1
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Huang YL, Huang DY, Klochkov V, Chan CM, Chen YS, Lin WW. NLRX1 Inhibits LPS-Induced Microglial Death via Inducing p62-Dependent HO-1 Expression, Inhibiting MLKL and Activating PARP-1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 38671928 PMCID: PMC11047433 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The activation of microglia and the production of cytokines are key factors contributing to progressive neurodegeneration. Despite the well-recognized neuronal programmed cell death regulated by microglial activation, the death of microglia themselves is less investigated. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing X1 (NLRX1) functions as a scaffolding protein and is involved in various central nervous system diseases. In this study, we used the SM826 microglial cells to understand the role of NLRX1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death. We found LPS-induced cell death is blocked by necrostatin-1 and zVAD. Meanwhile, LPS can activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) to reduce DNA damage and induce heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression to counteract cell death. NLRX1 silencing and PARP-1 inhibition by olaparib enhance LPS-induced SM826 microglial cell death in an additive manner. Less PARylation and higher DNA damage are observed in NLRX1-silencing cells. Moreover, LPS-induced HO-1 gene and protein expression through the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 axis are attenuated by NLRX1 silencing. In addition, the Nrf2-mediated positive feedback regulation of p62 is accordingly reduced by NLRX1 silencing. Of note, NLRX1 silencing does not affect LPS-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but increases mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) activation and cell necroptosis. In addition, NLRX1 silencing blocks bafilomycin A1-induced PARP-1 activation. Taken together, for the first time, we demonstrate the role of NLRX1 in protecting microglia from LPS-induced cell death. The underlying protective mechanisms of NLRX1 include upregulating LPS-induced HO-1 expression via Nrf2-dependent p62 expression and downstream Keap1-Nrf2 axis, mediating PARP-1 activation for DNA repair via ROS- and autophagy-independent pathway, and reducing MLKL activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Vladlen Klochkov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University, Yunlin Branch, Yunlin 640203, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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2
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Li J, Qi H, Chen Y, Zhu X. Epilepsy and demyelination: Towards a bidirectional relationship. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102588. [PMID: 38378072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination stands out as a prominent feature in individuals with specific types of epilepsy. Concurrently, individuals with demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are at a greater risk of developing epilepsy compared to non-MS individuals. These bidirectional connections raise the question of whether both pathological conditions share common pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on the reciprocal relationship between epilepsy and demyelination diseases. We commence with an overview of the neurological basis of epilepsy and demyelination diseases, followed by an exploration of how our comprehension of these two disorders has evolved in tandem. Additionally, we discuss the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the interactive relationship between these two diseases. A more nuanced understanding of the interplay between epilepsy and demyelination diseases has the potential to unveiling the molecular intricacies of their pathological relationships, paving the way for innovative directions in future clinical management and treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honggang Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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4
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Ming Z, Lim SY, Stewart A, Pedersen B, Shklovskaya E, Menzies AM, Carlino MS, Kefford RF, Lee JH, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Rizos H. IFN-γ Signaling Sensitizes Melanoma Cells to BH3 Mimetics. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1246-1256.e8. [PMID: 36736995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting PD-1 and/or CTLA4 leads to durable responses in a proportion of patients with melanoma. However, many patients will not respond to these immune checkpoint inhibitors, and up to 60% of responding patients will develop treatment resistance. We describe a vulnerability in melanoma driven by immune cell activity that provides a pathway towards additional treatment options. This study evaluated short-term melanoma cell lines (referred to as PD1 PROG cells) derived from melanoma metastases that progressed on PD-1 inhibitor-based therapy. We show that the cytokine IFN-γ primes melanoma cells for apoptosis by promoting changes in the accumulation and interactions of apoptotic regulators MCL-1, NOXA, and BAK. The addition of pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetic drugs sensitized PD1 PROG melanoma cells to apoptosis in response to IFN-γ or autologous immune cell activation. These findings provide translatable strategies for combination therapies in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Ming
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Su Yin Lim
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Stewart
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bernadette Pedersen
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Blacktown Cancer and Haematology Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny H Lee
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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5
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Koss KM, Son T, Li C, Hao Y, Cao J, Churchward MA, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Derda R, Todd KG. Toward discovering a novel family of peptides targeting neuroinflammatory states of brain microglia and astrocytes. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.15840. [PMID: 37171455 PMCID: PMC10640667 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are immune-derived cells critical to the development and healthy function of the brain and spinal cord, yet are implicated in the active pathology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. A range of functional phenotypes associated with the healthy brain or disease states has been suggested from in vivo work and were modeled in vitro as surveying, reactive, and primed sub-types of primary rat microglia and mixed microglia/astrocytes. It was hypothesized that the biomolecular profile of these cells undergoes a phenotypical change as well, and these functional phenotypes were explored for potential novel peptide binders using a custom 7 amino acid-presenting M13 phage library (SX7) to identify unique peptides that bind differentially to these respective cell types. Surveying glia were untreated, reactive were induced with a lipopolysaccharide treatment, recovery was modeled with a potent anti-inflammatory treatment dexamethasone, and priming was determined by subsequently challenging the cells with interferon gamma. Microglial function was profiled by determining the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. After incubation with the SX7 phage library, populations of SX7-positive microglia and/or astrocytes were collected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, SX7 phage was amplified in Escherichia coli culture, and phage DNA was sequenced via next-generation sequencing. Binding validation was done with synthesized peptides via in-cell westerns. Fifty-eight unique peptides were discovered, and their potential functions were assessed using a basic local alignment search tool. Peptides potentially originated from proteins ranging in function from a variety of supportive glial roles, including synapse support and pruning, to inflammatory incitement including cytokine and interleukin activation, and potential regulation in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Koss
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - T Son
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - J Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - M A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Z J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - J A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center and Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Illinois, Chicago, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- 48Hour Discovery Inc, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - K G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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6
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Kann O, Almouhanna F, Chausse B. Interferon γ: a master cytokine in microglia-mediated neural network dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:913-927. [PMID: 36283867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple 'booster' of proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or viral infection. Recent slice culture (in situ) and in vivo studies suggest, however, that IFN-γ has a unique role in microglial activation. Priming by IFN-γ results in proliferation (microgliosis), enhanced synapse elimination, and moderate nitric oxide release sufficient to impair synaptic transmission, gamma rhythm activity, and cognitive functions. Moreover, IFN-γ is pivotal for driving Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated microglia into neurotoxic phenotypes that induce energetic and oxidative stress, severe network dysfunction, and neuronal death. Pharmacological targeting of activated microglia could be beneficial during elevated IFN-γ levels, blood-brain barrier leakage, and parenchymal T lymphocyte infiltration associated with, for instance, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Fadi Almouhanna
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Majerczyk D, Ayad E, Brewton K, Saing P, Hart P. Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20220713. [PMID: 36300375 PMCID: PMC9670245 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother's immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Majerczyk
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
- Loyola Medicine, Berwyn, Illinois 60402, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth G. Ayad
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Kari L. Brewton
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Pichrasmei Saing
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Peter C. Hart
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
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8
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Alghamdi SS, Suliman RS, Aljammaz NA, Kahtani KM, Aljatli DA, Albadrani GM. Natural Products as Novel Neuroprotective Agents; Computational Predictions of the Molecular Targets, ADME Properties, and Safety Profile. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:549. [PMID: 35214883 PMCID: PMC8878483 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the most challenging public health issues. Despite tremendous advances in our understanding of NDs, little progress has been made in establishing effective treatments. Natural products may have enormous potential in preventing and treating NDs by targeting microglia; yet, there have been several clinical concerns about their usage, primarily due to a lack of scientific evidence for their efficacy, molecular targets, physicochemical properties, and safety. To solve this problem, the secondary bioactive metabolites derived from neuroprotective medicinal plants were identified and selected for computational predictions for anti-inflammatory activity, possible molecular targets, physicochemical properties, and safety evaluation using PASS online, Molinspiration, SwissADME, and ProTox-II, respectively. Most of the phytochemicals were active as anti-inflammatory agents as predicted using the PASS online webserver. Moreover, the molecular target predictions for some phytochemicals were similar to the reported experimental targets. Moreover, the phytochemicals that did not violate important physicochemical properties, including blood-brain barrier penetration, GI absorption, molecular weight, and lipophilicity, were selected for further safety evaluation. After screening 54 neuroprotective phytochemicals, our findings suggest that Aromatic-turmerone, Apocynin, and Matrine are the most promising compounds that could be considered when designing novel neuroprotective agents to treat neurodegenerative diseases via modulating microglial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Saleh Alghamdi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.S.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.K.); (D.A.A.)
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Saad Suliman
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.S.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.K.); (D.A.A.)
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Abdulaziz Aljammaz
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.S.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Khawla Mohammed Kahtani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.S.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Dimah Abdulqader Aljatli
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (R.S.S.); (N.A.A.); (K.M.K.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia;
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9
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Lee HN, Manangeeswaran M, Lewkowicz AP, Engel K, Chowdhury M, Garige M, Eckhaus MA, Sourbier C, Ireland DD, Verthelyi D. NK cells require immune checkpoint receptor LILRB4/gp49B to control neurotropic Zika virus infections in mice. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151420. [PMID: 35132958 PMCID: PMC8855830 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells express an array of inhibitory checkpoint receptors that are upregulated upon activation and limit tissue damage associated with excessive response to pathogens or allergens. Mouse leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B4 (LILRB4), also known as glycoprotein 49B (gp49B), is an inhibitory checkpoint receptor constitutively expressed in myeloid cells and upregulated in B cells, T cells, and NK cells upon activation. Here, we report that expression of LILRB4, which binds Zika virus (ZIKV), was increased in microglia and myeloid cells infiltrating the brains of neonatal mice with ZIKV-associated meningoencephalitis. Importantly, while C57BL/6 mice developed transient neurological symptoms but survived infection, mice lacking LILRB4/gp49B (LILRB4 KO) exhibited more severe signs of neurological disease and succumbed to disease. Their brains showed increased cellular infiltration but reduced control of viral burden. The reduced viral clearance was associated with altered NK cell function in the absence of LILRB4/gp49B. In naive animals, this manifested as reduced granzyme B responses to stimulation, but in ZIKV-infected animals, NK cells showed phenotypic changes that suggested altered maturation, diminished glucose consumption, reduced IFN-γ and granzyme B production, and impaired cytotoxicity. Together, our data reveal LILRB4/gp49B as an important regulator of NK cell function during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Aaron P Lewkowicz
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Monica Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Mamatha Garige
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Eckhaus
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole Sourbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek Dc Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease and Inflammation, Office of Biotechnology Products, and
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10
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Olson CA, Iñiguez AJ, Yang GE, Fang P, Pronovost GN, Jameson KG, Rendon TK, Paramo J, Barlow JT, Ismagilov RF, Hsiao EY. Alterations in the gut microbiota contribute to cognitive impairment induced by the ketogenic diet and hypoxia. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1378-1392.e6. [PMID: 34358434 PMCID: PMC8429275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many genetic and environmental factors increase susceptibility to cognitive impairment (CI), and the gut microbiome is increasingly implicated. However, the identity of gut microbes associated with CI risk, their effects on CI, and their mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that a carbohydrate-restricted (ketogenic) diet potentiates CI induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice and alters the gut microbiota. Depleting the microbiome reduces CI, whereas transplantation of the risk-associated microbiome or monocolonization with Bilophila wadsworthia confers CI in mice fed a standard diet. B. wadsworthia and the risk-associated microbiome disrupt hippocampal synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and gene expression. The CI is associated with microbiome-dependent increases in intestinal interferon-gamma (IFNg)-producing Th1 cells. Inhibiting Th1 cell development abrogates the adverse effects of both B. wadsworthia and environmental risk factors on CI. Together, these findings identify select gut bacteria that contribute to environmental risk for CI in mice by promoting inflammation and hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Olson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to: ,
| | - Alonso J. Iñiguez
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Grace E. Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Geoffrey N. Pronovost
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kelly G. Jameson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tomiko K. Rendon
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jorge Paramo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jacob T. Barlow
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91108, USA
| | - Rustem F. Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91108, USA
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to: ,
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11
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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12
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McKenzie BA, Fernandes JP, Doan MAL, Schmitt LM, Branton WG, Power C. Activation of the executioner caspases-3 and -7 promotes microglial pyroptosis in models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:253. [PMID: 32861242 PMCID: PMC7456507 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyroptosis is a type of proinflammatory regulated cell death (RCD) in which caspase-1 proteolytically cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD) to yield a cytotoxic pore-forming protein. Recent studies have suggested that additional cell death pathways may interact with GSDMD under certain circumstances to execute pyroptosis. Microglia/macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) undergo GSDMD-associated pyroptosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) but the contribution of other cell death pathways to this phenomenon is unknown. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that multiple RCD pathways underlie microglial pyroptosis in the context of neuroinflammation. METHODS A siRNA screen of genes with known RCD functions was performed in primary human microglia to evaluate their role in nigericin-induced pyroptosis using supernatant lactate dehydrogenase activity as a read-out of cell lysis. Activation of apoptotic executioner proteins and their contribution to pyroptosis was assessed using semi-quantitative confocal microscopy, high-sensitivity ELISA, immunoblot, cell lysis assays, and activity-based fluorescent probes. Quantification of pyroptosis-related protein expression was performed in CNS lesions from patients with progressive MS and mice with MOG35-55-induced EAE, and in matched controls. RESULTS Among progressive MS patients, activated caspase-3 was detected in GSDMD immunopositive pyroptotic microglia/macrophages within demyelinating lesions. In the siRNA screen, suppression of caspase-3/7, caspase-1, or GSDMD expression prevented plasma membrane rupture during pyroptosis. Upon exposure to pyroptotic stimuli (ATP or nigericin), human microglia displayed caspase-3/7 activation and cleavage of caspase-3/7-specific substrates (e.g., DFF45, ROCK1, and PARP), with accompanying features of pyroptosis including GSDMD immunopositive pyroptotic bodies, IL-1β release, and membrane rupture. Pyroptosis-associated nuclear condensation and pyroptotic body formation were suppressed by caspase-3/7 inhibition. Pharmacological and siRNA-mediated inhibition of caspase-1 diminished caspase-3/7 activation during pyroptosis. In mice with EAE-associated neurological deficits, activated caspase-3 colocalized with GSDMD immunopositivity in lesion-associated macrophages/microglia. CONCLUSIONS Activation of executioner caspases-3/7, widely considered key mediators of apoptosis, contributed to GSDMD-associated microglial pyroptosis under neuroinflammatory conditions. Collectively, these observations highlight the convergence of different cell death pathways during neuroinflammation and offer new therapeutic opportunities in neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienne A McKenzie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason P Fernandes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew A L Doan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Laura M Schmitt
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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13
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Cardozo PL, de Lima IBQ, Maciel EMA, Silva NC, Dobransky T, Ribeiro FM. Synaptic Elimination in Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:1071-1095. [PMID: 31161981 PMCID: PMC7052824 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190603170511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are well known as the main structures responsible for transmitting information through the release and recognition of neurotransmitters by pre- and post-synaptic neurons. These structures are widely formed and eliminated throughout the whole lifespan via processes termed synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, respectively. Whilst the first pro-cess is needed for ensuring proper connectivity between brain regions and also with the periphery, the second phenomenon is important for their refinement by eliminating weaker and unnecessary synapses and, at the same time, maintaining and fa-voring the stronger ones, thus ensuring proper synaptic transmission. It is well-known that synaptic elimination is modulated by neuronal activity. However, only recently the role of the classical complement cascade in promoting this phenomenon has been demonstrated. Specifically, microglial cells recognize activated complement component 3 (C3) bound to synapses tar-geted for elimination, triggering their engulfment. As this is a highly relevant process for adequate neuronal functioning, dis-ruptions or exacerbations in synaptic pruning could lead to severe circuitry alterations that could underlie neuropathological alterations typical of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on discussing the possible in-volvement of excessive synaptic elimination in Alzheimer’s disease, as it has already been reported dendritic spine loss in post-synaptic neurons, increased association of complement proteins with its synapses and, hence, augmented microglia-mediated pruning in animal models of this disorder. In addition, we briefly discuss how this phenomenon could be related to other neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo L Cardozo
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella B Q de Lima
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Esther M A Maciel
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathália C Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola M Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Izzy S, Liu Q, Fang Z, Lule S, Wu L, Chung JY, Sarro-Schwartz A, Brown-Whalen A, Perner C, Hickman SE, Kaplan DL, Patsopoulos NA, El Khoury J, Whalen MJ. Time-Dependent Changes in Microglia Transcriptional Networks Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:307. [PMID: 31440141 PMCID: PMC6694299 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is critical to both neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and has been proposed as a potentially modifiable driver of secondary injury in animal and human studies. Attempts to broadly target immune activation have been unsuccessful in improving outcomes, in part because the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms driving injury and outcome at acute, subacute, and chronic time points after TBI remain poorly defined. Microglia play a critical role in neuroinflammation and their persistent activation may contribute to long-term functional deficits. Activated microglia are characterized by morphological transformation and transcriptomic changes associated with specific inflammatory states. We analyzed the temporal course of changes in inflammatory genes of microglia isolated from injured brains at 2, 14, and 60 days after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice, a well-established model of focal cerebral contusion. We identified a time dependent, injury-associated change in the microglial gene expression profile toward a reduced ability to sense tissue damage, perform housekeeping, and maintain homeostasis in the early stages following CCI, with recovery and transition to a specialized inflammatory state over time. This later state starts at 14 days post-injury and is characterized by a biphasic pattern of IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-10 gene expression changes, with concurrent proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene changes. Our transcriptomic data sets are an important step to understand microglial role in TBI pathogenesis at the molecular level and identify common pathways that affect outcome. More studies to evaluate gene expression at the single cell level and focusing on subacute and chronic timepoint are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saef Izzy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sevda Lule
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Limin Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aliyah Sarro-Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Brown-Whalen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Caroline Perner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Suzanne E Hickman
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Nikolaos A Patsopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Systems Biology and Computer Science Program, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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In Vitro Priming and Hyper-Activation of Brain Microglia: an Assessment of Phenotypes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6409-6425. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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TNF-α-sensitive brain pericytes activate microglia by releasing IL-6 through cooperation between IκB-NFκB and JAK-STAT3 pathways. Brain Res 2018; 1692:34-44. [PMID: 29702085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is an important mediator of neurovascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration and/or neuroinflammation. We previously reported that brain pericytes released higher levels of IL-6 than did glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Moreover, pericytes stimulated with TNF-α enhanced activation of BV-2 microglia. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of TNF-α mediated induction of IL-6 release from brain pericytes and astrocytes and whether pericyte-derived IL-6 would facilitate activation of BV-2 microglia. Using rat brain pericyte and astrocyte primary cultures and pharmacological inhibitors, we found that, TNF-α induced the highest levels of IL-6 release from pericytes by activating the inhibitor kappa B (IκB)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and Janus family of tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathways. STAT3 contributed to TNF-α induced nuclear translocation of phospho-NFκB in pericytes. TNF-α-induced IL-6 release in astrocytes was mediated by NFκB but not by STAT3. The presence of pericytes amplified TNF-α-induced iNOS mRNA expression in BV-2 microglia. This effect was blocked by a neutralizing antibody for IL-6. These findings indicated that crosstalk between the IκB-NFκB and JAK-STAT3 pathways is a pericyte specific mechanism, not occurring in astrocytes, for TNF-α-induced IL-6 release. IL-6 derived from pericytes enhanced microglial activation. Our findings increase understanding of the role of pericyte-microglia crosstalk in the brain under neuroinflammatory conditions and suggest a potentially attractive therapeutic target for brain inflammation.
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17
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Tarakanov AO, Brito I, Fuxe K. Glutamate heteroreceptor complexes in the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:936-950. [PMID: 32002960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The existence of mGluR, NMDAR, AMPAR and putative KAR heteroreceptor complexes in synaptic and extrasynaptic regions of brain glutamate synapses represents a major integrative mechanism. Our aim in the current article is to analyze if the formation of the different types glutamate hetereceptor complexes involves the contribution of triplet amino acid homologies (protriplets) in a postulated receptor interface based on the triplet puzzle theory. Seven main sets (lists) of receptor pairs in databases were used containing various sets (lists) of human receptor heteromers and nonheteromers obtained from the available scientific publications including the publically available GPCR-hetnet database. Brain mGluR1-mGluR5 and mGluR2-mGluR4 isoreceptor complexes were demonstrated with a predominant extrasynaptic localization at a post- and prejunctional localization. The existence of putative mGluR4-mGluR7 heteroreceptor complexes in the basal ganglia is proposed. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes also participated in the formation of a large number of heteroreceptor complexes like mGluR1-A1R, mGluR5-A2AR, mGluR5-D2R and D2R-A2AR-mGluR5, located in relation to glutamate synapses, especially in the basal ganglia. A putative mGluR1-GABAB1/2 heterocomplex may also exist. NMDAR heteroreceptor complexes were also demonstrated as a fundamental integrative mechanism in the glutamate synapse and its extrasynaptic membranes. It represented fundamental work on inter alia NMDAR-mGluR5, NMDAR-D1R and NMDAR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes involving both antagonistic and facilitatory allosteric receptor-receptor interactions. As to AMPA receptors, a heterocomplex was found for the interaction between IFNgR1 and the AMPAR mediated via the subunit GluA1 which may be of relevance for neuroinflammation. AMPAR-D2R heteroreceptor complexes were also demonstrated. Besides glutamate heteroreceptor complexes and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions, a significant mechanism for the functional crosstalk can also be phosphorylation and/or reorganization of adapter proteins with dynamic binding to the two receptors modulating the allosteric receptor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, Urbino, Italy.,Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ismel Brito
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Balathasan L, Tang VA, Yadollahi B, Brun J, Labelle M, Lefebvre C, Swift SL, Stojdl DF. Activating Peripheral Innate Immunity Enables Safe and Effective Oncolytic Virotherapy in the Brain. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:45-56. [PMID: 29062886 PMCID: PMC5645178 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oncolytic mutant vesicular stomatitis virus VSVΔ51 achieves robust efficacy in multiple extracranial tumor models. Yet for malignancies of the brain, direct intratumoral infusion of VSVΔ51 causes lethal virus-induced neuropathology. Here, we have developed a novel therapeutic regime that uses peripheral immunization with a single sub-lethal dose of VSVΔ51 to establish an acute anti-viral state that enables the safe intracranial (IC) infusion of an otherwise lethal dose of VSVΔ51 within just 6 hr. Although type I interferons alone appeared insufficient to explain this protective phenotype, serum isolated at early time points from primed animals conferred protection against an IC dose of virus. Adaptive immune populations had minimal contributions. Finally, the therapeutic utility of this novel strategy was demonstrated by peripherally priming and intracranially treating mice bearing aggressive CT2A syngeneic astrocytomas with VSVΔ51. Approximately 25% of animals achieved complete regression of established tumors, with no signs of virus-induced neurological impairment. This approach may harness an early warning system in the brain that has evolved to protect the host against otherwise lethal neurotropic viral infections. We have exploited this protective mechanism to safely and efficaciously treat brain tumors with an otherwise neurotoxic virus, potentially widening the available treatment options for oncolytic virotherapy in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukxmi Balathasan
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Vera A Tang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Beta Yadollahi
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jan Brun
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Melanie Labelle
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Swift
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. E., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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19
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Michels M, Sonai B, Dal-Pizzol F. Polarization of microglia and its role in bacterial sepsis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 303:90-98. [PMID: 28087076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglial polarization in response to brain inflammatory conditions is a crescent field in neuroscience. However, the effect of systemic inflammation, and specifically sepsis, is a relatively unexplored field that has great interest and relevance. Sepsis has been associated with both early and late harmful events of the central nervous system, suggesting that there is a close link between sepsis and neuroinflammation. During sepsis evolution it is supposed that microglial could exert both neurotoxic and repairing effects depending on the specific microglial phenotype assumed. In this context, here it was reviewed the role of microglial polarization during sepsis-associated brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av Universitária, 1105, Criciúma 88806000, SC, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Sonai
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av Universitária, 1105, Criciúma 88806000, SC, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av Universitária, 1105, Criciúma 88806000, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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20
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Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7567-7584. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Podbielska M, Das A, Smith AW, Chauhan A, Ray SK, Inoue J, Azuma M, Nozaki K, Hogan EL, Banik NL. Neuron-microglia interaction induced bi-directional cytotoxicity associated with calpain activation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:440-455. [PMID: 27529445 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia release pro-inflammatory factors and calpain into the extracellular milieu, damaging surrounding neurons. However, mechanistic links to progressive neurodegeneration in disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain obscure. We hypothesize that persistent damaged/dying neurons may also release cytotoxic factors and calpain into the media, which then activate microglia again. Thus, inflammation, neuronal damage, and microglia activation, i.e., bi-directional interaction between neurons and microglia, may be involved in the progressive neurodegeneration. We tested this hypothesis using two in vitro models: (i) the effects of soluble factors from damaged primary cortical neurons upon primary rat neurons and microglia and (ii) soluble factors released from CD3/CD28 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients on primary human neurons and microglia. The first model indicated that neurons due to injury with pro-inflammatory agents (IFN-γ) release soluble neurotoxic factors, including COX-2, reactive oxygen species, and calpain, thus activating microglia, which in turn released neurotoxic factors as well. This repeated microglial activation leads to persistent inflammation and neurodegeneration. The released calpain from neurons and microglia was confirmed by the use of calpain inhibitor calpeptin or SNJ-1945 as well as μ- and m-calpain knock down using the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology. Our second model using activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a source of pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines and calpain released from auto-reactive T cells, corroborated similar results in human primary cell cultures and confirmed calpain to be involved in progressive MS. These insights into reciprocal paracrine regulation of cell injury and calpain activation in the progressive phase of MS, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases suggest potentially beneficial preventive and therapeutic strategies, including calpain inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Amena W Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ashok Chauhan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jun Inoue
- Senju Pharmaceutical, Co LTD, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Kenkichi Nozaki
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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22
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Retinal and Optic Nerve Damage is Associated with Early Glial Responses in an Experimental Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 58:470-82. [PMID: 26746422 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the immunization with ocular antigens causes a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) decline, which is accompanied by glia alterations. In this study, the degenerative effects of the immunization with an optic nerve homogenate (ONA) and its purified compound S100 were analyzed on retinas and optic nerves. Since a participation of glia cells in cell death mechanisms is currently discussed, rats were immunized with S100 or ONA. At 14 and 28 days, immune-histological and Western blot analyses were performed to investigate the optic nerve structure (SMI-32), retinal ganglion cells (Brn-3a), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, FasL), and glial profile (Iba1, ED1, GFAP, vimentin). Neurofilament dissolution in S100 animals was evident at 14 days (p = 0.047) and increased at 28 days (p = 0.01). ONA optic nerves remained intact at early stages and degenerated later on (p = 0.002). In both groups, RGC loss was detected via immune-histology and Western blot at 28 days (ONA: p = 0.02; S100: p = 0.005). Additionally, more Iba1(+) retinal microglia could be detected at early stages (ONA: p = 0.006; S100: p = 0.028). A slight astrocyte response was detected on Western blots only on ONA retinas (p = 0.01). Hence, the RGC and optic nerve decline was partly antigen dependent, while neuronal loss is paralleled by an early microglial response.
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23
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Kallaur AP, Reiche EMV, Oliveira SR, Simão ANC, Pereira WLDCJ, Alfieri DF, Flauzino T, Proença CDM, Lozovoy MAB, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Maes M. Genetic, Immune-Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Predictors for Disability and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:31-44. [PMID: 26732588 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the TNFβ NcoI polymorphism (rs909253) and immune-inflammatory, oxidative, and nitrosative stress (IO&NS) biomarkers as predictors of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). We included 212 MS patients (150 female, 62 male, mean (±standard deviation (SD)) age = 42.7 ± 13.8 years) and 249 healthy controls (177 female, 72 male, 36.8 ± 11 years). The disability was measured the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in 2006 and 2011. We determined the TNFβ NcoI polymorphism and serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17, albumin, ferritin, and plasma levels of lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), carbonyl protein, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP). The mean EDSS (±SD) in 2006 was 1.62 ± 2.01 and in 2011 3.16 ± 2.29, and disease duration was 7.34 ± 7.0 years. IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, AOPP, and NOx levels were significantly higher and IL-4 lower in MS patients with a higher 2011 EDSS scores (≥3) as compared with those with EDSS < 3. The actual increases in EDSS from 2006 to 2011 were positively associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Increased IFN-γ values were associated with higher pyramidal symptoms and increased IL-6 with sensitive symptoms. Increased carbonyl protein and IL-10 but lowered albumin levels predicted cerebellar symptoms. The TNFB1/B2 genotype decreased risk towards progression of pyramidal symptoms. Treatments with IFN-β and glatiramer acetate significantly reduced TNF-α but did not affect the other IO&NS biomarkers or disease progression. Taken together, IO&NS biomarkers and NcoI TNFβ genotypes predict high disability in MS and are associated with different aspects of disease progression. New drugs to treat MS should also target oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Kallaur
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil.
| | - Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Wildea Lice de Carvalho Jennings Pereira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil.,Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Caio de Meleck Proença
- Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Damacio Ramón Kaimen-Maciel
- Outpatient Clinic for Demyelinating Diseases, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86061-335, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86.038-440, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Cornejo F, von Bernhardi R. Age-Dependent Changes in the Activation and Regulation of Microglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:205-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Ottum PA, Arellano G, Reyes LI, Iruretagoyena M, Naves R. Opposing Roles of Interferon-Gamma on Cells of the Central Nervous System in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:539. [PMID: 26579119 PMCID: PMC4626643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the principal cause of autoimmune neuroinflammation in humans, and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is widely used to gain insight about their immunopathological mechanisms for and the development of novel therapies for MS. Most studies on the role of interferon (IFN)-γ in the pathogenesis and progression of EAE have focused on peripheral immune cells, while its action on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells has been less explored. In addition to the well-known proinflammatory and damaging effects of IFN-γ in the CNS, evidence has also endowed this cytokine both a protective and regulatory role in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Recent investigations performed in this research field have exposed the complex role of IFN-γ in the CNS uncovering unexpected mechanisms of action that underlie these opposing activities on different CNS-resident cell types. The mechanisms behind these two-faced effects of IFN-γ depend on dose, disease phase, and cell development stage. Here, we will review and discuss the dual role of IFN-γ on CNS-resident cells in EAE highlighting its protective functions and the mechanisms proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton A Ottum
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lilian I Reyes
- Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mirentxu Iruretagoyena
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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26
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Horiuchi H, Parajuli B, Wang Y, Azuma YT, Mizuno T, Takeuchi H, Suzumura A. Interleukin-19 acts as a negative autocrine regulator of activated microglia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118640. [PMID: 25794104 PMCID: PMC4368203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia can exert either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects, and they play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurological diseases. In this study, we used cDNA microarrays to show that interleukin-19 (IL-19), an IL-10 family cytokine, is markedly upregulated in activated microglia. Furthermore, we found that microglia are the only cells in the nervous system that express the IL-19 receptor, a heterodimer of the IL-20Rα and IL-20Rβ subunits. IL-19 deficiency increased the production of such pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in activated microglia, and IL-19 treatment suppressed this effect. Moreover, in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, we observed upregulation of IL-19 in affected areas in association with disease progression. Our findings demonstrate that IL-19 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, produced by activated microglia, that acts negatively on microglia in an autocrine manner. Thus, microglia may self-limit their inflammatory response by producing the negative regulator IL-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Horiuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
| | - Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Izumisano, Osaka, 598–8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizuno
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
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27
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Lourbopoulos A, Ertürk A, Hellal F. Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain's guardians. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 25755635 PMCID: PMC4337366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS), is a major determinant of neuronal function and survival during aging and disease progression. Microglia, as the resident tissue-macrophages of the brain, provide constant support to surrounding neurons in healthy brain. Upon any stress signal (such as trauma, ischemia, inflammation) they are one of the first cells to react. Local and/or peripheral signals determine microglia stress response, which can vary within a continuum of states from beneficial to detrimental for neuronal survival, and can be shaped by aging and previous insults. In this review, we discuss the roles of microglia upon an ischemic or traumatic injury, and give our perspective how aging may contribute to microglia behavior in the injured brain. We speculate that a deeper understanding of specific microglia identities will pave the way to develop more potent therapeutics to treat the diseases of aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
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28
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Cho H, Sajja V, VandeVord P, Lee Y. Blast induces oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal loss and subsequent short-term memory impairment in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 253:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Vázquez-Villoldo N, Domercq M, Martín A, Llop J, Gómez-Vallejo V, Matute C. P2X4 receptors control the fate and survival of activated microglia. Glia 2013; 62:171-84. [PMID: 24254916 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, responds to brain disarrangements by becoming activated to contend with brain damage. Here we show that the expression of P2X4 receptors is upregulated in inflammatory foci and in activated microglia in the spinal cord of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as well as in the optic nerve of multiple sclerosis patients. To study the role of P2X4 receptors in microgliosis, we activated microglia with LPS in vitro and in vivo. We observed that P2X4 receptor activity in vitro was increased in LPS-activated microglia as assessed by patch-clamp recordings. In addition, P2X4 receptor blockade significantly reduced microglial membrane ruffling, TNFα secretion and morphological changes, as well as LPS-induced microglial cell death. Accordingly, neuroinflammation provoked by LPS injection in vivo induced a rapid microglial loss in the spinal cord that was totally prevented or potentiated by P2X4 receptor blockade or facilitation, respectively. Within the brain, microglia in the hippocampal dentate gyrus showed particular vulnerability to LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Thus, microglia processes in this region retracted as early as 2 h after injection of LPS and died around 24 h later, two features which were prevented by blocking P2X4 receptors. Together, these data suggest that P2X4 receptors contribute to controlling the fate of activated microglia and its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Vázquez-Villoldo
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco-UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
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30
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Kim SJ, Li J. Caspase blockade induces RIP3-mediated programmed necrosis in Toll-like receptor-activated microglia. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e716. [PMID: 23846218 PMCID: PMC3730412 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system and key players against pathogens and injury. However, persistent microglial activation often exacerbates pathological damage and has been implicated in many neurological diseases. Despite their pivotal physiological and pathophysiological roles, how the survival and death of activated microglia is regulated remains poorly understood. We report here that microglia activated through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) undergo RIP1/RIP3-dependent programmed necrosis (necroptosis) when exposed to the pan caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Although zVAD-fmk and the caspase-8 inhibitor IETD-fmk had no effect on unstimulated primary microglia, they markedly sensitized microglia to TLR1/2,3,4,7/8 ligands or TNF treatment, triggering programmed necrosis that was completely blocked by R1P1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1. Interestingly, necroptosis induced by TLR ligands and zVAD was restricted to microglial cells and was not observed in astrocytes, neurons or oligodendrocytes even though they are known to express certain TLRs. Deletion of genes encoding TNF or TNFR1 failed to prevent lipopolysaccharide- and poly(I:C)-induced microglial necroptosis, unveiling a TNF-independent programmed necrosis pathway in TLR3- and TLR4-activated microglia. Microglia from mice lacking functional TRIF were fully protected against TLR3/4 activation and zVAD-fmk-induced necrosis, and genetic deletion of rip3 also prevented microglia necroptosis. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and generation of specific reactive oxygen species were downstream signaling events required for microglial cell death execution. Taken together, this study reveals a robust RIP3-dependent necroptosis signaling pathway in TLR-activated microglia upon caspase blockade and suggests that TLR signaling and programmed cell death pathways are closely linked in microglia, which could contribute to neuropathology and neuroinflammation when dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kim
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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31
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Noda H, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Fingolimod phosphate promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:13-8. [PMID: 23290828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod phosphate (FTY720) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist that is being used as a new oral drug for multiple sclerosis. FTY720 prevents lymphocytes from moving out of the lymphoid organs and inhibits autoreactive lymphocytes from infiltrating the central nervous system. Whether FTY720 directly affects microglia-the innate immune cells of the central nervous system-is unclear. Here we show that FTY720 binds S1P1 receptors to downregulate activated microglial production of such pro-inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. FTY720 also upregulates microglial production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. These results suggested that FTY720 directly promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia. Therefore, FTY720 may be a potent therapeutic agent for not only multiple sclerosis but also other neurologic diseases associated with microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Noda
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Liu PW, Chen MF, Tsai APY, Lee TJF. STAT1 mediates oroxylin a inhibition of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in microglial BV-2 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50363. [PMID: 23236370 PMCID: PMC3516518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated inflammation is implicated in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Oroxylin A, a flavonoid isolated from Scutellariae baicalensis, has been shown to ameliorate microglia activation-mediated neurodegeneration in vivo. The molecular mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of oroxylin A on microglia activation, however, remains unknown. In the present study, effects of oroxylin A co-treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) on LPS-induced activation of cultured microglial BV-2 cells were examined. Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Greiss method. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 was assessed using real-time RT-PCR or Western blot analysis. Furthermore, activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was examined by Western blot analysis and transcription factor DNA-binding activity assay. Our results indicated that oroxylin A (10-100 µM) in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited LPS-induced NO production via blocking iNOS expression at both mRNA and protein levels without affecting the degradation rate of iNOS mRNA. Moreover, oroxylin A significantly attenuated LPS-induced late expression (20 hours after LPS challenge) of IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, oroxylin A significantly suppressed LPS-induced JAK2-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation without affecting LPS-induced NFκB-p65 nuclear translocation or NFκB-p65 DNA-binding activity. This is consistent with the finding that AG490, a specific JAK2 inhibitor, significantly inhibited LPS-induced STAT1 phosphorylation with almost completely diminished iNOS expression. These results suggest that oroxylin A, via suppressing STAT1 phosphorylation, inhibits LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory genes in BV-2 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- Center for Vascular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Andy Po-Yi Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tony J. F. Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center for Vascular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Sunkaria A, Wani WY, Sharma DR, Gill KD. Dichlorvos Exposure Results in Activation Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Primary Rat Microglia. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1762-70. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300234n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sunkaria
- Department
of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department
of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Deep Raj Sharma
- Department
of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department
of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
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Cardoso AL, Guedes JR, Pereira de Almeida L, Pedroso de Lima MC. miR-155 modulates microglia-mediated immune response by down-regulating SOCS-1 and promoting cytokine and nitric oxide production. Immunology 2012; 135:73-88. [PMID: 22043967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defence against both external and endogenous threats in the brain, and microglia cells are considered key mediators of this process. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a determinant role in the regulation of gene expression during innate immune responses. The major goal of this work was to investigate the contribution of a specific miRNA - miR-155 - to the modulation of the microglia-mediated immune response. For this purpose, in vitro studies were performed in N9 microglia cells to evaluate changes in the levels of this miRNA following microglia activation. A strong up-regulation of miR-155 expression was observed following microglia exposure to lipopolysaccharide, which was consistent with a decrease in the levels of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS-1) protein, a key inhibitor of the inflammatory process and a predicted target of miR-155. The miR-155 knockdown by anti-miRNA oligonucleotides up-regulated SOCS-1 mRNA and protein levels and significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Finally, treatment of neuronal primary cultures with conditioned medium obtained from microglia cells, in which miR-155 was inhibited before cell activation, decreased inflammatory-mediated neuronal cell death. Overall, our results show that miR-155 has a pro-inflammatory role in microglia and is necessary for the progression of the immune response through the modulation of SOCS-1, suggesting that, in a chronic inflammatory context, miR-155 inhibition can have a neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Cardoso
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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35
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Yun HJ, Yoon JH, Lee JK, Noh KT, Yoon KW, Oh SP, Oh HJ, Chae JS, Hwang SG, Kim EH, Maul GG, Lim DS, Choi EJ. Daxx mediates activation-induced cell death in microglia by triggering MST1 signalling. EMBO J 2011; 30:2465-76. [PMID: 21572393 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the mammalian central nervous system, migrate to sites of tissue damage or infection and become activated. Although the persistent secretion of inflammatory mediators by the activated cells contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, most activated microglia eventually undergo apoptosis through the process of activation-induced cell death (AICD). The molecular mechanism of AICD, however, has remained unclear. Here, we show that Daxx and mammalian Ste20-like kinase-1 (MST1) mediate apoptosis elicited by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in microglia. IFN-γ upregulated the expression of Daxx, which in turn mediated the homodimerization, activation, and nuclear translocation of MST1 and apoptosis in microglial cells. Depletion of Daxx or MST1 by RNA interference also attenuated IFN-γ-induced cell death in primary rat microglia. Furthermore, the extent of IFN-γ-induced death of microglia in the brain of MST1-null mice was significantly reduced compared with that apparent in wild-type mice. Our results thus highlight new functions of Daxx and MST1 that they are the key mediators of microglial cell death initiated by the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Yun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Developing central nervous system and vulnerability to platinum compounds. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 2011:315418. [PMID: 22312552 PMCID: PMC3265252 DOI: 10.1155/2011/315418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies on the effects of the platinum complexes in use or in clinical trials are carried out in order to discover differences in the neurotoxic potential and the reversibility of neurotoxicity. In this paper, we summarized the current literature on neurotoxicity and chemoresistance of cisplatin (cisPt) and discussed our recent efforts on the interference of cisPt and a new platinum compound [Pt(O,O′-acac)(γ-acac)(DMS)] (PtAcacDMS), with high specific reactivity with sulphur ligands instead of nucleobases as cisPt, on some crucial events of rat postnatal cerebellum development. The acute effects of drug treatments on cell proliferation and death in the external granular layer and granule cell migration and the late effects on the dendrite growth of Purkinje cells were evaluated. Together with the demonstrated antineoplastic effectiveness in vitro, compared with cisPt, data suggest a lower neurotoxicity of PtAcacDMS, in spite of its presence in the brain that involves considerations on the blood brain barrier permeability.
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Park JY, Kim SW, Lee JK, Im WB, Jin BK, Yoon SH. Simplified Heterocyclic Analogues of Fluoxetine Inhibit Inducible Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:538-44. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University
| | | | | | - Weon Bin Im
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine Kyung Hee University
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University
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Li H, Sonobe Y, Tabata H, Liang J, Jin S, Doi Y, Kawanokuchi J, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Tumor necrosis factor-α promotes granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated microglia to differentiate into competent dendritic cell-like antigen-presenting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2010.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Induction of Protective Immunity by Vaccination With Wild-Type Apo Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Mutant SOD1 Transgenic Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:1044-56. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181f4a90a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lull ME, Block ML. Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:354-65. [PMID: 20880500 PMCID: PMC2951017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence points to activated microglia as a chronic source of multiple neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving progressive neuron damage. Microglia can become chronically activated by either a single stimulus (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or neuron damage) or multiple stimuli exposures to result in cumulative neuronal loss with time. Although the mechanisms driving these phenomena are just beginning to be understood, reactive microgliosis (the microglial response to neuron damage) and ROS have been implicated as key mechanisms of chronic and neurotoxic microglial activation, particularly in the case of Parkinson's disease. We review the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chronic microglial activation and discuss the role of neuronal death and microglial ROS driving the chronic and toxic microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Lull
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
| | - Michelle L. Block
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
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41
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Volovitz I, Marmor Y, Mor F, Flügel A, Odoardi F, Eisenbach L, Cohen IR. T cell vaccination induces the elimination of EAE effector T cells: Analysis using GFP-transduced, encephalitogenic T cells. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hu X, Zhang D, Pang H, Caudle WM, Li Y, Gao H, Liu Y, Qian L, Wilson B, Di Monte DA, Ali SF, Zhang J, Block ML, Hong JS. Macrophage antigen complex-1 mediates reactive microgliosis and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7194-204. [PMID: 18981141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death is known to trigger reactive microgliosis. However, little is known regarding the manner by which microglia are activated by injured neurons and how microgliosis participates in neurodegeneration. In this study we delineate the critical role of macrophage Ag complex-1 (MAC1), a member of the beta(2) integrin family, in mediating reactive microgliosis and promoting dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of Parkinson's disease. MAC1 deficiency greatly attenuated the DAergic neurodegeneration induced by MPTP or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridium iodide (MPP(+)) exposure both in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Reconstituted experiments created by adding microglia from MAC1(-/-) or MAC1(+/+) mice back to MAC1(+/+) neuron-enriched cultures showed that microglia with functional MAC1 expression was mandatory for microglia-enhanced neurotoxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro morphological and Western blot studies demonstrated that MPTP/MPP(+) produced less microglia activation in MAC1(-/-) mice than MAC1(+/+) mice. Further mechanistic studies revealed that a MPP(+)-mediated increase in superoxide production was reduced in MAC1(-/-) neuron-glia cultures compared with MAC1(+/+) cultures. The stunted production of superoxide in MAC1(-/-) microglia is likely linked to the lack of translocation of the cytosolic NADPH oxidase (PHOX) subunit (p47(phox)) to the membrane. In addition, the production of PGE(2) markedly decreased in neuron plus MAC1(-/-) microglia cocultures vs neuron plus MAC1(+/+) microglia cocultures. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MAC1 plays a critical role in MPTP/MPP(+)-induced reactive microgliosis and further support the hypothesis that reactive microgliosis is an essential step in the self-perpetuating cycle leading to progressive DAergic neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Turchan-Cholewo J, Dimayuga FO, Gupta S, Keller JN, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Bruce-Keller AJ. Morphine and HIV-Tat increase microglial-free radical production and oxidative stress: possible role in cytokine regulation. J Neurochem 2008; 108:202-15. [PMID: 19054280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse alters the progression of human immunodeficiency virus and may increase the risk of neuroAIDS. As neuroAIDS is associated with altered microglial reactivity, the combined effects of human immunodeficiency virus-Tat and morphine were determined in cultured microglia. Specifically, experiments determined the effects of Tat and morphine on microglial-free radical production and oxidative stress, and on cytokine release. Data show that combined Tat and morphine cause early and synergistic increases in reactive oxygen species, with concomitant increases in protein oxidation. Furthermore, combined Tat and morphine, but not Tat or morphine alone, cause reversible decreases in proteasome activity. The effects of morphine on free radical production and oxidative stress are prevented by pre-treatment with naloxone, illustrating the important role of opioid receptor activation in these phenomena. While Tat is well known to induce cytokine release from cultured microglia, morphine decreases Tat-induced release of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, as well as the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Finally, experiments using the reversible proteasome inhibitor MG115 show that temporary, non-cytotoxic decreases in proteasome activity increase protein oxidation and decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and MCP-1 release from microglia. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress and proteasome inhibition may be involved in the immunomodulatory properties of opioid receptor activation in microglia.
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Vegeto E, Benedusi V, Maggi A. Estrogen anti-inflammatory activity in brain: a therapeutic opportunity for menopause and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:507-19. [PMID: 18522863 PMCID: PMC2630539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the prominent role played by estrogens in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against the noxious consequences of a chronic inflammatory reaction. The neurodegenerative process of several CNS diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, is associated with the activation of microglia cells, which drive the resident inflammatory response. Chronically stimulated during neurodegeneration, microglia cells are thought to provide detrimental effects on surrounding neurons. The inhibitory activity of estrogens on neuroinflammation and specifically on microglia might thus be considered as a beneficial therapeutic opportunity for delaying the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases; in addition, understanding the peculiar activity of this female hormone on inflammatory signalling pathways will possibly lead to the development of selected anti-inflammatory molecules. This review summarises the evidence for the involvement of microglia in neuroinflammation and the anti-inflammatory activity played by estrogens specifically in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vegeto
- Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan via Balzaretti, 9 20133-Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Benedusi
- Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan via Balzaretti, 9 20133-Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Milan via Balzaretti, 9 20133-Milan, Italy
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Kato T, Mizoguchi Y, Monji A, Horikawa H, Suzuki SO, Seki Y, Iwaki T, Hashioka S, Kanba S. Inhibitory effects of aripiprazole on interferon--induced microglial activation via intracellular Ca2+regulationin vitro. J Neurochem 2008; 106:815-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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De Paula ML, Rodrigues DH, Teixeira HC, Barsante MM, Souza MA, Ferreira AP. Genistein down-modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and reverses clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1291-7. [PMID: 18602076 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common non-traumatic, disabling neurological human inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models MS and is characterized as a CD4+ T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated autoimmune disease. It is characterized by an influx of activated leukocytes into the CNS. Genistein, occurring abundantly in soy products, has apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present report, we investigated the use of genistein for the treatment of the murine model of MS. After induction of EAE with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide (MOG(35-55)), we observed that genistein treatment ameliorated significantly the clinical symptoms, modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, we analyzed the leukocyte rolling and adherence in the CNS by performing intravital microscopy. Genistein treatment resulted in decreased rolling and adhering of leukocytes as compared to the untreated group. Our data suggest that genistein might be a potential therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio L De Paula
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sonobe Y, Jin S, Wang J, Kawanokuchi J, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Chronological changes of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 213:329-39. [PMID: 18075237 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.213.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS remains unclear, but T cells specific for myelin components, such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), are thought to play a critical role in the onset of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used as an animal model of MS, and T helper type 1 (Th1) cells play an essential role for the pathogenesis of EAE through the production of Th1 cytokines, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). We examined CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in the spleen and CNS of EAE mice, generated by immunization with a peptide (35-55 amino acid residues) of MOG. The number of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and their MOG-reactivity in the CNS were associated with increasing disease severity but not those in the spleen, suggesting that the MOG-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the CNS are involved in the development of EAE. Polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, while CD4(+) T cells also produced interleukin-17 (IL-17), an important factor in the development of EAE. Thus, CD4(+) T cells may contribute to the induction of EAE by producing IL-17. Furthermore, CD8(+) T cells express higher levels of a suppressive cytokine, IL-10. Taking together, our data suggest that CD4(+) T cells are involved in the early phase of EAE, whereas CD8(+) T cells have a regulatory role in the later stage of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Sonobe
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Microglial activation in brain lesions with tau deposits: comparison of human tauopathies and tau transgenic mice TgTauP301L. Brain Res 2008; 1214:159-68. [PMID: 18457819 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship of microglia to phosphorylated tau accumulation and the characteristics of microglial activation in brain lesions of human tauopathies in comparison to mutant tau transgenic (TG) mice. We performed immunocytochemical analyses of brains from six patients with tauopathies, and 24 mice (18 TG mice expressing mutant tau P301L and six non-TG control mice, 11 to 27 months of age) using anti-tau antibodies and various microglial markers. In the tau TG, both semiquantitative severity ratings of microglial activation and an ultrastructural study were performed. In human tauopathies, Iba1- and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive activated microglia increased in regions of phosphorylated tau (AT8) accumulation. The immunoreactivity of scavenger receptor class A (SRA) was present in some activated microglia, including phagocytic microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Double-immunofluorescent analysis under a confocal microscope showed activated microglia at the vicinity of AT8-positive cells. Semiquantitative data of the TG and control mice indicated that the immunopositivity of AT8 was closely associated with the number of Iba1-positive microglia in the cortical area. Tau-associated microglia showed rare immunoreactivity for MHC class II antigen and SRA in the TG mice. Ultrastructurally, activated microglia with enlarged cytoplasm were located near neurons containing abnormal cytoskeletons. This comparative study of human tauopathies and tau TG mice indicated that microglial activation was closely related to phosphorylated tau accumulation, and that activated microglia of the TG mice may have the low expression of MHC class II and SRA compared with those of human tauopathies.
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Inhibition of midkine alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the expansion of regulatory T cell population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3915-20. [PMID: 18319343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709592105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial mediators of autoimmune tolerance. The factors that regulate Treg cells, however, are largely unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in midkine (MK), a heparin-binding growth factor involved in oncogenesis, inflammation, and tissue repair, attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) because of an expansion of the Treg cell population in peripheral lymph nodes and decreased numbers of autoreactive T-helper type 1 (T(H)1) and T(H)17 cells. MK decreased the Treg cell population ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner by suppression of STAT5 phosphorylation that is essential for Foxp3 expression. Moreover, administration of anti-MK RNA aptamers significantly expanded the Treg cell population and alleviated EAE symptoms. These observations indicate that MK serves as a critical suppressor of Treg cell expansion, and inhibition of MK using RNA aptamers may provide an effective therapeutic strategy against autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Hozumi H, Asanuma M, Miyazaki I, Fukuoka S, Kikkawa Y, Kimoto N, Kitamura Y, Sendo T, Kita T, Gomita Y. Protective effects of interferon-γ against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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