainly possible due to the association of the as-developed TNPs with the already-available unique diagnostic (e.g., luminescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging) and therapeutic (e.g., photothermal, photodynamic, hyperthermia therapy) modalities in the biomedical field. In this review, we have discussed in detail about the recent developments on the aforementioned important TNPs without/with targeting ability (i.e., attaching them with ligands or tumor-specific antibodies) and also the strategies that are implemented to increase their tumor accumulation and to enhance their theranostic efficacies for effective biomedical cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshlenin Kandasamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
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Bressi V, Ferlazzo A, Iannazzo D, Espro C. Graphene Quantum Dots by Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis for Electrochemical Sensing: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1120. [PMID: 33925972 PMCID: PMC8146976 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continuous decrease in the availability of fossil resources, along with an evident energy crisis, and the growing environmental impact due to their use, has pushed scientific research towards the development of innovative strategies and green routes for the use of renewable resources, not only in the field of energy production but also for the production of novel advanced materials and platform molecules for the modern chemical industry. A new class of promising carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene quantum dots (GQDs), due to their exceptional chemical-physical features, have been studied in many applications, such as biosensors, solar cells, electrochemical devices, optical sensors, and rechargeable batteries. Therefore, this review focuses on recent results in GQDs synthesis by green, easy, and low-cost synthetic processes from eco-friendly raw materials and biomass-waste. Significant advances in recent years on promising recent applications in the field of electrochemical sensors, have also been discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives with possible research directions in the topic are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Espro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Messina, Contrada di Dio, Vill. S. Agata, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (V.B.); (A.F.); (D.I.)
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27
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Ayilliath SK, Nair SR, Lakshmi GC, Kunnatheery S. Functionalised Graphene Quantum Dots for Cholesterol Detection in Human Blood Serum. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:847-852. [PMID: 33761068 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The varied applications of nanotechnology have paved way for several breakthroughs in the realm of biomedical technology. In this challenging era when illness multiplies, timely and accurate disease diagnosis is very important. Thus, well founded novel approaches matter very much in areas like disease diagnosis and monitoring. Nanomedicine has tremendous implications in the given context. An elevated cholesterol concentration in blood is risky and is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CVD remains the No. 1 global cause of death and hence there is an urge to understand cholesterol level and take preventive measures. Highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQs) are well known for their biocompatibility, non toxicity and aqueous solubility. Here in we report an easy and sensitive non enzymatic based cholesterol detection using digitonin conjugated graphene quantum dots (GDG). Selectivity studies and the cholesterol detection in human blood serum suggests the probe to be reliable and selective for blood cholesterol monitoring. Digitonin conjugated fluorescent graphene quantumdots, an efficient probe for cholesterol sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Krishna Ayilliath
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India.
| | | | - Gopu Chandrasekharan Lakshmi
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
| | - Sreenivasan Kunnatheery
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695012, India
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28
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Recent Developments in Carbon Quantum Dots: Properties, Fabrication Techniques, and Bio-Applications. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots have gained tremendous interest attributable to their unique features. Two approaches are involved in the fabrication of quantum dots (Top-down and Bottom-up). Most of the synthesis methods are usually multistep, required harsh conditions, and costly carbon sources that may have a toxic effect, therefore green synthesis is more preferable. Herein, the current review presents the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that having a wide range of potential applications in bio-sensing, cellular imaging, and drug delivery. However, some drawbacks and limitations are still unclear. Other biomedical and biotechnological applications are also highlighted.
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29
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Lou Y, Hao X, Liao L, Zhang K, Chen S, Li Z, Ou J, Qin A, Li Z. Recent advances of biomass carbon dots on syntheses, characterization, luminescence mechanism, and sensing applications. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lou
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Xinyu Hao
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Lei Liao
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Kaiyou Zhang
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Shuoping Chen
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Jun Ou
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Aimiao Qin
- Key Lab New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals & Materials Ministry of Education College of Materials science and engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin China
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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30
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Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is increasing as a significant cause of mortality among women. In this context, early diagnosis and treatment strategies for BC are being developed by researchers at the cellular level using advanced nanomaterials. However, immaculate etiquette is the prerequisite for their implementation in clinical practice. Considering the stolid nature of cancer, combining diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is a prime focus and challenge for researchers. In a nutshell, GQDs is a new shining star among various fluorescent materials, which has acclaimed fame in a short duration in materials science and the biomedical field as well. From this perspective, we review various strategies in BC treatment using GQDs alone or in combination. In addition, the photophysical properties of GQDs explored in photothermal therapy, hyperthermia therapy, and photodynamic therapy are also discussed. Moreover, we also focus on the strategic use of GQDs both as drug carriers and as combinatorial-guided drug delivery motifs. This Review provides an update for the scientific community to plan and expand advanced theranostic horizons in BC using GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Tade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur-425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur-425405, Maharashtra, India
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31
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Vu KB, Le Phuc Nhi T, Vu VV, Tung Ngo S. How do magnetic, structural, and electronic criteria of aromaticity relate to HOMO – LUMO gap? An evaluation for graphene quantum dot and its derivatives. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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Majidzadeh H, Araj-Khodaei M, Ghaffari M, Torbati M, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Hamblin MR. Nano-based delivery systems for berberine: A modern anti-cancer herbal medicine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Graphene quantum dots redefine nanobiomedicine. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Tade RS, Nangare SN, Patil AG, Pandey A, Deshmukh PK, Patil DR, Agrawal TN, Mutalik S, Patil AM, More MP, Bari SB, Patil PO. Recent Advancement in Bio-precursor derived graphene quantum dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Toxicological Perspective. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:292001. [PMID: 32176876 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab803e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), impressive materials with enormous future potential, are reviewed from their inception, including different precursors. Considering the increasing burden of industrial and ecological bio-waste, there is an urgency to develop techniques which will convert biowaste into active moieties of interest. Amongst the various materials explored, we selectively highlight the use of potential carbon containing bioprecursors (e.g. plant-based, amino acids, carbohydrates), and industrial waste and its conversion into GQDs with negligible use of chemicals. This review focuses on the effects of different processing parameters that affect the properties of GQDs, including the surface functionalization, paradigmatic characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility issues of bioprecursor derived GQDs. This review also examines current challenges and s the ongoing exploration of potential bioprecursors for ecofriendly GQD synthesis for future applications. This review sheds further light on the electronic and optical properties of GQDs along with the effects of doping on the same. This review may aid in future design approaches and applications of GQDs in the biomedical and materials design fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Tade
- H R Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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35
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Fusco L, Gazzi A, Peng G, Shin Y, Vranic S, Bedognetti D, Vitale F, Yilmazer A, Feng X, Fadeel B, Casiraghi C, Delogu LG. Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:5435-5488. [PMID: 32373222 PMCID: PMC7196289 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of death in the world; hence the development of more specific approaches for its diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed in clinical practice. Here we aim at providing a comprehensive review on the use of 2-dimensional materials (2DMs) in cancer theranostics. In particular, we focus on graphene-related materials (GRMs), graphene hybrids, and graphdiyne (GDY), as well as other emerging 2DMs, such as MXene, tungsten disulfide (WS2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), black phosphorus (BP), silicene, antimonene (AM), germanene, biotite (black mica), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and others. The results reported in the scientific literature in the last ten years (>200 papers) are dissected here with respect to the wide variety of combinations of imaging methodologies and therapeutic approaches, including drug/gene delivery, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy. We provide a unique multidisciplinary approach in discussing the literature, which also includes a detailed section on the characterization methods used to analyze the material properties, highlighting the merits and limitations of the different approaches. The aim of this review is to show the strong potential of 2DMs for use as cancer theranostics, as well as to highlight issues that prevent the clinical translation of these materials. Overall, we hope to shed light on the hidden potential of the vast panorama of new and emerging 2DMs as clinical cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arianna Gazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Guotao Peng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuyoung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Acelya Yilmazer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucia Gemma Delogu
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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36
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Feng S, Pan J, Li C, Zheng Y. Folic acid-conjugated nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots as a fluorescent diagnostic material for MCF-7 cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:135701. [PMID: 31810072 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5f7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the preparation and application of folic acid-conjugated nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) as a fluorescent diagnostic material for MCF-7 cells of breast cancer. N-GQDs were prepared by a hydrothermal method using citric acid as the carbon source and diethylamine as the nitrogen source. The doping of different amounts of nitrogen content was effectively controlled by diethylamine. As the amount of nitrogen increased, more binding sites on the N-GQDs were supplied to the folic acid. Laser confocal scanning microscopy showed that increased folic acid binding facilitated the recognition of and entry to cancer cells, which made the labeled cells emit a stronger fluorescence and thus the cancer cells could be better detected. Cytotoxicity tests showed that the material was of low cytotoxicity, making it a promising prospect for fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Feng
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of ATMMT Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
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37
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Radnia F, Mohajeri N, Zarghami N. New insight into the engineering of green carbon dots: Possible applications in emerging cancer theranostics. Talanta 2020; 209:120547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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38
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Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Cerón-Montes GI, Reyes-Miranda J, Vergara-Hernández E, Álvarez-González I, Morales-Ramírez ÁDJ, Francisco-Martínez LE, Garrido-Hernández A. Structural, luminescence and geno/cytoxicity study of carbon dots derived from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03771c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots derived from nopal significantly increase the number of micronuclei in mouse erythrocytes and inhibit mouse bone marrow cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan Reyes-Miranda
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco
- Departamento de Materiales
- Mexico
| | | | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico
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39
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Iravani S, Varma RS. Green synthesis, biomedical and biotechnological applications of carbon and graphene quantum dots. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 18:703-727. [PMID: 32206050 PMCID: PMC7088420 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-00984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and graphene quantum dots are prepared using top-down and bottom-up methods. Sustainable synthesis of quantum dots has several advantages such as the use of low-cost and non-toxic raw materials, simple operations, expeditious reactions, renewable resources and straightforward post-processing steps. These nanomaterials are promising for clinical and biomedical sciences, especially in bioimaging, diagnosis, bioanalytical assays and biosensors. Here we review green methods for the fabrication of quantum dots, and biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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40
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Liu X, Chen SY, Chen Q, Yao X, Gelléri M, Ritz S, Kumar S, Cremer C, Landfester K, Müllen K, Parekh SH, Narita A, Bonn M. Nanographenes: Ultrastable, Switchable, and Bright Probes for Super-Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:496-502. [PMID: 31657497 PMCID: PMC6972658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy has enabled important breakthroughs in biology and materials science. Implementations such as single‐molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and minimal emission fluxes (MINFLUX) microscopy in the localization mode exploit fluorophores that blink, i.e., switch on and off, stochastically. Here, we introduce nanographenes, namely large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that can also be regarded as atomically precise graphene quantum dots, as a new class of fluorophores for super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy. Nanographenes exhibit outstanding photophysical properties: intrinsic blinking even in air, excellent fluorescence recovery, and stability over several months. As a proof of concept for super‐resolution applications, we use nanographenes in SMLM to generate 3D super‐resolution images of silica nanocracks. Our findings open the door for the widespread application of nanographenes in super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shih-Ya Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Márton Gelléri
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Mainz, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Mainz (JGU), Mainz, Germany.,Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), and, Kirchhoff Institute for Physics (KIP), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sapun H Parekh
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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41
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Liu X, Chen S, Chen Q, Yao X, Gelléri M, Ritz S, Kumar S, Cremer C, Landfester K, Müllen K, Parekh SH, Narita A, Bonn M. Nanographene: ultrastabile, schaltbare und helle Sonden für die hochauflösende Mikroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Shih‐Ya Chen
- Institut für Molekularbiologie gGmbH (IMB) Mainz Deutschland
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Márton Gelléri
- Institut für Molekularbiologie gGmbH (IMB) Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sandra Ritz
- Institut für Molekularbiologie gGmbH (IMB) Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Institut für Molekularbiologie gGmbH (IMB) Mainz Deutschland
- Physikalisches Institut Universität Mainz (JGU) Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie (IPMB), und Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik (KIP) Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sapun H. Parekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa Japan
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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42
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Rajendiran K, Zhao Z, Pei DS, Fu A. Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Functionalized Quantum Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1670. [PMID: 31614993 PMCID: PMC6835343 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential characteristic of quantum dots (QDs) is their antimicrobial activity. Compared with conventional antibiotics, QDs not only possess photoluminescence properties for imaging and photodynamic therapy but also have high structural stability. To enhance their antimicrobial efficiency, QDs usually are functionalized by polymers, including poly(ethylene glycol), polyethyleneimine, and poly-l-lysine. Also, QDs conjugated with polymers, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and polyvinylidene fluoride, are prepared as antimicrobial membranes. The main antimicrobial mechanisms of QDs are associated with inducing free radicals, disrupting cell walls/membranes, and arresting gene expression. The different mechanisms from traditional antibiotics allow QDs to play antimicrobial roles in multi-drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. Since the toxicity of the QDs on animal cells is relatively low, they have broad application in antimicrobial research as an effective alternative of traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthiga Rajendiran
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zizhen Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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43
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Preparation of graphene oxide-graphene quantum dots hybrid and its application in cancer theranostics. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109774. [PMID: 31349528 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Currently, an enormous amount of cancer research based on two-dimensional nano-graphene oxide (GO), as well as zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs), is being carried out in the fields of therapeutics and diagnostics. However, the exploration of their hybrid "functional" nanomaterials in the theranostic system is still rare. In the current study, a stable complex of GO and GQDs was formed by an electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly via a polyethylene imine bridge (GO-PEI-GQDs). Furthermore, we compared separate mono-equivalents of the GO-PEI-GQDs complex - GO and GQDs, in terms of cell imaging (diagnostics), photothermal, and oxidative stress response in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). GO-PEI-GQDs showed an excellent photothermal response (44-49 °C) upon 808 nm laser (0.5 W cm-2) exposure for 5 min at a concentration up to 50 μg/mL. We report new synergistic properties of GO-PEI-GQDs such as stable fluorescence imaging and enhanced photothermal and cytotoxic activities on cancer cells. Composite materials made up of GO and GQDs combining diverse properties help to study 2D-0D heterosystems and improve specific therapeutic systems in theranostics.
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Kanwar R, Rathee J, Salunke DB, Mehta SK. Green Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery Assemblies. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8804-8815. [PMID: 31459969 PMCID: PMC6648705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Green nanotechnology incorporates the principles of green chemistry and green engineering to fabricate innocuous and eco-friendly nanoassemblies to combat the problems affecting the human health or environment. Subsequently, amalgamation of green nanotechnology with drug delivery area has actually commenced a new realm of "green nanomedicine". The burgeoning demand for green nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems has led to the development of different types of delivery devices, like inorganic (metallic) nanoparticles, quantum dots, organic polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. The present article deals with a brief account of delivery devices produced from green methods and describes site-specific drug delivery systems (including their pros and cons) and their relevance in the field of green nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh U.T. 160014, India
| | - Jyoti Rathee
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh U.T. 160014, India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh U.T. 160014, India
| | - Surinder K. Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and
Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh U.T. 160014, India
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Anwar S, Ding H, Xu M, Hu X, Li Z, Wang J, Liu L, Jiang L, Wang D, Dong C, Yan M, Wang Q, Bi H. Recent Advances in Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Biomedical Applications of Carbon Dots. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2317-2338. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Anwar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chen Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manqing Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Qiyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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Abstract
Theranostic approaches using nanotechnology have been a hot research area for the past decade. All nano drug delivery techniques and architectures have some limitations, as do diagnostic nano-approaches. Thus, combining nano drug delivery strategies with diagnostic techniques using nanoparticles for improving imaging modalities has been the key to fill up those gaps. In the past decade, lots of approaches have been made with different combinations of biomaterials fabricated/synthesized to nanostructures with modified surface functionalization to improve their overall theranostic properties. This article summarizes recent research works based on the biomaterials used for fabricating these nanostructures. Their combinations with other biomaterials have been demonstrated with their overall advantages and limitations.
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Abstract
Background:
Graphene and its derivatives, as most promising carbonic nanomaterials have
been widely used in design and making electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Graphene quantum dots
are one of the members of this family which have been mostly known as fluorescent nanomaterials and
found extensive applications due to their remarkable optical properties. Quantum confinement and edge
effects in their structures also cause extraordinary electrochemical properties.
Objective:
Recently, graphene quantum dots besides graphene oxides and reduced graphene oxides have
been applied for modification of the electrodes too and exposed notable effects in electrochemical responses.
Here, we are going to consider these significant effects through reviewing some of the recent
published works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoush Faridbod
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh L. Sanati
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fluorescent carbon dots as carriers for intracellular doxorubicin delivery and track. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Translational Nanodiagnostics for In Vivo Cancer Detection. Bioanalysis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01775-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Fu Y, Gao G, Zhi J. Electrochemical synthesis of multicolor fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots as a ferric ion sensor and their application in bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1494-1502. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical strategy for simple and facile synthesis of semicarbazide functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) was reported, based on direct exfoliation and oxidation from graphite rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Jinfang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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