1
|
Salehi S, Ghomi H, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA, Koupaei N, Khodaei M. 3D printed polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol/bredigite nanocomposite scaffold enhances bone tissue regeneration via promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136160. [PMID: 39357695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the fabrication of personalized scaffolds with high accuracy has been developed through 3D printing technology. In the current study, polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) composite scaffolds with varied weight percentages (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 %) of bredigite nanoparticles (B) were fabricated using the 3D printing and then characterized through scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The addition of B nanoparticles up to 20 wt% to PLA/PEG scaffold increased the compressive strength (from 7.59 to 13.84 MPa) and elastic modulus (from 142.42 to 268.33 MPa). The apatite formation ability as well as inorganic ion release in simulated body fluid were investigated for 28 days. The MG-63 cells viability and adhesion were enhanced by increasing the amount of B in the PLA/PEG scaffold and the osteogenic differentiation of the rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase activity test and alizarin red staining. According to chorioallantoic membrane assay, the highest angiogenesis occurred around the PLA/PEG/B30 scaffold. In vivo experiments on a rat calvarial defect model demonstrated an almost complete recovery in the PLA/PEG/B30 group within 8 weeks. Based on the results, the PLA/PEG/B30 composite scaffold is proposed as an optimal scaffold to repair bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saiedeh Salehi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghomi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
| | - S A Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
| | - Narjes Koupaei
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khodaei
- Materials Engineering Group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan 87717-67498, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Indra A, Razi R, Jasmayeti R, Fauzan A, Wahyudi D, Handra N, Subardi A, Susanto I, Purnomo MJ. The practical process of manufacturing poly(methyl methacrylate)-based scaffolds having high porosity and high strength. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105862. [PMID: 37086523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based scaffolds have been produced using the granule casting method with grain sizes M80-100 and M100-140. The novelty of this study was the application of the cold-cutting method (CCm) to reduce the PMMA granule size. PMMA granule shape, granule size (mesh), and sintering temperature were the primary variables in manufacturing PMMA scaffolds. CCm was applied to reduce the granule size of commercial PMMA, which was originally solid cylindrical, by lowering the temperature to 3.5 °C, 0 °C, and-8.3 °C. PMMA granules that had been reduced were sieved with mesh sizes M80-100 and M100-140. Green bodies were made by the granule casting method using an aluminum mold measuring 8 × 8 × 8 mm3. The sintering process was carried out at temperatures varying from 115 °C to 140 °C, a heating rate of 5 °C/min, and a holding time of 2 h, the cooling process was carried out in a furnace. The characterization of the PMMA-based scaffolds' properties was carried out by observing the microstructure with SEM, analyzing the distribution of pore sizes with ImageJ software, and testing the porosity, the phase, with XRD, and the compressive strength. The best results from the overall analysis were the M80-100 PMMA scaffold treated at a sintering temperature of 130 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 8.2 MPa, 62.0%, and 121-399 μm, respectively, and the M100-140 one treated at a sintering temperature of 135 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 12.1 MPa, 61.2%, and 140-366 μm, respectively. There were interconnected pores in the PMMA scaffolds, as evidenced by the SEM images. There was no PMMA phase change between before and after the sintering process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ade Indra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Rivaldo Razi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Riri Jasmayeti
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Fauzan
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Didi Wahyudi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Nofriady Handra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Adi Subardi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Sleman, 55281, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Susanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, West Java, 16425, Indonesia
| | - M Jalu Purnomo
- Department of Aeronautics, Institut Teknologi Dirgantara Adisutjipto, Yogyakarta, 55198, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Swain S, Bhaskar R, Narayanan KB, Gupta MK, Sharma S, Dasgupta S, Han SS, Kumar P. Physicochemical, mechanical, dielectric, and biological properties of sintered hydroxyapatite/barium titanate nanocomposites for bone regeneration. Biomed Mater 2023; 18. [PMID: 36735970 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acb8f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone implants fabricated using nanocomposites containing hydroxyapatite (HA) and barium titanate (BT) show osteoconductive, osteoinductive, osteointegration, and piezoelectricity properties for bone regeneration applications. In our present study, HA and BT nanopowders were synthesized using high-energy ball-milling-assisted solid-state reaction with precursors of calcium carbonate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, and barium carbonate and titanium oxide powder mixtures, respectively. Hexagonal HA and tetragonal BT phases were formed after calcination at 700 and 1000 °C, respectively. Subsequently, hydroxyapatite/barium titanate (HA/BT) nanocomposites with different weight percentages of HA and BT were prepared by ball-milling, then compacted and sintered at two different temperatures to endow these bioceramics with better mechanical, dielectric, and biological properties for bone regeneration. Microstructure, crystal phases, and molecular structure characterizations of these sintered HA/BT nanocomposite compacts (SHBNCs) were performed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Bulk density was evaluated using the Archimedes method. HA/BT nanocomposites with increased BT content showed enhanced dielectric properties, and the dielectric constant (ϵr) value for 5HA/95BT was ∼182 at 100 Hz. Mechanical properties such as Vicker's hardness, fracture toughness, yield strength, and diametral tensile strength were also investigated. The hemolysis assay of SHBNCs exhibited hemocompatibility. The effect of these SHBNCs as implants on thein vitrocytocompatibility and cell viability of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells was assessed by MTT assay and live/dead staining, respectively. 15HA/85BT showed increased metabolic activity with a higher number of live cells than BT after the culture period. Overall, the SHBNCs can be used as orthopedic implants for bone regeneration applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Swain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sonia Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Government. Autonomous College Rourkela, Odisha 769004, India
| | - Sudip Dasgupta
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xuan Y, Li L, Zhang C, Zhang M, Cao J, Zhang Z. The 3D-Printed Ordered Bredigite Scaffold Promotes Pro-Healing of Critical-Sized Bone Defects by Regulating Macrophage Polarization. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:917-932. [PMID: 36844434 PMCID: PMC9951604 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s393080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Repairing critical-sized bone defects secondary to traumatic or tumorous damage is a complex conundrum in clinical practice; in this case, artificial scaffolds exhibited preferable outcomes. Bredigite (BRT, Ca7MgSi4O16) bioceramic possesses excellent physicochemical properties and biological activity as a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering. Methods Structurally ordered BRT (BRT-O) scaffolds were fabricated by a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique, and the random BRT (BRT-R) scaffolds and clinically available β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds were compared as control groups. Their physicochemical properties were characterized, and RAW 264.7 cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and rat cranial critical-sized bone defect models were utilized for evaluating macrophage polarization and bone regeneration. Results The BRT-O scaffolds exhibited regular morphology and homogeneous porosity. In addition, the BRT-O scaffolds released higher concentrations of ionic products based on coordinated biodegradability than the β-TCP scaffolds. In vitro, the BRT-O scaffolds facilitated RWA264.7 cells polarization to pro-healing M2 macrophage phenotype, whereas the BRT-R and β-TCP scaffolds stimulated more pro-inflammatory M1-type macrophages. A conditioned medium derived from macrophages seeding on the BRT-O scaffolds notably promoted the osteogenic lineage differentiation of BMSCs in vitro. The cell migration ability of BMSCs was significantly enhanced under the BRT-O-induced immune microenvironment. Moreover, in rat cranial critical-sized bone defect models, the BRT-O scaffolds group promoted new bone formation with a higher proportion of M2-type macrophage infiltration and expression of osteogenesis-related markers. Therefore, in vivo, BRT-O scaffolds play immunomodulatory roles in promoting critical-sized bone defects by enhancing the polarization of M2 macrophages. Conclusion 3D-printed BRT-O scaffolds can be a promising option for bone tissue engineering, at least partly through macrophage polarization and osteoimmunomodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Xuan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junkai Cao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Indra A, Hamid I, Farenza J, Handra N, Anrinal, Subardi A. Manufacturing hydroxyapatite scaffold from snapper scales with green phenolic granules as the space holder material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105509. [PMID: 36240527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold was made using the powder metallurgy with an use of a space holder method with a pore-forming agent from green phenolic (GP) granules. The novelty of this study was the use of GP granules as an agent that does not melt at high temperatures to avoid damaging the tangential contact between the HA powder during the sintering process. HA from snapper scales was added and mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethanol to form a slurry. The ethanol content was then removed by drying at room temperature. The HA, which contained PVA, was added with GP granules as a pore-forming agent in various amounts to get the desired porosity. The green body was made using a stainless steel mold with the uniaxial pressing process under a pressure of 100 MPa. To make a scaffold sintered body, a sintering process ran at 1200 °C with a holding time of 2 h while maintaining the heating and cooling rates at 5 °C/min. The physical properties of the scaffold sintered body were characterized through linear shrinkage test, pore measurement, porosity test, phase observation by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microstructure observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and digital microscopy (DM). So were the mechanical ones through a compressive strength test. The results showed that the sintered body had a compressive strength value of 1.6 MPa at a porosity of 60.7% with a pore size of 129-394 μm. The scaffold contained interconnections between pores at a HA:GP ratio of 55:45 wt%, which matched the condition required for cell tissue growth. The conclusion is that GP granules are good enough to be used as a pore-making agent on scaffolds using the space holder method because they do not damage the tangential contact between the HA powder during the sintering process. However, efforts are needed to remove the remaining GP ash on the scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ade Indra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Irfan Hamid
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Jerry Farenza
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Nofriady Handra
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Anrinal
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Padang, Kp Olo, 25143, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
| | - Adi Subardi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta, Sleman, 55281, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramadas M, Abimanyu R, Ferreira JMF, Ballamurugan AM. Fabrication and biological evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) Mg substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate porous scaffolds for hard tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33706-33715. [PMID: 36505699 PMCID: PMC9685373 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports on the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) magnesium substituted bi-phasic calcium phosphate (Mg-BCP) scaffolds by gel-casting, their structural and physico-chemical characterization, and on the assessment of their in vitro and in vivo performances. The crystalline phase assemblage, chemical functional groups and porous morphology features of the scaffolds were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively. The sintered scaffolds revealed an interconnected porosity with pore sizes ranging from 4.3 to 7.28 μm. The scaffolds exhibited good biomineralization activity upon immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), while an in vitro study using MG-63 cell line cultures confirmed their improved biocompatibility, cell proliferation and bioactivity. Bone grafting of 3D scaffolds was performed in non-load bearing bone defects surgically created in tibia of rabbits, used as animal model. Histological and radiological observations indicated the successful restoration of bone defects. The overall results confirmed the suitability of the scaffolds to be further tested as synthetic bone grafts in bone regeneration surgeries and in bone tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munusamy Ramadas
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar UniversityCoimbatore 641046India
| | - Ravichandran Abimanyu
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar UniversityCoimbatore 641046India
| | - José M. F. Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO, University of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng Y, Wang J, Dai X, Chen M, Bao Z, Yang X, Xie J, Wang C, Shao J, Han H, Yao K, Gou Z, Ye J. Precisely Tuning the Pore-Wall Surface Composition of Bioceramic Scaffolds Facilitates Angiogenesis and Orbital Bone Defect Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:43987-44001. [PMID: 36102779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orbital bone damage (OBD) may result in severe post-traumatic enophthalmos, craniomaxillofacial deformities, vision loss, and intracranial infections. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate advanced biomaterials that can match the individual anatomical structure and enhance OBD repair in situ. Herein, we aimed to develop a selective surface modification strategy on bioceramic scaffolds and evaluated the effects of inorganic or organic functional coating on angiogenesis and osteogenesis, ectopically and orthotopically in OBD models. It was shown that the low thermal bioactive glass (BG) modification or layer-by-layer assembly of a biomimetic hydrogel (Biogel) could readily integrate into the pore wall of the bioceramic scaffolds. The BG and Biogel modification showed appreciable enhancement in the initial compressive strength (∼30-75%) or structural stability in vivo, respectively. BG modification could enhance by nearly 2-fold the vessel ingrowth, and the osteogenic capacity was also accelerated, accompanied with a mild scaffold biodegradation after 3 months. Meanwhile, the Biogel-modified scaffolds showed enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization through calcium and phosphorus retention. The potential mechanism of the enhanced bone repair was elucidated via vascular and osteogenic cell responses in vitro, and the cell tests indicated that the Biogel and BG functional layers were both beneficial for in vitro osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization on bioceramics. Totally, these findings demonstrated that the bioactive ions or biomolecules could significantly improve the angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities of conventional bioceramics, and the integration of inorganic or organic functional coating in the pore wall is a highly flexible material toolbox that can be tailored directly to improve orbital bone defect repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Peng
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xizhe Dai
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhaonan Bao
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyan Yang
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ji Shao
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Haijie Han
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhongru Gou
- Bio-nanomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Research Division, Zhejiang-California International Nanosystem Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Eye Center, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fabrication of functional and nano-biocomposite scaffolds using strontium-doped bredigite nanoparticles/polycaprolactone/poly lactic acid via 3D printing for bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:1319-1336. [PMID: 36055598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a field to manufacture scaffolds for bone defects that cannot repair without medical interventions. Ceramic nanoparticles such as bredigite have importance roles in bone regeneration. We synthesized a novel strontium (Sr) doped bredigite (Bre) nanoparticles (BreSr) and then developed new nanocomposite scaffolds using polycaprolactone (PCL), poly lactic acid (PLA) by the 3D-printing technique. Novel functional nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS: map). The nanoparticles were uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix composites. The 3D- printed scaffolds were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), degradation rate porosity, mechanical tests, apatite formation and cell culture. Degradation rate and mechanical strength were increased in the PLA/PCL/Bre-5%Sr nanocopmposite scaffolds.. Hydroxyapatite crystals were also created on the scaffold surface in the bioactivity test. The scaffolds supported viability and proliferation of human osteoblasts. Gene expression and calcium deposition in the samples containing nanoparticles indicated statistical different than the scaffolds without nanoparticles. The nanocomposite scaffolds were implanted into the critical-sized calvarial defects in rat for 3 months. The scaffolds containing Bre-Sr ceramic nanoparticles exhibited the best potential to regenerate bone tissue.
Collapse
|
9
|
García Domínguez G, Diaz De La Torre S, Chávez Güitrón L, Vergara Hernández E, Reyes Miranda J, Quezada Cruz M, Garrido Hernández A. Effect of the Structural and Morphological Properties of Surfactant-Assisted Hydroxyapatite on Dermal Irritation and Antibacterial Activity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6522. [PMID: 34772043 PMCID: PMC8585225 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles with a homogeneous rod morphology were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The powders were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial and dermal irritation analyses of the samples were performed and discussed. The use of cationic and anionic surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), respectively, at a low concentration (2.5 mol%) modified the length/diameter (L/D) ratio of the HAp rods. Structural characterizations of hydroxyapatite synthesized without surfactant (HA), with 2.5 and 5 mol% of SDS (SDS- and SDS+, respectively), and with 2.5 and 5 mol% of CTAB (CTAB- and CTAB+, respectively) revealed well-crystallized samples in the hexagonal phase. The CTAB- sample presented antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus anginosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggesting that antimicrobial susceptibility was promoted by the bacterial nature and the use of the surfactant. Dermal irritation showed no clinical signs of disease in rabbits during the study, where there was neither erythema nor necrosis at the inoculation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni García Domínguez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC IPN, Cerrada de Cecati S/N, Col. Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02250, Mexico; (G.G.D.); (S.D.D.L.T.)
| | - Sebastián Diaz De La Torre
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIITEC IPN, Cerrada de Cecati S/N, Col. Santa Catarina, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02250, Mexico; (G.G.D.); (S.D.D.L.T.)
| | - Lorena Chávez Güitrón
- Universidad Tecnológica de México—UNITEC MÉXICO–Campus Ecatepec, Ecatepec de Morelos 55107, Estado de México, Mexico;
- Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, UTTEC, Carretera Federal México–Pachuca Km 37.5, Col. Sierra Hermosa, Tecámac 55740, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Erasto Vergara Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIH, Carretera Pachuca—Actopan Kilómetro 1+500 Ciudad del Conocimiento y la Cultura, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Joan Reyes Miranda
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM, Av. San Pablo Xalpa 180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico;
| | - Maribel Quezada Cruz
- Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, UTTEC, Carretera Federal México–Pachuca Km 37.5, Col. Sierra Hermosa, Tecámac 55740, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Aristeo Garrido Hernández
- Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, UTTEC, Carretera Federal México–Pachuca Km 37.5, Col. Sierra Hermosa, Tecámac 55740, Estado de México, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakhaee FM, Rajabi M, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR. In-vitroassessment of β-tricalcium phosphate/bredigite-ciprofloxacin (CPFX) scaffolds for bone treatment applications. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34038876 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds with various amounts of bredigite (Bre) were fabricated by the space holder method. The effect of bredigite content on the structure, mechanical properties,in vitrobioactivity, and cell viability was investigated. The structural assessment of the composite scaffolds presented interconnected pores with diameter of 300-500 μm with around 78%-82% porosity. The results indicated that the compressive strength of the scaffolds with 20% bredigite (1.91 MPa) was improved in comparison with scaffolds with 10% bredigite (0.52 MPa), due to the reduction of the average pore and grain sizes. Also, the results showed that the bioactivity and biodegradability of β-TCP/20Bre were better than that of β-TCP/10Bre. Besides, in this study, the release kinetics of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) loaded β-TCP/Bre composites as well as the ability of scaffolds to function as a sustained release drug carrier was investigated. Drug release pattern of β-TCP/bredigite-5CPFX scaffolds exhibited the rapid burst release of 43% for 3 h along with sustained release (82%) for 32 h which is favorable for bone infection treatment. Antibacterial tests revealed that the antibacterial properties of β-TCP/bredigite scaffolds are strongly related to the CPFX concentration, wherein the scaffold containing 5% CPFX showed the most significant zone of inhibition (33 ± 0.5 mm) againstStaphylococcus aureus. The higher specific surface areas of nanostructure β-TCP/bredigite scaffolds containing CPFX lead to an initial rapid release followed by constant drug delivery. MTT assay showed that the cell viability of β-TCP/bredigite scaffold loading with up to 1%-3% CPFX (95 ± 2%), is greater than for scaffolds containing 5% CPFX (84 ± 2%). In Overall, it may suggested that β-TCP/bredigite containing 1%-3% CPFX possesses great cell viability and antibacterial activity and be employed as bactericidal biomaterials and bone infection treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Mofid Nakhaee
- Department of materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Industries Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rajabi
- Department of materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Industries Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol 47148-71167, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghasemi S, Ghomi H. Investigation of applying chitosan coating on antibacterial and biocompatibility properties of bredigite/titanium dioxide composite scaffolds. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:406-418. [PMID: 33593130 DOI: 10.1177/0885328221994290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study by considering the advantages of bredigite (Br) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) bioceramics, composite scaffolds of bredigite/titanium dioxide were prepared by the gelcasting method, then, to improve the mechanical, biological and antibacterial properties, scaffolds were coated with chitosan (Ch) polymer phase. The phase structure, fundamental groups, chemical composition, and elemental distribution analysis, morphology and the form of porosity were respectively characterized by XRD, FTIR, EDS, and SEM. Mechanical properties and porosity percentage of scaffolds were also measured by the compressive strength test and Archimedean method, respectively. In order to verify the cell compatibility, MG63 bone marrow cells were cultured on the surface of the specimens. The results showed that the addition of titanium dioxide to the scaffold of bredigite resulted in decrease of porosity and increase of compressive strength of scaffolds from 0.299 to 0.687 MPa. Furthermore, the coated scaffold with chitosan polymer reduced porosity from 83 to 63 percent and a remarkable improvement in compressive strength from 0.585 to 2.339 MPa. The results of the antibacterial test showed that in composite scaffolds, The diameter of the inhibition zone is 22 and 29 mm, in the culture media of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), respectively. On the other hand, the results of cell compatibility and cell adhesion tests showed that the scaffolds had no toxicity and the growth, proliferation, and adhesion of MG63 bone cells adjacent to the scaffolds was desirable. Therefore, the scaffold in this study can be used as an ideal scaffold for use in bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ghasemi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghomi
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abbasian V, Emadi R, Kharaziha M. Biomimetic Nylon 6-Baghdadite Nanocomposite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
13
|
Hamvar M, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Omidi M, Ismail AF, Aziz M, Berto F, Chen X. Biocompatibility and bioactivity of hardystonite-based nanocomposite scaffold for tissue engineering applications. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035011. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Gao C, Yao M, Li S, Feng P, Peng S, Shuai C. Highly biodegradable and bioactive Fe-Pd-bredigite biocomposites prepared by selective laser melting. J Adv Res 2019; 20:91-104. [PMID: 31304046 PMCID: PMC6603336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) has been highly anticipated as a bone implant material owing to the biodegradability and excellent mechanical properties, but limited by the slow degradation and poor bioactivity. In this study, novel Fe-palladium (Pd)-bredigite biocomposites were developed by selective laser melting aiming to improve both the degradation behavior and bioactivity of Fe. The results showed that most Pd formed Pd-rich intermetallic phases (IMPs) with a nearly continuous network while the bredigite phase was distributed at the grain boundaries. In addition, a large amount of much nobler IMPs formed micro-galvanic pairs with the Fe matrix, inducing tremendous micro-galvanic corrosion. The IMPs contained a high amount of Pd2+ with a high reduction potential, which further promoted the efficiency of micro-galvanic corrosion. Moreover, the rapid degradation of bredigite also facilitated the penetration of the corrosion medium. As a result, the Fe-4Pd-5bredigite biocomposite showed a uniform degradation with a rate that is 6 times that of Fe. Furthermore, the developed Fe-Pd-bredigite biocomposites also featured excellent bioactivity, cytocompatibility, and suitable mechanical properties as characterized by the rapid apatite deposition, normal proliferation of human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63), and comparable strength and microhardness with the native bone. Overall, this study opens a new avenue for improving both the degradation and bioactivity of Fe-based composites and may facilitate their applications as biodegradable implants for tissue/organ repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengde Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Meng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Pei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sadeghzade S, Emadi R, Tavangarian F, Doostmohammadi A. In vitro evaluation of diopside/baghdadite bioceramic scaffolds modified by polycaprolactone fumarate polymer coating. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 106:110176. [PMID: 31753370 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous Si-based ceramic scaffolds are widely attracted in biomedical tissue engineering application. Despite the attractive properties of these materials, their weak mechanical properties and high degradability in vitro and in vivo environment can limit their application as biomedical devises. Applying a thin layer of polymer on the surface of porous scaffolds can improve the mechanical properties and control the degradation rate. In this study, we produced new modified scaffolds with polymers coating in order to improved mechanical and biological properties of Si-based ceramics scaffolds. The results showed that applying 6 wt% PCLF polymer on the surface of Bagh-15 wt%Dio scaffolds delayed apatite formation compared to unmodified scaffolds. On the other hand, in the modified scaffolds, apatite formation was observed. The degradation rate of unmodified scaffolds was decreased around 82% after 28 days soaking in PBS solution. Based on the MTT assay and SEM micrographs, the BMS cells were spread and attached well on the surface of the scaffolds, which indicated a good biocompatibility. The results showed that these scaffolds have the potential to be used as a temporary substrate for bone tissue engineering application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Sadeghzade
- Materials research Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
| | - Rahmatollah Emadi
- Materials research Group, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Fariborz Tavangarian
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Middletown, PA 17057, USA.
| | - Ali Doostmohammadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto M3J1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dayaghi E, Bakhsheshi-Rad H, Hamzah E, Akhavan-Farid A, Ismail A, Aziz M, Abdolahi E. Magnesium-zinc scaffold loaded with tetracycline for tissue engineering application: In vitro cell biology and antibacterial activity assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Hadagalli K, Panda AK, Mandal S, Basu B. Faster Biomineralization and Tailored Mechanical Properties of Marine-Resource-Derived Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Tunable Interconnected Porous Architecture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:2171-2184. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komalakrushna Hadagalli
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal 575025, India
| | - Asish Kumar Panda
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saumen Mandal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal 575025, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nano‑calcium phosphate bone cement based on Si-stabilized α-tricalcium phosphate with improved mechanical properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:532-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
19
|
Ding Y, Su Y, Lv Z, Sun H, Bi X, Lu L, Zhou H, You Z, Wang Y, Ruan J, Gu P, Fan X. Poly (fumaroyl bioxirane) maleate: A potential functional scaffold for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:249-259. [PMID: 28482524 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proper scaffolds combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising strategy for repairing bone defects. In a previous study, poly (fumaroyl bioxirane) maleate (PFM), a newly developed functional polymer with numerous functional groups, exhibited excellent biocompatibility and enhanced the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts in vitro. Here, to provide further and comprehensive insight into the application of PFM in bone tissue engineering, we investigated the osteoinductive potential of PFM cultured with rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rADSCs). The results showed that PFM resulted in greater proliferation of rADSCs and that the PFM substrate had stronger osteoinductivity than PLGA and the control, as indicated by the significant upregulation of osteogenesis-related genes, proteins and calcium mineralization in vitro. Next, PFM was combined with rADSCs to repair a critical-sized calvarial defect in rats. Compared to the PLGA scaffold, the PFM scaffold significantly promoted new bone formation and exhibited excellent effects in repairing rat calvarial defects. In conclusion, PFM possesses strong osteoinductivity, which could markedly enhance bone regeneration, suggesting that PFM could serve as a promising and effective optimization method for traditional scaffolds in bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyin Lv
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei You
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Surgery, and the McGowan Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|