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Vargas-Lara F, Starr FW, Douglas JF. Solution properties of spherical gold nanoparticles with grafted DNA chains from simulation and theory. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4144-4161. [PMID: 36285224 PMCID: PMC9514572 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00377e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rapidly growing interest in the use of functionalized Au nanoparticles (NPs) as platforms in multiple applications in medicine and manufacturing. The sensing and targeting characteristics of these NPs, and the realization of precisely organized structures in manufacturing applications using such NPs, depend on the control of their surface functionalization. NP functionalization typically takes the form of polymer grafted layers, and a detailed knowledge of the chemical and structural properties of these layers is required to molecularly engineer the particle characteristics for specific applications. However, the prediction and experimental determination of these properties to enable the rational engineering of these particles is a persistent problem in the development of this class of materials. To address this situation, molecular dynamic simulations were performed based on a previously established coarse-grained single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) model to determine basic solution properties of model ssDNA-grafted NP-layers under a wide range of conditions. In particular, we emphasize the calculation of the hydrodynamic radius for ssDNA-grafted Au NPs as a function of structural parameters such as ssDNA length, NP core size, and surface coverage. We also numerically estimate the radius of gyration and the intrinsic viscosity of these NPs, which in combination with hydrodynamic radius estimates, provide valuable information about the fluctuating structure of the grafted polymer layers. We may then understand the origin of the commonly reported variation in effective NP "size" by different measurement methods, and then exploit this information in connection to material design and characterization in connection with the ever-growing number of applications utilizing polymer-grafted NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vargas-Lara
- Departments of Physics & Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Wesleyan University Middletown CT 06459 USA
| | - Francis W Starr
- Departments of Physics & Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Wesleyan University Middletown CT 06459 USA
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science & Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
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2
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Ogharandukun E, Tewolde W, Damtae E, Wang S, Ivanov A, Kumari N, Nekhai S, Chandran PL. Establishing Rules for Self-Adhesion and Aggregation of N-Glycan Sugars Using Virus Glycan Shields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13769-13783. [PMID: 33186493 PMCID: PMC7798417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of cells and pathogens are covered with short polymers of sugars known as glycans. Complex N-glycans have a core of three mannose sugars with distal repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose sugars terminating with sialic acid (SA). Long-range tough and short-range brittle self-adhesions were observed between SA and mannose residues, respectively, in ill-defined artificial monolayers. We investigated if and how these adhesions translate when the residues are presented in N-glycan architecture with SA at the surface and mannose at the core and with other glycan sugars. Two pseudotyped viruses with complex N-glycan shields were brought together in force spectroscopy (FS). At higher ramp rates, slime-like adhesions were observed between the shields, whereas Velcro-like adhesions were observed at lower rates. The higher approach rates compress the virus as a whole, and the self-adhesion between the surface SA is sampled. At the lower ramp rates, however, the complex glycan shield is penetrated and adhesion from the mannose core is accessed. The slime-like and Velcro-like adhesions were lost when SA and mannose were cleaved, respectively. While virus self-adhesion in forced contact was modulated by glycan penetrability, the self-aggregation of the freely diffusing virus was only determined by the surface sugar. Mannose-terminal viruses self-aggregated in solution, and SA-terminal ones required Ca2+ ions to self-aggregate. Viruses with galactose or N-acetylglucosamine surfaces did not self-aggregate, irrespective of whether or not a mannose core was present below the N-acetylglucosamine surface. Well-defined rules appear to govern the self-adhesion and -aggregation of N-glycosylated surfaces, regardless of whether the sugars are presented in an ill-defined monolayer, or N-glycan, or even polymer architecture.
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3
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Recent Advances in Nanocarrier-Assisted Therapeutics Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090837. [PMID: 32882875 PMCID: PMC7559885 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnologies have attracted increasing attention in their application in medicine, especially in the development of new drug delivery systems. With the help of nano-sized carriers, drugs can reach specific diseased areas, prolonging therapeutic efficacy while decreasing undesired side-effects. In addition, recent nanotechnological advances, such as surface stabilization and stimuli-responsive functionalization have also significantly improved the targeting capacity and therapeutic efficacy of the nanocarrier assisted drug delivery system. In this review, we evaluate recent advances in the development of different nanocarriers and their applications in therapeutics delivery.
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Wu J, Ma G. Biomimic strategies for modulating the interaction between particle adjuvants and antigen-presenting cells. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2366-2375. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm02098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design strategies of particle adjuvants by mimicking natural pathogens to strengthen their interaction with antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P.R. China
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5
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Basu S, Venable RM, Rice B, Ogharandukun E, Klauda JB, Pastor RW, Chandran PL. Mannobiose‐Grafting Shifts PEI Charge and Biphasic Dependence on pH. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Howard University Washington DC
| | - Richard M. Venable
- Laboratory of Computational Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
| | - Bria Rice
- Department of Chemical Engineering Howard University Washington DC
| | | | - Jeffery B. Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biophysics Program University of Maryland College Park Maryland
| | - Richard W. Pastor
- Laboratory of Computational Biology National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD
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6
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You C, Wu H, Wang M, Gao Z, Zhang X, Sun B. Co-delivery of cisplatin and CJM-126 via photothermal conversion nanoparticles for enhanced synergistic antitumor efficacy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:015601. [PMID: 29130888 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9a19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric biomaterials that can be smartly disassembled through the cleavage of the covalent bonds in a controllable way upon an environmental stimulus such as pH change, redox, special enzymes, temperature, or ultrasound, as well as light irradiation, but are otherwise stable under normal physiological conditions have attracted great attention in recent decades. The 2-(4-aminophenyl) benzothiazole molecule (CJM-126), as one of the benzothiazole derivatives, has exhibited a synergistic effect with cisplatin (CDDP) and restrains the bioactivities of a series of human breast cancer cell lines. In our study, novel NIR-responsive targeted binary-drug-loaded nanoparticles encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) dye were prepared as a new co-delivery and combined therapeutic vehicle. The prepared drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (TNPs/CDDP-ICG) are stable under normal physiological conditions, while burst drugs release upon NIR laser irradiation in a mild acidic environment. The results further confirmed that the designed co-delivery platform showed higher cytotoxicity than the single free CDDP due to the synergistic treatment of CJM-126 and CDDP in vitro. Taken together, the work might provide a promising approach for effective site-specific antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210089, People's Republic of China
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Milovanovic M, Arsenijevic A, Milovanovic J, Kanjevac T, Arsenijevic N. Nanoparticles in Antiviral Therapy. ANTIMICROBIAL NANOARCHITECTONICS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7173505 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-52733-0.00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to general unavailability of specific antiviral therapeutics for a variety of viral diseases, usage of most antiviral drugs is linked to their limited solubility in aqueous media, short half-life time, and inadequate penetration to specified anatomic compartments. Accordingly, there is continuous effort to improve physicochemical characteristics of existing antiviral drugs. Since nanomaterials display remarkable physical and chemical properties, high surface area to volume ratio, and increased reactivity, new approaches for antiviral therapies include combinations of nanomaterials and current antiviral agents. Multivalent nanostructures, polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes can establish multivalent binding interactions with many biological systems and thus can target pathogenic interactions. There are reports about anitiviral activities of different metal nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles and their potential for treatment, prophylaxis, and control of viral infections. Integration of classic antiviral drugs, in the form of multiple ligands, onto nanostructures provides the advantages by creating a high local concentration of active molecules. This article will summarize the antiviral activity of different nanoparticle-based approaches currently available for the treatment of viral infections, and it will discuss metal nanoparticles as possible future antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yanhang Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 236 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 7-105 Hasselmo
Hall, 312 Church Street S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Curtis KA, Miller D, Millard P, Basu S, Horkay F, Chandran PL. Unusual Salt and pH Induced Changes in Polyethylenimine Solutions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158147. [PMID: 27685846 PMCID: PMC5042459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear PEI is a cationic polymer commonly used for complexing DNA into nanoparticles for cell-transfection and gene-therapy applications. The polymer has closely-spaced amines with weak-base protonation capacity, and a hydrophobic backbone that is kept unaggregated by intra-chain repulsion. As a result, in solution PEI exhibits multiple buffering mechanisms, and polyelectrolyte states that shift between aggregated and free forms. We studied the interplay between the aggregation and protonation behavior of 2.5 kDa linear PEI by pH probing, vapor pressure osmometry, dynamic light scattering, and ninhydrin assay. Our results indicate that: At neutral pH, the PEI chains are associated and the addition of NaCl initially reduces and then increases the extent of association. The aggregate form is uncollapsed and co-exists with the free chains. PEI buffering occurs due to continuous or discontinuous charging between stalled states. Ninhydrin assay tracks the number of unprotonated amines in PEI. The size of PEI-DNA complexes is not significantly affected by the free vs. aggregated state of the PEI polymer.
Despite its simple chemical structure, linear PEI displays intricate solution dynamics, which can be harnessed for environment-sensitive biomaterials and for overcoming current challenges with DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Danielle Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul Millard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Saswati Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FH)
| | - Preethi L Chandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (FH)
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Hill AB, Chen M, Chen CK, Pfeifer BA, Jones CH. Overcoming Gene-Delivery Hurdles: Physiological Considerations for Nonviral Vectors. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:91-105. [PMID: 26727153 PMCID: PMC5800990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the use of contemporary tools and techniques, it has become possible to more precisely tune the biochemical mechanisms associated with using nonviral vectors for gene delivery. Consequently, nonviral vectors can incorporate numerous vector compositions and types of genetic cargo to develop diverse genetic therapies. Despite these advantages, gene-delivery strategies using nonviral vectors have poorly translated into clinical success due to preclinical experimental design considerations that inadequately predict therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the manufacturing and distribution processes are critical considerations for clinical application that should be considered when developing therapeutic platforms. In this review, we evaluate potential avenues towards improving the transition of gene-delivery technologies from in vitro assessment to human clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Hill
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc, Buffalo, NY, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mingfu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, BY, USA
| | - Chih-Kuang Chen
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, BY, USA.
| | - Charles H Jones
- Abcombi Biosciences Inc, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, BY, USA.
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11
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Foldvari M, Chen DW, Nafissi N, Calderon D, Narsineni L, Rafiee A. Non-viral gene therapy: Gains and challenges of non-invasive administration methods. J Control Release 2015; 240:165-190. [PMID: 26686079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming an influential part of the rapidly increasing armamentarium of biopharmaceuticals for improving health and combating diseases. Currently, three gene therapy treatments are approved by regulatory agencies. While these treatments utilize viral vectors, non-viral alternative technologies are also being developed to improve the safety profile and manufacturability of gene carrier formulations. We present an overview of gene-based therapies focusing on non-viral gene delivery systems and the genetic therapeutic tools that will further revolutionize medical treatment with primary focus on the range and development of non-invasive delivery systems for dermal, transdermal, ocular and pulmonary administrations and perspectives on other administration methods such as intranasal, oral, buccal, vaginal, rectal and otic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ding Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daniella Calderon
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lokesh Narsineni
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amirreza Rafiee
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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12
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Szunerits S, Barras A, Khanal M, Pagneux Q, Boukherroub R. Nanostructures for the Inhibition of Viral Infections. Molecules 2015; 20:14051-81. [PMID: 26247927 PMCID: PMC6332336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200814051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions are omnipresent in biology and confer biological systems with dramatically enhanced affinities towards different receptors. Such multivalent binding interactions have lately been considered for the development of new therapeutic strategies against bacterial and viral infections. Multivalent polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes have successfully targeted pathogenic interactions. While a high synthetic effort was often needed for the development of such therapeutics, the integration of multiple ligands onto nanostructures turned to be a viable alternative. Particles modified with multiple ligands have the additional advantage of creating a high local concentration of binding molecules. This review article will summarize the different nanoparticle-based approaches currently available for the treatment of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Manakamana Khanal
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Quentin Pagneux
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN), UMR 8520 CNRS, Lille1 University, Avenue Poincaré-BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d\'Ascq, France.
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Soto-Sánchez C, Martínez-Navarrete G, Humphreys L, Puras G, Zarate J, Pedraz JL, Fernández E. Enduring high-efficiency in vivo transfection of neurons with non-viral magnetoparticles in the rat visual cortex for optogenetic applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:835-43. [PMID: 25680542 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This work demonstrates the successful long-term transfection in vivo of a DNA plasmid vector in rat visual cortex neurons using the magnetofection technique. The transfection rates reached values of up to 97% of the neurons after 30days, comparable to those achieved by viral vectors. Immunohistochemical treatment with anti-EGFP antibodies enhanced the detection of the EYFP-channelrhodopsin expression throughout the dendritic trees and cell bodies. These results show that magnetic nanoparticles offer highly efficient and enduring in vivo high-rate transfection in identified neurons of an adult mammalian brain and suggest that the magnetotechnique facilitates the introduction of large functional genetic material like channelrhodopsin with safe non-viral vectors using minimally invasive approaches. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Gene therapy may be one of the treatment modalities for neurological diseases in the future. The use of viral transfection remains a concern due to restrictions to the size limit of the genetic material able to be packed, as well as safety issues. In this work, the authors evaluated magnetoplexes as an alternative vehicle. The results showed very promising data in that these nanoparticles could offer high transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Soto-Sánchez
- Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | | | - Lawrence Humphreys
- Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Gustavo Puras
- Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; NanoBioCel Group, University of País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain.
| | - Jon Zarate
- Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; NanoBioCel Group, University of País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain.
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain; NanoBioCel Group, University of País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain.
| | - Eduardo Fernández
- Bioengineering Institute, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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14
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Verstrepen BE, Oostermeijer H, Fagrouch Z, van Heteren M, Niphuis H, Haaksma T, Kondova I, Bogers WM, de Filette M, Sanders N, Stertman L, Magnusson S, Lőrincz O, Lisziewicz J, Barzon L, Palù G, Diamond MS, Chabierski S, Ulbert S, Verschoor EJ. Vaccine-induced protection of rhesus macaques against plasma viremia after intradermal infection with a European lineage 1 strain of West Nile virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112568. [PMID: 25392925 PMCID: PMC4231036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) causes human and animal disease with outbreaks in several parts of the world including North America, the Mediterranean countries, Central and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Particularly in elderly people and individuals with an impaired immune system, infection with WNV can progress into a serious neuroinvasive disease. Currently, no treatment or vaccine is available to protect humans against infection or disease. The goal of this study was to develop a WNV-vaccine that is safe to use in these high-risk human target populations. We performed a vaccine efficacy study in non-human primates using the contemporary, pathogenic European WNV genotype 1a challenge strain, WNV-Ita09. Two vaccine strategies were evaluated in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using recombinant soluble WNV envelope (E) ectodomain adjuvanted with Matrix-M, either with or without DNA priming. The DNA priming immunization was performed with WNV-DermaVir nanoparticles. Both vaccination strategies successfully induced humoral and cellular immune responses that completely protected the macaques against the development of viremia. In addition, the vaccine was well tolerated by all animals. Overall, The WNV E protein adjuvanted with Matrix-M is a promising vaccine candidate for a non-infectious WNV vaccine for use in humans, including at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babs E. Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Oostermeijer
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Heteren
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Haaksma
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marina de Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Chabierski
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chandran PL, Dimitriadis EK, Lisziewicz J, Speransky V, Horkay F. DNA nanoparticles with core-shell morphology. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7653-60. [PMID: 25137385 PMCID: PMC4348574 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00908h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mannobiose-modified polyethylenimines (PEI) are used in gene therapy to generate nanoparticles of DNA that can be targeted to the antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We report that the sugar modification alters the DNA organization within the nanoparticles from homogenous to shell-like packing. The depth-dependent packing of DNA within the nanoparticles was probed using AFM nano-indentation. Unmodified PEI-DNA nanoparticles display linear elastic properties and depth-independent mechanics, characteristic of homogenous materials. Mannobiose-modified nanoparticles, however, showed distinct force regimes that were dependent on indentation depth, with 'buckling'-like response that is reproducible and not due to particle failure. By comparison with theoretical studies of spherical shell mechanics, the structure of mannobiosylated particles was deduced to be a thin shell with wall thickness in the order of few nanometers, and a fluid-filled core. The shell-core structure is also consistent with observations of nanoparticle denting in altered solution conditions, with measurements of nanoparticle water content from AFM images, and with images of DNA distribution in Transmission Electron Microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi L. Chandran
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emilios K. Dimitriadis
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Vlad Speransky
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, NIBIB, Bldg 13, 13 South Drive, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD
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Tőke ER, Lőrincz O, Csiszovszki Z, Somogyi E, Felföldi G, Molnár L, Szipőcs R, Kolonics A, Malissen B, Lori F, Trocio J, Bakare N, Horkay F, Romani N, Tripp CH, Stoitzner P, Lisziewicz J. Exploitation of Langerhans cells for in vivo DNA vaccine delivery into the lymph nodes. Gene Ther 2014; 21:566-74. [PMID: 24694539 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is no clinically available cancer immunotherapy that exploits Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal precursors of dendritic cells (DCs) that are the natural agent of antigen delivery. We developed a DNA formulation with a polymer and obtained synthetic 'pathogen-like' nanoparticles that preferentially targeted LCs in epidermal cultures. These nanoparticles applied topically under a patch-elicited robust immune responses in human subjects. To demonstrate the mechanism of action of this novel vaccination strategy in live animals, we assembled a high-resolution two-photon laser scanning-microscope. Nanoparticles applied on the native skin poorly penetrated and poorly induced LC motility. The combination of nanoparticle administration and skin treatment was essential both for efficient loading the vaccine into the epidermis and for potent activation of the LCs to migrate into the lymph nodes. LCs in the epidermis picked up nanoparticles and accumulated them in the nuclear region demonstrating an effective nuclear DNA delivery in vivo. Tissue distribution studies revealed that the majority of the DNA was targeted to the lymph nodes. Preclinical toxicity of the LC-targeting DNA vaccine was limited to mild and transient local erythema caused by the skin treatment. This novel, clinically proven LC-targeting DNA vaccine platform technology broadens the options on DC-targeting vaccines to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Tőke
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Lőrincz
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - E Somogyi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Felföldi
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Molnár
- Genetic Immunity Kft, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Szipőcs
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Kolonics
- 1] Wigner RCP of HAS, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary [2] R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - F Lori
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Trocio
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Bakare
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy (RIGHT), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Horkay
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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De Filette M, Soehle S, Ulbert S, Richner J, Diamond MS, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L, Roels S, Lisziewicz J, Lorincz O, Sanders NN. Vaccination of mice using the West Nile virus E-protein in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy stimulates cell-mediated immunity and protects mice against a lethal challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87837. [PMID: 24503579 PMCID: PMC3913677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the United States. There is currently no antiviral treatment or human vaccine available to treat or prevent WNV infection. DNA plasmid-based vaccines represent a new approach for controlling infectious diseases. In rodents, DNA vaccines have been shown to induce B cell and cytotoxic T cell responses and protect against a wide range of infections. In this study, we formulated a plasmid DNA vector expressing the ectodomain of the E-protein of WNV into nanoparticles by using linear polyethyleneimine (lPEI) covalently bound to mannose and examined the potential of this vaccine to protect against lethal WNV infection in mice. Mice were immunized twice (prime – boost regime) with the WNV DNA vaccine formulated with lPEI-mannose using different administration routes (intramuscular, intradermal and topical). In parallel a heterologous boost with purified recombinant WNV envelope (E) protein was evaluated. While no significant E-protein specific humoral response was generated after DNA immunization, protein boosting of DNA-primed mice resulted in a marked increase in total neutralizing antibody titer. In addition, E-specific IL-4 T-cell immune responses were detected by ELISPOT after protein boost and CD8+ specific IFN-γ expression was observed by flow cytometry. Challenge experiments using the heterologous immunization regime revealed protective immunity to homologous and virulent WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Silke Soehle
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Roels
- Operational Direction Interactions and Surveillance, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA/CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julianna Lisziewicz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Orsolya Lorincz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and McLean, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Niek N. Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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18
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Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of repeated doses of dermavir, a candidate therapeutic HIV vaccine, in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: results of the ACTG 5176 trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 64:351-9. [PMID: 24169120 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182a99590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-specific cellular immune responses are associated with control of viremia and delayed disease progression. An effective therapeutic vaccine could mimic these effects and reduce the need for continued antiretroviral therapy. DermaVir, a topically administered plasmid DNA-nanomedicine expressing HIV (CladeB) virus-like particles consisting of 15 antigens, induces predominantly central memory T-cell responses. METHODS Treated HIV-infected adults (HIV RNA <50 and CD4 >350) were randomized to placebo or escalating DermaVir doses (0.1 or 0.4 mg of plasmid DNA at weeks 1, 7, and 13 in the low- and intermediate-dose groups and 0.8 mg at weeks 0, 1, 6, 7, 12, and 13 in the high-dose group), n = 5-6 evaluable subjects per group. Immunogenicity was assessed by a 12-day cultured interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay at baseline and at weeks 9, 17, and 37 using 1 Tat/Rev and 3 overlapping Gag peptide pools (p17, p24, and p15). RESULTS Groups were comparable at baseline. The study intervention was well tolerated, without dose-limiting toxicities. Most responses were highest at week 17 (4 weeks after last vaccination) when Gag p24 responses were significantly greater among intermediate-dose group compared with control subjects [median (IQR): 67,600 (5633-74,368) versus 1194 (9-1667)] net spot-forming units per million cells, P = 0.032. In the intermediate-dose group, there was also a marginal Gag p15 response increase from baseline to week 17 [2859 (1867-56,933), P = 0.06], and this change was significantly greater than in the placebo group [0 (-713 to 297), P = 0.016]. CONCLUSIONS DermaVir administration was associated with a trend toward greater HIV-specific, predominantly central memory T-cell responses. The intermediate DermaVir dose tended to show the greatest immunogenicity, consistent with previous studies in different HIV-infected patient populations.
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Garaczi E, Szabó K, Francziszti L, Csiszovszki Z, Lőrincz O, Tőke ER, Molnár L, Bitai T, Jánossy T, Bata-Csörgő Z, Kemény L, Lisziewicz J. DermAll nanomedicine for allergen-specific immunotherapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Banerjee R. Nanotechnology: a versatile aid in our fight against AIDS. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:675-7. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Mahapatra I, Clark J, Dobson PJ, Owen R, Lead JR. Potential environmental implications of nano-enabled medical applications: critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:123-144. [PMID: 24592432 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology and nanoscience for medical purposes is anticipated to make significant contributions to enhance human health in the coming decades. However, the possible future mass production and use of these medical innovations exhibiting novel and multifunctional properties will very likely lead to discharges into the environment giving rise to potentially new environmental hazards and risks. To date, the sources, the release form and environmental fate and exposure of nano-enabled medical products have not been investigated and little or no data exists, although there are a small number of currently approved medical applications and a number in clinical trials. This paper discusses the current technological and regulatory landscape and potential hazards and risks to the environment of nano-enabled medical products, data gaps and gives tentative suggestions relating to possible environmental hotspots.
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Krol S, Macrez R, Docagne F, Defer G, Laurent S, Rahman M, Hajipour MJ, Kehoe PG, Mahmoudi M. Therapeutic Benefits from Nanoparticles: The Potential Significance of Nanoscience in Diseases with Compromise to the Blood Brain Barrier. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1877-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Krol
- Fondazione IRCCS Institute of Neurology “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
| | - Gilles Defer
- Inserm U919, University Caen Basse Normandie, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, F-14074 Caen, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Masoud Rahman
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J. Hajipour
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick G. Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, John James Laboratories, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of NanoBio Interactions , Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Current address: School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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23
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Lisziewicz J, Bakare N, Calarota SA, Bánhegyi D, Szlávik J, Ujhelyi E, Tőke ER, Molnár L, Lisziewicz Z, Autran B, Lori F. Single DermaVir immunization: dose-dependent expansion of precursor/memory T cells against all HIV antigens in HIV-1 infected individuals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35416. [PMID: 22590502 PMCID: PMC3348904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The GIHU004 study was designed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of three doses of DermaVir immunization in HIV-infected subjects on fully suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methodology/Principal Findings This first-in-human dose escalation study was conducted with three topical DermaVir doses targeted to epidermal Langerhans cells to express fifteen HIV antigens in draining lymph nodes: 0.1 mg DNA targeted to two, 0.4 mg and 0.8 mg DNA targeted to four lymph nodes. Particularly, in the medium dose cohort 0.1 mg DNA was targeted per draining lymph node via ∼8 million Langerhans cells located in 80 cm2 epidermis area. The 28-days study with 48-week safety follow-up evaluated HIV-specific T cell responses against Gag p17, Gag p24 and Gag p15, Tat and Rev antigens. DermaVir-associated side effects were mild, transient and not dose-dependent. Boosting of HIV-specific effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-gamma and IL-2 was detected against several antigens in every subject of the medium dose cohort. The striking result was the dose-dependent expansion of HIV-specific precursor/memory T cells with high proliferation capacity. In low, medium and high dose cohorts this HIV-specific T cell population increased by 325-, 136,202 and 50,759 counts after 4 weeks, and by 3,899, 9,878 and 18,382 counts after one year, respectively, compared to baseline. Conclusions/Significance Single immunization with the DermaVir candidate therapeutic vaccine was safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected individuals. Based on the potent induction of Gag, Tat and Rev-specific memory T cells, especially in the medium dose cohort, we speculate that DermaVir boost T cell responses specific to all the 15 HIV antigens expressed from the single DNA. For durable immune reactivity repeated DermaVir immunization might be required since the frequency of DermaVir-boosted HIV-specific memory T cells decreased during the 48-week follow up. Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT00712530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Lisziewicz
- Genetic Immunity, Budapest, Hungary and Genetic Immunity Inc, Mclean, Virginia, United States of America.
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