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Feng H, Song Y, Lian X, Zhang S, Bai J, Gan F, Lei Q, Wei Y, Huang D. Study on Printability Evaluation of Alginate/Silk Fibroin/Collagen Double-Cross-Linked Inks and the Properties of 3D Printed Constructs. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39321210 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, biological 3D printing has garnered increasing attention for tissue and organ repair. The challenge with 3D-printing inks is to combine mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility. Proteins serve as vital structural components in living systems, and utilizing protein-based inks can ensure that the materials maintain the necessary biological activity. In this study, we incorporated two natural biomaterials, silk fibroin (SF) and collagen (COL), into a low-concentration sodium alginate (SA) solution to create novel composite inks. SF and COL were modified with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to impart photo-cross-linking properties. The UV light test and 1H NMR results demonstrated successful curing of silk fibroin (SF) and collagen (COL) after modification and grafting. Subsequently, the printability of modified silk fibroin (RSFMA)/SA with varying concentration gradients was assessed using a set of three consecutive printing models, and the material's properties were tested. The research results prove that the addition of RSFMA and ColMA enhances the printability of low-concentration SA solutions, with the Pr values increasing from 0.85 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.03 and 0.92 ± 0.02, respectively, and the mechanical strength increasing from 0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.38 ± 0.01 MPa; cytocompatibility has also been improved. Furthermore, rheological tests indicated that all of the inks exhibited shear thinning properties. CCK-8 experiments demonstrated that the addition of ColMA increased the cytocompatibility of the ink system. Overall, the utilization of SF and COL-modified SA materials as inks represents a promising advancement in 3D-printed ink technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yufan Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Siruo Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Proteins, Shanxi Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Jinxuan Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Fangjin Gan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qi Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
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2
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Yogeshwaran S, Goodarzi Hosseinabadi H, Gendy DE, Miri AK. Design considerations and biomaterials selection in embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:4506-4518. [PMID: 39045682 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting, a temporary matrix preserves a paste-like filament ejecting from a narrow nozzle. For granular sacrificial matrices, the methodology is known as the freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels (FRESH). Embedded extrusion 3D bioprinting methods result in more rapid and controlled manufacturing of cell-laden tissue constructs, particularly vascular and multi-component structures. This report focuses on the working principles and bioink design criteria for implementing conventional embedded extrusion and FRESH 3D bioprinting strategies. We also present a set of experimental data as a guideline for selecting the support bath or matrix. We discuss the advantages of embedded extrusion methods over conventional biomanufacturing methods. This work provides a short recipe for selecting inks and printing parameters for desired shapes in embedded extrusion and FRESH 3D bioprinting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaprakash Yogeshwaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Hossein Goodarzi Hosseinabadi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel E Gendy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Amir K Miri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Newark College of Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Dr Martin Luther King Jr Blvd, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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3
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Rossi A, Pescara T, Gambelli AM, Gaggia F, Asthana A, Perrier Q, Basta G, Moretti M, Senin N, Rossi F, Orlando G, Calafiore R. Biomaterials for extrusion-based bioprinting and biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1393641. [PMID: 38974655 PMCID: PMC11225062 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1393641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Amongst the range of bioprinting technologies currently available, bioprinting by material extrusion is gaining increasing popularity due to accessibility, low cost, and the absence of energy sources, such as lasers, which may significantly damage the cells. New applications of extrusion-based bioprinting are systematically emerging in the biomedical field in relation to tissue and organ fabrication. Extrusion-based bioprinting presents a series of specific challenges in relation to achievable resolutions, accuracy and speed. Resolution and accuracy in particular are of paramount importance for the realization of microstructures (for example, vascularization) within tissues and organs. Another major theme of research is cell survival and functional preservation, as extruded bioinks have cells subjected to considerable shear stresses as they travel through the extrusion apparatus. Here, an overview of the main available extrusion-based printing technologies and related families of bioprinting materials (bioinks) is provided. The main challenges related to achieving resolution and accuracy whilst assuring cell viability and function are discussed in relation to specific application contexts in the field of tissue and organ fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rossi
- Smart Manufacturing Laboratory, Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Pescara
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplant and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Gambelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Gaggia
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplant and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amish Asthana
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Quentin Perrier
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Giuseppe Basta
- Laboratory for Endocrine Cell Transplant and Biohybrid Organs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Moretti
- Smart Manufacturing Laboratory, Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicola Senin
- Smart Manufacturing Laboratory, Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Rossi
- Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
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Ochieng BO, Zhao L, Ye Z. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting in Vascular Tissue Engineering and Tissue Vascularization of Cardiovascular Diseases. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:340-358. [PMID: 37885200 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, significant progress has been made in repairing damaged materials through material engineering. However, the creation of large-scale artificial materials still faces a major challenge in achieving proper vascularization. To address this issue, researchers have turned to biomaterials and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques, which allow for the combination of multiple biomaterials with improved mechanical and biological properties that mimic natural materials. Hydrogels, known for their ability to support living cells and biological components, have played a crucial role in this research. Among the recent developments, 3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising tool for constructing hybrid scaffolds. However, there are several challenges in the field of bioprinting, including the need for nanoscale biomimicry, the formulation of hydrogel blends, and the ongoing complexity of vascularizing biomaterials, which requires further research. On a positive note, 3D bioprinting offers a solution to the vascularization problem due to its precise spatial control, scalability, and reproducibility compared with traditional fabrication methods. This paper aims at examining the recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technology for creating blood vessels, vasculature, and vascularized materials. It provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made and discusses the limitations and challenges faced in current 3D bioprinting of vascularized tissues. In addition, the paper highlights the future research directions focusing on the development of 3D bioprinting techniques and bioinks for creating functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Omondi Ochieng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Wu Y, Yang X, Gupta D, Alioglu MA, Qin M, Ozbolat V, Li Y, Ozbolat IT. Dissecting the Interplay Mechanism among Process Parameters toward the Biofabrication of High-Quality Shapes in Embedded Bioprinting. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2024; 34:2313088. [PMID: 38952568 PMCID: PMC11216718 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202313088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Embedded bioprinting overcomes the barriers associated with the conventional extrusion-based bioprinting process as it enables the direct deposition of bioinks in 3D inside a support bath by providing in situ self-support for deposited bioinks during bioprinting to prevent their collapse and deformation. Embedded bioprinting improves the shape quality of bioprinted constructs made up of soft materials and low-viscosity bioinks, leading to a promising strategy for better anatomical mimicry of tissues or organs. Herein, the interplay mechanism among the printing process parameters toward improved shape quality is critically reviewed. The impact of material properties of the support bath and bioink, printing conditions, cross-linking mechanisms, and post-printing treatment methods, on the printing fidelity, stability, and resolution of the structures is meticulously dissected and thoroughly discussed. Further, the potential scope and applications of this technology in the fields of bioprinting and regenerative medicine are presented. Finally, outstanding challenges and opportunities of embedded bioprinting as well as its promise for fabricating functional solid organs in the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Deepak Gupta
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mecit Altan Alioglu
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Minghao Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
- Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Tissue Engineering Department, Cukurova University, Adana 01130, Turkey
| | - Yao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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6
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Chrungoo S, Bharadwaj T, Verma D. Nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex incorporated BSA-alginate composite bioink for 3D bioprinting of bone mimicking constructs. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131123. [PMID: 38537853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Although several bioinks have been developed for 3D bioprinting applications, the lack of optimal printability, mechanical properties, and adequate cell response has limited their practical applicability. Therefore, this work reports the development of a composite bioink consisting of bovine serum albumin (BSA), alginate, and self-assembled nanofibrous polyelectrolyte complex aggregates of gelatin and chitosan (PEC-GC). The nanofibrous PEC-GC aggregates were prepared and incorporated into the bioink in varying concentrations (0 % to 3 %). The bioink samples were bioprinted and crosslinked post-printing by calcium chloride. The average nanofiber diameter of PEC-GC was 62 ± 15 nm. It was demonstrated that PEC-GC improves the printability and cellular adhesion of the developed bioink and modulates the swelling ratio, degradation rate, and mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffold. The in vitro results revealed that the bioink with 2 % PEC-GC had the best post-printing cell viability of the encapsulated MG63 osteosarcoma cells and well oragnized stress fibers, indicating enhanced cell adhesion. The cell viability was >90 %, as observed from the MTT assay. The composite bioink also showed osteogenic potential, as confirmed by the estimation of alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis assay. This study successfully fabricated a high-shape fidelity bioink with potential in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chrungoo
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Tanmay Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Devendra Verma
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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7
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Lai G, Meagher L. Versatile xanthan gum-based support bath material compatible with multiple crosslinking mechanisms: rheological properties, printability, and cytocompatibility study. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035005. [PMID: 38565131 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad39a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Extrusion-based bioprinting is a promising technology for the fabrication of complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered constructs. To further improve the printing accuracy and provide mechanical support during the printing process, hydrogel-based support bath materials have been developed. However, the gel structure of some support bath materials can be compromised when exposed to certain bioink crosslinking cues, hence their compatibility with bioinks can be limited. In this study, a xanthan gum-based composite support material compatible with multiple crosslinking mechanisms is developed. Different support bath materials can have different underlying polymeric structures, for example, particulate suspensions and polymer solution with varying supramolecular structure) and these properties are governed by a variety of different intermolecular interactions. However, common rheological behavior can be expected because they have similar demonstrated performance and functionality. To provide a detailed exploration/identification of the common rheological properties expressed by different support bath materials from a unified perspective, benchmark support bath materials from previous studies were prepared. A comparative rheological study revealed both the structural and shear behavior characteristics shared by support bath materials, including yield stress, gel complex moduli, shear-thinning behavior, and self-healing properties. Gel structural stability and functionality of support materials were tested in the presence of various crosslinking stimuli, confirming the versatility of the xanthan-based support material. We further investigated the effect of support materials and the diameter of extrusion needles on the printability of bioinks to demonstrate the improvement in bioink printability and structural integrity. Cytotoxicity and cell encapsulation viability tests were carried out to confirm the cell compatibility of the xanthan gum-based support bath material. We propose and demonstrate the versatility and compatibility of the novel support bath material and provide detailed new insight into the essential properties and behavior of these materials that serve as a guide for further development of support bath-based 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Laurence Meagher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Zhang C, Hua W, Mitchell K, Raymond L, Delzendehrooy F, Wen L, Do C, Chen J, Yang Y, Linke G, Zhang Z, Krishnan MA, Kuss M, Coulter R, Bandala E, Liao Y, Duan B, Zhao D, Chai G, Jin Y. Multiscale embedded printing of engineered human tissue and organ equivalents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313464121. [PMID: 38346211 PMCID: PMC10907305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313464121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Creating tissue and organ equivalents with intricate architectures and multiscale functional feature sizes is the first step toward the reconstruction of transplantable human tissues and organs. Existing embedded ink writing approaches are limited by achievable feature sizes ranging from hundreds of microns to tens of millimeters, which hinders their ability to accurately duplicate structures found in various human tissues and organs. In this study, a multiscale embedded printing (MSEP) strategy is developed, in which a stimuli-responsive yield-stress fluid is applied to facilitate the printing process. A dynamic layer height control method is developed to print the cornea with a smooth surface on the order of microns, which can effectively overcome the layered morphology in conventional extrusion-based three-dimensional bioprinting methods. Since the support bath is sensitive to temperature change, it can be easily removed after printing by tuning the ambient temperature, which facilitates the fabrication of human eyeballs with optic nerves and aortic heart valves with overhanging leaflets on the order of a few millimeters. The thermosensitivity of the support bath also enables the reconstruction of the full-scale human heart on the order of tens of centimeters by on-demand adding support bath materials during printing. The proposed MSEP demonstrates broader printable functional feature sizes ranging from microns to centimeters, providing a viable and reliable technical solution for tissue and organ printing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Weijian Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Lily Raymond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Fatemeh Delzendehrooy
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA50011
| | - Lai Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN37831-6475
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN37830
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Gabe Linke
- Three-Dimensional Advanced Visualization Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children’s Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE68114
| | - Zhengyi Zhang
- School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Mena Asha Krishnan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Ryan Coulter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Erick Bandala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
| | - Yiliang Liao
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA50011
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Danyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024, China
| | - Guangrui Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang110004, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV89557
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Sheng L, Song X, Wang M, Zheng S. Thermally reversible hydrogels printing of customizable bio-channels with curvature. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128595. [PMID: 38056748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Replicating intricate bio-channels, akin to expansive vascular networks, offers numerous advantages including self-repair, replacing damaged bio-channels, testing drugs, and biomedical devices. But, crafting multi-sized, editable bio-channels with specific curvatures, particularly using natural polymer-based bio-inks, poses a significant challenge. To address this, this study introduces a temperature-driven indirect printing method, exemplified by the diploic vein. Here, K-carrageenan (kca)-silk fiber (SF)-hyaluronic acid (HA)/hFOB 1.19 (SV40 transfection of human osteoblasts) and kca-collagen-HA/HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) are employed to fabricate vascular-like walls and lumens, utilizing their thermoreversible properties to create multi-stage bifurcated lumens. Precise spatial curvature was generated by heating the vascular network wrapped in poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Since temperature is specific to the thermal material carrying the cells, the rheological properties of bioinks, modeling temperature parameters, and their impact on printing size was explored. Additionally, mechanical properties and curvature response were characterized to determine the necessary process parameters for achieving the desired size. Ultimately, in vitro bioprinting experiments involving HUVECs and hFOB 1.19 demonstrate cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and migration within the intraluminal hydrogel scaffold. This approach allows for customizing bio-channel content and controlling curvature programming, providing new prospects for in vitro biochannel production, with potential benefits for pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Shuxian Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Equipment Design and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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10
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Budharaju H, Sundaramurthi D, Sethuraman S. Embedded 3D bioprinting - An emerging strategy to fabricate biomimetic & large vascularized tissue constructs. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:356-384. [PMID: 37920828 PMCID: PMC10618244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is an advanced tissue fabrication technique that allows printing complex structures with precise positioning of multiple cell types layer-by-layer. Compared to other bioprinting methods, extrusion bioprinting has several advantages to print large-sized tissue constructs and complex organ models due to large build volume. Extrusion bioprinting using sacrificial, support and embedded strategies have been successfully employed to facilitate printing of complex and hollow structures. Embedded bioprinting is a gel-in-gel approach developed to overcome the gravitational and overhanging limits of bioprinting to print large-sized constructs with a micron-scale resolution. In embedded bioprinting, deposition of bioinks into the microgel or granular support bath will be facilitated by the sol-gel transition of the support bath through needle movement inside the granular medium. This review outlines various embedded bioprinting strategies and the polymers used in the embedded systems with advantages, limitations, and efficacy in the fabrication of complex vascularized tissues or organ models with micron-scale resolution. Further, the essential requirements of support bath systems like viscoelasticity, stability, transparency and easy extraction to print human scale organs are discussed. Additionally, the organs or complex geometries like vascular constructs, heart, bone, octopus and jellyfish models printed using support bath assisted printing methods with their anatomical features are elaborated. Finally, the challenges in clinical translation and the future scope of these embedded bioprinting models to replace the native organs are envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Center, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Center, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Center for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Center, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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11
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Zhang C, Hao J, Shi W, Su Y, Mitchell K, Hua W, Jin W, Lee S, Wen L, Jin Y, Zhao D. Sacrificial scaffold-assisted direct ink writing of engineered aortic valve prostheses. Biofabrication 2023; 15:10.1088/1758-5090/aceffb. [PMID: 37579750 PMCID: PMC10566457 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aceffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve disease has become a serious global health problem, which calls for numerous implantable prosthetic valves to fulfill the broader needs of patients. Although current three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting approaches can be used to manufacture customized valve prostheses, they still have some complications, such as limited biocompatibility, constrained structural complexity, and difficulty to make heterogeneous constructs, to name a few. To overcome these challenges, a sacrificial scaffold-assisted direct ink writing approach has been explored and proposed in this work, in which a sacrificial scaffold is printed to temporarily support sinus wall and overhanging leaflets of an aortic valve prosthesis that can be removed easily and mildly without causing any potential damages to the valve prosthesis. The bioinks, composed of alginate, gelatin, and nanoclay, used to print heterogenous valve prostheses have been designed in terms of rheological/mechanical properties and filament formability. The sacrificial ink made from Pluronic F127 has been developed by evaluating rheological behavior and gel temperature. After investigating the effects of operating conditions, complex 3D structures and homogenous/heterogenous aortic valve prostheses have been successfully printed. Lastly, numerical simulation and cycling experiments have been performed to validate the function of the printed valve prostheses as one-way valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Jiangtao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Weijian Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Wenbo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Serena Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Lai Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Danyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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12
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Menshutina N, Abramov A, Okisheva M, Tsygankov P. Investigation of the 3D Printing Process Utilizing a Heterophase System. Gels 2023; 9:566. [PMID: 37504445 PMCID: PMC10379737 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) requires careful selection of ink composition with specific rheological properties, and it has limitations, such as the inability to create overhanging parts or branched geometries. This study presents an investigation into enhancing the 3D printing process through the use of a heterophase system, aiming to overcome these limitations. A modification was carried out in the 3D printer construction, involving adjustments to the structural elements responsible for the extrusion device's movement. Additionally, a method for obtaining a heterophase system based on gelatin microparticles was developed to enable the 3D printing process with the upgraded printer. The structure and rheological properties of the heterophase system, varying in gelatin concentration, were thoroughly examined. The material's viscosity ranged from 5.4 to 32.8 kPa·s, exhibiting thixotropic properties, pseudoplastic behavior, and long-term stability at 20 °C. The developed 3D printing technology was successfully implemented using a heterophase system based on different gelatin concentrations. The highest product quality was achieved with a heterophase system consisting of 4.5 wt.% gelatin, which exhibited a viscosity of 22.4 kPa·s, enabling the production of products without spreading or compromising geometrical integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Menshutina
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Abramov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Okisheva
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Tsygankov
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Balaji KV, Bhutoria S, Nayak S, PR AK, Velayudhan S. Printability Assessment of modified Filament Deposition Modelling Three Dimensional Bioprinter Printer using Polymeric Formulations. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2023.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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14
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Qian W, Gong G, Su H, Zhao Y, Fu W, Wang Y, Ji W, Sun X, Zhang B, Ma L, Li J, Zhang X, Li S, Sheng E, Lu Y, Zhu D. Hepar-on-a-sensor-platform with hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy to intuitively monitor the hepatoxicity of natural compounds. Acta Biomater 2023; 160:73-86. [PMID: 36804823 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The irrational use of natural compounds in the treatment of diseases can lead to serious side effects, especially hepatoxicity, and its toxic effects are usually cumulative and imperceptible. Therefore, an accurate sensing platform is urgently needed to monitor the hepatotoxicity of natural compounds. Here, we deposited a thermo-responsive alginate-RGD/Pluronic hydrogel to construct an in vitro three-dimensional(3D) hepar-platform, and a thorough validation was adopted to evaluate the bioprinted hepatic constructs. The engineered hepar-platform was then employed to access its biological response toward Emodin (EM) and Triptolide (TP), two typical hepatotoxic natural compounds. Subsequently, we integrated it with a robust fluorescent sensor based on hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy (HCR) to monitor the early hepatotoxic biomarker - glutathione-S-transferase-alpha (GST-α) secreted by this 3D constructs. Our study was the first attempt to construct an accurate hepar-on-a-sensor platform that could effectively detect GST-α for monitoring the hepatoxic effects of natural compounds. The limit of detection of the platform was 0.3 ng ml-1 and the accuracy of this platform was verified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the variation of GST-α induced by EM and TP was consistent with hepatotoxicity studies, thus providing an important application value for evaluating the hepatotoxicity of natural compounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. We deposited a thermo-responsive alginate-RGD/Pluronic hydrogel to construct an in vitro three-dimensional(3D) hepar-platform, and elucidated the essential reasons why hybrid bioinks more suitable for 3D extrusion from biomaterials itself. Also, a thorough validation associated with a series of important proteins and genes involved in liver cell metabolism was adopted to evaluate the bioprinted hepatic constructs accurately 2. Glutathione-S-transferase-alpha is a soluble trace biomarker for acute hepatotoxic injury, the hepatotoxic effects of natural compounds on the secretion of GST-α has not been reported to date. We integrated our 3D hepar-platform with recognition molecules-aptamers and HCR amplification strategy to monitor the variation of GST-α, aiming at developing a robust and stable fluorescent biosensing platform to monitor the hepatoxicity of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Guangming Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Wenwen Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xuetong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Jianting Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Su Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Enze Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Yin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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15
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Modification, 3D printing process and application of sodium alginate based hydrogels in soft tissue engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123450. [PMID: 36709808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate (SA) is an inexpensive and biocompatible biomaterial with fast and gentle crosslinking that has been widely used in biological soft tissue repair/regeneration. Especially with the advent of 3D bioprinting technology, SA hydrogels have been applied more deeply in tissue engineering due to their excellent printability. Currently, the research on material modification, molding process and application of SA-based composite hydrogels has become a hot topic in tissue engineering, and a lot of fruitful results have been achieved. To better help readers have a comprehensive understanding of the development status of SA based hydrogels and their molding process in tissue engineering, in this review, we summarized SA modification methods, and provided a comparative analysis of the characteristics of various SA based hydrogels. Secondly, various molding methods of SA based hydrogels were introduced, the processing characteristics and the applications of different molding methods were analyzed and compared. Finally, the applications of SA based hydrogels in tissue engineering were reviewed, the challenges in their applications were also analyzed, and the future research directions were prospected. We believe this review is of great helpful for the researchers working in biomedical and tissue engineering.
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16
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Heran W, Xin L, Qi G, Xiongfei Z. Vascularized organ bioprinting: From strategy to paradigm. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13453. [PMID: 36929675 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bioprinting has become a popular research topic worldwide, as it is the most promising approach for manufacturing vascularized organ in vitro. However, transitioning bioprinting from simple tissue models to real biomedical applications is still a challenge due to the lack of interdisciplinary theoretical knowledge and perfect multitechnology integration. This review examines the goals of vasculature manufacturing and proposes the objectives in three stages. We then outline a bidirectional manufacturing strategy consisting of top-down reproduction (bioprinting) and bottom-up regeneration (cellular behaviour). We also provide an in-depth analysis of the views from the four aspects of design, ink, printing, and culture. Furthermore, we present the 'constructing-comprehension cycle' research paradigm in Strategic Priority Research Program and the 'math-model-based batch insights generator' research paradigm for the future, which have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Heran
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zheng Xiongfei
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110169, China
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17
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Hua W, Zhang C, Raymond L, Mitchell K, Wen L, Yang Y, Zhao D, Liu S, Jin Y. 3D printing-based full-scale human brain for diverse applications. BRAIN-X 2023; 1:e5. [PMID: 37818250 PMCID: PMC10564551 DOI: 10.1002/brx2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Surgery is the most frequent treatment for patients with brain tumors. The construction of full-scale human brain models, which is still challenging to realize via current manufacturing techniques, can effectively train surgeons before brain tumor surgeries. This paper aims to develop a set of three-dimensional (3D) printing approaches to fabricate customized full-scale human brain models for surgery training as well as specialized brain patches for wound healing after surgery. First, a brain patch designed to fit a wound's shape and size can be easily printed in and collected from a stimuli-responsive yield-stress support bath. Then, an inverse 3D printing strategy, called "peeling-boiled-eggs," is proposed to fabricate full-scale human brain models. In this strategy, the contour layer of a brain model is printed using a sacrificial ink to envelop the target brain core within a photocurable yield-stress support bath. After crosslinking the contour layer, the as-printed model can be harvested from the bath to photo crosslink the brain core, which can be eventually released by liquefying the contour layer. Both the brain patch and full-scale human brain model are successfully printed to mimic the scenario of wound healing after removing a brain tumor, validating the effectiveness of the proposed 3D printing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lily Raymond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Lai Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Danyang Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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18
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Becker M, Gurian M, Schot M, Leijten J. Aqueous Two-Phase Enabled Low Viscosity 3D (LoV3D) Bioprinting of Living Matter. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204609. [PMID: 36585374 PMCID: PMC10015849 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Embedded 3D bioprinting has great value for the freeform fabrication of living matter. However, embedded 3D bioprinting is currently limited to highly viscous liquid baths or liquid-like solid baths. In contrast, prior to crosslinking, most hydrogels are formulated as low-viscosity solutions and are therefore not directly compatible with bioprinting due to low shape fidelity and poor print stability. The authors here present a method to enable low-viscosity ink 3D (LoV3D) bioprinting, based on aqueous two-phase stabilization of the ink-bath interface. LoV3D allows for the printing of living constructs at high extrusion speeds (up to 1.8 m s-1 ) with high viability due to its exceedingly low-viscosity. Moreover, LoV3D liquid/liquid interfaces offer unique advantages for fusing printed structures, creating intricate vasculature, and modifying surfaces at higher efficiencies than traditional systems. Furthermore, the low interfacial tension of LoV3D bioprinting offers unprecedented nozzle-independent control over filament diameter via large-dimension strand-thinning, which allows for the printing of an exceptionally wide range of diameters down to the width of a single cell. Overall, LoV3D bioprinting is a unique all-aqueous approach with broad material compatibility without the need for rheological ink adaption, which opens new avenues of application in cell patterning, drug screening, engineered meat, and organ fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Becker
- Leijten LabDept. of Developmental BioEngineeringTechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522 NBThe Netherlands
| | - Melvin Gurian
- Leijten LabDept. of Developmental BioEngineeringTechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522 NBThe Netherlands
| | - Maik Schot
- Leijten LabDept. of Developmental BioEngineeringTechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522 NBThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Leijten LabDept. of Developmental BioEngineeringTechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschede7522 NBThe Netherlands
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19
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Direct ink writing to fabricate porous acetabular cups from titanium alloy. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Li Q, Ma L, Gao Z, Yin J, Liu P, Yang H, Shen L, Zhou H. Regulable Supporting Baths for Embedded Printing of Soft Biomaterials with Variable Stiffness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41695-41711. [PMID: 36070996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) embedded printing is emerging as a potential solution for the fabrication of complex biological structures and with ultrasoft biomaterials. For the supporting medium, bulk gels can support a wide range of bioinks with higher printing resolution as well as better finishing surfaces than granular microgel baths. However, the difficulties of regulating the physical properties of existing bulk gel supporting baths limit the further development of this method. This work has developed a bulk gel supporting bath with easily regulable physical properties to facilitate soft-material fabrication. The proposed bath is composed based on the hydrophobic association between a hydrophobically modified hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (H-HPMC) and Pluronic F-127 (PF-127). Its rheological properties can be easily regulated; in the preprinting stage by varying the relative concentration of components, during printing by changing the temperature, and postprinting by adding additives with strong hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. This has made the supporting bath not only available for various bioinks with a range of printing windows but also easy to be removed. Also, the removal strategy is independent of printing conditions like temperature and ions, which empowers the bath to hold great potential for the embedded printing of commonly used biomaterials. The adjustable rheological properties of the bath were leveraged to characterize the embedded printing quantitatively, involving the disturbance during the printing, filament cross-sectional shape, printing resolution, continuity, and the coalescence between adjacent filaments. The match between the bioink and the bath was also explored. Furthermore, low-viscosity bioinks (with 0.008-2.4 Pa s viscosity) were patterned into various 3D complex delicate soft structures (with a 0.5-5 kPa compressive modulus). It is believed that such an easily regulable assembled bath could serve as an available tool to support the complex biological structure fabrication and open unique prospects for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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21
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Hua W, Mitchell K, Kariyawasam LS, Do C, Chen J, Raymond L, Valentin N, Coulter R, Yang Y, Jin Y. Three-Dimensional Printing in Stimuli-Responsive Yield-Stress Fluid with an Interactive Dual Microstructure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39420-39431. [PMID: 35973232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yield-stress support bath-enabled three-dimensional (3D) printing has been widely used in recent years for diverse applications. However, current yield-stress fluids usually possess single microstructures and still face the challenges of on-demand adding and/or removing support bath materials during printing, constraining their application scope. This study aims to propose a concept of stimuli-responsive yield-stress fluids with an interactive dual microstructure as support bath materials. The microstructure from a yield-stress additive allows the fluids to present switchable states at different stresses, facilitating an embedded 3D printing process. The microstructure from stimuli-responsive polymers enables the fluids to have regulable rheological properties upon external stimuli, making it feasible to perfuse additional yield-stress fluids during printing and easily remove residual fluids after printing. A nanoclay-Pluronic F127 nanocomposite is studied as a thermosensitive yield-stress fluid. The key material properties are characterized to unveil the interactions in the formed dual microstructure and microstructure evolutions at different stresses and temperatures. Core scientific issues, including the filament formation principle, surface roughness control, and thermal effects of the newly added nanocomposite, are comprehensively investigated. Finally, three representative 3D structures, the Hall of Prayer, capsule, and tube with changing diameter, are successfully printed to validate the printing capability of stimuli-responsive yield-stress fluids for fabricating arbitrary architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Hua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Lasith S Kariyawasam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Changwoo Do
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Lily Raymond
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Naima Valentin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Ryan Coulter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Yifei Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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22
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Brunel LG, Hull SM, Heilshorn SC. Engineered assistive materials for 3D bioprinting: support baths and sacrificial inks. Biofabrication 2022; 14:032001. [PMID: 35487196 PMCID: PMC10788121 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6bbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technique for spatially patterning cells and materials into constructs that mimic native tissues and organs. However, a trade-off exists between printability and biological function, where weak materials are typically more suited for 3D cell culture but exhibit poor shape fidelity when printed in air. Recently, a new class of assistive materials has emerged to overcome this limitation and enable fabrication of more complex, biologically relevant geometries, even when using soft materials as bioinks. These materials include support baths, which bioinks are printed into, and sacrificial inks, which are printed themselves and then later removed. Support baths are commonly yield-stress materials that provide physical confinement during the printing process to improve resolution and shape fidelity. Sacrificial inks have primarily been used to create void spaces and pattern perfusable networks, but they can also be combined directly with the bioink to change its mechanical properties for improved printability or increased porosity. Here, we outline the advantages of using such assistive materials in 3D bioprinting, define their material property requirements, and offer case study examples of how these materials are used in practice. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the development of assistive materials that will propel the bioprinting field forward toward creating full-scale, biomimetic tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia G Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Hull
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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23
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Budharaju H, Zennifer A, Sethuraman S, Paul A, Sundaramurthi D. Designer DNA biomolecules as a defined biomaterial for 3D bioprinting applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1141-1166. [PMID: 35006214 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA has excellent features such as the presence of functional and targeted molecular recognition motifs, tailorability, multifunctionality, high-precision molecular self-assembly, hydrophilicity, and outstanding biocompatibility. Due to these remarkable features, DNA has emerged as a leading next-generation biomaterial of choice to make hydrogels by self-assembly. In recent times, novel routes for the chemical synthesis of DNA, advances in tailorable designs, and affordable production ways have made DNA as a building block material for various applications. These advanced features have made researchers continuously explore the interesting properties of pure and hybrid DNA for 3D bioprinting and other biomedical applications. This review article highlights the topical advancements in the use of DNA as an ideal bioink for the bioprinting of cell-laden three-dimensional tissue constructs for regenerative medicine applications. Various bioprinting techniques and emerging design approaches such as self-assembly, nucleotide sequence, enzymes, and production cost to use DNA as a bioink for bioprinting applications are described. In addition, various types and properties of DNA hydrogels such as stimuli responsiveness and mechanical properties are discussed. Further, recent progress in the applications of DNA in 3D bioprinting are emphasized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of DNA hydrogels in 3D bioprinting and other biomedical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Allen Zennifer
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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24
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Glukhova SA, Molchanov VS, Chesnokov YM, Lokshin BV, Kharitonova EP, Philippova OE. Green nanocomposite gels based on binary network of sodium alginate and percolating halloysite clay nanotubes for 3D printing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Zeng X, Meng Z, He J, Mao M, Li X, Chen P, Fan J, Li D. Embedded bioprinting for designer 3D tissue constructs with complex structural organization. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:1-22. [PMID: 34875360 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting has been developed as an effective and powerful technique for the fabrication of living tissue constructs in a well-controlled manner. However, most existing 3D bioprinting strategies face substantial challenges in replicating delicate and intricate tissue-specific structural organizations using mechanically weak biomaterials such as hydrogels. Embedded bioprinting is an emerging bioprinting strategy that can directly fabricate complex structures derived from soft biomaterials within a supporting matrix, which shows great promise in printing large vascularized tissues and organs. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the development of embedded bioprinting including extrusion-based and light-based processes to manufacture complex tissue constructs with biomimetic architectures. The working principles, bioinks, and supporting matrices of embedded printing processes are introduced. The effect of key processing parameters on the printing resolution, shape fidelity, and biological functions of the printed tissue constructs are discussed. Recent innovations in the processes and applications of embedded bioprinting are highlighted, such as light-based volumetric bioprinting and printing of functional vascularized organ constructs. Challenges and future perspectives with regard to translating embedded bioprinting into an effective strategy for the fabrication of functional biological constructs with biomimetic structural organizations are finally discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: It is still challenging to replicate delicate and intricate tissue-specific structural organizations using mechanically-weak hydrogels for the fabrication of functional living tissue constructs. Embedded bioprinting is an emerging 3D printing strategy that enables to produce complex tissue structures directly inside a reservoir filled with supporting matrix, which largely widens the choice of bioprinting inks to ECM-like hydrogels. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive review on various embedded bioprinting techniques mainly including extrusion-based and light-based processes. Various bioinks, supporting matrices, key processing parameters as well as their effects on the structures and biological functions of resultant living tissue constructs are discussed. We expect that it can provide an important reference and generate new insights for the bioprinting of large vascularized tissues and organs with biological functions.
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Ren B, Song K, Sanikommu AR, Chai Y, Longmire MA, Chai W, Murfee WL, Huang Y. Study of sacrificial ink-assisted embedded printing for 3D perfusable channel creation for biomedical applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9:011408. [PMID: 35242266 PMCID: PMC8785228 DOI: 10.1063/5.0068329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
For an engineered thick tissue construct to be alive and sustainable, it should be perfusable with respect to nutrients and oxygen. Embedded printing and then removing sacrificial inks in a cross-linkable yield-stress hydrogel matrix bath can serve as a valuable tool for fabricating perfusable tissue constructs. The objective of this study is to investigate the printability of sacrificial inks and the creation of perfusable channels in a cross-linkable yield-stress hydrogel matrix during embedded printing. Pluronic F-127, methylcellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol are selected as three representative sacrificial inks for their different physical and rheological properties. Their printability and removability performances have been evaluated during embedded printing in a gelatin microgel-based gelatin composite matrix bath, which is a cross-linkable yield-stress bath. The ink printability during embedded printing is different from that during printing in air due to the constraining effect of the matrix bath. Sacrificial inks with a shear-thinning property are capable of printing channels with a broad range of filaments by simply tuning the extrusion pressure. Bi-directional diffusion may happen between the sacrificial ink and matrix bath, which affects the sacrificial ink removal process and final channel diameter. As such, sacrificial inks with a low diffusion coefficient for gelatin precursor are desirable to minimize the diffusion from the gelatin precursor solution to minimize the post-printing channel diameter variation. For feasibility demonstration, a multi-channel perfusable alveolar mimic has been successfully designed, printed, and evaluated. The study results in the knowledge of the channel diameter controllability and sacrificial ink removability during embedded printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Kaidong Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Anil Reddy Sanikommu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yejun Chai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Matthew A. Longmire
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Wenxuan Chai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Telephone: 001-352-392-5520. Fax: 001-352-392-7303
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Zhou K, Sun Y, Yang J, Mao H, Gu Z. Hydrogels for 3D embedded bioprinting: a focused review on bioinks and support baths. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1897-1907. [PMID: 35212327 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02554f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has played an increasingly crucial role in the manufacturing of organized complex tissues and organs, which has shown tremendous potential in the field of tissue engineering. Extrusion-based bioprinting takes advantage of its competitive pricing and flexibility to print various biomaterials, and it has now developed into one of the most used printing techniques. However, extruding soft hydrogels, also known as bioinks, often leads to poor fidelity when printed in air. As an emerging printing approach, 3D embedded bioprinting deposits bioinks not on a platform but into a support bath, preventing constructs from settling and collapsing. This review discusses the challenges faced in the traditional 3D bioprinting of soft or low-viscosity bioinks and the changes brought by embedded bioprinting as an emerging solution. Particular focus is given to the progress of hydrogels used as bioinks and support baths. Finally, we highlight the challenges involved in this process and look forward to the prospects of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhou
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yadong Sun
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jiquan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hongli Mao
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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28
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Mechanical Behaviour Evaluation of Porous Scaffold for Tissue-Engineering Applications Using Finite Element Analysis. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, finite element analysis (FEA) models of different porous scaffold shapes consisting of various materials have been developed to predict the mechanical behaviour of the scaffolds and to address the initial goals of 3D printing. Although mechanical properties of polymeric porous scaffolds are determined through FEA, studies on the polymer nanocomposite porous scaffolds are limited. In this paper, FEA with the integration of material designer and representative volume elements (RVE) was carried out on a 3D scaffold model to determine the mechanical properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)-reinforced gelatin (G) and alginate (A) hydrogel. The maximum stress regions were predicted by FEA stress distribution. Furthermore, the analysed material model and the boundary conditions showed minor deviation (4%) compared to experimental results. It was noted that the stress regions are detected at the zone close to the pore areas. These results indicated that the model used in this work could be beneficial in FEA studies on 3D-printed porous structures for tissue engineering applications.
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29
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Bilici C, Tatar AG, Senturk E, Dikyol C, Koc B. Bisulfite-initiated crosslinking of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels for embedded 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac4dd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have provided promising outcomes for tissue engineering applications. However, the reliance on the use of photo-induced gelation processes for the bioprinting of GelMA and the lack of an alternative crosslinking process remain major challenges for the fabrication of cell-laden structures. Here, we present a novel crosslinking approach to form cell-laden GelMA hydrogel constructs through 3D embedded bioprinting without using any external irradiation that could drastically affect cell viability and functionality. This approach consists of a one-step type of crosslinking via bisulfite-initiated radical polymerization, which is combined with embedded bioprinting technology to improve the structural complexity of printed structures. By this means, complex-shaped hydrogel bio-structures with cell viability higher than 90 % were successfully printed within a support bath including sodium bisulfite. This study offers an important alternative to other photo-induced gelation processes to improve the bio-fabrication of GelMA hydrogel with high cell viability.
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30
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Calais T, Sanandiya ND, Jain S, Kanhere EV, Kumar S, Yeow RCH, Valdivia Y Alvarado P. Freeform Liquid 3D Printing of Soft Functional Components for Soft Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2301-2315. [PMID: 34962370 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freeform liquid three-dimensional printing (FL-3DP) is a promising new additive manufacturing process that uses a yield stress gel as a temporary support, enabling the processing of a broader class of inks into complex geometries, including those with low viscosities or long solidification kinetics that were previously not processable. However, the full exploitation of these advantages for the fabrication of complex multilateral structures has been hindered by difficulties in controlling the interfaces between inks and supports. In this work, an in-depth study of the rheological properties and interfacial stabilities between a nanoclay-modified support and silicone-based inks enabled a better understanding of the impact printing parameters have on the extruded filament morphology, and thus on printing resolutions. With these improvements, the fabrication of functional multimaterial pneumatic components applied to soft robotics could be demonstrated, exhibiting superior capabilities compared to casting or traditional extrusion-based additive manufacturing in terms of geometric freedom (overhanging and multimaterial structures), tunability of the component's functionality, and robustness between different phases. Overall, the full exploitation of FL-3DP advantages enables a broader design space for features and functionalities in soft robotic components that require complex and robust combinations of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Calais
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Naresh D Sanandiya
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Snehal Jain
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Elgar V Kanhere
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Siddharth Kumar
- Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Raye Chen-Hua Yeow
- Depatment of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Pablo Valdivia Y Alvarado
- Digital Manufacturing and Design (DManD) Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
- Engineering and Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
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31
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Samimi Gharaie S, Seyfoori A, Khun Jush B, Zhou X, Pagan E, Godau B, Akbari M. Silicate-Based Electro-Conductive Inks for Printing Soft Electronics and Tissue Engineering. Gels 2021; 7:240. [PMID: 34940299 PMCID: PMC8702023 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based bio-inks have been extensively used for developing three-dimensional (3D) printed biomaterials for biomedical applications. However, poor mechanical performance and the inability to conduct electricity limit their application as wearable sensors. In this work, we formulate a novel, 3D printable electro-conductive hydrogel consisting of silicate nanosheets (Laponite), graphene oxide, and alginate. The result generated a stretchable, soft, but durable electro-conductive material suitable for utilization as a novel electro-conductive bio-ink for the extrusion printing of different biomedical platforms, including flexible electronics, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. A series of tensile tests were performed on the material, indicating excellent stability under significant stretching and bending without any conductive or mechanical failures. Rheological characterization revealed that the addition of Laponite enhanced the hydrogel's mechanical properties, including stiffness, shear-thinning, and stretchability. We also illustrate the reproducibility and flexibility of our fabrication process by extrusion printing various patterns with different fiber diameters. Developing an electro-conductive bio-ink with favorable mechanical and electrical properties offers a new platform for advanced tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Samimi Gharaie
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Bardia Khun Jush
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Xiong Zhou
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Erik Pagan
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Brent Godau
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; (S.S.G.); (A.S.); (B.K.J.); (X.Z.); (E.P.); (B.G.)
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Glukhova SA, Molchanov VS, Lokshin BV, Rogachev AV, Tsarenko AA, Patsaev TD, Kamyshinsky RA, Philippova OE. Printable Alginate Hydrogels with Embedded Network of Halloysite Nanotubes: Effect of Polymer Cross-Linking on Rheological Properties and Microstructure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4130. [PMID: 34883633 PMCID: PMC8659288 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly growing 3D printing of hydrogels requires network materials which combine enhanced mechanical properties and printability. One of the most promising approaches to strengthen the hydrogels consists of the incorporation of inorganic fillers. In this paper, the rheological properties important for 3D printability were studied for nanocomposite hydrogels based on a rigid network of percolating halloysite nanotubes embedded in a soft alginate network cross-linked by calcium ions. Particular attention was paid to the effect of polymer cross-linking on these properties. It was revealed that the system possessed a pronounced shear-thinning behavior accompanied by a viscosity drop of 4-5 orders of magnitude. The polymer cross-links enhanced the shear-thinning properties and accelerated the viscosity recovery at rest so that the system could regain 96% of viscosity in only 18 s. Increasing the cross-linking of the soft network also enhanced the storage modulus of the nanocomposite system by up to 2 kPa. Through SAXS data, it was shown that at cross-linking, the junction zones consisting of fragments of two laterally aligned polymer chains were formed, which should have provided additional strength to the hydrogel. At the same time, the cross-linking of the soft network only slightly affected the yield stress, which seemed to be mainly determined by the rigid percolation network of nanotubes and reached 327 Pa. These properties make the alginate/halloysite hydrogels very promising for 3D printing, in particular, for biomedical purposes taking into account the natural origin, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility of both components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris V. Lokshin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Andrei V. Rogachev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Tsarenko
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Timofey D. Patsaev
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
| | - Roman A. Kamyshinsky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia; (A.V.R.); (A.A.T.); (R.A.K.)
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia;
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Kim D, Hwangbo H, Kim G. Engineered Myoblast-Laden Collagen Filaments Fabricated Using a Submerged Bioprinting Process to Obtain Efficient Myogenic Activities. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5042-5051. [PMID: 34783537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle tissue comprises a hierarchical fibrous structure with fully aligned myofibers. To obtain a unique aligned engineering construct for regenerating muscle tissue, we adopted a submerged bioprinting process. Here, 3 wt % collagen and 6 wt % alginate solutions were used as a matrix cell-encapsulating bioink and supporting solution in the printing bath, respectively. By manipulating the processing parameters (various alginate weight fractions in the bath, nozzle moving speed, and hydrostatic pressure), cell-laden filaments (∼50 μm in diameter) were successfully fabricated. They presented a high degree of alignment of the fibrillated collagen and meaningful initial viability (∼90%) of the C2C12 myoblasts. In vitro cellular responses indicated that fully aligned F-actin filaments of myoblasts were developed, resulting in a high degree of alignment/formation of myotubes, compared to that in the controls (>100 μm diameter of cell-laden filaments). Furthermore, the expression levels of various myogenic genes (Myod1, Myh2, and Myog) were measured using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on day 21 of the cell culture, and the results showed that the cell-laden filaments with a small diameter had considerably greater gene expression levels (2.2-8-fold) than those with a relatively large diameter. Thus, the printing process described herein can provide a new potential biofabricating platform to obtain cell-laden engineering constructs for various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjun Hwangbo
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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34
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Gerdes S, Ramesh S, Mostafavi A, Tamayol A, Rivero IV, Rao P. Extrusion-based 3D (Bio)Printed Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Process-Structure-Quality Relationships. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4694-4717. [PMID: 34498461 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological additive manufacturing (Bio-AM) has emerged as a promising approach for the fabrication of biological scaffolds with nano- to microscale resolutions and biomimetic architectures beneficial to tissue engineering applications. However, Bio-AM processes tend to introduce flaws in the construct during fabrication. These flaws can be traced to material nonhomogeneity, suboptimal processing parameters, changes in the (bio)printing environment (such as nozzle clogs), and poor construct design, all with significant contributions to the alteration of a scaffold's mechanical properties. In addition, the biological response of endogenous and exogenous cells interacting with the defective scaffolds could become unpredictable. In this review, we first described extrusion-based Bio-AM. We highlighted the salient architectural and mechanotransduction parameters affecting the response of cells interfaced with the scaffolds. The process phenomena leading to defect formation and some of the tools for defect detection are reviewed. The limitations of the existing developments and the directions that the field should grow in order to overcome said limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gerdes
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, United States
| | - Srikanthan Ramesh
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. 14623, United States
| | - Azadeh Mostafavi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, United States
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Iris V Rivero
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. 14623, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. 14623, United States
| | - Prahalada Rao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, United States
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35
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Hua W, Mitchell K, Raymond L, Godina B, Zhao D, Zhou W, Jin Y. Fluid Bath-Assisted 3D Printing for Biomedical Applications: From Pre- to Postprinting Stages. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4736-4756. [PMID: 34582176 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluid bath-assisted three-dimensional (3D) printing is an innovative 3D printing strategy that extrudes liquid ink materials into a fluid bath to form various 3D configurations. Since the support bath can provide in situ support, extruded filaments are able to freely construct complex 3D structures. Meanwhile, the supporting function of the fluid bath decreases the dependence of the ink material's cross-linkability, thus broadening the material selections for biomedical applications. Fluid bath-assisted 3D printing can be divided into two subcategories: embedded 3D printing and support bath-enabled 3D printing. This review will introduce and discuss three main manufacturing processes, or stages, for these two strategies. The stages that will be discussed include preprinting, printing, and postprinting. In the preprinting stage, representative fluid bath materials are introduced and the bath material preparation methods are also discussed. In addition, the design criteria of fluid bath materials including biocompatibility, rheological properties, physical/chemical stability, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and other properties are proposed in order to guide the selection and design of future fluid bath materials. For the printing stage, some key technical issues discussed in this review include filament formation mechanisms in a fluid bath, effects of nozzle movement on printed structures, and design strategies for printing paths. In the postprinting stage, some commonly used postprinting processes are introduced. Finally, representative biomedical applications of fluid bath-assisted 3D printing, such as standalone organoids/tissues, biomedical microfluidic devices, and wearable and bionic devices, are summarized and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Hua
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Kellen Mitchell
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Lily Raymond
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Beatriz Godina
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Danyang Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Wuyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Research Center of Biomass 3D Printing Materials, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Machine Assisted Experimentation of Extrusion-Based Bioprinting Systems. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12070780. [PMID: 34209404 PMCID: PMC8305959 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) parameters have been systematically conducted through experimentation. However, the process is time- and resource-intensive and not easily translatable to other laboratories. This study approaches EBB parameter optimization through machine learning (ML) models trained using data collected from the published literature. We investigated regression-based and classification-based ML models and their abilities to predict printing outcomes of cell viability and filament diameter for cell-containing alginate and gelatin composite bioinks. In addition, we interrogated if regression-based models can predict suitable extrusion pressure given the desired cell viability when keeping other experimental parameters constant. We also compared models trained across data from general literature to models trained across data from one literature source that utilized alginate and gelatin bioinks. The results indicate that models trained on large amounts of data can impart physical trends on cell viability, filament diameter, and extrusion pressure seen in past literature. Regression models trained on the larger dataset also predict cell viability closer to experimental values for material concentration combinations not seen in training data of the single-paper-based regression models. While the best performing classification models for cell viability can achieve an average prediction accuracy of 70%, the cell viability predictions remained constant despite altering input parameter combinations. Our trained models on bioprinting literature data show the potential usage of applying ML models to bioprinting experimental design.
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37
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Gupta D, Vashisth P, Bellare J. Multiscale porosity in a 3D printed gellan-gelatin composite for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33761468 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abf1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a complex-shaped gelatin-gellan composite scaffold with multiscale porosity using a combination of cryogenic 3D printing and lyophilization for bone tissue engineering. Cryogenic 3D printing was used to fabricate a low-concentration composite of complex-shaped macroporous gelatin-gellan structures with a pore size of 919 ± 89 µm. This was followed by lyophilization to introduce micropores of size 20-250 µm and nanometre-level surface functionalities, thus achieving a hierarchical porous structure. These multiscale porous scaffolds (GMu) were compared with two other types of scaffolds having only microporosity (GMi) and macroporosity (GMa) with regard to their physical andin vitrobiological properties. GMu scaffolds were found to be better than GMi and GMa in terms of swelling percentage, degradation rate, uniform pore distribution, cellular infiltration, attachment, proliferation, protein generation and mineralization. In conclusion, we have developed a controlled hierarchical bone-like structure, biomimicking natural bone, together with a reproducible process of manufacture by coupling soft hydrogel 3D printing with lyophilization. This enables the development of complex-shaped patient-specific 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds with enhanced performancein vitroand great potential in the fields of tissue engineering, bioprinting and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Priya Vashisth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jayesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,Tata Centre for Technology and Design, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering (WRCB), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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38
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Shiwarski DJ, Hudson AR, Tashman JW, Feinberg AW. Emergence of FRESH 3D printing as a platform for advanced tissue biofabrication. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:010904. [PMID: 33644626 PMCID: PMC7889293 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, an unresolved challenge is how to build complex 3D scaffolds in order to recreate the structure and function of human tissues and organs. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as 3D bioprinting, have the potential to build biological material with unprecedented spatial control; however, printing soft biological materials in air often results in poor fidelity. Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) is an embedded printing approach that solves this problem by extruding bioinks within a yield-stress support bath that holds the bioinks in place until cured. In this Perspective, we discuss the challenges of 3D printing soft and liquid-like bioinks and the emergence for FRESH and related embedded printing techniques as a solution. This includes the development of FRESH and embedded 3D printing within the bioprinting field and the rapid growth in adoption, as well as the advantages of FRESH printing for biofabrication and the new research results this has enabled. Specific focus is on the customizability of the FRESH printing technique where the chemical composition of the yield-stress support bath and aqueous phase crosslinker can all be tailored for printing a wide range of bioinks in complex 3D structures. Finally, we look ahead at the future of FRESH printing, discussing both the challenges and the opportunities that we see as the biofabrication field develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Shiwarski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Andrew R. Hudson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Joshua W. Tashman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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39
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Cooke ME, Rosenzweig DH. The rheology of direct and suspended extrusion bioprinting. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:011502. [PMID: 33564740 PMCID: PMC7864677 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is a tool increasingly used in tissue engineering laboratories around the world. As an extension to classic tissue engineering, it enables high levels of control over the spatial deposition of cells, materials, and other factors. It is a field with huge promise for the production of implantable tissues and even organs, but the availability of functional bioinks is a barrier to success. Extrusion bioprinting is the most commonly used technique, where high-viscosity solutions of materials and cells are required to ensure good shape fidelity of the printed tissue construct. This is contradictory to hydrogels used in tissue engineering, which are generally of low viscosity prior to cross-linking to ensure cell viability, making them not directly translatable to bioprinting. This review provides an overview of the important rheological parameters for bioinks and methods to assess printability, as well as the effect of bioink rheology on cell viability. Developments over the last five years in bioink formulations and the use of suspended printing to overcome rheological limitations are then discussed.
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40
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Fu Z, Naghieh S, Xu C, Wang C, Sun W, Chen DX. Printability in extrusion bioprinting. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33601340 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe7ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion bioprinting has been widely used to extrude continuous filaments of bioink (or the mixture of biomaterial and living cells), layer-by-layer, to build three-dimensional (3D) constructs for biomedical applications. In extrusion bioprinting, printability is an important parameter used to measure the difference between the designed construct and the one actually printed. This difference could be caused by the extrudability of printed bioink and/or the structural formability and stability of printed constructs. Although studies have reported in characterizing printability based on the bioink properties and printing process, the concept of printability is often confusingly and, sometimes, conflictingly used in the literature. The objective of this perspective is to define the printability for extrusion bioprinting in terms of extrudability, filament fidelity, and structural integrity, as well as to review the effect of bioink properties, bioprinting process, and construct design on the printability. Challenges related to the printability of extrusion bioprinting are also discussed, along with recommendations for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouquan Fu
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, 3141 chestnut street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-2816, UNITED STATES
| | - Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, CANADA
| | - Cancan Xu
- SunP Biotech LLC, 5 Allison Dr, Cherry Hill, New Jersey, 08003, UNITED STATES
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Wei Sun
- Mech Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, UNITED STATES
| | - Daniel Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A9, CANADA
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41
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Zhou K, Dey M, Ayan B, Zhang Z, Ozbolat V, Kim MH, Khristov V, Ozbolat IT. Fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices using nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic F-127 as a sacrificial ink. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:045005. [PMID: 33571984 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe55e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly being employed in biochemical as well as clinical applications and more importantly in fabrication of microfluidic devices. However, the microfluidic community mainly relies on photolithography for fabrication of a defined mask, which is both tedious and expensive requiring clean room settings as well as limited to the generation of two-dimensional (2D) features. In this work, we 3D printed nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic ink as a sacrificial material, which exhibited shear thinning behavior and superior printability allowing the fabrication of unsupported or overhanging templates of channels with uniform diameter and circular cross-sections. To highlight the potential and effectiveness of the presented approach, we fabricated a human blood vessel-on-a-chip model with curved as well as straight channels. These channels were then lined with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) and subjected to a dynamic culture for 10 days to explore the effect of shear stress on HUVEC morphology based on the location of HUVECs in the devices. Overall, we presented a highly affordable, useful, and practical approach in fabrication of closed microfluidic channels in PDMS based devices, which holds great potential for numerous applications, such as but not limited to tissue/organ-on-chip, microfluidics, point-of-care devices and drug screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhou
- Nanchang University, School of Mechanic & Electronic Engineering, Nanchang, 330031, CHINA
| | - Madhuri Dey
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Bugra Ayan
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Cukurova Universitesi, Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Adana, 01950, TURKEY
| | - Myoung Hwan Kim
- Penn State, W313, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Vladimir Khristov
- Penn State, Neurosurgery, Herhsey, Pennsylvania, 17033, UNITED STATES
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
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42
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Naghieh S, Chen X. Printability–A key issue in extrusion-based bioprinting. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:564-579. [PMID: 34765269 PMCID: PMC8572712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Naghieh
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
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43
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Askari M, Afzali Naniz M, Kouhi M, Saberi A, Zolfagharian A, Bodaghi M. Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:535-573. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, 3D bioprinting has received immense attention from research communities to bridge the divergence between artificially engineered tissue constructs and native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Askari
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
| | - Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
| | - Monireh Kouhi
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Azadeh Saberi
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department
- Materials and Energy Research Center
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Department of Engineering
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
- Nottingham NG11 8NS
- UK
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44
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Conev A, Litsa EE, Perez MR, Diba M, Mikos AG, Kavraki LE. Machine Learning-Guided Three-Dimensional Printing of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1359-1368. [PMID: 32940144 PMCID: PMC7759288 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various material compositions have been successfully used in 3D printing with promising applications as scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, identifying suitable printing conditions for new materials requires extensive experimentation in a time and resource-demanding process. This study investigates the use of Machine Learning (ML) for distinguishing between printing configurations that are likely to result in low-quality prints and printing configurations that are more promising as a first step toward the development of a recommendation system for identifying suitable printing conditions. The ML-based framework takes as input the printing conditions regarding the material composition and the printing parameters and predicts the quality of the resulting print as either "low" or "high." We investigate two ML-based approaches: a direct classification-based approach that trains a classifier to distinguish between low- and high-quality prints and an indirect approach that uses a regression ML model that approximates the values of a printing quality metric. Both modes are built upon Random Forests. We trained and evaluated the models on a dataset that was generated in a previous study, which investigated fabrication of porous polymer scaffolds by means of extrusion-based 3D printing with a full-factorial design. Our results show that both models were able to correctly label the majority of the tested configurations while a simpler linear ML model was not effective. Additionally, our analysis showed that a full factorial design for data collection can lead to redundancies in the data, in the context of ML, and we propose a more efficient data collection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Conev
- Department of Computer Science and Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eleni E. Litsa
- Department of Computer Science and Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marissa R. Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
| | - Mani Diba
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
| | - Lydia E. Kavraki
- Department of Computer Science and Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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45
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Chen S, Tan WS, Bin Juhari MA, Shi Q, Cheng XS, Chan WL, Song J. Freeform 3D printing of soft matters: recent advances in technology for biomedical engineering. Biomed Eng Lett 2020; 10:453-479. [PMID: 33194241 PMCID: PMC7655899 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-020-00171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, an emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technique named freeform 3D printing has revolutionized the biomedical engineering field by allowing soft matters with or without cells to be printed and solidified with high precision regardless of their poor self-supportability. The key to this freeform 3D printing technology is the supporting matrices that hold the printed soft ink materials during omnidirectional writing and solidification. This approach not only overcomes structural design restrictions of conventional layer-by-layer printing but also helps to realize 3D printing of low-viscosity or slow-curing materials. This article focuses on the recent developments in freeform 3D printing of soft matters such as hydrogels, cells, and silicone elastomers, for biomedical engineering. Herein, we classify the reported freeform 3D printing systems into positive, negative, and functional based on the fabrication process, and discuss the rheological requirements of the supporting matrix in accordance with the rheological behavior of counterpart inks, aiming to guide development and evaluation of new freeform printing systems. We also provide a brief overview of various material systems used as supporting matrices for freeform 3D printing systems and explore the potential applications of freeform 3D printing systems in different areas of biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Chen
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Wen See Tan
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Muhammad Aidil Bin Juhari
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Qian Shi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Xue Shirley Cheng
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Wai Lee Chan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Juha Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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46
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Schwab A, Levato R, D’Este M, Piluso S, Eglin D, Malda J. Printability and Shape Fidelity of Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11028-11055. [PMID: 32856892 PMCID: PMC7564085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting uses additive manufacturing techniques for the automated fabrication of hierarchically organized living constructs. The building blocks are often hydrogel-based bioinks, which need to be printed into structures with high shape fidelity to the intended computer-aided design. For optimal cell performance, relatively soft and printable inks are preferred, although these undergo significant deformation during the printing process, which may impair shape fidelity. While the concept of good or poor printability seems rather intuitive, its quantitative definition lacks consensus and depends on multiple rheological and chemical parameters of the ink. This review discusses qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate printability of bioinks for extrusion- and lithography-based bioprinting. The physicochemical parameters influencing shape fidelity are discussed, together with their importance in establishing new models, predictive tools and printing methods that are deemed instrumental for the design of next-generation bioinks, and for reproducible comparison of their structural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schwab
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo D’Este
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Piluso
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David Eglin
- AO
Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center
Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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47
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Lee SC, Gillispie G, Prim P, Lee SJ. Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Printability of Hydrogel-based Extrusion Bioinks. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10834-10886. [PMID: 32815369 PMCID: PMC7673205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting researchers agree that "printability" is a key characteristic for bioink development, but neither the meaning of the term nor the best way to experimentally measure it has been established. Furthermore, little is known with respect to the underlying mechanisms which determine a bioink's printability. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is key to the intentional design of new bioinks. For the purposes of this review, the domain of printability is defined as the bioink requirements which are unique to bioprinting and occur during the printing process. Within this domain, the different aspects of printability and the factors which influence them are reviewed. The extrudability, filament classification, shape fidelity, and printing accuracy of bioinks are examined in detail with respect to their rheological properties, chemical structure, and printing parameters. These relationships are discussed and areas where further research is needed, are identified. This review serves to aid the bioink development process, which will continue to play a major role in the successes and failures of bioprinting, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Cheon Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Gillispie
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University-Virginia Tech, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Peter Prim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 , USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest University-Virginia Tech, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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48
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Davoodi E, Sarikhani E, Montazerian H, Ahadian S, Costantini M, Swieszkowski W, Willerth S, Walus K, Mofidfar M, Toyserkani E, Khademhosseini A, Ashammakhi N. Extrusion and Microfluidic-based Bioprinting to Fabricate Biomimetic Tissues and Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:1901044. [PMID: 33072855 PMCID: PMC7567134 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201901044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Next generation engineered tissue constructs with complex and ordered architectures aim to better mimic the native tissue structures, largely due to advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting techniques. Extrusion bioprinting has drawn tremendous attention due to its widespread availability, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and its facile and rapid processing. However, poor printing resolution and low speed have limited its fidelity and clinical implementation. To circumvent the downsides associated with extrusion printing, microfluidic technologies are increasingly being implemented in 3D bioprinting for engineering living constructs. These technologies enable biofabrication of heterogeneous biomimetic structures made of different types of cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules. Microfluiding bioprinting technology enables highly controlled fabrication of 3D constructs in high resolutions and it has been shown to be useful for building tubular structures and vascularized constructs, which may promote the survival and integration of implanted engineered tissues. Although this field is currently in its early development and the number of bioprinted implants is limited, it is envisioned that it will have a major impact on the production of customized clinical-grade tissue constructs. Further studies are, however, needed to fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology in the lab and its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Davoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einollah Sarikhani
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Costantini
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry – Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Design Division, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephanie Willerth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ehsan Toyserkani
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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49
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Shapira A, Noor N, Oved H, Dvir T. Transparent support media for high resolution 3D printing of volumetric cell-containing ECM structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:045018. [PMID: 32182593 PMCID: PMC7610779 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting may revolutionize the field of tissue engineering by allowing fabrication of bio-structures with high degree of complexity, fine architecture and heterogeneous composition. The printing substances in these processes are mostly based on biomaterials and living cells. As such, they generally possess weak mechanical properties and thus must be supported during fabrication in order to prevent the collapse of large, volumetric multi-layered printouts. In this work, we characterize a uniquely formulated media used to support printing of extracellular matrix-based biomaterials. We show that a hybrid material, comprised of calcium-alginate nanoparticles and xanthan gum, presents superb qualities that enable printing at high resolution of down to 10 microns, allowing fabrication of complex constructs and cellular structures. This hybrid also presents an exclusive combination of desirable properties such as biocompatibility, high transparency, stability at a wide range of temperatures and amenability to delicate extraction procedures. Moreover, as fabrication of large, volumetric biological structures may require hours and even days to accomplish, we have demonstrated that the hybrid medium can support prolonged, precise printing for at least 18 hours. All these qualities make it a promising support medium for 3D printing of tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Shapira
- The School for Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bedell
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Adam M. Navara
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 South Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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