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Aksakal B, Sezek S, Macit CK. The effect of Silver addition and deformation parameters on mechanostructure, biodegradation, antimicrobial and mechanical properties of Zn-based biodegradable alloys. J Biomater Appl 2024; 39:298-316. [PMID: 39077998 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241268682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Although low mechanical properties, Zinc (Zn) alloy systems with Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag) as alloying elements have strong biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics. This study examined the effects of rolling parameters and Ag alloying on the mechanical, biodegradable, and final structure of an alloy based on Zn. Comparing treated and untreated specimens, the addition of Ag led to a considerable improvement in both hardness and compressive strength. The produced alloys with varying amounts of Ag (between 1 and 4 wt%) were cold rolled at 400-800 r/min and friction coefficients between 0.3 and 0.5. The alloys' ultimate strength rose with an increase in rolling speed for Zn1Cu4Ag, and hardness and compressive strengths rose to 80HV and 470 MPa, respectively. It was demonstrated that rolling force rose somewhat with Ag concentration but significantly increased with rolling speed and friction. E. Coli and S. aureus were used to assess the biodegradable alloys' antibacterial properties. For the Zn-1Cu-2Ag alloy, the inclusion of Ag resulted in a considerable (50%) rise in antibacterial activity that exceeded the effects seen in other alloy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bünyamin Aksakal
- Department of Aircraft Airframe-Engine, School of Aviation, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sinan Sezek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cevher Kürşat Macit
- Department of Aircraft Airframe-Engine, School of Aviation, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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2
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Luo K, Liu Z, Yu R, Xu T, Legut D, Yin X, Zhang R. Electrochemical stability of biodegradable Zn-Cu alloys through machine-learning accelerated high-throughput discovery. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23010-23022. [PMID: 39171693 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Zn-Cu alloys have attracted great attention as biodegradable alloys owing to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, with corrosion characteristics being crucial for their suitability for biomedical applications. However, the unresolved identification of intermetallic compounds in Zn-Cu alloys affecting corrosion and the complexity of the application environment hamper the understanding of their electrochemical behavior. Utilizing high-throughput first-principles calculations and machine-learning accelerated evolutionary algorithms for screening the most stable compounds in Zn-Cu systems, a dataset encompassing the formation energy of 2033 compounds is generated. It reveals that most of the experimentally reported Zn-Cu compounds can be replicated, especially the structure of R32 CuZn5 is first discovered which possesses the lowest formation energy of -0.050 eV per atom. Furthermore, the simulated X-ray diffraction pattern matches perfectly with the experimental ones. By formulating 342 potential electrochemical reactions based on the binary compounds, the Pourbaix diagrams for Zn-Cu alloys are constructed to clarify the fundamental competition between different phases and ions. The calculated equilibrium potential of CuZn5 is higher than that of Zn through the forward reaction Zn + CuZn5 ⇌ CuZn5 + Zn2+ + 2e-, resulting in microcell formation owing to the stronger charge density localization in Zn compared to CuZn5. The presence of chlorine accelerates the corrosion of Zn through the reaction Zn + CuZn5 + 6Cl- + 6H2O ⇌ Cu + 6ZnOHCl + 6H+ + 12e-, where the formation of ZnOHCl disrupts the ZnO passive film and expands the corrosion pH range from 9.2 to 8.8. Our findings reveal an accurate quantitative corrosion mechanism for Zn-Cu alloys, providing an effective pathway to investigate the corrosion resistance of biodegradable alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Dominik Legut
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, CZ-70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Xing Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Nuclear Reactor Technology, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China.
- Center for Integrated Computational Engineering (International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science) and Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials & Coatings Technology (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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3
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Meng F, Du Y. Research Progress on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Zinc Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4309. [PMID: 39274701 PMCID: PMC11395926 DOI: 10.3390/ma17174309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Zinc, along with magnesium and iron, is considered one of the most promising biodegradable metals. Compared with magnesium and iron, pure Zn exhibits poor mechanical properties, despite its mild biological corrosion behavior and beneficial biocompatibility. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), unlike traditional manufacturing techniques, has the capability to rapidly manufacture near-net-shape components. At present, although the combination of LPBF and Zn has made great progress, it is still in its infancy. Element loss and porosity are common processing problems for LPBF Zn, mainly due to evaporation during melting under a high-energy beam. The formation quality and properties of the final material are closely related to the alloy composition, design and processing. This work reviews the state of research and future perspective on LPBF zinc from comprehensive assessments such as powder characteristics, alloy composition, processing, formation quality, microstructure, and properties. The effects of powder characteristics, process parameters and evaporation on formation quality are introduced. The mechanical, corrosion, and biocompatibility properties of LPBF Zn and their test methodologies are introduced. The effects of microstructure on mechanical properties and corrosion properties are analyzed in detail. The practical medical application of Zn is introduced. Finally, current research status is summarized together with suggested directions for advancing knowledge about LPBF Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yulei Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Ji H, Shen G, Liu H, Liu Y, Qian J, Wan G, Luo E. Biodegradable Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy promotes the bone repair of senile osteoporotic fractures via the immune-modulation of macrophages. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:422-437. [PMID: 38770427 PMCID: PMC11103781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Delayed bone-healing of senile osteoporotic fractures remains a clinical challenge due to the alterations caused by aging in bone and immune systems. The novel biomaterials that address the deficiencies in both skeletal cells and immune systems are required to effectively treat the bone injuries of older patients. Zinc (Zn) has shown promise as a biodegradable material for use in orthopedic implants. To address the bone-healing deficiencies in elderly patients with bone injuries, we developed a biodegradable Zn-based alloy (Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr) with enhanced mechanical properties, including a yield strength of 198.7 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 217.6 MPa, surpassing those of pure Zn and Zn-2Cu alloys. Cytotoxicity tests conducted on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and MC3T3-E1 cells demonstrated that the extracts from Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy exhibited no observable cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the extracts of Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects through regulation of inflammation-related cytokine production and modulation of macrophage polarization. The improved immune-osteo microenvironment subsequently contributed to osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The potential therapeutic application of Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr in senile osteoporotic fracture was tested using a rat model of age-related osteoporosis. The Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy met the requirements for load-bearing applications and accelerated the healing process in a tibial fracture in aged rats. The imaging and histological analyses showed that it could accelerate the bone-repair process and promote the fracture healing in senile osteoporotic rats. These findings suggest that the novel Zn-2Cu-0.5Zr alloy holds potential for influencing the immunomodulatory function of macrophages and facilitating bone repair in elderly individuals with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine/Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junyu Qian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine/Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - GuoJiang Wan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine/Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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Zhang X, Niu J, Yeung KWK, Huang H, Gao Z, Chen C, Guan Q, Zhang G, Zhang L, Xue G, Yuan G. Developing Zn-2Cu-xLi (x < 0.1 wt %) alloys with suitable mechanical properties, degradation behaviors and cytocompatibility for vascular stents. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00313-1. [PMID: 38876454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable Zn alloys show great potential for vascular stents due to their moderate degradation rates and acceptable biocompatibility. However, the poor mechanical properties limit their applications. In this study, low alloyed Zn-2Cu-xLi (x = 0.004, 0.01, 0.07 wt %) alloys with favorable mechanical properties were developed. The microstructure consists of fine equiaxed η-Zn grains, micron, submicron-sized and coherent nano ε-CuZn4 phases. The introduced Li exists as a solute in the η-Zn matrix and ε-CuZn4 phase, and results in the increase of ε-CuZn4 volume fraction, the refinement of grains and more uniform distribution of grain sizes. As Li content increases, the strength of alloys is dramatically improved by grain boundary strengthening, precipitate strengthening of ε-CuZn4 and solid solution strengthening of Li. Zn-2Cu-0.07Li alloy has the optimal mechanical properties with a tensile yield strength of 321.8 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 362.3 MPa and fracture elongation of 28.0 %, exceeding the benchmark of stents. It also has favorable mechanical property stability, weak tension compression yield asymmetry and strain rate sensitivity. It exhibits uniform degradation and a little improved degradation rate of 89.5 μm∙year-1, due to the improved electrochemical activity by increased ε-CuZn4 volume fraction, and generates Li2CO3 and LiOH. It shows favorable cytocompatibility without adverse influence on endothelial cell viability by trace Li+. The fabricated microtubes show favorable mechanical properties, and stents exhibit an average radial strength of 118 kPa. The present study indicates that Zn-2Cu-0.07Li alloy is a potential and promising candidate for vascular stent applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Zn alloys are promising candidates for biodegradable vascular stents. However, improving their mechanical properties is challenging. Combining the advantages of Cu and trace Li, Zn-2Cu-xLi (x < 0.1 wt %) alloys were developed for stents. As Li increases, the strength of alloys is dramatically improved by refined grains, increased volume fraction of ε-CuZn4 and solid solution of Li. Zn-2Cu-0.07Li alloy exhibits a TYS exceeding 320 MPa, UTS exceeding 360 MPa and fracture EL of nearly 30 %. It shows favorable mechanical stability, degradation behaviors and cytocompatibility. The alloy was fabricated into microtubes and stents for mechanical property tests to verify application feasibility for the first time. This indicates that Zn-2Cu-0.07Li alloy has great potential for vascular stent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jialin Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Kelvin Wai-Kwok Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chun Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingqing Guan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Shanghai MicroPort Endovascular MedTech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Shanghai MicroPort Endovascular MedTech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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6
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Yuan K, Deng C, Tan L, Wang X, Yan W, Dai X, Du R, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Wang G. Structural and temporal dynamics analysis of zinc-based biomaterials: History, research hotspots and emerging trends. Bioact Mater 2024; 35:306-329. [PMID: 38362138 PMCID: PMC10867564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the 16-year developmental history, research hotspots, and emerging trends of zinc-based biodegradable metallic materials from the perspective of structural and temporal dynamics. Methods The literature on zinc-based biodegradable metallic materials in WoSCC was searched. Historical characteristics, the evolution of active topics and development trends in the field of zinc-based biodegradable metallic materials were analyzed using the bibliometric tools CiteSpace and HistCite. Results Over the past 16 years, the field of zinc-based biodegradable metal materials has remained in a hotspot stage, with extensive scientific collaboration. In addition, there are 45 subject categories and 51 keywords in different research periods, and 80 papers experience citation bursts. Keyword clustering anchored 3 emerging research subfields, namely, #1 plastic deformation #4 additive manufacturing #5 surface modification. The keyword alluvial map shows that the longest-lasting research concepts in the field are mechanical property, microstructure, corrosion behavior, etc., and emerging keywords are additive manufacturing, surface modification, dynamic recrystallization, etc. The most recent research on reference clustering has six subfields. Namely, #0 microstructure, #2 sem, #3 additive manufacturing, #4 laser powder bed fusion, #5 implant, and #7 Zn-1Mg. Conclusion The results of the bibliometric study provide the current status and trends of research on zinc-based biodegradable metallic materials, which can help researchers identify hot spots and explore new research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunshan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Dezhou, 251100, China
| | - Chengchen Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lili Tan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Wenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Ruolin Du
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Dezhou, 251100, China
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- JinFeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
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Li P, Dai J, Li Y, Alexander D, Čapek J, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Wan G, Han J, Yu Z, Li A. Zinc based biodegradable metals for bone repair and regeneration: Bioactivity and molecular mechanisms. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100932. [PMID: 38298560 PMCID: PMC10826336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and critical-size bone defects are significant public health issues, and clinical treatment outcomes are closely related to the intrinsic properties of the utilized implant materials. Zinc (Zn)-based biodegradable metals (BMs) have emerged as promising bioactive materials because of their exceptional biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, and controllable biodegradation. This review summarizes the state of the art in terms of Zn-based metals for bone repair and regeneration, focusing on bridging the gap between biological mechanism and required bioactivity. The molecular mechanism underlying the release of Zn ions from Zn-based BMs in the improvement of bone repair and regeneration is elucidated. By integrating clinical considerations and the specific bioactivity required for implant materials, this review summarizes the current research status of Zn-based internal fixation materials for promoting fracture healing, Zn-based scaffolds for regenerating critical-size bone defects, and Zn-based barrier membranes for reconstituting alveolar bone defects. Considering the significant progress made in the research on Zn-based BMs for potential clinical applications, the challenges and promising research directions are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingtao Dai
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road No. 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yageng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dorothea Alexander
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- FZU – the Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 18200, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Guojiang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jianmin Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - An Li
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, South Jiangnan Road 366, Guangzhou 510280, China
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8
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Awonusi BO, Li H, Yin Z, Zhao J, Yang K, Li J. Surface Modification of Zn-Cu Alloy with Heparin Nanoparticles for Urinary Implant Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1748-1762. [PMID: 38428026 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In this work, an investigation on the Zn-Cu alloy coated with heparin was conducted in order to explore the potentiality of its application as a feasible alternative for biodegradable implants, with the specific goal of addressing the issue of encrustation in the urinary system. The stability of the nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering. Typical surface characterization such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to demonstrate a successful immobilization of the NPs. The in vitro corrosion behavior was studied by potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests in artificial urine (AU) at 37 °C. The 8 weeks in vivo degradation, encrustation resistance, hemocompatibility, and histocompatibility were investigated by means of implantation into the bladders of rats. Both in vitro and in vivo degradation tests exhibited a higher degradation rate for Zn-Cu and NPs groups when compared to pure Zn. Histological evaluations and hemocompatibility revealed that there was no tissue damage or pathological alterations caused by the degradation process. Furthermore, antiencrustation performance and urinalysis results confirmed that the modified alloy demonstrated significant encrustation inhibitory properties and bactericidal activity compared to the pure Zn control. Our findings highlight the potential of this modified alloy as an antiencrustation biodegradable ureteral stent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bukola O Awonusi
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Zecheng Yin
- Institute of Information and Control Engineering, Shenyang Urban Construction University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
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Tanji A, Hermawan H, Boehlert CJ. The Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Behavior of Zn-Mg Alloys and Hybrids Processed Using High-Pressure Torsion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:270. [PMID: 38204122 PMCID: PMC10779646 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) alloys, particularly those incorporating magnesium (Mg), have been explored as potential bioabsorbable metals. However, there is a continued need to enhance the corrosion characteristics of Zn-Mg alloys to fulfill the requirements for biodegradable implants. This work involves a corrosion behavior comparison between severe-plastic-deformation (SPD) processed cast Zn-Mg alloys and their hybrid counterparts, having equivalent nominal compositions. The SPD processing technique used was high-pressure torsion (HPT), and the corrosion behavior was studied as a function of the number of turns (1, 5, 15) for the Zn-3Mg (wt.%) alloy and hybrid and as a function of composition (Mg contents of 3, 10, 30 wt.%) for the hybrid after 15 turns. The results indicated that HPT led to multimodal grain size distributions of ultrafine Mg-rich grains containing MgZn2 and Mg2Zn11 nanoscale intermetallics in a matrix of coarser dislocation-free Zn-rich grains. A greater number of turns resulted in greater corrosion resistance because of the formation of the intermetallic phases. The HPT hybrid was more corrosion resistant than its alloy counterpart because it tended to form the intermetallics more readily than the alloy due to the inhomogeneous conditions of the materials before the HPT processing as well as the non-equilibrium conditions imposed during the HPT processing. The HPT hybrids with greater Mg contents were less corrosion resistant because the addition of Mg led to less noble behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Tanji
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Hendra Hermawan
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Carl J. Boehlert
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Chen S, Du T, Zhang H, Qi J, Zhang Y, Mu Y, Qiao A. Methods for improving the properties of zinc for the application of biodegradable vascular stents. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 156:213693. [PMID: 37992478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable stents can support vessels for an extended period, maintain vascular patency, and progressively degrade once vascular remodeling is completed, thereby reducing the constraints of traditional metal stents. An ideal degradable stent must have good mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and biocompatibility. Zinc has become a new type of biodegradable metal after magnesium and iron, owing to its suitable degradation rate and good biocompatibility. However, zinc's poor strength and ductility make it unsuitable as a vascular stent material. Therefore, this paper reviewed the primary methods for improving the overall properties of zinc. By discussing the mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and biocompatibility of various improvement strategies, we found that alloying is the most common, simple, and effective method to improve mechanical properties. Deformation processing can further improve the mechanical properties by changing the microstructures of zinc alloys. Surface modification is an important means to improve the biological activity, blood compatibility and corrosion resistance of zinc alloys. Meanwhile, structural design can not only improve the mechanical properties of the vascular stents, but also endow the stents with special properties such as negative Poisson 's ratio. Manufacturing zinc alloys with excellent degradation properties, improved mechanical properties and strong biocompatibility and exploring their mechanism of interaction with the human body remain areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Chen
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Du
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Hanbing Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Mu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aike Qiao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
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11
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Qi J, Zhang H, Chen S, Du T, Zhang Y, Qiao A. Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Degradation and Fatigue Damage of Degradable Zinc Alloy Stents. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:547. [PMID: 37998116 PMCID: PMC10672128 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research on the fatigue properties of degradable zinc alloy stents has not yet considered the issue of the fatigue life changing with material properties during the dynamic degradation process. Therefore, in this paper, we established a fatigue damage algorithm to study the fatigue problem affected by the changing of material properties during the dynamic degradation process of the stent under the action of pulsating cyclic loading. Three models: the dynamic degradation model, the dynamic degradation model under pulsating cyclic loading, and the coupled model of fatigue damage and dynamic degradation, were developed to verify the effect of fatigue damage on stent life. The results show that fatigue damage leads to a deeper degree of inhomogeneous degradation of the stent, which affects the service life of the stent. Fatigue damage is a factor that cannot be ignored. Therefore, when studying the mechanical properties and lifetime of degradable stents, incorporating fatigue damage into the study can help more accurately assess the lifetime of the stents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aike Qiao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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12
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Tong X, Han Y, Zhou R, Zeng J, Wang C, Yuan Y, Zhu L, Huang S, Ma J, Li Y, Wen C, Lin J. Mechanical properties, corrosion and degradation behaviors, and in vitro cytocompatibility of a biodegradable Zn-5La alloy for bone-implant applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:641-660. [PMID: 37541605 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys are used in bone-fixation devices as biodegradable bone-implant materials due to their good biosafety, biological function, biodegradability, and formability. Unfortunately, the clinical application of pure Zn is hindered by its insufficient mechanical properties and slow degradation rate. In this study, a Zn-5 wt.% lanthanum (Zn-5La) alloy with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable degradation rate, and cytocompatibility was developed through La alloying and hot extrusion. The hot-extruded (HE) Zn-5La alloy showed ultimate tensile strength of 286.3 MPa, tensile yield strength of 139.7 MPa, elongation of 35.7%, compressive yield strength of 262.7 MPa, and microhardness of 109.7 HV. The corrosion resistance of the HE Zn-5La in Hanks' and Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) solutions gradually increased with prolonged immersion time. Further, the HE Zn-5La exhibited an electrochemical corrosion rate of 36.7 μm/y in Hanks' solution and 11.4 μm/y in DMEM solution, and a degradation rate of 49.5 μm/y in Hanks' solution and 30.3 μm/y in DMEM solution, after 30 d of immersion. The corrosion resistance of both HE Zn and Zn-5La in DMEM solution was higher than in Hanks' solution. The 25% concentration extract of the HE Zn-5La showed a cell viability of 106.5%, indicating no cytotoxicity toward MG-63 cells. We recommend the HE Zn-5La alloy as a promising candidate material for biodegradable bone-implant applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports the mechanical properties, corrosion and degradation behaviors, in vitro cytocompatibility and antibacterial ability of biodegradable Zn-5La alloy for bone-implant applications. Our findings demonstrate that the hot-extruded (HE) Zn-5La alloy showed an ultimate tensile strength of 286.3 MPa, a yield strength of 139.7 MPa, an elongation of 35.7%, compressive yield strength of 262.7 MPa, and microhardness of 109.7 HV. HE Zn-5La exhibited appropriate degradation rates in Hanks' and DMEM solutions. Furthermore, the HE Zn-5La alloy showed good cytocompatibility toward MG-63 and MC3T3-E1 cells and greater antibacterial ability against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tong
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Runqi Zhou
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shengbin Huang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Jixing Lin
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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13
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Zhang M, Wang X, Zhang S, Wang T, Wang X, Liu S, Zhao L, Cui C. Fabrication and Properties of a Biodegradable Zn-Ca Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6432. [PMID: 37834567 PMCID: PMC10573115 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Zn and its alloys have become some of the most promising degradable metals as in vivo implants due to their acceptable biocompatibility and more suitable degradation rate compared with Mg-based and Fe-based alloys. However, the degradation rate of Zn-based materials after implantation in the body for orthopedic applications is relatively slow, leading to long-term retention of the implants after fulfilling their missions. Moreover, the excessive release of Zn2+ during the degradation process of Zn-based implants usually leads to high cytotoxicity and delayed osseointegration. To provide a feasible solution to the problem faced by Zn-based implants, a Zn-Ca composite was fabricated by an air pressure infiltration method in this work. The XRD pattern of the composite suggests that the composite is fully composed of Zn-Ca intermetallic compounds. The degradation tests in vitro show that the composite has a much higher degradation rate than pure Zn, and the high Ca content regions in the composite can preferentially degrade as sacrificial anodes. In addition, the composite can efficiently induce Ca-P deposition during immersion tests in Hank's solution. Cytotoxicity tests indicate that L-929 cells exhibit around 82% cell viability (Grade 1) even after being cultured in the 100% extract prepared from the Zn-Ca composite for 1 day and show excellent cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Tiebao Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Shuiqing Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Lichen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Chunxiang Cui
- Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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14
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Du H, An N, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Z, Jin A, Yang R, Pan Y, Li X. Enhancing the SCC Resistance of the Anchor Steel with Microalloying in a Simulated Mine Environment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5965. [PMID: 37687657 PMCID: PMC10488900 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This work explored a new idea for enhancing the resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of mining anchor steel through microalloying. Microalloyed anchor steels with Nb, Cu, Ni, Sb, and C were prepared through vacuum smelting and hot rolling. Electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests, and fracture morphology observations were used to study the electrochemical and SCC behavior in the simulated mine environment. The results proved that the microstructure of microalloyed steels varies slightly. Adding Ni, Cu, and Sb can improve the mechanical properties of the anchor steel, while reducing C content decreases tensile strength as a result of loss of the solution-strengthening effect. The addition of Sb, Cu, Ni, and reducing the content of C enhances the resistance to corrosion and SCC by mitigating anodic dissolution (AD), while adding Nb improves SCC resistance by inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The combined addition of 1% Ni, 0.5% Cu, 0.05% Nb, 0.1% Sb, and 0.5% C presented the highest SCC resistance, which is a promising prospect for the development of high-performance, low-alloy anchor steels. The combined addition of 1% Ni, 0.5% Cu, 0.05% Nb, and 0.1% Sb resulted in the inhibition of electrochemical reactions and corrosion. As a result of the synergistic effect of the microalloy, both AD and HE mechanisms were simultaneously inhibited, which greatly enhanced SCC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Du
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.D.)
- Technology Research Institute of Shanxi Jincheng Coal Group Co., Ltd., Jincheng 048000, China
| | - Na An
- National Materials Corrosion and Protection Scientific Data Center, Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (X.W.)
| | - Xiyan Wang
- National Materials Corrosion and Protection Scientific Data Center, Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (X.W.)
| | - Yongliang Li
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- National Materials Corrosion and Protection Scientific Data Center, Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (X.W.)
- Hebei Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Institute, Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation of Steel Pipes and Fittings for State Market Regulation, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Aibing Jin
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.D.)
| | - Renshu Yang
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.D.)
| | - Yue Pan
- National Materials Corrosion and Protection Scientific Data Center, Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (X.W.)
| | - Xiaogang Li
- National Materials Corrosion and Protection Scientific Data Center, Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection (MOE), University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (X.W.)
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15
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Pan X, Ou M, Lu Y, Nie Q, Dai X, Liu O. Immunomodulatory zinc-based materials for tissue regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 152:213503. [PMID: 37331243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(Zn)-based materials have contributed greatly to the rapid advancements in tissue engineering. The qualities they possess that make them so beneficial include their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, anti-bacterial activity, among and several others. Biomedical materials that act as a foreign body, will inevitably cause host immune response when introduced to the human body. As the osteoimmunology develops, the immunomodulatory characteristics of biomaterials have become an appealing concept to improve implant-tissue interaction and tissue restoration. Recently, Zn-based materials have also displayed immunomodulatory functions, especially macrophage polarization states. It can promote the transformation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages to enhance the tissue regeneration and reconstruction. This review covers mainly Zn-based materials and their characteristics, including metallic Zn alloys and Zn ceramics. We highlight the current advancements in the type of immune responses, as well as the mechanisms, that are induced by Zn-based biomaterials, most importantly the regulation of innate immunity and the mechanism of promoting tissue regeneration. To this end, we discuss their applications in biomedicine, and conclude with an outlook on future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Pan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Mingning Ou
- Xiangya Hospital & Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Yixuan Lu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Qian Nie
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Xiaohan Dai
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China.
| | - Ousheng Liu
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410005, China.
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16
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Heiss A, Thatikonda VS, Richter A, Schmitt LY, Park D, Klotz UE. Development, Processing and Aging of Novel Zn-Ag-Cu Based Biodegradable Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3198. [PMID: 37110036 PMCID: PMC10141850 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodegradable materials for implants is a promising strategy to overcome known long-term clinical complications related to permanent implants. Ideally, biodegradable implants support the damaged tissue for a certain period and then degrade, while the physiological function of the surrounding tissue is restored. Although Mg-based alloys nearly ideally lend themselves to biodegradable implants, a few critical shortcomings promoted the development of alternative alloy systems. Due to their reasonably good biocompatibility, moderate corrosion rate without hydrogen evolution and adequate mechanical properties, increasing attention has been paid to Zn alloys. In this work, precipitation-hardening alloys in the system Zn-Ag-Cu were developed relying on thermodynamic calculations. After casting the alloys, their microstructures were refined by thermomechanical treatment. The processing was tracked and directed, respectively, by routine investigations of the microstructure, associated with hardness assessments. Although microstructure refinement increased the hardness, the material proved to be susceptible to aging as the homologous temperature of zinc is at 0.43 Tm. Besides mechanical performance and corrosion rate, long-term mechanical stability is another crucial factor that must be taken into consideration to ensure the safety of the implant and thus requires a profound understanding of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heiss
- Department of Physical Metallurgy, Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Katharinenstrasse 17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Venkat Sai Thatikonda
- Department of Physical Metallurgy, Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Katharinenstrasse 17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
- Department of Precision-Optics-Materials-Environment, University of Applied Sciences, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Physical Metallurgy, Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Katharinenstrasse 17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Lisa-Yvonn Schmitt
- Department of Physical Metallurgy, Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Katharinenstrasse 17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Daesung Park
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Klotz
- Department of Physical Metallurgy, Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Katharinenstrasse 17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
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17
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Liu Q, Li A, Liu S, Fu Q, Xu Y, Dai J, Li P, Xu S. Cytotoxicity of Biodegradable Zinc and Its Alloys: A Systematic Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:206. [PMID: 37103296 PMCID: PMC10144193 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc-based biodegradable metals (BMs) have been developed for biomedical implant materials. However, the cytotoxicity of Zn and its alloys has caused controversy. This work aims to investigate whether Zn and its alloys possess cytotoxic effects and the corresponding influence factors. According to the guidelines of the PRISMA statement, an electronic combined hand search was conducted to retrieve articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (2013.1-2023.2) following the PICOS strategy. Eighty-six eligible articles were included. The quality of the included toxicity studies was assessed utilizing the ToxRTool. Among the included articles, extract tests were performed in 83 studies, and direct contact tests were conducted in 18 studies. According to the results of this review, the cytotoxicity of Zn-based BMs is mainly determined by three factors, namely, Zn-based materials, tested cells, and test system. Notably, Zn and its alloys did not exhibit cytotoxic effects under certain test conditions, but significant heterogeneity existed in the implementation of the cytotoxicity evaluation. Furthermore, there is currently a relatively lower quality of current cytotoxicity evaluation in Zn-based BMs owing to the adoption of nonuniform standards. Establishing a standardized in vitro toxicity assessment system for Zn-based BMs is required for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - An Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shizhen Liu
- The School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Qingyun Fu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingtao Dai
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shulan Xu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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18
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Yang N, Venezuela J, Zhang J, Wang A, Almathami S, Dargusch M. Evolution of degradation mechanism and fixation strength of biodegradable Zn-Cu wire as sternum closure suture: An in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105658. [PMID: 36610283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the first in vitro study on the in-situ biodegradation behaviour and the evolution of fixation strength of Zn-Cu alloy wires in a simulated sternum closure environment. Zn-Cu wires were used to reapproximate the partial bisected sternum models, and their fixation effect was compared with traditional surgical grade 316 L stainless steel (SS) wires in terms of fixation rigidity, critical load, first/ultimate failure characteristics. The metal sutures were then immersed in Hank's balanced salt solution for 12 weeks immersion period, and their corrosion behaviours assessed. Zn-Cu wires showed similar fixation rigidity at 70.89 ± 6.97 N/mm as SS, but the critical load, first failure and ultimate failure characteristics were inferior to SS. The key challenges that limited the fixation effect of the Zn-Cu wires were poor mechanical strength, short elastic region, and strain softening behaviours, which resulted in poor load-bearing capabilities and reduced the knot security of the sutures. The in-situ biodegradation of the Zn-Cu suture was accompanied by the early onset of localised corrosion within the twisted knot and the section located next to the incision line. Crevice corrosion and strain-induced corrosion were the dominant mechanisms in the observed localised corrosion. The localised corrosion on the Zn-Cu sutures did not lead to a significant shift in fixation rigidity, critical load and the first failure characteristics. The findings suggest that the Zn-based biodegradable metallic wires could be a promising sternum closure suture material once the limitations in mechanical characteristics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anguo Wang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah Almathami
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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19
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Su Y, Fu J, Zhou J, Georgas E, Du S, Qin YX, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Zhu D. Blending with transition metals improves bioresorbable zinc as better medical implants. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:243-258. [PMID: 35702610 PMCID: PMC9166432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a new class of bioresorbable metal that has potential for cardiovascular stent material, orthopedic implants, wound closure devices, etc. However, pure Zn is not ideal for these applications due to its low mechanical strength and localized degradation behavior. Alloying is the most common/effective way to overcome this limitation. Still, the choice of alloying element is crucial to ensure the resulting alloy possesses sufficient mechanical strength, suitable degradation rate, and acceptable biocompatibility. Hereby, we proposed to blend selective transition metals (i.e., vanadium-V, chromium-Cr, and zirconium-Zr) to improve Zn's properties. These selected transition metals have similar properties to Zn and thus are beneficial for the metallurgy process and mechanical property. Furthermore, the biosafety of these elements is of less concern as they all have been used as regulatory approved medical implants or a component of an implant such as Ti6Al4V, CoCr, or Zr-based dental implants. Our study showed the first evidence that blending with transition metals V, Cr, or Zr can improve Zn's properties as bioresorbable medical implants. In addition, three in vivo implantation models were explored in rats: subcutaneous, aorta, and femoral implantations, to target the potential clinical applications of bioresorbable Zn implants. Tensile strength and elongation of Zn alloys can reach over 220 MPa and 30%, respectively. Three in vivo implantation models to investigate and compare biodegradations behavior at different locations of the body. Zn–Zr and Zn–V alloys can induce pro-regenerative inflammation responses in aortas. All Zn alloys can promote osteointegration in femur.
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20
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Tong X, Han Y, Zhou R, Jiang W, Zhu L, Li Y, Huang S, Ma J, Wen C, Lin J. Biodegradable Zn-Dy binary alloys with high strength, ductility, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial ability for bone-implant applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:684-702. [PMID: 36328128 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The unique combination of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functionality of zinc (Zn)-based alloys makes them highly desirable for a wide range of medical applications. However, a long-standing problem associated with this family of biodegradable alloys in the as-cast state is their limited mechanical strength and slow degradation rate. Here we report the development of Zn-xDy (x = 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) alloys with high strength, ductility, cytocompatibility, antibacterial ability, and appropriate degradation rate for biodegradable bone-implant applications. Our results indicate that the mechanical properties of Zn-xDy alloys were effectively improved with increasing Dy addition and hot-rolling due to the second-phase strengthening. The hot-rolled (HR) Zn-3Dy alloy showed the best combined mechanical performance with an ultimate tensile strength of 270.5 MPa, a yield strength of 214.8 MPa, an elongation of 55.1%, and Brinell hardness of 75.9 HB. The corrosion and degradation rates of HR Zn-xDy alloys in Hanks' solution gradually increased with increasing Dy addition due to the intensification of galvanic corrosion. The HR Zn-3Dy alloy showed high antibacterial ability against S. aureus and cytocompatibility toward MC3T3-E1 cells among all the HR alloys. Overall, the HR Zn-3Dy alloy can be considered a promising biodegradable material for bone implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports on Zn-xDy (x = 1, 3, and 5%) alloys fabricated by Dy alloying followed by hot-rolling for biodegradable bone-implant applications. Our findings demonstrate that the hot-rolled (HR) Zn-3Dy alloy showed the best combined mechanical performance with an ultimate tensile strength of 270.5 MPa, a yield strength of 214.8 MPa, an elongation of 55.1%, and Brinell hardness of 75.9 HB. The corrosion and degradation rates of HR Zn-xDy alloys in Hanks' solution gradually increased with increasing Dy addition due to the intensification of galvanic corrosion. Furthermore, the HR Zn-3Dy alloy showed greater antibacterial ability against S. aureus and the best cytocompatibility toward MC3T3-E1 cells among all the HR alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tong
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Runqi Zhou
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wanying Jiang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Shengbin Huang
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Jixing Lin
- Institute of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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21
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Zong J, He Q, Liu Y, Qiu M, Wu J, Hu B. Advances in the development of biodegradable coronary stents: A translational perspective. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100368. [PMID: 35937578 PMCID: PMC9352968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation of cardiovascular stents is an important therapeutic method to treat coronary artery diseases. Bare-metal and drug-eluting stents show promising clinical outcomes, however, their permanent presence may create complications. In recent years, numerous preclinical and clinical trials have evaluated the properties of bioresorbable stents, including polymer and magnesium-based stents. Three-dimensional (3D) printed-shape-memory polymeric materials enable the self-deployment of stents and provide a novel approach for individualized treatment. Novel bioresorbable metallic stents such as iron- and zinc-based stents have also been investigated and refined. However, the development of novel bioresorbable stents accompanied by clinical translation remains time-consuming and challenging. This review comprehensively summarizes the development of bioresorbable stents based on their preclinical/clinical trials and highlights translational research as well as novel technologies for stents (e.g., bioresorbable electronic stents integrated with biosensors). These findings are expected to inspire the design of novel stents and optimization approaches to improve the efficacy of treatments for cardiovascular diseases. Bioresorbable stents can overcome the limitations of non-degradable stents. 3D printing of shape-memory polymeric stents can lead to better clinical outcomes. Advances in Mg-, Fe- and Zn-based stents from a translational perspective. Electronic stents integrated with biosensors can covey stent status in real time. Development in the assessment of stent performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiehong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Phan T, Jones JE, Chen M, Bowles DK, Fay WP, Yu Q. A Biocompatibility Study of Plasma Nanocoatings onto Cobalt Chromium L605 Alloy for Cardiovascular Stent Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5968. [PMID: 36079346 PMCID: PMC9457435 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of trimethylsilane (TMS) plasma nanocoatings modified with NH3/O2 (2:1 molar ratio) plasma post-treatment onto cobalt chromium (CoCr) L605 alloy coupons and stents for cardiovascular stent applications. Biocompatibility of plasma nanocoatings was evaluated by coating adhesion, corrosion behavior, ion releasing, cytotoxicity, and cell proliferation. Surface chemistry and wettability were studied to understand effects of surface properties on biocompatibility. Results show that NH3/O2 post-treated TMS plasma nanocoatings are hydrophilic with water contact angle of 48.5° and have a typical surface composition of O (39.39 at.%), Si (31.92 at.%), C (24.12 at.%), and N (2.77 at.%). The plasma nanocoatings were conformal to substrate surface topography and had excellent adhesion to the alloy substrates, as assessed by tape test (ASTM D3359), and showed no cracking or peeling off L605 stent surfaces after dilation. The plasma nanocoatings also improve the corrosion resistance of CoCr L605 alloy by increasing corrosion potential and decreasing corrosion rates with no pitting corrosion and no mineral adsorption layer. Ion releasing test revealed that Co, Cr, and Ni ion concentrations were reduced by 64-79%, 67-69%, and 57-72%, respectively, in the plasma-nanocoated L605 samples as compared to uncoated L605 control samples. The plasma nanocoatings showed no sign of cytotoxicity from the test results according to ISO 10993-05 and 10993-12. Seven-day cell culture demonstrated that, in comparison with the uncoated L605 control surfaces, the plasma nanocoating surfaces showed 62 ± 7.3% decrease in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells (PCASMCs) density and had comparable density of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs). These results suggest that TMS plasma nanocoatings with NH3/O2 plasma post-treatment possess the desired biocompatibility for stent applications and support the hypothesis that nanocoated stents could be very effective for in-stent restenosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thithuha Phan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - John E. Jones
- Nanova, Inc., 1601 S Providence Rd., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Nanova, Inc., 1601 S Providence Rd., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Doug K. Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William P. Fay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Qingsong Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Tong X, Zhu L, Wu Y, Song Y, Wang K, Huang S, Li Y, Ma J, Wen C, Lin J. A biodegradable Fe/Zn-3Cu composite with requisite properties for orthopedic applications. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:506-521. [PMID: 35523413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-based metals and alloys are emerging as promising biodegradable implant materials due to their inherent biodegradability and good biocompatibility. However, this class of materials exhibits low mechanical strength and a slow degradation rate, which hinders their clinical application. Here we report the development of a new biodegradable Fe/Zn-3Cu composite fabricated by infiltration casting of a Zn-3Cu alloy into an Fe foam followed by hot-rolling. Our results indicate that the hot-rolled (HR) Fe/Zn-3Cu composite exhibited an α-Zn matrix phase, a secondary CuZn5 phase, and an α-Fe phase. The HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 269 MPa, a tensile yield strength of 210 MPa, and an elongation of 27%. The HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite showed a degradation rate of 228 µm/year after immersion in Hanks' solution for 30 d The diluted extract of the HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite exhibited a higher cell viability than that of the HR Zn-3Cu alloy in relation to MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells. Furthermore, the HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite showed significantly better antibacterial ability than that of the HR Zn-3Cu alloy in relation to S. aureus. Overall, the HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite can be anticipated to be a promising biodegradable implant material for bone-fixation applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work reports a new biodegradable Fe/Zn-3Cu composite fabricated by infiltration casting and followed by hot-rolling for biodegradable bone-fixation application. Our findings demonstrated that the hot-rolled (HR) Fe/Zn-3Cu composite exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 269.1 MPa, a tensile yield strength of 210.3 MPa, and an elongation of 26.7%. HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite showed a degradation rate of 227.6 µm/a, higher than HR Zn-3Cu alloy after immersion in Hanks' solution for 30 d The diluted extracts of the HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite exhibited a higher cell viability than HR Zn-3Cu alloy toward MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, the HR Fe/Zn-3Cu composite showed significantly better antibacterial ability than the HR Zn-3Cu alloy toward S. aureus.
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24
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Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable Zn-Cu-Mn alloy micro-tubes and vascular stents: microstructure, texture, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:647-660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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A biodegradable in situ Zn-Mg 2Ge composite for bone-implant applications. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:478-494. [PMID: 35580830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-based composites have received extensive attention as promising biodegradable materials due to their unique combination of moderate biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functionality. Nevertheless, the low mechanical strength of as-cast Zn-based composites impedes their practical clinical application. Here we reported the mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, wear properties, and cytotoxicity of in situ synthesized biodegradable Zn-xMg2Ge (x = 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) composites for bone-implant applications. The mechanical properties of Zn-xMg2Ge composites were effectively improved by alloying and hot-rolling due to particle reinforcement of the Mg2Ge intermetallic phase and dynamic recrystallization. The hot-rolled (HR) Zn-3Mg2Ge composite exhibited the best mechanical properties, including a yield strength of 162.3 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 264.3 MPa, an elongation of 10.9%, and a Brinell hardness of 83.9 HB. With an increase in Mg2Ge content, the corrosion and degradation rates of the HR Zn-xMg2Ge composites gradually increased, while their wear rate decreased and then increased in Hanks' solution. The diluted extract (12.5% concentration) of the HR Zn-3Mg2Ge composite showed the highest cell viability compared to the other HR composites and their as-cast pure Zn counterparts. Overall, the HR Zn-3Mg2Ge composite can be considered a promising biodegradable Zn-based composite for bone-implant applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper reports the mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, wear properties, and cytotoxicity of in situ synthesized biodegradable Zn-xMg2Ge (x = 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) composites for bone-implant applications. Our findings demonstrated that the mechanical properties of Zn-xMg2Ge composites were effectively improved by alloying and hot-rolling due to Mg2Ge particle reinforcement and dynamic recrystallization. The hot-rolled Zn-3Mg2Ge composite showed superior cytocompatibility, satisfying corrosion and degradation rates, and the best mechanical properties including a yield strength of 162.3 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 264.3 MPa, and an elongation of 10.9%.
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26
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Fabrication and Processing of Bioabsorbable Hybrid Zn/(Ag + Fe + Mg)-MMC on Developed Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Argon Atmosphere Stir Casting Set-up. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Enhanced Mechanical Performance of a Biodegradable Fe–Mn Alloy Manufactured by Metal Injection Molding and Minor Carbon Addition. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At present, FeMn-based degradable alloys prepared by direct sintering generally face the problems of Mn volatilization, difficult densification, and poor mechanical properties. In this work, a Fe-35Mn-0.5C alloy with low Mn volatility, high density, and favorable mechanical properties is fabricated by the metal injection molding (MIM) process. The effects of sintering pressure and minor carbon addition on microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The corresponding mechanical deformation mechanism was discussed. The results show that a significant reduction in the proportion of Mn volatilization to less than 0.5% and higher relative density of 97 ± 0.30% are achieved in the MIM-treated Fe-35Mn-0.5C alloy by pressurized sintering at 5 atm and 0.5 wt.% carbon addition. The optimized tensile properties are attained, with an ultimate tensile strength of 772 MPa, yield strength of 290 MPa, and elongation of 35% at room temperature, which meets the mechanical needs of metallic materials for biologically implantable medical devices.
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28
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Palai D, Roy T, Prasad PS, Hazra C, Dhara S, Sen R, Das S, Das K. Influence of Copper on the Microstructural, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Commercially Pure Zn-Based Alloys for a Potential Biodegradable Implant. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1443-1463. [PMID: 35344329 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three Zn-based alloys (Zn1Cu, Zn2Cu, and Zn3Cu) were developed by the addition of Cu (1, 2, and 3 wt %) into commercially pure Zn. This report systematically investigates the potential for these newly developed Zn-based alloys as biodegradable materials. Microstructural studies reveal the presence of spherical-shaped nanosized precipitates of ε-CuZn4 in the Zn1Cu alloy, whereas Zn2Cu and Zn3Cu alloys exhibit the presence of both micron- and nanosized precipitates of ε-CuZn4. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile and compressive strengths improve significantly with an increase in the amount of Cu in the alloy. The Zn3Cu alloy exhibits the highest yield strength (225 ± 9 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (330 ± 12 MPa) among all of the alloys, which are ∼2.7 and 2 times higher than those of pure Zn. In vitro degradation behavior is evaluated by the potentiodynamic polarization study and immersion testing in Hank's solution for 20 and 75 days. The corrosion rate after both polarization and immersion testing follows the order of pure Zn < Zn1Cu < Zn3Cu < Zn2Cu. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study also concludes that Zn2Cu shows the lowest corrosion resistance. The % cell viability values of 3T3 fibroblasts cells after 5 days of culture in a 50% diluted extract of pure Zn, Zn2Cu, and Zn3Cu alloys are 76 ± 0.024, 86.18 ± 0.033, and 92.9 ± 0.026%, respectively, establishing the improved cytocompatibility of the alloys as compared to pure Zn. Furthermore, an antibacterial study also reveals that the Zn3Cu alloy exhibits 80, 67, and 100% increases in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, as compared to that of pure Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Palai
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Trina Roy
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - P Siva Prasad
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Karabi Das
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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29
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Bao G, Wang K, Yang L, He J, He B, Xu X, Zheng Y. Feasibility evaluation of a Zn-Cu alloy for intrauterine devices: In vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:374-387. [PMID: 35108602 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensively adopted copper-containing intrauterine devices (Cu-IUDs) present typical adverse effects such as bleeding and pain at the initial stage of post-implantation. The replacement of Cu material is demanded. Zinc and its alloys, the emerging biodegradable materials, exhibited contraceptive effects since 1969. In this work, we evaluated the feasibility of bulk Zn alloys as IUD active material. Using pure Cu and pure Zn as control groups, we investigated the contraceptive performance of Zn-0.5Cu and Zn-1Cu alloys via in vitro and in vivo tests. The results showed that the main corrosion product of Zn-Cu alloys is ZnO from both in vitro and in vivo studies. CaZn2(PO4)2·2H2O is formed atop after long-term immersion in simulated uterine fluid, whereas CaCO3 is generally formed atop after implantation in the rat uterine environment. The cytocompatibility of the Zn-1Cu alloy was significantly higher than that of the pure Zn and pure Cu to the human endometrial epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that the Zn-1Cu alloy presented much improved histocompatibility, least damage and the fastest recovery on endometrium structure in comparison to pure Zn, Zn-0.5Cu and pure Cu. The systematic and comparing studies suggest that Zn-1Cu alloy can be considered as a possible candidate for IUD with great biochemical and biocompatible properties as well as high contraceptive effectiveness. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The existing adverse effects with the intrinsic properties of copper materials for copper-containing intrauterine devices (Cu-IUD) are of concerns in their employment. Such as burst release of cupric ions (Cu2+) at the initial stage of the Cu-IUD. Zinc and its alloys which have been emerging as a potential biodegradable material exhibited contraceptive effects since 1969. In this study, Zn-1Cu alloys displayed significantly improved biocompatibility with human uterus cells and a decreased inflammatory response within the uterus. Therefore, high antifertility efficacy of the Zn-1Cu alloy was well maintained, while the adverse effects are significantly eased, suggesting that the Zn-1Cu alloy is promising for IUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Bao
- Department of Reproduction and Physiology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Physiology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Reproduction and Physiology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jialing He
- Department of Reproduction and Physiology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Reproduction and Physiology, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yi-He-Yuan Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100871, China; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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30
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Guo Y, Zou Y, Cheng C, Wang L, Made RI, Goei R, Tan KW, Li S, Tok AIY. Noble metal alloy thin films by atomic layer deposition and rapid Joule heating. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2522. [PMID: 35169249 PMCID: PMC8847586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal alloys are usually fabricated by melting constituent metals together or sintering metal alloy particles made by high energy ball milling (mechanical alloying). All these methods only allow for bulk alloys to be formed. This manuscript details a new method of fabricating Rhodium-Iridium (Rh-Ir) metal alloy films using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and rapid Joule heating induced alloying that gives functional thin film alloys, enabling conformal thin films with high aspect ratios on 3D nanostructured substrate. In this work, ALD was used to deposit Rh thin film on an Al2O3 substrate, followed by an Ir overlayer on top of the Rh film. The multilayered structure was then alloyed/sintered using rapid Joule heating. We can precisely control the thickness of the resultant alloy films down to the atomic scale. The Rh-Ir alloy thin films were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to study their microstructural characteristics which showed the morphology difference before and after rapid Joule heating and confirmed the interdiffusion between Rh and Ir during rapid Joule heating. The diffraction peak shift was observed by Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) indicating the formation of Rh-Ir thin film alloys after rapid Joule heating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also carried out and implied the formation of Rh-Ir alloy. Molecular dynamics simulation experiments of Rh-Ir alloys using Large-Scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) were performed to elucidate the alloying mechanism during the rapid heating process, corroborating the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yiming Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunyu Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Leyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Riko I Made
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ronn Goei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kwan Wee Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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31
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Sun X, Yu X, Li W, Chen M, Liu D. Mechanical properties, degradation behavior and cytocompatibility of biodegradable 3vol%X (X = MgO, ZnO and CuO)/Zn matrix composites with excellent dispersion property fabricated by graphene oxide-assisted hetero-aggregation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Jiang J, Qian Y, Huang H, Niu J, Yuan G. Biodegradable Zn-Cu-Mn alloy with suitable mechanical performance and in vitro degradation behavior as a promising candidate for vascular stents. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112652. [PMID: 35034818 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, zinc (Zn) alloy has been considered as a promising biodegradable material due to its excellent physiological degradable behavior and acceptable biocompatibility. However, poor mechanical performance limits its application as vascular stents. In this study, novel biodegradable Zn-2.2Cu-xMn (x = 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 wt%) alloys with suitable mechanical performance were investigated. The effects of Mn addition on microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro degradation of Zn-2.2Cu-xMn alloys were systematically investigated. After adding Mn, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during hot extrusion was promoted, resulting in slightly finer grain size, higher DRXed regions ratio, and weaker texture. And volume fraction and number density of second phase precipitates (micron, submicron, and nano-sized ε and MnZn13 phase) and the concentration of (Cu, Mn) in the matrix were increased. Therefore, Zn-2.2Cu-xMn alloys exhibited suitable mechanical performances (strength >310 MPa, elongation >30%) mainly due to the combination effects of grain refinement, solid solution strengthening, second phase precipitation hardening, and texture weakening. Moreover, the alloys maintained good stability of mechanical properties within 18 months and good elongation over 15% even at a high strain rate of 0.1 s-1. In addition, the alloys presented appropriate in vitro degradation rates in a basically uniform degradation mode and acceptable in vitro cytocompatibility. The above results indicated that the newly designed biodegradable Zn-2.2Cu-0.4Mn alloy with suitable comprehensive mechanical properties, appropriate degradation behavior, and acceptable cytocompatibility is a promising candidate for vascular stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimiao Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Qian
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Vascular and Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jialin Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming & State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Stress Corrosion Analysis and Direct Cell Viability of Biodegradable Zn-Fe-Ca Alloy in In-Vitro Conditions. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excellent biocompatibility of Zn and Zn-based alloys, researchers have shown great interest in developing biodegradable implants based on zinc. Furthermore, zinc is an essential component of many enzymes and proteins. The human body requires ~15 mg of Zn per day, and there is minimal concern for systemic toxicity from a small zinc-based cardiovascular implant, such as an arterial stent. However, biodegradable Zn-based implants have been shown to provoke local fibrous encapsulation reactions that may isolate the implant from its surrounding environment and interfere with implant function. The development of biodegradable implants made from Zn-Fe-Ca alloy was designed to overcome the problem of fibrous encapsulation. In a previous study made by the authors, the Zn-Fe-Ca system demonstrated a suitable corrosion rate that was higher than that of pure Zn and Zn-Fe alloy. The Zn-Fe-Ca system also showed adequate mechanical properties and a unique microstructure that contained a secondary Ca-reach phase. This has raised the promise that the tested alloy could serve as a biodegradable implant metal. The present study was conducted to further evaluate this promising Zn alloy. Here, we assessed the material’s corrosion performance in terms of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization analysis and stress corrosion behavior in terms of slow strain rate testing (SSRT). We also assessed the ability of cells to survive on the alloy surface by direct cell culture test. The results indicate that the alloy develops pitting corrosion, but not stress corrosion under phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and air environment. The direct cell viability test demonstrates the successful adherence and growth of cells on the alloy surface.
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Yuan W, Xia D, Wu S, Zheng Y, Guan Z, Rau JV. A review on current research status of the surface modification of Zn-based biodegradable metals. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:192-216. [PMID: 34466727 PMCID: PMC8379348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, zinc and its alloys have been proposed as promising candidates for biodegradable metals (BMs), owning to their preferable corrosion behavior and acceptable biocompatibility in cardiovascular, bone and gastrointestinal environments, together with Mg-based and Fe-based BMs. However, there is the desire for surface treatment for Zn-based BMs to better control their biodegradation behavior. Firstly, the implantation of some Zn-based BMs in cardiovascular environment exhibited intimal activation with mild inflammation. Secondly, for orthopedic applications, the biodegradation rates of Zn-based BMs are relatively slow, resulting in a long-term retention after fulfilling their mission. Meanwhile, excessive Zn2+ release during degradation will cause in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo delayed osseointegration. In this review, we firstly summarized the current surface modification methods of Zn-based alloys for the industrial applications. Then we comprehensively summarized the recent progress of biomedical bulk Zn-based BMs as well as the corresponding surface modification strategies. Last but not least, the future perspectives towards the design of surface bio-functionalized coatings on Zn-based BMs for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications were also briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenpeng Guan
- Orthopedics Department, Peking University Shougang Hospital, No. 9 Jinyuanzhuang Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Julietta V. Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100-00133, Rome, Italy
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Zinc-nutrient element based alloys for absorbable wound closure devices fabrication: Current status, challenges, and future prospects. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121301. [PMID: 34922270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The need for the development of load-bearing, absorbable wound closure devices is driving the research for novel materials that possess both good biodegradability and superior mechanical characteristics. Biodegradable metals (BMs), namely: magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), which are currently being investigated for absorbable vascular stent and orthopaedic implant applications, are slowly gaining research interest for the fabrication of wound closure devices. The current review presents an overview of the traditional and novel BM-based intracutaneous and transcutaneous wound closure devices, and identifies Zn as a promising substitute for the traditional materials used in the fabrication of absorbable load-bearing sutures, internal staples, and subcuticular staples. In order to further strengthen Zn to be used in highly stressed situations, nutrient elements (NEs), including calcium (Ca), Mg, Fe, and copper (Cu), are identified as promising alloying elements for the strengthening of Zn-based wound closure device material that simultaneously provide potential therapeutic benefit to the wound healing process during implant biodegradation process. The influence of NEs on the fundamental characteristics of biodegradable Zn are reviewed and critically assessed with regard to the mechanical properties and biodegradability requirements of different wound closure devices. The opportunities and challenges in the development of Zn-based wound closure device materials are presented to inspire future research on this rapidly growing field.
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Li H, Huang J, Zhang P, Zhang Q. Investigation on tribological behaviors of biodegradable pure Zn and Zn-X (Li, Cu, Ge) binary alloys. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:149. [PMID: 34862920 PMCID: PMC8643299 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a potential biodegradable implant material, zinc (Zn) alloys have attracted increasing attention due to their good biocompatibility and moderate degradation rate. Zn and its alloys are expected to become candidate materials for medical devices. The metals implanted in the human body will inevitably undergo friction in the human body before it is completely degraded. Friction and wear are essential factors which may cause medical devices' service failure. However, there are still few studies on the friction and wear properties of biodegradable Zn-based alloys in the human body, and most studies just focus on the mechanical properties, degradation properties and biocompatibility of the alloys. Thus, it is crucial to study the friction and wear properties of Zn and its alloys. In the present work, we investigated the tribological properties of biodegradable pure Zn and Zn-X (Li, Cu, Ge) alloys. Our study found that under simulated body fluid and dry friction conditions, the addition of alloying elements Li and Cu can improve the friction properties of Zn. Among the four metals, Zn-0.5Li alloy has the lowest friction coefficient and the best wear resistance. Hank's solution has lubricating and corrosive effects. That is to say, when the alloy is rubbed in Hank's solution, it can not only be protected by the lubrication of the solution, but also tribocorrosion will occur as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinyan Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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García-Mintegui C, Córdoba LC, Buxadera-Palomero J, Marquina A, Jiménez-Piqué E, Ginebra MP, Cortina JL, Pegueroles M. Zn-Mg and Zn-Cu alloys for stenting applications: From nanoscale mechanical characterization to in vitro degradation and biocompatibility. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4430-4446. [PMID: 34027233 PMCID: PMC8121665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decades, zinc (Zn) and its alloys have been drawing attention as promising candidates for bioresorbable cardiovascular stents due to its degradation rate more suitable than magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) alloys. However, its mechanical properties need to be improved in order to meet the criteria for vascular stents. This work investigates the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of Zn-Mg and Zn-Cu alloys in order to determine a proper alloy composition for optimal stent performance. Nanoindentation measurements are performed to characterize the mechanical properties at the nanoscale as a function of the Zn microstructure variations induced by alloying. The biodegradation mechanisms are discussed and correlated to microstructure, mechanical performance and bacterial/cell response. Addition of Mg or Cu alloying elements refined the microstructure of Zn and enhanced yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) proportional to the volume fraction of secondary phases. Zn-1Mg showed the higher YS and UTS and better performance in terms of degradation stability in Hanks' solution. Zn-Cu alloys presented an antibacterial effect for S. aureus controlled by diffusion mechanisms and by contact. Biocompatibility was dependent on the degradation rate and the nature of the corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-Mintegui
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Resource Recovery and Environmental Management Group, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Catalina Córdoba
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Buxadera-Palomero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Marquina
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Jiménez-Piqué
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Structural Integrity, Micromechanics and Reliability of Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Cortina
- Resource Recovery and Environmental Management Group, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pegueroles
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Farabi E, Sharp J, Vahid A, Wang J, Fabijanic DM, Barnett MR, Corujeira Gallo S. Novel Biodegradable Zn Alloy with Exceptional Mechanical and In Vitro Corrosion Properties for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5555-5572. [PMID: 34719916 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of quaternary Zn-Al-Cu-Li alloys with different weight fractions of Cu, Al, and Li were developed and investigated for potential application in high load bearing bioresorbable implants. The developed alloys provided various fractions of binary and ternary intermetallic structures, which resulted in formation of multiphase microstructures containing a zinc-rich η-phase and LiZn4 and CuZn4 phases. The intermetallic phases promoted grain refinement and a good combination of mechanical properties. The developed Zn-2Al-4Cu-0.6Li alloy showed strength and ductility close to commercially pure Ti alloys with a UTS value of ∼535 MPa and elongation of 37%. The examination of in vitro corrosion behavior of the developed alloys in the modified Hanks' solution revealed suitable corrosion rates (∼38.5 μm/year). The moderate corrosion rate was controlled by the formation of a homogeneous layer of stable corrosion products that protected the alloys from the corrosive environment, particularly in the late stages of immersion. The developed alloys with the most promising mechanical and corrosion properties appeared to be biocompatible to mouse fibroblast cells and human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells, making them suitable candidates for implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Farabi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Julie Sharp
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alireza Vahid
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Jiangting Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Daniel M Fabijanic
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Matthew R Barnett
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Cercado B, Teran A, Ballesteros J, Vázquez-Arenas J, Lara RH, Ţălu Ş, Méndez-Albores A, Trejo G. Nucleation and growth mechanism of Cu-Zn/AgNPs composite coatings at different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in solution. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Zhang E, Zhao X, Hu J, Wang R, Fu S, Qin G. Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2569-2612. [PMID: 33615045 PMCID: PMC7876544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals and alloys, including stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, cobalt alloys, and other metals and alloys have been widely used clinically as implant materials, but implant-related infection or inflammation is still one of the main causes of implantation failure. The bacterial infection or inflammation that seriously threatens human health has already become a worldwide complaint. Antibacterial metals and alloys recently have attracted wide attention for their long-term stable antibacterial ability, good mechanical properties and good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. In this review, common antibacterial alloying elements, antibacterial standards and testing methods were introduced. Recent developments in the design and manufacturing of antibacterial metal alloys containing various antibacterial agents were described in detail, including antibacterial stainless steel, antibacterial titanium alloy, antibacterial zinc and alloy, antibacterial magnesium and alloy, antibacterial cobalt alloy, and other antibacterial metals and alloys. Researches on the antibacterial properties, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of antibacterial metals and alloys have been summarized in detail for the first time. It is hoped that this review could help researchers understand the development of antibacterial alloys in a timely manner, thereby could promote the development of antibacterial metal alloys and the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlin Zhang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
- Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Shan Fu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Gaowu Qin
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
- Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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41
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Deng B, Guo Y, Zhao MC, Li QF, Ma B, Duan B, Yin D, Atrens A. Study on a Novel Biodegradable and Antibacterial Fe-Based Alloy Prepared by Microwave Sintering. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143784. [PMID: 34300703 PMCID: PMC8303899 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research produced a porous Fe-8 wt.% Cu alloy by microwave sintering in order to achieve (i) an increased biodegradation rate, and (ii) an antibacterial function. The Fe-8Cu alloy had higher density, hardness and degradation rate (about 2 times higher) but smaller and fewer surface pores, compared to the pure Fe. The Fe-8Cu alloy had a strong antibacterial function (the antibacterial rates against E. coli were up to 99.9%) and good biocompatibility. This work provides a novel approach of alloy design and processing to develop novel antibacterial Fe-based alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China;
| | - Yingxue Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Ming-Chun Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Qing-Fen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (Q.-F.L.); (B.M.)
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China; (Q.-F.L.); (B.M.)
| | - Bohua Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Dengfeng Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Y.G.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.-C.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Andrej Atrens
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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42
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Jiao J, Zhang S, Qu X, Yue B. Recent Advances in Research on Antibacterial Metals and Alloys as Implant Materials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:693939. [PMID: 34277473 PMCID: PMC8283567 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.693939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Implants are widely used in orthopedic surgery and are gaining attention of late. However, their use is restricted by implant-associated infections (IAI), which represent one of the most serious and dangerous complications of implant surgeries. Various strategies have been developed to prevent and treat IAI, among which the closest to clinical translation is designing metal materials with antibacterial functions by alloying methods based on existing materials, including titanium, cobalt, tantalum, and biodegradable metals. This review first discusses the complex interaction between bacteria, host cells, and materials in IAI and the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial effects of biomedical metals and alloys. Then, their applications for the prevention and treatment of IAI are highlighted. Finally, new insights into their clinical translation are provided. This review also provides suggestions for further development of antibacterial metals and alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyang Jiao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shutao Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Jarzębska A, Maj Ł, Bieda M, Chulist R, Wojtas D, Wątroba M, Janus K, Rogal Ł, Sztwiertnia K. Dynamic Recrystallization and Its Effect on Superior Plasticity of Cold-Rolled Bioabsorbable Zinc-Copper Alloys. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133483. [PMID: 34201474 PMCID: PMC8269478 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High plasticity of bioabsorbable stents, either cardiac or ureteral, is of great importance in terms of implants’ fabrication and positioning. Zn-Cu constitutes a promising group of materials in terms of feasible deformation since the superplastic effect has been observed in them, yet its origin remains poorly understood. Therefore, it is crucial to inspect the microstructural evolution of processed material to gain an insight into the mechanisms leading to such an extraordinary property. Within the present study, cold-rolled Zn-Cu alloys, i.e., Zn with addition of 1 wt.% and 5 wt.% of Cu, have been extensively investigated using scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy, so as to find out the possible explanation of superior plasticity of the Zn-Cu alloys. It has been stated that the continuous dynamic recrystallization has a tremendous impact on superior plasticity reported for Zn-1Cu alloy processed by rolling to 90% of reduction rate. The effect might be supported by static recrystallization, provoking grain growth and thereby yielding non-homogeneous microstructures. Such heterogeneous microstructure enables better formability since it increases the mean free path for dislocation movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jarzębska
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Maj
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Magdalena Bieda
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Robert Chulist
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Daniel Wojtas
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Wątroba
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Karol Janus
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Łukasz Rogal
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Sztwiertnia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (Ł.M.); (M.B.); (R.C.); (D.W.); (K.J.); (Ł.R.); (K.S.)
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44
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Zhang Z, Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Wu Q, Dai K, Zheng Y. Zn0.8Li0.1Sr-a biodegradable metal with high mechanical strength comparable to pure Ti for the treatment of osteoporotic bone fractures: In vitro and in vivo studies. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120905. [PMID: 34087587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first in vivo investigation of Zn-based biodegradable metal aiming to treat osteoporotic bone fractures, a soaring threat to human health, is reported in this paper. Among the newly developed biodegradable metal system (ZnLiSr), Zn0.8Li0.1Sr exhibits excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength (524.33 ± 18.01 MPa) comparable to pure Ti (the gold standard for orthopaedic implants), and a strength-ductility balance over 10 GPa%. The in vitro degradation tests using simulated body fluid (SBF) shows that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr manifests a uniform degradation morphology and smaller corrosion pits, with a degradation rate of 10.13 ± 1.52 μm year-1. Real-time PCR and western blotting illustrated that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr successfully stimulated the expression of critical osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, COL-1, OCN and Runx-2) and proteins. Twenty-four weeks' in vivo implantations within ovariectomized (OVX) rats were conducted to evaluate the osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects of Zn0.8Li0.1Sr, with pure Ti as control group. Micro-CT, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations all revealed that Zn0.8Li0.1Sr possesses a similar biosafety level to, while significantly superior osteogenesis-inducing and osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects than pure Ti. ZnLiSr biodegradable alloys manifest excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, good biosafety and osteoporotic-bone-fracture-treating effects, which would provide preferable choices for future medical applications, especially in load-bearing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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45
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Dai Q, Peng S, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Fan M, Zhao F. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Zinc Matrix Biodegradable Composites Reinforced by Graphene. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:635338. [PMID: 33968911 PMCID: PMC8103547 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.635338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work used spark plasma sintering (SPS) to prepare graphene nanosheets (GNS) reinforced zinc matrix composites. The influence of GNS on the microstructure and mechanical properties of zinc matrix composites was studied. The results show that the GNS/Zn composites prepared by SPS have a dense structure and good interface bonding, and GNS are uniformly distributed in the zinc matrix. Adding GNS can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the zinc matrix. When 0.7 wt% GNS are added, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the composite material are improved. The ultimate tensile strength is 254 MPa, and the Vickers hardness is 65 HV, which are 126 and 20.3% higher than those of pure zinc (112 MPa and 54 HV), respectively. The strengthening mechanisms of GNS/Zn composites are mainly load transfer of GNS and dislocation strengthening caused by coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. In addition, the biodegradability of GNS/Zn composites was evaluated by electrochemical measurement and immersion test. The results show that adding GNS to the zinc matrix will accelerate the degradation rate of the composite material. But the degradation rate can be controlled by the content of GNS. Its degradation rate is in the range of 69–301 μm/a, an ideal degradation rate as an orthopedic implant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfei Dai
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Materials Structure and Strength of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | | | | | - Yuan Liu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Materials Structure and Strength of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Fan
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Materials Structure and Strength of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Materials Structure and Strength of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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46
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Yang N, Balasubramani N, Venezuela J, Almathami S, Wen C, Dargusch M. The influence of Ca and Cu additions on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys for absorbable wound closure device applications. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1436-1451. [PMID: 33210035 PMCID: PMC7658446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel ternary Zn-Ca-Cu alloys were studied for the development of absorbable wound closure device material due to Ca and Cu's therapeutic values to wound healing. The influence of Ca and Cu on the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of Zn were investigated in the as-cast state to establish the fundamental understanding on the Zn-Ca-Cu alloy system. The microstructure of Zn-0.5Ca-0.5Cu, Zn-1.0Ca-0.5Cu, and Zn0.5Ca-1.0Cu is composed of intermetallic phase CaZn13 distributed within the Zn-Cu solid solution. The presence of CaZn13 phase and Cu as solute within the Zn matrix, on the one hand, exhibited a synergistic effect on the grain refinement of Zn, reducing the grain size of pure Zn by 96%; on the other hand, improved the mechanical properties of the ternary alloys through solid solution strengthening, second phase strengthening, and grain refinement. The degradation properties of Zn-Ca-Cu alloys are primarily influenced by the micro-galvanic corrosion between Zn-Cu matrix and CaZn13 phase, where the 0.5% and 1.0% Ca addition increased the corrosion rate of Zn from 11.5 μm/y to 19.8 μm/y and 29.6 μm/y during 4 weeks immersion test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nagasivamuni Balasubramani
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Venezuela
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah Almathami
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Advanced Engineering Building, Bld 49, The University of Queensland, Staff House Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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47
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Zhang Z, Jia B, Yang H, Han Y, Wu Q, Dai K, Zheng Y. Biodegradable ZnLiCa ternary alloys for critical-sized bone defect regeneration at load-bearing sites: In vitro and in vivo studies. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3999-4013. [PMID: 33997489 PMCID: PMC8085902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel biodegradable metal system, ZnLiCa ternary alloys, were systematically investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy reached 567.60 ± 9.56 MPa, which is comparable to pure Ti, one of the most common material used in orthopedics. The elongation of Zn0.8Li0.1Ca is 27.82 ± 18.35%, which is the highest among the ZnLiCa alloys. The in vitro degradation rate of Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed significant acceleration than that of pure Zn. CCK-8 tests and hemocompatibility tests manifested that ZnLiCa alloys exhibit good biocompatibility. Real-time PCR showed that Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy successfully stimulated the expressions of osteogenesis-related genes (ALP, COL-1, OCN and Runx-2), especially the OCN. An in vivo implantation was conducted in the radius of New Zealand rabbits for 24 weeks, aiming to treat the bone defects. The Micro-CT and histological evaluations proved that the regeneration of bone defect was faster within the Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy scaffold than the pure Ti scaffold. Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy showed great potential to be applied in orthopedics, especially in the load-bearing sites. The first research work of ZnLiCa alloys to be used as biodegradable metals. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Zn0.8Li0.1Ca alloy reached 567.60 ± 9.56 MPa, which is comparable to pure Ti, one of the most common material used in orthopedics. Porous scaffolds made of Zn0.8Li0.1Ca showed superior bone-defect-treating effects to pure Ti scaffolds in New Zealand rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Hongtao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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48
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Kabir H, Munir K, Wen C, Li Y. Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications: Biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:836-879. [PMID: 33024903 PMCID: PMC7530311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade in vivo by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete in vivo degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Kabir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Khurram Munir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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49
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Čapek J, Kubásek J, Pinc J, Fojt J, Krajewski S, Rupp F, Li P. Microstructural, mechanical, in vitro corrosion and biological characterization of an extruded Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt%) as an absorbable material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111924. [PMID: 33641917 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) alloys seem to be promising candidates for application in orthopaedic or cardiovascular medical implants. In this area, high standards are required regarding the biocompatibility as well as excellent mechanical and tailored degradation properties. In the presented study, a novel Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt%) alloy has been fabricated by the combination of casting, homogenization annealing and extrusion at 200 °C. As a consequence of its fine-grained homogenous microstructure, the prepared material is characterized by an excellent combination of tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation corresponding to 244 MPa, 324 MPa and 20% respectively. The in vitro corrosion rates of the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy in the physiological solution and the simulated body fluid were 244 μm/a and 69.8 μm/a, respectively. Furthermore, an extract test revealed that Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr extracts diluted to 25% had no adverse effects towards L929 fibroblasts, TAg periosteal cells and Saos-2 osteoblasts. Moreover, the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr surface showed effective inhibition of initial Streptococcus gordonii adhesion and biofilm formation. These results indicated the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy, which has superior mechanical properties, might be a promising candidate for materials used for load-bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Čapek
- FZU - The Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Institute of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 6, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pinc
- FZU - The Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Fojt
- Institute of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 6, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Rupp
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ping Li
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstrasse 2-8, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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50
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Li Y, Pavanram P, Zhou J, Lietaert K, Bobbert FSL, Kubo Y, Leeflang MA, Jahr H, Zadpoor AA. Additively manufactured functionally graded biodegradable porous zinc. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:2404-2419. [PMID: 31993592 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Topological design provides additively manufactured (AM) biodegradable porous metallic biomaterials with a unique opportunity to adjust their biodegradation behavior and mechanical properties, thereby satisfying the requirements for ideal bone substitutes. However, no information is available yet concerning the effect of topological design on the performance of AM porous zinc (Zn) that outperforms Mg and Fe in biodegradation behavior. Here, we studied one functionally graded and two uniform AM porous Zn designs with diamond unit cell. Cylindrical specimens were fabricated from pure Zn powder by using a powder bed fusion technique, followed by a comprehensive study on their static and dynamic biodegradation behaviors, mechanical properties, permeability, and biocompatibility. Topological design, indeed, affected the biodegradation behavior of the specimens, as evidenced by 150% variations in biodegradation rate between the three different designs. After in vitro dynamic immersion for 28 days, the AM porous Zn had weight losses of 7-12%, relying on the topological design. The degradation rates satisfied the desired biodegradation time of 1-2 years for bone substitution. The mechanical properties of the biodegraded specimens of all the groups maintained within the range of those of cancellous bone. As opposed to the trends observed for other biodegradable porous metals, after 28 days of in vitro biodegradation, the yield strengths of the specimens of all the groups (σy = 7-14 MPa) increased consistently, as compared to those of the as-built specimens (σy = 4-11 MPa). Moreover, AM porous Zn showed excellent biocompatibility, given that the cellular activities in none of the groups differed from the Ti controls for up to 72 h. Using topological design of AM porous Zn for controlling its mechanical properties and degradation behavior is thus clearly promising, thereby rendering flexibility to the material to meet a variety of clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - P Pavanram
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - K Lietaert
- 3D Systems - LayerWise NV, Grauwmeer 14, Leuven 3001, Belgium and Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - F S L Bobbert
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - M A Leeflang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
| | - H Jahr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands.
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