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Yilmaz B, Ayyildiz S, Kalyoncuoglu UT, Tahmasebifar A, Baran ET. Surface characteristics of additively manufactured CoCr and Ti6Al4V dental alloys: The effects of carbon and gold thin film coatings, and alkali-heat treatment. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1222-1240. [PMID: 38318995 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of surface modifications on additively manufactured CoCr and Ti6Al4V dental alloys, focusing on surface properties. Thin film carbon (C) and gold (Au) coatings, as well as alkali-heat treatment, were applied to the high- and low-polished specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that thin film coatings retained the underlying surface topography, while the alkali-heat treatment induced distinct morphological changes. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that C-coating enriched surfaces with C, and Au-coating introduced detectable amounts of Au. Nevertheless, signs of coating delamination were observed in the high-polished specimens. Alkali-heat treatment led to the formation of a sodium titanate layer on Ti6Al4V surfaces, confirmed by sodium presence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showing carbonate bands. Surface roughness measurements with atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that C-coating increased surface roughness in both high- and low-polished alloys. Au-coating slightly increased roughness, except for low-polished Au-coated Ti6Al4V, where a decrease in roughness was observed compared to low-polished bare Ti6Al4V, likely due to surface defects present in the latter resulting from the additive manufacturing process. Alkali-heat treatment led to a pronounced increase in roughness for both alloys, particularly for Ti6Al4V. Both thin film coatings decreased the water contact angles in all specimens in varying magnitudes, indicating an increase in wettability. However, the alkali-heat treatment caused a substantial decrease in contact angles, resulting in a highly hydrophilic state for Ti6Al4V. These findings underscore the substantial impact of surface modifications on additively manufactured dental alloys, potentially influencing their clinical performance. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Thin film coatings and chemical/heat treatment modify the surface properties of additively manufactured dental alloys. The surfaces of the alloys get rougher and more hydrophilic after alkali-heat treatment. Thin gold coatings exhibit potential adhesion challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengi Yilmaz
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Gulhane Medical Design and Manufacturing Center (METUM), University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
- Regenerative Medicine Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simel Ayyildiz
- Gulhane Medical Design and Manufacturing Center (METUM), University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ulku Tugba Kalyoncuoglu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydin Tahmasebifar
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Regenerative Medicine Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Türker Baran
- Regenerative Medicine Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Tissue Engineering, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Iezzi G, Zavan B, Petrini M, Ferroni L, Pierfelice TV, D'Amora U, Ronca A, D'Amico E, Mangano C. 3D printed dental implants with a porous structure: The in vitro response of osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and monocytes. J Dent 2024; 140:104778. [PMID: 37951493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The first aim of this study was to characterize the surface topography of a novel 3D-printed dental implant at the micro- and macro-level. Its second aim was to evaluate the osteogenic, angiogenic, and immunogenic responses of human oral osteoblasts (hOBs), gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs), and monocytes to this novel implant surface. METHODS A 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4 V implant was produced by selective laser melting and subjected to organic acid etching (TEST). It was then compared to a machined surface (CTRL). Its biological properties were evaluated via cell proliferation assays, morphological observations, gene expression analyses, mineralization assessments, and collagen quantifications. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the TEST group was characterized by a highly interconnected porous architecture and a roughed surface. The morphological observations showed good adhesion of cells cultured on the TEST surface, with a significant increase in hOB growth. Similarly, the gene expression analysis showed significantly higher levels of osseointegration biomarkers. Picrosirius staining showed a slight increase in collagen production in the TEST group compared to the CTRL group. hAD-MSCs showed an increase in endothelial and osteogenic commitment-related markers. Monocytes showed increased mRNA synthesis related to the M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophagic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Considering the higher interaction with hOBs, hGFs, hAD-MSCs, and monocytes, the prepared 3D-printed implant could be used for future clinical applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study demonstrated the excellent biological response of various cells to the porous surface of the novel 3D-printed implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Translational Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna 48033, Italy
| | - Tania Vanessa Pierfelice
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Ugo D'Amora
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ronca
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Emira D'Amico
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
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3
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Martucci A, Aversa A, Lombardi M. Ongoing Challenges of Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Al Alloys and Potential Solutions from the Literature-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1084. [PMID: 36770091 PMCID: PMC9921184 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Their high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity have exponentially increased the interest in aluminium alloys in the context of laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) production. Although Al-based alloys are the third most investigated category of alloys in the literature and the second most used in industry, their processing by PBF-LB/M is often hampered by their considerable solidification shrinkage, tendency to oxidation, high laser reflectivity and poor powder flowability. For these reasons, high-strength Al-based alloys traditionally processed by conventional procedures have often proved to be unprintable with additive technology, so the design and development of new tailored Al-based alloys for PBF-LB/M production is necessary. The aim of the present work is to explore all the challenges encountered before, during and after the PBF-LB/M processing of Al-based alloys, in order to critically analyse the solutions proposed in the literature and suggest new approaches for addressing unsolved problems. The analysis covers the critical aspects in the literature as well as industrial needs, industrial patents published to date and possible future developments in the additive market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martucci
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberta Aversa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariangela Lombardi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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4
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Direct ink writing to fabricate porous acetabular cups from titanium alloy. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Larsson L, Marattukalam JJ, Paschalidou EM, Hjörvarsson B, Ferraz N, Persson C. Biocompatibility of a Zr-Based Metallic Glass Enabled by Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5741-5753. [PMID: 36459395 PMCID: PMC9768811 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present work explored the use of the selective laser melting (SLM) technique to develop a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) and investigate the influence of the process parameters on obtaining different levels of surface roughness. Moreover, the potential of the additively manufactured BMG Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 (trade name AMLOY-ZR01) as an implant material was studied by evaluating the osteoblastic cell response to the alloy and its stability under simulated biological environments. The materials were characterized in terms of degree of crystallinity, surface roughness, and morphology, followed by a systematic investigation of the response of the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cell line to the as-printed samples. The materials supported cell proliferation and differentiation of the preosteoblastic cells, with results comparable to the reference material Ti-6Al-4V. The surface microroughness and surface morphology (porous or groove-type laser tracks) investigated in this study did not have a significant effect on modulating the cell response. Ion release experiments showed a large increase in ion release under inflammatory conditions as compared to regular physiological conditions, which could be attributed to the increased local corrosion under inflammatory conditions. The findings in this work showed that the surface roughness of the additively manufactured BMG AMLOY-ZR01 can be tailored by controlling the laser power applied during the SLM process. The favorable cell response to the as-printed AMLOY-ZR01 represents of a significant advancement of the investigation of additively manufactured BMGs for orthopedic applications, while the results of the ion release study highlights the effect that inflammatory conditions could have on the degradation of the alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Larsson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Björgvin Hjörvarsson
- Department
of Physics, Materials Physics, Box 530, Uppsala University, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natalia Ferraz
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology and Functional
Materials, Box 35, Uppsala University, SE- 75103Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Box
534, Uppsala University, SE- 75121Uppsala, Sweden,
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6
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Daou EE, Özcan M. Evaluation of ceramic adherence to cobalt-chromium alloys fabricated by different manufacturing techniques. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:1364.e1-1364.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Alipour S, Nour S, Attari SM, Mohajeri M, Kianersi S, Taromian F, Khalkhali M, Aninwene GE, Tayebi L. A review on in vitro/ in vivo response of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9479-9534. [PMID: 36305245 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01616h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone replacement using porous and solid metallic implants, such as Ti-alloy implants, is regarded as one of the most practical therapeutic approaches in biomedical engineering. The bone is a complex tissue with various mechanical properties based on the site of action. Patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V constructs may address the key needs in bone treatment for having customized implants that mimic the complex structure of the natural tissue and diminish the risk of implant failure. This review focuses on the most promising methods of fabricating such patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V implants using additive manufacturing (AM) with a specific emphasis on the popular subcategory, which is powder bed fusion (PBF). Characteristics of the ideal implant to promote optimized tissue-implant interactions, as well as physical, mechanical/chemical treatments and modifications will be discussed. Accordingly, such investigations will be classified into 3B-based approaches (Biofunctionality, Bioactivity, and Biostability), which mainly govern native body response and ultimately the success in implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Alipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Shirin Nour
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Seyyed Morteza Attari
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sogol Kianersi
- CÚRAM, SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Farzaneh Taromian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadparsa Khalkhali
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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8
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Hüner B, Kıstı M, Uysal S, Uzgören İN, Özdoğan E, Süzen YO, Demir N, Kaya MF. An Overview of Various Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40638-40658. [PMID: 36406513 PMCID: PMC9670698 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have many advantages, such as design flexibility, minimal waste, manufacturing of very complex structures, cheaper production, and rapid prototyping. This technology is widely used in many fields, including health, energy, art, design, aircraft, and automotive sectors. In the manufacturing process of 3D printed products, it is possible to produce different objects with distinctive filament and powder materials using various production technologies. AM covers several 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), inkjet printing, selective laser melting (SLM), and stereolithography (SLA). The present review provides an extensive overview of the recent progress in 3D printing methods for electrochemical fields. A detailed review of polymeric and metallic 3D printing materials and their corresponding printing methods for electrodes is also presented. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the main benefits and the drawbacks of electrode production from AM methods for energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulut Hüner
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Murat Kıstı
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Uysal
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İlayda Nur Uzgören
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Özdoğan
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yakup Ogün Süzen
- Engineering
Faculty, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Kaya
- Engineering
Faculty, Energy Systems Engineering Department, Heat Engineering Division, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Erciyes
University H2FC Hydrogen Energy Research Group, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- BATARYASAN
Enerji ve San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Yıldırım
Beyazıt Mah., Aşık Veysel Bul., ERÜ TGB İdare ve Kuluçka 4, No: 67/3/11, Melikgazi, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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9
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Rouf S, Malik A, Raina A, Irfan Ul Haq M, Naveed N, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. Functionally graded additive manufacturing for orthopedic applications. J Orthop 2022; 33:70-80. [PMID: 35874041 PMCID: PMC9304666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Additive Manufacturing due to its benefits in developing parts with complex geometries and shapes, has evolved as an alternate manufacturing process to develop implants with desired properties. The structure of human bones being anisotropic in nature is biologically functionally graded i,e. The structure possesses different properties in different directions. Therefore, various orthopedic implants such as knee, hip and other bone plates, if functionally graded can perform better. In this context, the development of functionally graded (FG) parts for orthopedic application with tailored anisotropic properties has become easier through the use of additive manufacturing (AM). Objectives and Rationale: The current paper aims to study the various aspects of additively manufactured FG parts for orthopedic applications. It presents the details of various orthopedic implants such as knee, hip and other bone plates in a structured manner. A systematic literature review is conducted to study the various material and functional aspects of functionally graded parts for orthopedic applications. A section is also dedicated to discuss the mechanical properties of functionally graded parts. Conclusion The literature revealed that additive manufacturing can provide lot of opportunities for development of functionally graded orthopedic implants with improved properties and durability. Further, the effect of various FG parameters on the mechanical behavior of these implants needs to be studied in detail. Also, with the advent of various AM technologies, the functional grading can be achieved by various means e.g. density, porosity, microstructure, composition, etc. By varying the AM parameters. However, the current limitations of cost and material biocompatibility prevent the widespread exploitation of AM technologies for various orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saquib Rouf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K, India
| | - Abrar Malik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K, India
| | - Ankush Raina
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K, India
| | - Mir Irfan Ul Haq
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K, India
| | - Nida Naveed
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
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10
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Shahsavari M, Imani A, Setavoraphan A, Schaller RF, Asselin E. Electron beam surface remelting enhanced corrosion resistance of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V as a potential in-situ re-finishing technique. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11589. [PMID: 35804164 PMCID: PMC9270471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effect of surface re-finishing on the corrosion behavior of electron beam manufactured (EBM) Ti-G5 (Ti-6Al-4V), including the novel application of an electron beam surface remelting (EBSR) technique. Specifically, the relationship between material surface roughness and corrosion resistance was examined. Surface roughness was tested in the as-printed (AP), mechanically polished (MP), and EBSR states and compared to wrought (WR) counterparts. Electrochemical measurements were performed in chloride-containing media. It was observed that surface roughness, rather than differences in the underlying microstructure, played a more significant role in the general corrosion resistance in the environment explored here. While both MP and EBSR methods reduced surface roughness and enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical polishing has many known limitations. The EBSR process explored herein demonstrated positive preliminary results. The surface roughness (Ra) of the EBM-AP material was considerably reduced by 82%. Additionally, the measured corrosion current density in 0.6 M NaCl for the EBSR sample is 0.05 µA cm-2, five times less than the value obtained for the EBM-AP specimen (0.26 µA cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Shahsavari
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amin Imani
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Andaman Setavoraphan
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rebecca Filardo Schaller
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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Effect of Process Parameters and Layer Thickness on the Quality and Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To improve the quality of thick powder bed and realize the matching of thick powder bed and thin powder bed in the later stage, the influence of process parameters for the single-track, multi-layer fabrication, relative density, surface quality, defect, remelting, and boundary optimization performance of different layer thicknesses of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by selective laser melting were investigated. It is more conducive to the stable forming of single-track when the point distance is half the diameter of the laser beam, and the exposure time is appropriately extended. The thin powder bed needs the corresponding point distance and exposure time under the laser power of 280–380 W to obtain high-density specimens. The thick powder bed needs to be able to ensure the formation of high-quality specimens under the smaller point distance and longer exposure time under higher laser power of 380 W. Both thick powder bed and thin powder bed will cause un-melted defects between molten pools, spheroidization defects caused by splashing, and microporous defects. The remelting process can significantly improve the surface quality of the formed specimen, but the surface quality of the thick powder bed is worse than that of the thin powder bed. The boundary quality of thick powder bed is worse than that of thin powder bed, and the boundary shape has a greater influence on the quality of the SLM forming boundary. Different strategies should be adopted to form the boundary of different shapes. Increasing the boundary count and increasing the laser power are more conducive to the improvement of boundary quality.
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12
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Ginestra P, Ferraro RM, Zohar-Hauber K, Abeni A, Giliani S, Ceretti E. Selective Laser Melting and Electron Beam Melting of Ti6Al4V for Orthopedic Applications: A Comparative Study on the Applied Building Direction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5584. [PMID: 33297551 PMCID: PMC7729448 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 3D printing process offers several advantages to the medical industry by producing complex and bespoke devices that accurately reproduce customized patient geometries. Despite the recent developments that strongly enhanced the dominance of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques over conventional methods, processes need to be continually optimized and controlled to obtain implants that can fulfill all the requirements of the surgical procedure and the anatomical district of interest. The best outcomes of an implant derive from optimal compromise and balance between a good interaction with the surrounding tissue through cell attachment and reduced inflammatory response mainly caused by a weak interface with the native tissue or bacteria colonization of the implant surface. For these reasons, the chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of a device need to be designed in order to assure the best performances considering the in vivo environment components. In particular, complex 3D geometries can be produced with high dimensional accuracy but inadequate surface properties due to the layer manufacturing process that always entails the use of post-processing techniques to improve the surface quality, increasing the lead times of the whole process despite the reduction of the supply chain. The goal of this work was to provide a comparison between Ti6Al4V samples fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) with different building directions in relation to the building plate. The results highlighted the influence of the process technique on osteoblast attachment and mineralization compared with the building orientation that showed a limited effect in promoting a proper osseointegration over a long-term period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ginestra
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Rosalba Monica Ferraro
- Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (R.M.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Keren Zohar-Hauber
- Metallurgical and Powders Technologies Lab, Institute of Metals, Technion City, Haifa 320003, Israel;
| | - Andrea Abeni
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Giliani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (R.M.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.C.)
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Schweitzer L, Cunha A, Pereira T, Mika K, Botelho do Rego AM, Ferraria AM, Kieburg H, Geissler S, Uhlmann E, Schoon J. Preclinical In Vitro Assessment of Submicron-Scale Laser Surface Texturing on Ti6Al4V. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5342. [PMID: 33255765 PMCID: PMC7728373 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loosening of orthodontic and orthopedic implants is a critical and common clinical problem. To minimize the numbers of revision surgeries due to peri-implant inflammation or insufficient osseointegration, developments of new implant manufacturing strategies are indicated. Ultrafast laser surface texturing is a promising contact-free technology to modify the physicochemical properties of surfaces toward an anti-infectious functionalization. This work aims to texture Ti6Al4V surfaces with ultraviolet (UV) and green (GR) radiation for the manufacturing of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The assessment of these surface modifications addresses key aspects of topography, morphology and chemical composition. Human primary mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were cultured on laser-textured and polished Ti6Al4V to characterize the surfaces in terms of their in vitro biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and metal release. The outcomes of the in vitro experiment show the successful culture of hMSCs on textured Ti6Al4V surfaces developed within this work. Cells cultured on LIPSS surfaces were not compromised in terms of their viability if compared to polished surfaces. Yet, the hMSC culture on UV-LIPSS show significantly lower lactate dehydrogenase and titanium release into the supernatant compared to polished. Thus, the presented surface modification can be a promising approach for future applications in orthodontics and orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Schweitzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology, Pascalstr. 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Alexandre Cunha
- SENAI Innovation Institute in Manufacturing Systems and Laser Processing, Rua Arno Waldemar Döhler 308, Joinville, 89218-153 Santa Catarina, Brazil; (A.C.); (T.P.)
- Genetoo Inc., 9841 Washingtonian Blvd, Suite 200, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Thiago Pereira
- SENAI Innovation Institute in Manufacturing Systems and Laser Processing, Rua Arno Waldemar Döhler 308, Joinville, 89218-153 Santa Catarina, Brazil; (A.C.); (T.P.)
| | - Kerstin Mika
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.M.); (S.G.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Botelho do Rego
- BSIRG, Departamento de Engenharia Química, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.B.d.R.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Ana Maria Ferraria
- BSIRG, Departamento de Engenharia Química, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.B.d.R.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Heinz Kieburg
- Laser-Mikrotechnologie Dr. Kieburg, James-Frank-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sven Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.M.); (S.G.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Uhlmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology, Pascalstr. 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management, Technische Universität Berlin, Pascalstr. 8-9, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (K.M.); (S.G.)
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Bernhardt A, Schneider J, Schroeder A, Papadopoulous K, Lopez E, Brückner F, Botzenhart U. Surface conditioning of additively manufactured titanium implants and its influence on materials properties and in vitro biocompatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111631. [PMID: 33321670 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Customized osteosynthesis materials of titanium alloy can be generated by additive manufacturing replacing the complex adaptation to the patient individual anatomy, especially to the lower jaw bone which shows a highly individual surface area. After printing further conditioning is necessary to adjust surface roughness. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of different grinding and polishing procedures on sample surface and composition and in vitro biocompatibility. Ti-6Al-4V ELI samples printed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) were post-treated by multi-level procedures to adjust surface roughness using the surface conditioning technologies sandblasting, vibratory finishing, electro polishing or plasma polishing. Topography and chemical composition of the surfaces was analysed. Furthermore, the release of metal ions in contact to cell culture medium was quantified. Human osteoblasts as well as primary human gingiva cells (fibroblasts and epithelial cells) were cultivated in extracts or directly on the surfaces to analyse cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Surface roughness of the different materials after final polishing was in between 0.2 and 0.5 μm, which is in the same range as usually found for conventional titanium materials used in maxillofacial surgery. Furthermore, the wettability was comparable for all post-processing techniques. The chemical compositions of the finished surfaces showed a remarkable impact by the applied finishing technique. Extracts of the samples showed low cytotoxicity with exception of the plasma polished samples, which were shown to release significantly higher amounts of vanadium ions. Accordingly, cells showed good adhesion and proliferation on all samples except plasma polished specimens. Customized devices for midline osseodistraction were exemplarily printed with LPBF starting with patient's 3D data. Those devices can be considered for clinical use, since the printed and finished material meets the requirements of ISO 10993-5 for medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bernhardt
- Carl Gustav Carus University Medical Center, Department of Orthodontics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jakob Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Kiriaki Papadopoulous
- Carl Gustav Carus University Medical Center, Department of Orthodontics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Brückner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Botzenhart
- Carl Gustav Carus University Medical Center, Department of Orthodontics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Tissue Integration and Biological Cellular Response of SLM-Manufactured Titanium Scaffolds. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10091192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: SLM (Selective Laser Melting)–manufactured Titanium (Ti) scaffolds have a significant value for bone reconstructions in the oral and maxillofacial surgery field. While their mechanical properties and biocompatibility have been analysed, there is still no adequate information regarding tissue integration. Therefore, the aim of this study is a comprehensive systematic assessment of the essential parameters (porosity, pore dimension, surface treatment, shape) required to provide the long-term performance of Ti SLM medical implants. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted via electronic databases PubMed, Medline and Cochrane, using a selection of relevant search MeSH terms. The literature review was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Results: Within the total of 11 in vitro design studies, 9 in vivo studies, and 4 that had both in vitro and in vivo designs, the results indicated that SLM-generated Ti scaffolds presented no cytotoxicity, their tissue integration being assured by pore dimensions of 400 to 600 µm, high porosity (75–88%), hydroxyapatite or SiO2–TiO2 coating, and bioactive treatment. The shape of the scaffold did not seem to have significant importance. Conclusions: The SLM technique used to fabricate the implants offers exceptional control over the structure of the base. It is anticipated that with this technique, and a better understanding of the physical interaction between the scaffold and bone tissue, porous bases can be tailored to optimize the graft’s integrative and mechanical properties in order to obtain structures able to sustain osseous tissue on Ti.
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Luan H, Yu Z, Li J, Bi J, Mo Z, Ren W, Li Z. Effects of different concentrations of TiAl6V4 particles on MC3T3-E1 cells and bone in rats. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Shimizu Y, Fujibayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Mori S, Kitagaki H, Shimizu T, Okuzu Y, Masamoto K, Goto K, Otsuki B, Kawai T, Morizane K, Kawata T, Matsuda S. Bioactive effects of strontium loading on micro/nano surface Ti6Al4V components fabricated by selective laser melting. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110519. [PMID: 32228917 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) titanium alloys require surface modification to achieve early bone-bonding. This study investigated the effects of solution and heat treatment to induce the sustained release of strontium (Sr) ions from SLM Ti6Al4V implants (Sr-S64). The results were compared with a control group comprising an untreated surface [SLM pure titanium (STi) and SLM Ti6Al4V (S64)] and a treated surface to induce the release of calcium (Ca) ions from SLM Ti6Al4V (Ca-S64). The surface-treated materials showed homogenous nanoscale network formation on the original micro-topographical surface and formed bone-like apatite on the surface in a simulated body fluid within 3 days. In vitro evaluation using MC3T3-E1 cells showed that the cells were viable on Sr-S64 surface, and Sr-S64 enhanced cell adhesion-related and osteogenic differentiation-related genes expression. In vivo rabbit tibia model, Sr-S64 provided significantly greater bone-bonding strength and bone-implant contact area than those in controls (STi and S64) in the early phase (2-4 weeks) after implantation; however, there was no statistical difference between Ca-S64 and controls. In conclusion, Sr solution and heat treatment was a safe and effective method to enhance early bone-bonding ability of S-64 by improving the surface characteristics and sustained delivery for Sr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Fujibayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeo Mori
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 4-4-28 Zuiko, Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0005, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kitagaki
- Osaka Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 4-4-28 Zuiko, Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0005, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Okuzu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Masamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Bungo Otsuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Morizane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomotoshi Kawata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Antanasova M, Kocjan A, Hočevar M, Jevnikar P. Influence of surface airborne-particle abrasion and bonding agent application on porcelain bonding to titanium dental alloys fabricated by milling and by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 123:491-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Feng L, Lu W, Liu J, Li D, Hu L, Xu C. Guarding active sites and electron transfer engineering of core-shell nanosheet as robust bifunctional applications for overall water splitting and capacitors. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Effect of Shot Peening on the Mechanical Properties and Cytotoxicity Behaviour of Titanium Implants Produced by 3D Printing Technology. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2019; 2019:8169538. [PMID: 31934324 PMCID: PMC6942838 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8169538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Structural discontinuities characterize the implants produced directly from metal powders in 3D printing technology. Mainly, the surface defects should be subjected to procedures associated with surface layer modification (likewise shot peening) resulting in the increase of the implant service life maintaining optimal biocompatibility. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of type of shot used for the peening process on the Ti-6Al-4V implants functional properties as well as the biological properties. The components were produced by DMLS (direct metal laser sintering) additive technology. The surfaces of titanium specimens have been subjected to the shot peening process by means of three different shots, i.e., CrNi steel shot, crushed nut shells, and ceramic balls shot. Then, the specimens have been subjected to profilometric analysis, microhardness tests, and static strength testing as well as to the assessment of biocompatibility in respect of cytotoxicity using human BJ fibroblasts. The shot peening process causes the strengthening of surface layer and the increase of strength parameters. Furthermore, the test results indicate good biocompatibility of surfaces being tested, and the effect of shot peening process on the titanium alloy cytotoxicity is acceptable. At the same time, most favourable behaviour in respect of cytotoxicity has been found in the case of surfaces modified by means of ceramic balls > nut shells > CrNi steel shot correspondingly.
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Majumdar T, Bazin T, Massahud Carvalho Ribeiro E, Frith JE, Birbilis N. Understanding the effects of PBF process parameter interplay on Ti-6Al-4V surface properties. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221198. [PMID: 31465449 PMCID: PMC6715245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V is commonly used in orthopaedic implants, and fabrication techniques such as Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) are becoming increasingly popular for the net-shape production of such implants, as PBF allows for complex customisation and minimal material wastage. Present research into PBF fabricated Ti-6Al-4V focuses on new design strategies (e.g. designing pores, struts or lattices) or mechanical property optimisation through process parameter control-however, it is pertinent to examine the effects of altering PBF process parameters on properties relating to bioactivity. Herein, changes in Ti-6Al-4V microstructure, mechanical properties and surface characteristics were examined as a result of varying PBF process parameters, with a view to understanding how to tune Ti-6Al-4V bio-activity during the fabrication stage itself. The interplay between various PBF laser scan speeds and laser powers influenced Ti-6Al-4V hardness, porosity, roughness and corrosion resistance, in a manner not clearly described by the commonly used volumetric energy density (VED) design variable. Key findings indicate that the relationships between PBF process parameters and ultimate Ti-6Al-4V properties are not straightforward as expected, and that wide ranges of porosity (0.03 ± 0.01% to 32.59 ± 2.72%) and corrosion resistance can be achieved through relatively minor changes in process parameters used-indicating volumetric energy density is a poor predictor of PBF Ti-6Al-4V properties. While variations in electrochemical behaviour with respect to the process parameters used in the PBF fabrication of Ti-6Al-4V have previously been reported, this study presents data regarding important surface characteristics over a large process window, reflecting the full capabilities of current PBF machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Majumdar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiphaine Bazin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Emily Massahud Carvalho Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jessica Ellen Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Birbilis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering (MIME), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Optimisation of grafted phosphorylcholine-based polymer on additively manufactured titanium substrate for hip arthroplasty. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:696-706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopaedic implants have recently revolutionized the treatment of massive bone defects in the pelvis, and we are on the verge of a change from conventional to 3D printed manufacture for the mass production of millions of off-the-shelf (non-personalized) implants. The process of 3D printing has many adjustable variables, which taken together with the possible variation in designs that can be printed, has created even more possible variables in the final product that must be understood if we are to predict the performance and safety of 3D printed implants. We critically reviewed the clinical use of 3D printing in orthopaedics, focusing on cementless acetabular components used in total hip arthroplasty. We defined the clinical and engineering rationale of 3D printed acetabular cups, summarized the key variables involved in the manufacturing process that influence the properties of the final parts, together with the main limitations of this technology, and created a classification according to end-use application to help explain the controversial and topical issues. Whilst early clinical outcomes related to 3D printed cups have been promising, in-depth robust investigations are needed, partly because regulatory approval systems have not fully adapted to the change in technology. Analysis of both pristine and retrieved cups, together with long-term clinical outcomes, will help the transition to 3D printing to be managed safely.
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Yilbas B, Ali H, Al-Sharafi A, Al-Qahtani H. Laser processing of Ti6Al4V alloy: wetting state of surface and environmental dust effects. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01211. [PMID: 30839931 PMCID: PMC6365620 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser processing of Ti6Al4V alloy surface, via repetitive pulses, is realized incorporating the nitrogen assisting gas. The texture characteristics of the surface and wetting state are analyzed. The free energy of the laser treated surface is estimated. The influence of the dust particles on the treated and untreated surfaces is examined. The solution formed due to water condensate on the dust particles is evaluated. The adhesion of the mud dried solution on the treated and untreated surfaces is assessed through determining the tangential force required for the removal of the solution from the surface. The findings demonstrate that the high power laser repetitive pulse heating results in formation of the hieratically distributed micro/nano pillars on the workpiece surface. The wetting state of the processed surface remains hydrophilic because of the large gap size between the micro/nano pillars. The free energy of the laser textured surface is similar to that obtained for the TiN coated surfaces, which is because of the nitride compounds developed during the processing. The dried liquid solution strongly adheres at the surface and the force needed for removing the dried liquid solution is almost four times of the friction force at the surface. The liquid solution gives rise to locally scattered shallow pit sites on as received surface. This phenomenon does not occur for the laser treated surface, which is related to the passive layer developed on the surface.
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Costa BC, Tokuhara CK, Rocha LA, Oliveira RC, Lisboa-Filho PN, Costa Pessoa J. Vanadium ionic species from degradation of Ti-6Al-4V metallic implants: In vitro cytotoxicity and speciation evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:730-739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Metal-Ceramic Bond Strength of Co-Cr Dental Alloy Fabricated by Different Manufacturing Processes. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101801. [PMID: 30249000 PMCID: PMC6213922 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy is a widely used base material for dental fixed prostheses. These restorations can be produced through casting technique, subtractive or additive manufacturing technologies. However, limited information is available regarding the influence of manufacturing techniques on the properties of Co-Cr alloy since most studies used different chemical compositions of Co-Cr alloy for different manufacturing methods. This study compares the mechanical properties, metal-ceramic bond strength, and microstructures of specimens produced by casting, milling, and selective laser melting (SLM) from one single Co-Cr alloy composition. The mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated by tensile and Vickers hardness tests, and metal-ceramic bond strength was determined by three-point bending. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) images and optical microphotographs were used to analyze the surface microstructures. Compared with the casting and milling techniques, SLM Co-Cr alloy specimens indicated enhanced mechanical properties and comparable metal-ceramic bond strength. Besides, the microstructures of the SLM specimens showed finer grains with more second phase particles than the casting and milling specimens. The results of our study indicate that SLM might be superior to traditional techniques for the manufacturing of fixed dental restorations.
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27
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Ghosh S, Abanteriba S, Wong S, Houshyar S. Selective laser melted titanium alloys for hip implant applications: Surface modification with new method of polymer grafting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 87:312-324. [PMID: 30103113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of hip replacements (HR) fail permanently despite the success of the medical procedure, due to wear and progressive loss of osseointegration of implants. An ideal model should consist of materials with a high resistance to wear and with good biocompatibility. This study aims to develop a new method of grafting the surface of selective laser melted (SLM) titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC), to improve the surface properties and biocompatibility of the implant. PMPC was grafted onto the SLM fabricated Ti-6Al-4V, applying the following three techniques; ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, thermal heating both under normal atmosphere and UV irradiation under N2 gas atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D optical profiler, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterise the grafted surface. Results demonstrated that a continuous PMPC layer on the Ti-6Al-4V surface was achieved using the UV irradiation under N2 gas atmosphere technique, due to the elimination of oxygen from the system. As indicated in the results, one of the advantages of this technique is the presence of phosphorylcholine, mostly on the surface, which reveals the existence of a strong chemical bond between the grafted layer (PMPC) and substrate (Ti-6Al-4V). The nano-scratch test revealed that the PMPC grafted surface improves the mechanical strength of the surface and thus, protects the underlying implant substrate from scratching under high loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Ghosh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000 VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Sherman Wong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001 VIC, Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- Center for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion (CMIFF), RMIT University, Brunswick, 3056 VIC, Australia
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Wysocki B, Idaszek J, Zdunek J, Rożniatowski K, Pisarek M, Yamamoto A, Święszkowski W. The Influence of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Process Parameters on In-Vitro Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1619. [PMID: 29849015 PMCID: PMC6032320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of laser 3D printers is very perspective in the fabrication of solid and porous implants made of various polymers, metals, and its alloys. The Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process, in which consolidated powders are fully melted on each layer, gives the possibility of fabrication personalized implants based on the Computer Aid Design (CAD) model. During SLM fabrication on a 3D printer, depending on the system applied, there is a possibility for setting the amount of energy density (J/mm³) transferred to the consolidated powders, thus controlling its porosity, contact angle and roughness. In this study, we have controlled energy density in a range 8⁻45 J/mm³ delivered to titanium powder by setting various levels of laser power (25⁻45 W), exposure time (20⁻80 µs) and distance between exposure points (20⁻60 µm). The growing energy density within studied range increased from 63 to 90% and decreased from 31 to 13 µm samples density and Ra parameter, respectively. The surface energy 55⁻466 mN/m was achieved with contact angles in range 72⁻128° and 53⁻105° for water and formamide, respectively. The human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) adhesion after 4 h decreased with increasing energy density delivered during processing within each parameter group. The differences in cells proliferation were clearly seen after a 7-day incubation. We have observed that proliferation was decreasing with increasing density of energy delivered to the samples. This phenomenon was explained by chemical composition of oxide layers affecting surface energy and internal stresses. We have noticed that TiO₂, which is the main oxide of raw titanium powder, disintegrated during selective laser melting process and oxygen was transferred into metallic titanium. The typical for 3D printed parts post-processing methods such as chemical polishing in hydrofluoric (HF) or hydrofluoric/nitric (HF/HNO₃) acid solutions and thermal treatments were used to restore surface chemistry of raw powders and improve surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Wysocki
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
- Materialscare LTD, Zwierzyniecka 10/1, 15-333 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Idaszek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Zdunek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Rożniatowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Pisarek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Akiko Yamamoto
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland.
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Matouskova L, Ackermann M, Horakova J, Capek L, Henys P, Safka J. How does the surface treatment change the cytocompatibility of implants made by selective laser melting? Expert Rev Med Devices 2018; 15:313-321. [PMID: 29561177 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2018.1456335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study investigates the potential for producing medical components via Selective Laser Melting technology (SLM). The material tested consisted of the biocompatible titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. The research involved the testing of laboratory specimens produced using SLM technology both in vitro and for surface roughness. The aim of the research was to clarify whether SLM technology affects the cytocompatibility of implants and, thus, whether SLM implants provide suitable candidates for medical use following zero or minimum post-fabrication treatment. Areas covered: The specimens were tested with an osteoblast cell line and, subsequently, two post-treatment processes were compared: non-treated (as-fabricated) and glass-blasted. Interactions with MG-63 cells were evaluated by means of metabolic MTT assay and microscope techniques (scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy). Surface roughness was observed on both the non-treated and glass-blasted SLM specimens. Expert Commentary: The research concluded that the glass-blasting of SLM Ti6Al4V significantly reduces surface roughness. The arithmetic mean roughness Ra was calculated at 3.4 µm for the glass-blasted and 13.3 µm for the non-treated surfaces. However, the results of in vitro testing revealed that the non-treated surface was better suited to cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Matouskova
- a Department of Technologies and Structures , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ackermann
- b The Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Horakova
- c Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Capek
- a Department of Technologies and Structures , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Henys
- a Department of Technologies and Structures , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Safka
- b The Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation , Technical University of Liberec , Liberec , Czech Republic
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Antanasova M, Kocjan A, Kovač J, Žužek B, Jevnikar P. Influence of thermo-mechanical cycling on porcelain bonding to cobalt–chromium and titanium dental alloys fabricated by casting, milling, and selective laser melting. J Prosthodont Res 2018; 62:184-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cox SC, Jamshidi P, Eisenstein NM, Webber MA, Burton H, Moakes RJA, Addison O, Attallah M, Shepherd DE, Grover LM. Surface Finish has a Critical Influence on Biofilm Formation and Mammalian Cell Attachment to Additively Manufactured Prosthetics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1616-1626. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil M. Eisenstein
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, United Kingdom
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32
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Hamidi MFFA, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Ghani SAC, Ghazalli Z, Ahmad F, Sulong AB. A review of biocompatible metal injection moulding process parameters for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:1263-1276. [PMID: 28575965 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible metals have been revolutionizing the biomedical field, predominantly in human implant applications, where these metals widely used as a substitute to or as function restoration of degenerated tissues or organs. Powder metallurgy techniques, in specific the metal injection moulding (MIM) process, have been employed for the fabrication of controlled porous structures used for dental and orthopaedic surgical implants. The porous metal implant allows bony tissue ingrowth on the implant surface, thereby enhancing fixation and recovery. This paper elaborates a systematic classification of various biocompatible metals from the aspect of MIM process as used in medical industries. In this study, three biocompatible metals are reviewed-stainless steels, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys. The applications of MIM technology in biomedicine focusing primarily on the MIM process setting parameters discussed thoroughly. This paper should be of value to investigators who are interested in state of the art of metal powder metallurgy, particularly the MIM technology for biocompatible metal implant design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F F A Hamidi
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W S W Harun
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - M Samykano
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S A C Ghani
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Z Ghazalli
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia
| | - A B Sulong
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
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Asri RIM, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Lah NAC, Ghani SAC, Tarlochan F, Raza MR. Corrosion and surface modification on biocompatible metals: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1261-1274. [PMID: 28532004 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion prevention in biomaterials has become crucial particularly to overcome inflammation and allergic reactions caused by the biomaterials' implants towards the human body. When these metal implants contacted with fluidic environments such as bloodstream and tissue of the body, most of them became mutually highly antagonistic and subsequently promotes corrosion. Biocompatible implants are typically made up of metallic, ceramic, composite and polymers. The present paper specifically focuses on biocompatible metals which favorably used as implants such as 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, pure titanium and titanium-based alloys. This article also takes a close look at the effect of corrosion towards the implant and human body and the mechanism to improve it. Due to this corrosion delinquent, several surface modification techniques have been used to improve the corrosion behavior of biocompatible metals such as deposition of the coating, development of passivation oxide layer and ion beam surface modification. Apart from that, surface texturing methods such as plasma spraying, chemical etching, blasting, electropolishing, and laser treatment which used to improve corrosion behavior are also discussed in detail. Introduction of surface modifications to biocompatible metals is considered as a "best solution" so far to enhanced corrosion resistance performance; besides achieving superior biocompatibility and promoting osseointegration of biocompatible metals and alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I M Asri
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W S W Harun
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - M Samykano
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - N A C Lah
- Structural and Material Degradation Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S A C Ghani
- Green Research for Advanced Materials Laboratory, Human Engineering Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F Tarlochan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - M R Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
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Mazigi O, Kannan MB, Xu J, Choe HC, Ye Q. Biocompatibility and Degradation of a Low Elastic Modulus Ti-35Nb-3Zr Alloy: Nanosurface Engineering for Enhanced Degradation Resistance. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:509-517. [PMID: 33429618 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biocompatibility and degradation behavior of a low elastic modulus Ti-35Nb-3Zr alloy were investigated and compared with that of the conventional orthopedic and dental implant materials, i.e., commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The biocompatibility test results suggested that cells proliferate equally well on Ti-35Nb-3Zr and Cp-Ti. The degradation rates of Cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V were ∼68% (p < 0.05) and ∼84% (p < 0.05) lower as compared to Ti-35Nb-3Zr, respectively. Interestingly, the passive current density (ipass (1000mv)) of the Ti-35Nb-3Zr alloy was ∼29% lower than that of Cp-Ti, which suggests that the alloying elements in the Ti-35Nb-3Zr alloy have contributed to its passivation behavior. Nanosurface engineering of the Ti-35Nb-3Zr alloy, i.e., a two-step electrochemical process involving anodization (producing nanoporous layer) and calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition, decreased the degradation rate of the alloy by ∼83% (p < 0.05), and notably, it was similar to the conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Hence, it can be suggested that the nanosurface-engineered low elastic modulus Ti-35Nb-3Zr alloy is a promising material for orthopedic and dental implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohan Mazigi
- Biomaterials and Engineering Materials (BEM) Laboratory College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - M Bobby Kannan
- Biomaterials and Engineering Materials (BEM) Laboratory College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Han-Cheol Choe
- Department of Dental Materials, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Qingsong Ye
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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Promising characteristics of gradient porosity Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by SLM process. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:368-376. [PMID: 28167428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porous structures, manufactured of a biocompatible metal, mimicking human bone structure are the future of orthopedic implantology. Fully porous materials, however, suffer from certain drawbacks. To overcome these, gradient in structure can be prepared. With gradient in porosity mechanical properties can be optimized to an appropriate value, implant can be attributed a similar gradient macrostructure as bone, tissue adhesion may be promoted and also various modification with organic or inorganic substances are possible. In this study, additive technology selective laser melting (SLM) was used to produce three types of gradient porosity model specimens of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. As this technology has the potential to prepare complex structures in the near-net form, to control porosity, pore size and shape, it represents a promising option. The first part of the research work was focused on the characterization of the material itself in the as-produced state, only with heat treatment applied. The second part dealt with the influence of porosity on mechanical properties. The study has shown SLM brings significant changes in the surface chemistry. Despite this finding, titanium alloy retained its cytocompatibility, as it was outlined by in vitro tests with U-2 OS cells. With introduced porosity yield strength, ultimate strength and stiffness showed linear decrease, both in tension and compression. With respect to the future use in the form of orthopedic implant, especially reduction in Young's modulus down to the human bone value (30.5±2GPa) is very appreciated as the stress-shielding effect followed by possible implant loosening is limited.
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Highly porous, low elastic modulus 316L stainless steel scaffold prepared by selective laser melting. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:631-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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