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Suo M, Zhou L, Wang J, Huang H, Zhang J, Sun T, Liu X, Chen X, Song C, Li Z. The Application of Surface Electromyography Technology in Evaluating Paraspinal Muscle Function. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1086. [PMID: 38893614 PMCID: PMC11172025 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing muscle activity in various clinical and research settings. This review focuses on the application of sEMG specifically in the context of paraspinal muscles. The paraspinal muscles play a critical role in providing stability and facilitating movement of the spine. Dysfunctions or alterations in paraspinal muscle activity can lead to various musculoskeletal disorders and spinal pathologies. Therefore, understanding and quantifying paraspinal muscle activity is crucial for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the clinical applications of sEMG in paraspinal muscles, including the assessment of low back pain, spinal disorders, and rehabilitation interventions. It explores how sEMG can aid in diagnosing the potential causes of low back pain and monitoring the effectiveness of physical therapy, spinal manipulative therapy, and exercise protocols. It also discusses emerging technologies and advancements in sEMG techniques that aim to enhance the accuracy and reliability of paraspinal muscle assessment. In summary, the application of sEMG in paraspinal muscles provides valuable insights into muscle function, dysfunction, and therapeutic interventions. By examining the literature on sEMG in paraspinal muscles, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research, identifies knowledge gaps, and suggests future directions for optimizing the use of sEMG in assessing paraspinal muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Suo
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Jinzuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Huagui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Tianze Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (M.S.); (J.W.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.S.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China
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Janicijevic D, Saez-Berlanga A, Babiloni-Lopez C, Martin-Rivera F, Jiménez-Martínez P, Silvestre-Herrero A, Martínez-Puente J, Ferradás-Nogueira P, Juesas A, Gene-Morales J, Chulvi-Medrano I, Colado JC. Acute physiological and psychological responses during an incremental treadmill test wearing a new upper-body sports garment with elastomeric technology. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372020. [PMID: 38711952 PMCID: PMC11070584 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of elastomeric technology in sports garments is increasing in popularity; however, its specific impact on physiological and psychological variables is not fully understood. Thus, we aimed to analyze the physiological (muscle activation of the pectoralis major, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and rectus abdominis, capillary blood lactate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) and psychological (global and respiratory rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during an incremental treadmill test wearing a new sports garment for the upper body that incorporates elastomeric technology or a placebo garment. Methods: Eighteen physically active young adults participated in two randomized sessions, one wearing the elastomeric garment and the other wearing a placebo. Participants performed in both sessions the same treadmill incremental test (i.e., starting at 8 km/h, an increase of 2 km/h each stage, stage duration of 3 min, and inclination of 1%; the test ended after completing the 18 km/h Stage or participant volitional exhaustion). The dependent variables were assessed before, during, and/or after the test. Nonparametric tests evaluated differences. Results: The elastomeric garment led to a greater muscle activation (p < 0.05) in the pectoralis major at 16 km/h (+33.35%, p = 0.01, d = 0.47) and 18 km/h (+32.09%, p = 0.02, d = 0.55) and in the triceps brachii at 10 km/h (+20.28%, p = 0.01, d = 0.41) and 12 km/h (+34.95%, p = 0.04, d = 0.28). Additionally, lower lactate was observed at the end of the test (-7.81%, p = 0.01, d = 0.68) and after 5 min of recovery (-13.71%, p < 0.001, d = 1.00) with the elastomeric garment. Nonsignificant differences between the garments were encountered in the time to exhaustion, cardiovascular responses, or ratings of perceived exertion. Conclusion: These findings suggest that elastomeric garments enhance physiological responses (muscle activation and blood lactate) during an incremental treadmill test without impairing physical performance or effort perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Catolica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Angel Saez-Berlanga
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Babiloni-Lopez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Silvestre-Herrero
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Puente
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferradás-Nogueira
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Juesas
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Saez-Berlanga A, Babiloni-Lopez C, Ferri-Caruana A, Jiménez-Martínez P, García-Ramos A, Flandez J, Gene-Morales J, Colado JC. A new sports garment with elastomeric technology optimizes physiological, mechanical, and psychological acute responses to pushing upper-limb resistance exercises. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17008. [PMID: 38464757 PMCID: PMC10924454 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the mechanical (lifting velocity and maximum number of repetitions), physiological (muscular activation, lactate, heart rate, and blood pressure), and psychological (rating of perceived exertion) responses to upper-body pushing exercises performed wearing a sports elastomeric garment or a placebo garment. Nineteen physically active young adults randomly completed two training sessions that differed only in the sports garment used (elastomeric technology or placebo). In each session, subjects performed one set of seated shoulder presses and another set of push-ups until muscular failure. The dependent variables were measured immediately after finishing the set of each exercise. Compared to the placebo garment, the elastomeric garment allowed participants to obtain greater muscular activation in the pectoralis major (push-ups: p = 0.04, d = 0.49; seated shoulder press: p < 0.01, d = 0.64), triceps brachialis (push-ups, p < 0.01, d = 0.77; seated shoulder press: p < 0.01, d = 0.65), and anterior deltoid (push-ups: p < 0.01, d = 0.72; seated shoulder press: p < 0.01, d = 0.83) muscles. Similarly, participants performed more repetitions (push-ups: p < 0.01; d = 0.94; seated shoulder press: p = 0.03, d = 0.23), with higher movement velocity (all p ≤ 0.04, all d ≥ 0.47), and lower perceived exertion in the first repetition (push-ups: p < 0.01, d = 0.61; seated shoulder press: p = 0.05; d = 0.76) wearing the elastomeric garment compared to placebo. There were no between-garment differences in most cardiovascular variables (all p ≥ 0.10). Higher diastolic blood pressure was only found after the seated shoulder press wearing the elastomeric garment compared to the placebo (p = 0.04; d = 0.49). Finally, significantly lower blood lactate levels were achieved in the push-ups performed wearing the elastomeric garment (p < 0.01; d = 0.91), but no significant differences were observed in the seated shoulder press (p = 0.08). Overall, the findings of this study suggest that elastomeric technology integrated into a sports garment provides an ergogenic effect on mechanical, physiological, and psychological variables during the execution of pushing upper-limb resistance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Saez-Berlanga
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Babiloni-Lopez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ferri-Caruana
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- ICEN Institue, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Flandez
- Institute of Education Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Ciudad de Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Changes in Muscular Activity in Different Stable and Unstable Conditions on Aquatic Platforms. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111643. [DOI: 10.3390/biology11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse and compare the muscle activity of twelve participants (seven men and five women) (age 20.1 ± 0.9 years; height 170.5 ± 10 cm; body mass: 64.86 ± 8.3 kg) in two exercises, each with two variants: squat (dynamic and static) and plank (hands and elbows) in a stable environment on land and an unstable environment on an aquatic platform. The erector spinae, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles were evaluated using surface electromyography. The dynamic squat increases the recruitment of the biceps femoris and external oblique, while the static squat demands greater activation of the rectus femoris. The elbow plank exercise increases the recruitment of erector spinae muscles, and the hand plank exercise increases the recruitment of the erector spinae and external oblique. In conclusion, performing exercises in unstable conditions on an aquatic platform slightly increases muscle recruitment.
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Effects of Knee Flexion Angles on the Joint Force and Muscle Force during Bridging Exercise: A Musculoskeletal Model Simulation. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:7975827. [PMID: 35677781 PMCID: PMC9168199 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7975827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bridging exercise is commonly used to increase the strength of the hip extensor and trunk muscles in physical therapy practice. However, the effect of lower limb positioning on the joint and muscle forces during the bridging exercise has not been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to use a musculoskeletal model simulation to examine joint and muscle forces during bridging at three different knee joint angle positions. Fifteen healthy young males (average age: 23.5 ± 2.2 years) participated in this study. Muscle and joint forces of the lumbar spine and hip joint during the bridging exercise were estimated at knee flexion angles of 60°, 90°, and 120° utilizing motion capture data. The lumbar joint force and erector spinae muscle force decreased significantly as the angle of the knee joint increased. The resultant joint forces were 200.0 ± 23.2% of body weight (%BW), 174.6 ± 18.6% BW, and 150.5 ± 15.8% BW at 60°, 90°, and 120° knee flexion angles, respectively. On the other hand, the hip joint force, muscle force of the gluteus maxims, and adductor magnus tended to increase as the angle of the knee joint increased. The resultant joint forces were 274.4 ± 63.7% BW, 303.9 ± 85.8% BW, and 341.1 ± 85.7% BW at a knee flexion angle of 60°, 90°, and 120°, respectively. The muscle force of the biceps femoris decreased significantly with increased knee flexion during the bridging exercise. In conclusion, the knee flexion position during bridging exercise has different effects on the joint and muscle forces around the hip joint and lumbar spine. These findings would help clinicians prescribe an effective bridging exercise that includes optimal lower limb positioning for patients who require training of back and hip extensor muscles.
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Heredia-Elvar JR, Juan-Recio C, Prat-Luri A, Barbado D, Vera-Garcia FJ. Observational Screening Guidelines and Smartphone Accelerometer Thresholds to Establish the Intensity of Some of the Most Popular Core Stability Exercises. Front Physiol 2021; 12:751569. [PMID: 34744790 PMCID: PMC8570278 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.751569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of training load control, mainly exercise intensity, is one of the main limitations of core stability (CS) programs, which makes the training individualization and the analysis of the dose-response relationship difficult. The objectives of this study were to assess the inter-and intra-rater agreement when using new observational screening guidelines to decide if a core stability exercise represents an adequate training intensity level for a given participant. Besides, the relationship between experts' ratings based on these criteria and pelvic accelerations recorded with a smartphone accelerometer was also analyzed. Ten healthy physically active participants with a smartphone accelerometer placed on their pelvis were video-taped while performing a progression of seven variations of the front bridge, back bridge, side bridge and bird-dog exercises. Two expert and four non-expert raters watched the videos and used the observational screening guidelines to decide for each exercise variation if it represented an adequate training intensity level or not. In order to analyze the inter-and intra-rater agreement, several Kappa (κ) statistics were used. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to explore if the accelerometry allowed to establish pelvic acceleration thresholds representing the minimum level of exercise intensity for CS training. Cut-off acceleration values were calculated balancing sensitivity (Se) and 1-specifity (1-Sp) indexes (i.e., Youden index) or minimizing 1-Sp. The intra-and inter-rater analysis showed a substantial-high level of agreement with a prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa > 0.69. The ROC curves showed that the acceleration thresholds for the bridging exercises were very similar, with global cut-off values of 0.35 m/s2 (Se = 82%; 1-Sp = 15%) when using the Youden Index and of 0.50 m/s2 when minimizing 1-Sp (Se = 31%), whilst the bird-dog exercise showed lower cut-off values (Youden Index: 0.21 m/s2, Se = 90%, 1-Sp = 16%; minimizing 1-Sp: 0.32 m/s2, Se = 40%). Overall, this study provides observational screening guidelines and smartphone accelerometer thresholds to facilitate the decision-making process when setting the intensity of some of the most popular core stability exercises in young physically active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Heredia-Elvar
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Casto Juan-Recio
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Amaya Prat-Luri
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vera-Garcia
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Effects of High Intensity Plank Exercise on Physical Fitness and Immunocyte Function in a Middle-Aged Man: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080845. [PMID: 34441051 PMCID: PMC8399219 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although the plank exercise is difficult to perform for untrained people, it does not require money, special equipment, or much space. However, it is not known how plank exercises affect physical fitness and immunocyte function. This study analyzed the changes in physical fitness and immune cells of a middle-aged man after performing 4 weeks of elbow plank exercise. Materials and Methods: Elbow plank exercise was performed for approximately 20 min (resting time, around 10 min) a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The intensity was checked daily with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). When the participant reached an intensity of RPE 15, RPE 16, and RPE 17 of the RPE 20 scale, 1 min of rest was given before repeating the process. Results: Compared with the pre-values, (1) all the physical fitness factors (muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiopulmonary fitness) were increased after 4 weeks; (2) body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and the basal metabolic rate were increased, whereas body fat mass and fat percentage were decreased; and (3) although the variables of complete blood count were changed positively, some were not. Specifically, CD3, CD8, and CD56 were increased, whereas CD4, CD4/CD8, and cytotoxicity were decreased. These results show that elbow plank exercise can improve all factors of physical fitness and improve some of the immunocyte functions of a middle-aged man. Conclusions: This study confirmed that, although the elbow plank exercise of vigorous intensity for 4 weeks improved physical fitness, it was not effective in improving some immunocyte functions. Therefore, the exercise intensity of plank exercises for improving immunocyte functions should be reconsidered.
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Ngo JK, Solis-Urra P, Sanchez-Martinez J. Injury Profile Among Street Workout Practitioners. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:2325967121990926. [PMID: 34189146 PMCID: PMC8209839 DOI: 10.1177/2325967121990926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Street workout (SW) is an urban sport based on calisthenic exercises. Injury profiles and risk factors are widely explored in various sport disciplines. However, because of the lack of research in SW, injury profiles have not yet been established. Purpose: To investigate the characteristics and prevalence of injuries and variables that may increase these odds in SW practitioners. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: An electronic survey was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 in order to obtain practitioner information, physical activity level, training characteristics, and injury information of SW practitioners. Responses from 93 practitioners were eligible for analysis. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association among several variables and the presence of injury in the past 12 months based on odds ratios (ORs). Results: Overall, 62.4% of the 93 participants reported an injury in the previous 12 months, and tendinopathy was the most reported diagnosis (31.0% of injured practitioners). High injury frequency was reported in the shoulder (23.0%) and back (upper and mid) (18.4%). Overtraining was the most reported perception of cause of injury (56.9%). Most injured practitioners (20.7%) performed freestyle exercises before the injury, followed by upper body exercises. A history of previous injuries (OR, 4.078; P = .005) and the middle and higher tertiles of vigorous physical activity (OR, 4.370; P = .015 and OR, 5.634; P = .003, respectively) were associated with a higher odds of injury. Conclusion: In SW, the shoulder and back (upper and mid) were the most injured body parts, with tendinopathy being the most frequent diagnosis. Overtraining was typically reported as the perceived cause of injury, with freestyle and upper limb exercises the most performed exercises when injured. A history of previous injuries, along with vigorous physical activity, was found to augment the odds of injury. More research is needed to corroborate our findings, along with increased knowledge about SW practice and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake K Ngo
- Dance Science Laboratory, School of Dance, Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Hong Kong
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Javier Sanchez-Martinez
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Acute Responses of Core Muscle Activity during Bridge Exercises on the Floor vs. the Suspension System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115908. [PMID: 34072905 PMCID: PMC8199398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the neuromuscular activation of selected core musculature in supine and prone bridge exercises under stable versus suspended conditions. Forty-three healthy male participants were recruited to measure the electromyographic activities of the rectus abdominis (RA), lumbar multifidus (LM), thoracic erector spinae (TES), rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GM), and biceps femoris (BF) during supine and prone bridge exercises under six conditions: control, both arms and feet on the floor (Pronecon and Supinecon); arms on the floor and feet on the suspension system (Prone-Feetsuspension and Supine-Feetsuspension); and arms on the suspension system and feet on the floor (Prone-Armsuspension and Supine-Armsuspension). Prone-Armsuspension yielded significantly higher activities in the RA, RF, TES, and LM than Prone-Feetsuspension (p < 0.01) and Pronecon (p < 0.001). Moreover, Supine-Feetsuspension elicited significantly higher activities in the RA, RF, TES, LM, and BF than Supine-Armsuspension (p < 0.01) and Supinecon (p < 0.001). Furthermore, Supine-Feetsuspension elicited significantly higher activities in the RF, TES, and BF than Supinecon (p < 0.01). Therefore, if the RA and/or RF were the target training muscles, then Prone-Armsuspension was recommended. However, if the TES, LM, and/or BF were the target training muscles, then Supine-Feetsuspension was recommended.
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A Comparison of the Transient Effect of Complex and Core Stability Exercises on Static Balance Ability and Muscle Activation during Static Standing in Healthy Male Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040375. [PMID: 33019504 PMCID: PMC7711515 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance ability is a necessary exercise factor required for the activities of daily living. This study investigated the effects of short-term complex exercise (CE) and core stability exercise (CSE) on balance ability and trunk and lower-extremity muscle activation on healthy male adults. Twenty-nine healthy male adults were included. All performed CE and CSE for 1 min each; the exercise order was randomized. The primary and secondary outcomes were balance ability and muscle activation, respectively. In balance ability, CE showed a significant difference in all variables in both eye-opened and eye-closed conditions compared with the baseline (p < 0.05). In comparisons among exercises, the path length and average velocity variables showed a significant decrease in the eye-opened condition, and the path length variable showed a significant decrease in the eye-closed condition (p < 0.05). In muscle activation, CE showed a significant increase in the gluteus medius (Gmed) and decrease in the rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and RF/biceps femoris (BF) ratio in the eye-opened condition compared to the baseline and a significant decrease in RF and RF/BF ratio in the eye-closed condition (p < 0.05). Both CE and CSE improved the static balance ability. Furthermore, muscle activation significantly increases in Gmed and decreases in the RF, TA, and RF/BF ratio. Therefore, we recommend including CE in an exercise program that has the purpose of improving static balance ability.
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Farr BD, Ramos MT, Otto CM. The Penn Vet Working Dog Center Fit to Work Program: A Formalized Method for Assessing and Developing Foundational Canine Physical Fitness. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:470. [PMID: 32903560 PMCID: PMC7438591 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fit to Work is a formalized working dog foundational physical fitness assessment and development program. The Penn Vet Working Dog Center developed this program to address the needs of working dog handlers, trainers, and programs for simple, effective, and efficient methods to develop and assess working dog physical fitness. Fit to Work focuses on the foundational fitness modalities of strength, stability, mobility, and proprioception. The Penn Vet Working Dog Center piloted and refined this program over 3 months in a closed population of 31 working dogs in training. Fit to Work consists of posture development and maintenance, warm-up and cool-down routines, training exercises, and assessment methods. To simplify implementation for dogs and personnel, the foundational training program incorporates a discrete number of exercises, standardized progression steps, defined criteria for progression, and a reduced emphasis on learned behaviors. Fit to Work also enables safe and progressive assessment of foundational fitness through a tiered and inexpensive process. Future research will focus on validation of training and assessment methods, development of assessment standards, and correlation of physical fitness with operational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Farr
- Army Medical Department Student Detachment, 187th Medical Battalion, Medical Professional Training Brigade, Joint Base San Antonio - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Meghan T. Ramos
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM. Core Muscle Activity During Physical Fitness Exercises: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4306. [PMID: 32560185 PMCID: PMC7345922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of six core muscles (the rectus abdominis, the internal and external oblique, the transversus abdominis, the lumbar multifidus, and the erector spinae) during core physical fitness exercises in healthy adults. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the Cochrane, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases for studies from January 2012 to March 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows: a) the full text available in English; b) a cross-sectional or longitudinal (experimental or cohorts) study design; c) the reporting of electromyographic activity as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVIC), millivolts or microvolts; d) an analysis of the rectus abdominis (RA), transversus abdominis (TA), lumbar multifidus (MUL), erector spinae (ES), and the internal (IO) or external oblique (EO); e) an analysis of physical fitness exercises for core training; and f) healthy adult participants. The main findings indicate that the greatest activity of the RA, EO, and ES muscles was found in free-weight exercises. The greatest IO activity was observed in core stability exercises, while traditional exercises showed the greatest MUL activation. However, a lack of research regarding TA activation during core physical fitness exercises was revealed, in addition to a lack of consistency between the studies when applying methods to measure EMG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José M. Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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13
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Vera-Garcia FJ, Irles-Vidal B, Prat-Luri A, García-Vaquero MP, Barbado D, Juan-Recio C. Progressions of core stabilization exercises based on postural control challenge assessment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:567-577. [PMID: 32048007 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intensity progression of core stabilization exercises (CSEs) is usually based on personal criteria rather than on objective parameters. To develop exercise progressions for four of the most common CSEs based on the postural control challenge imposed on the participants, and to analyze the effect of participants' sex and postural control level on these progressions. METHODS Seventy-six males and females performed five variations of front bridge, back bridge, side bridge and bird-dog exercises on two force platforms. The mean velocity of the center of pressure displacement was calculated to assess exercise intensity through the measurement of the participants' body sway (PBS). RESULTS In general, long bridges produced higher PBS than short bridges, bridging with single leg support produced higher PBS than bridging with double leg support and bridging on a hemisphere ball produced higher PBS than bridging on the floor. The most difficult bridging variations were those performed on a hemisphere ball with single leg support. Regarding the bird-dog, two-point positions produced higher PBS than three-point positions and the positions performed on a hemisphere ball produced higher PBS than those performed on the floor. CONCLUSION The CSE progressions obtained by males and females were very similar. However, the participants with high trunk control showed less significant differences between exercise variations than the participants with low trunk control, which shows the need to individualize the progressions according to the participants' training level. Overall, this study provides useful information to guide the prescription of CSE progressions in young physically active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Vera-Garcia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Belen Irles-Vidal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Amaya Prat-Luri
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Pilar García-Vaquero
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - David Barbado
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Casto Juan-Recio
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n., 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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14
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Effects of Different Sling Settings on Electromyographic Activities of Selected Trunk Muscles: A Preliminary Research. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2945952. [PMID: 31998786 PMCID: PMC6970500 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2945952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The supine and prone sling exercise may facilitate activation of the local trunk muscles. Does the side-lying sling exercise activate trunk muscles more easily than the supine and prone training with sling settings? Clinical work has shown that the side-lying sling exercise could reduce pain in patients with unilateral low back pain (LBP), but the mechanism behind it is unclear. The fundamental purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the electromyography (EMG) characteristics of trunk muscles during different sling lumbar settings on sixteen healthy adults. Methods Amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG signals were recorded from the transversus abdominis (TA), rectus abdominis (RA), multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (Gmax), and gluteus medius (Gmed) muscles while the subjects performed the supine lumbar setting (SLS), prone lumbar setting (PLS), left side-lying lumbar setting (LSLS), and right side-lying lumbar setting (RSLS). Results During SLS and PLS, TA and MF showed significantly higher activity than RA and ES on the same side, respectively. The EMG activities of ES, TA, MF, Gmax, and Gmed had significant differences between the different sides during LSLS and RSLS, and the dominant-side muscles showed higher activity than the other side. There was no significant difference in core trunk muscles between different sling lumbar settings-only that the SLS of the MF/ES ratio was significantly higher than LSLS and RSLS. Conclusions Sling exercises can be an effective measure to enhance MF and TA EMG activity, and the side-lying position can increase dominant-side Gmax and Gmed activity. Side-lying sling training does not activate more core muscles than the supine and prone training. Supine and prone exercise should be preferred over SLT to stabilize the lumbar region because of its high local/global muscle ratio.
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15
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Neves EB, Martinez EC, Meneck FD, Reis VM. Superficial thermal response to CrossFit® workout. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742020000400157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Borba Neves
- Exército Brasileiro, Brazil; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Brazil
| | | | | | - Victor Machado Reis
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Ciências do Desporto, Portugal
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16
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Electromyographic Effect of Using Different Attentional Foci During the Front Plank Exercise. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98:26-29. [PMID: 30063527 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether an internal focus on different core muscles during the isometric prone plank exercise increased muscle activity. DESIGN Twenty university students performed the following five different conditions: regular prone plank (external focus) and prone plank with an internal focus on different muscles. Surface electromyography signals were recorded for the upper rectus abdominis, lower rectus abdominis, external oblique, and lumbar erector spinae. RESULTS For the upper rectus abdominis, an internal focus on using any muscle increased activity. For the lower rectus abdominis, internal focus on any muscle except the lumbar erector spinae increased activity. No changes were found for external oblique and lumbar erector spinae activity. CONCLUSIONS Upper rectus abdominis and lower rectus abdominis activities increased during an internal focus on the abdominal muscles. external oblique and lumbar erector spinae activities were nonaffected by an internal focus on any muscle.
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Calatayud J, Escriche-Escuder A, Cruz-Montecinos C, Andersen LL, Pérez-Alenda S, Aiguadé R, Casaña J. Tolerability and Muscle Activity of Core Muscle Exercises in Chronic Low-back Pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193509. [PMID: 31547140 PMCID: PMC6801665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies evaluating core muscle activity during exercises have been conducted with healthy participants. The objective of this study was to compare core muscle activity and tolerability of a variety of dynamic and isometric exercises in patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). 13 outpatients (average age 52 years; all with standing or walking work in their current or latest job) performed 3 consecutive repetitions at 15-repetition maximum during different exercises in random order. Surface electromyography was recorded for the rectus abdominis; external oblique and lumbar erector spinae. Patients rated tolerability of each exercise on a 5-point scale. The front plank with brace; front plank and modified curl-up can be considered the most effective exercises in activating the rectus abdominis; with a median normalized EMG (nEMG) value of 48% (34–61%), 46% (26–61%) and 50% (28–65%), respectively. The front plank with brace can be considered the most effective exercise in activating the external oblique; with a nEMG of 77% (60–97%). The squat and bird-dog exercises are especially effective in activing the lumbar erector spinae; with nEMG of 40% (24–87%) and 29% (27–46%), respectively. All the exercises were well tolerated; except for the lateral plank that was mostly non-tolerated. In conclusion; the present study provides a variety of dynamic and isometric exercises; where muscle activity values and tolerability can be used as guide to design evidence-based exercise programs for outpatients with NSCLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Aiguadé
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain;
| | - José Casaña
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-656437371
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18
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Wasser JG, Vincent KR, Herman DC, Vincent HK. Potential lower extremity amputation-induced mechanisms of chronic low back pain: role for focused resistance exercise. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:3713-3721. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1610507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Wasser
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin R. Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel C. Herman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heather K. Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Saeterbakken AH, Chaudhari A, van den Tillaar R, Andersen V. The effects of performing integrated compared to isolated core exercises. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212216. [PMID: 30811444 PMCID: PMC6392278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated exercises that mimic daily tasks are generally preferred for improving performance and the later stages of rehabilitation, but it is unknown whether integrated core exercises are better than isolated core exercises at improving muscle activation for hypertrophy. The aim of the study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, oblique externus, and erector spinae while performing three conditions of integrated core exercises (lunges) with three isolated core exercises (prone bridge, side bridge and back extension). The three conditions of lunges were: on a stable surface, unstable surface and with external resistance to the trunk using an elastic band. The external resistance was measured with a force cell and peaked at 75N. After one familiarization session, all exercises were performed in one experimental session in randomized order. The isolated core exercises were performed in 20 seconds and the time performing the five repetitions with lunges was matched (20 seconds). Significantly greater peak normalized EMG activity were observed in the isolated core exercises compared to the three integrated core exercises (P<0.001) with two exceptions. For the oblique externus, the isolated core exercise was only greater than the stable lunge. Lunges with elastic bands only demonstrated greater peak erector spinae activation compared the other lunge conditions. Comparing the mean EMG activity between the isolated and three integrated exercises, greater muscle activations were observed performing the isolated exercises (P<0.001). Unstable lunges did not increase the peak or mean core muscle activations. In conclusion, mean and peak EMG activity performing the isolated exercises were in general greater than the three condition of lunges. Based on these results, we recommend using isolated core exercises when the primary goal is to improve muscle activation and elicit hypertrophy, but integrated exercises once adequate initial hypertrophy is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Western Norway University, Faculty of Teacher Education, Culture and Sport, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Sogndal, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Ajit Chaudhari
- The Ohio State University, Physical Therapy, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Vidar Andersen
- Western Norway University, Faculty of Teacher Education, Culture and Sport, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Sogndal, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway
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