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Alix JJP, Plesia M, Stockholm D, Shaw PJ, Mead RJ, Day JCC. In Vivo Raman Spectroscopy of Muscle Is Highly Sensitive for Detection of Healthy Muscle and Highly Specific for Detection of Disease. Anal Chem 2024; 96:15991-15997. [PMID: 39324782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy of muscle provides a molecular fingerprint to identify the disease. Previous work has demonstrated effectiveness in differentiating between two groups of equal sizes (e.g., healthy vs disease) but imbalanced multiclass scenarios are more common in medicine. We performed in vivo Raman spectroscopy in a total of 151 mice across four different histopathologies (healthy, acute myopathy, chronic myopathy, neurogenic), with variable numbers in each (class "imbalance"). Using hierarchical modeling and synthetic data generation, we demonstrate high sensitivity (94%) for detection of healthy muscle and high specificity (≥97%) for disease. Further, we demonstrate the potential for unique biomarker development by demonstrating variations in the protein structure across different pathologies. The findings demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy to provide accurate disease identification and unique molecular insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J P Alix
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Plesia
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stockholm
- Généthon, Evry 91000, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, PSL University, Paris 75000, France
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - John C C Day
- Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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2
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Aizawa H, Nagumo S, Hideyama T, Kato H, Kwak S, Terashi H, Suzuki Y, Kimura T. Morphometric analysis of spinal motor neuron degeneration in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2024; 464:123177. [PMID: 39146882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify the relationship between 43-kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) pathology and spinal cord anterior horn motor neuron (AHMN) atrophy in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). METHODS Eight patients with SALS and 12 controls were included in this study. Formalin-fixed specimens of lumbar spinal cord samples were paraffin-embedded and sectioned at the level of the fourth lumbar spinal cord with a 4 μm thickness. Using a microscope, the long diameters of the neurons with nucleoli were measured in spinal AHMNs stained with an anti-SMI-32 antibody. AHMNs were divided into medial and lateral nuclei for statistical analysis. We also used previously reported data to measure the long diameter of AHMNs with initial TDP-43 pathology, in which TDP-43 was present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. RESULTS The long diameter of the lumbar spinal AHMNs in patients with SALS was smaller in the medial nucleus (42.54 ± 9.33 μm, n = 24) and the lateral nucleus (49.41 ± 13.86 μm, n = 129) than in controls (medial nucleus: 55.84 ± 13.49 μm, n = 85, p < 0.001; lateral nucleus: 62.39 ± 13.29 μm, n = 756, p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). All 21 motor neurons with initial TDP-43 pathology were in the lateral nucleus, and their long diameter (67.60 ± 18.3 μm, p = 0.352) was not significantly different from that of controls. CONCLUSION Motor neuron atrophy in SALS does not occur during the initial stages of TDP-43 pathology, and TDP-43 pathology is already advanced in the atrophied motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Aizawa
- Department of Neurology, Sanno Hospital, 8-10-16 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Nagumo
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takuto Hideyama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kato
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shin Kwak
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroo Terashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, 7-4048 Hanasaki-cho, Hokkaido 070-8644, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Asahikawa Medical Center, 7-4048 Hanasaki-cho, Hokkaido 070-8644, Japan
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Mora S, Stuckert A, von Huth Friis R, Pietersz K, Noes-Holt G, Montañana-Rosell R, Wang H, Sørensen AT, Selvan R, Verhaagen J, Allodi I. Stabilization of V1 interneuron-motor neuron connectivity ameliorates motor phenotype in a mouse model of ALS. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4867. [PMID: 38849367 PMCID: PMC11161600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of connectivity between spinal V1 inhibitory interneurons and motor neurons is found early in disease in the SOD1G93A mice. Such changes in premotor inputs can contribute to homeostatic imbalance of motor neurons. Here, we show that the Extended Synaptotagmin 1 (Esyt1) presynaptic organizer is downregulated in V1 interneurons. V1 restricted overexpression of Esyt1 rescues inhibitory synapses, increases motor neuron survival, and ameliorates motor phenotypes. Two gene therapy approaches overexpressing ESYT1 were investigated; one for local intraspinal delivery, and the other for systemic administration using an AAV-PHP.eB vector delivered intravenously. Improvement of motor functions is observed in both approaches, however systemic administration appears to significantly reduce onset of motor impairment in the SOD1G93A mice in absence of side effects. Altogether, we show that stabilization of V1 synapses by ESYT1 overexpression has the potential to improve motor functions in ALS, demonstrating that interneurons can be a target to attenuate ALS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mora
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Anna Stuckert
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Kimberly Pietersz
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gith Noes-Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Raghavendra Selvan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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Martínez P, Silva M, Abarzúa S, Tevy MF, Jaimovich E, Constantine-Paton M, Bustos FJ, van Zundert B. Skeletal myotubes expressing ALS mutant SOD1 induce pathogenic changes, impair mitochondrial axonal transport, and trigger motoneuron death. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595817. [PMID: 38826246 PMCID: PMC11142234 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motoneurons (MNs), and despite progress, there is no effective treatment. A large body of evidence shows that astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutant proteins cause non-cell autonomous toxicity of MNs. Although MNs innervate muscle fibers and ALS is characterized by the early disruption of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and axon degeneration, there are controversies about whether muscle contributes to non-cell-autonomous toxicity to MNs. In this study, we generated primary skeletal myotubes from myoblasts derived from ALS mice expressing human mutant SOD1 G93A (termed hereafter mutSOD1). Characterization revealed that mutSOD1 skeletal myotubes display intrinsic phenotypic and functional differences compared to control myotubes generated from non-transgenic (NTg) littermates. Next, we analyzed whether ALS myotubes exert non-cell-autonomous toxicity to MNs. We report that conditioned media from mutSOD1 myotubes (mutSOD1-MCM), but not from control myotubes (NTg-MCM), induced robust death of primary MNs in mixed spinal cord cultures and compartmentalized microfluidic chambers. Our study further revealed that applying mutSOD1-MCM to the MN axonal side in microfluidic devices rapidly reduces mitochondrial axonal transport while increasing Ca2+ transients and reactive oxygen species (i.e., H 2 O 2 ). These results indicate that soluble factor(s) released by mutSOD1 myotubes cause MN axonopathy that leads to lethal pathogenic changes.
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Titova A, Nikolaev S, Bilyalov A, Filatov N, Brovkin S, Shestakov D, Khatkov I, Pismennaya E, Bondarev V, Antyuxina M, Shagimardanova E, Bodunova N, Gusev O. Extreme Tolerance of Extraocular Muscles to Diseases and Aging: Why and How? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4985. [PMID: 38732204 PMCID: PMC11084950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraocular muscles (EOMs) possess unique characteristics that set them apart from other skeletal muscles. These muscles, responsible for eye movements, exhibit remarkable resistance to various muscular dystrophies and aging, presenting a significant contrast to the vulnerability of skeletal muscles to these conditions. In this review, we delve into the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the distinct properties of EOMs. We explore their structural complexity, highlighting differences in fiber types, innervation patterns, and developmental origins. Notably, EOM fibers express a diverse array of myosin heavy-chain isoforms, retaining embryonic forms into adulthood. Moreover, their motor innervation is characterized by a high ratio of nerve fibers to muscle fibers and the presence of unique neuromuscular junctions. These features contribute to the specialized functions of EOMs, including rapid and precise eye movements. Understanding the mechanisms behind the resilience of EOMs to disease and aging may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for treating muscular dystrophies and myopathies affecting other skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Titova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat Bilyalov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Filatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Brovkin
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Khatkov
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Elena Shagimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bodunova
- SBHI Moscow Clinical Scientific Center Named after Loginov MHD, 111123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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Colognesi M, Shkodra A, Gabbia D, Kawamata H, Manfredi PL, Manfredi G, De Martin S. Sex-dependent effects of the uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist REL-1017 in G93A-SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1384829. [PMID: 38765264 PMCID: PMC11100767 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1384829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by the demise of motor neurons has been linked to excitotoxicity caused by excessive calcium influx via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), suggesting that uncompetitive NMDAR antagonism could be a strategy to attenuate motor neuron degeneration. REL-1017, the dextro-isomer of racemic methadone, is a low-affinity uncompetitive NMDAR antagonist. Importantly, in humans REL-1017 has shown excellent tolerability in clinical trials for major depression. Methods Here, we tested if REL-1017 improves the disease phenotypes in the G93A SOD1 mouse, a well-established model of familial ALS, by examining survival and motor functions, as well as the expression of genes and proteins involved in neuroplasticity. Results We found a sex-dependent effect of REL-1017 in G93A SOD1 mice. A delay of ALS symptom onset, assessed as 10%-decrease of body weight (p < 0.01 vs. control untreated mice) and an extension of lifespan (p < 0.001 vs. control untreated mice) was observed in male G93A SOD1 mice. Female G93A SOD1 mice treated with REL-1017 showed an improvement of muscle strength (p < 0.01 vs. control untreated mice). Both males and females treated with REL-1017 showed a decrease in hind limb clasping. Sex-dependent effects of REL-1017 were also detected in molecular markers of neuronal plasticity (PSD95 and SYN1) in the spinal cord and in the GluN1 NMDAR subunit in quadricep muscles. Conclusion In conclusion, this study provides preclinical in vivo evidence supporting the clinical evaluation of REL-1017 in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Colognesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Atea Shkodra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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7
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Brandenburg JE, Fogarty MJ, Zhan WZ, Kopper LA, Sieck GC. Postnatal survival of phrenic motor neurons is promoted by BDNF/TrkB.FL signaling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1113-1121. [PMID: 38511211 PMCID: PMC11368516 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00911.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The number of motor neurons (MNs) declines precipitously during the final trimester before birth. Thereafter, the number of MNs remains relatively stable, with their connections to skeletal muscle dependent on neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling through its high-affinity full-length tropomyosin-related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB.FL) receptor. As a genetic knockout of BDNF leads to extensive MN loss and postnatal death within 1-2 days after birth, we tested the hypothesis that postnatal inhibition of BDNF/TrkB.FL signaling is important for postnatal phrenic MN (PhMN) survival. In the present study, we used a 1NMPP1-sensitive TrkBF616A mutant mouse to evaluate the effects of inhibition of TrkB kinase activity on phrenic MN (PhMN) numbers and diaphragm muscle (DIAm) fiber cross-sectional area (CSA). Pups were exposed to 1NMPP1 or vehicle (DMSO) from birth to 21 days old (weaning) via the mother's ingestion in the drinking water. Following weaning, the right phrenic nerve was exposed in the neck and the proximal end dipped in a rhodamine solution to retrogradely label PhMNs. After 24 h, the cervical spinal cord and DIAm were excised. Labeled PhMNs were imaged using confocal microscopy, whereas DIAm strips were frozen at ∼1.5× resting length, cryosectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess CSA. We observed an ∼34% reduction in PhMN numbers and increased primary dendrite numbers in 1NMPP1-treated TrkBF616A mice. The distribution of PhMN size (somal surface area) DIAm fiber cross-sectional areas did not differ. We conclude that survival of PhMNs during early postnatal development is sensitive to BDNF/TrkB.FL signaling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During early postnatal development, BDNF/TrkB signaling promotes PhMN survival. Inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling in early postnatal development does not impact PhMN size. Inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling in early postnatal development does not impact the number or CSA of DIAm fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline E Brandenburg
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Wen-Zhi Zhan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Leo A Kopper
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Dermentzaki G, Furlan M, Tanaka I, Leonardi T, Rinchetti P, Passos PMS, Bastos A, Ayala YM, Hanna JH, Przedborski S, Bonanomi D, Pelizzola M, Lotti F. Depletion of Mettl3 in cholinergic neurons causes adult-onset neuromuscular degeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113999. [PMID: 38554281 PMCID: PMC11216409 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron (MN) demise is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Post-transcriptional gene regulation can control RNA's fate, and defects in RNA processing are critical determinants of MN degeneration. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional RNA modification that controls diverse aspects of RNA metabolism. To assess the m6A requirement in MNs, we depleted the m6A methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) in cells and mice. METTL3 depletion in embryonic stem cell-derived MNs has profound and selective effects on survival and neurite outgrowth. Mice with cholinergic neuron-specific METTL3 depletion display a progressive decline in motor behavior, accompanied by MN loss and muscle denervation, culminating in paralysis and death. Reader proteins convey m6A effects, and their silencing phenocopies METTL3 depletion. Among the m6A targets, we identified transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and discovered that its expression is under epitranscriptomic control. Thus, impaired m6A signaling disrupts MN homeostasis and triggers neurodegeneration conceivably through TDP-43 deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Dermentzaki
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mattia Furlan
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Iris Tanaka
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rinchetti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia M S Passos
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alliny Bastos
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuna M Ayala
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dario Bonanomi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Pelizzola
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Nascimento F, Özyurt MG, Halablab K, Bhumbra GS, Caron G, Bączyk M, Zytnicki D, Manuel M, Roselli F, Brownstone R, Beato M. Spinal microcircuits go through multiphasic homeostatic compensations in a mouse model of motoneuron degeneration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588918. [PMID: 38645210 PMCID: PMC11030447 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
In neurological conditions affecting the brain, early-stage neural circuit adaption is key for long-term preservation of normal behaviour. We tested if motoneurons and respective microcircuits also adapt in the initial stages of disease progression in a mouse model of progressive motoneuron degeneration. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology and super-resolution microscopy, we found that, preceding muscle denervation and motoneuron death, recurrent inhibition mediated by Renshaw cells is reduced in half due to impaired quantal size associated with decreased glycine receptor density. Additionally, higher probability of release from proprioceptive Ia terminals leads to increased monosynaptic excitation to motoneurons. Surprisingly, the initial impairment in recurrent inhibition is not a widespread feature of inhibitory spinal circuits, such as group I inhibitory afferents, and is compensated at later stages of disease progression. We reveal that in disease conditions, spinal microcircuits undergo specific multiphasic homeostatic compensations to preserve force output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Nascimento
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology (NPP), Gower Street, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Görkem Özyurt
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology (NPP), Gower Street, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kareen Halablab
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Ulm (DZNE-Ulm), Ulm, Germany
| | - Gardave Singh Bhumbra
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology (NPP), Gower Street, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Caron
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Marcin Bączyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Daniel Zytnicki
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Marin Manuel
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, USA
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases-Ulm (DZNE-Ulm), Ulm, Germany
| | - Rob Brownstone
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology (NPP), Gower Street, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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10
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Brown BL, Anil N, States G, Whittemore SR, Magnuson DSK. Long ascending propriospinal neurons are heterogenous and subject to spinal cord injury induced anatomic plasticity. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114631. [PMID: 38070723 PMCID: PMC10922963 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Long ascending propriospinal neurons (LAPNs) are a subset of spinal interneurons that provide direct connectivity between distant spinal segments. Here, we focus specifically on an anatomically defined population of "inter-enlargement" LAPNs with cell bodies at L2/3 and terminals at C5/6. Previous studies showed that silencing LAPNs in awake and freely moving animals disrupted interlimb coordination of the hindlimbs, forelimbs, and heterolateral limb pairs. Surprisingly, despite a proportion of LAPNs being anatomically intact post- spinal cord injury (SCI), silencing them improved locomotor function but only influenced coordination of the hindlimb pair. Given the functional significance of LAPNs pre- and post-SCI, we characterized their anatomy and SCI-induced anatomical plasticity. This detailed anatomical characterization revealed three morphologically distinct subsets of LAPNs that differ in soma size, neurite complexity and/or neurite orientation. Following a mild thoracic contusive SCI there was a marked shift in neurite orientation in two of the LAPN subsets to a more dorsoventral orientation, and collateral densities decreased in the cervical enlargement but increased just caudal to the injury epicenter. These post-SCI anatomical changes potentially reflect maladaptive plasticity and an effort to establish new functional inputs from sensory afferents that sprout post-SCI to achieve circuitry homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Neha Anil
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gregory States
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Bioengineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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11
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Marlin E, Valencia M, Peregrín N, Ferrero R, Nicolás MJ, Vinueza-Gavilanes R, Pineda-Lucena A, Artieda J, Arrasate M, Aragón T. Pharmacological inhibition of the integrated stress response accelerates disease progression in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:495-508. [PMID: 37823684 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The integrated stress response (ISR) regulates translation in response to diverse stresses. ISR activation has been documented in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and ALS experimental models. In experimental models, both ISR stimulation and inhibition prevented ALS neurodegeneration; however, which mode of ISR regulation would work in patients is still debated. We previously demonstrated that the ISR modulator ISRIB (Integrated Stress Response InhiBitor, an eIF2B activator) enhances survival of neurons expressing the ALS neurotoxic allele SOD1 G93A. Here, we tested the effect of two ISRIB-like eIF2B activators (2BAct and PRXS571) in the disease progression of transgenic SOD1G93A mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After biochemical characterization in primary neurons, SOD1G93A mice were treated with 2BAct and PRXS571. Muscle denervation of vulnerable motor units was monitored with a longitudinal electromyographic test. We used a clinical score to document disease onset and progression; force loss was determined with the hanging wire motor test. Motor neuronal survival was assessed by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS In primary neurons, 2BAct and PRXS571 relieve the ISR-imposed translational inhibition while maintaining high ATF4 levels. Electromyographic recordings evidenced an earlier and more dramatic muscle denervation in treated SOD1G93A mice that correlated with a decrease in motor neuron survival. Both compounds anticipated disease onset and shortened survival time. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 2BAct and PRXS571 anticipate disease onset, aggravating muscle denervation and motor neuronal death of SOD1G93A mice. This study reveals that the ISR works as a neuroprotective pathway in ALS motor neurons and reveals the toxicity that eIF2B activators may display in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías Marlin
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Institute of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (DATAI), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nuria Peregrín
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Ferrero
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Nicolás
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Vinueza-Gavilanes
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julio Artieda
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arrasate
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Babcock CD, Volk VL, Zeng W, Hamilton LD, Shelburne KB, Fitzpatrick CK. Neural-driven activation of 3D muscle within a finite element framework: exploring applications in healthy and neurodegenerative simulations. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37966863 PMCID: PMC11093887 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2280772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel computational framework for neural-driven finite element muscle models, with an application to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The multiscale neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) model incorporates physiologically accurate motor neurons, 3D muscle geometry, and muscle fiber recruitment. It successfully predicts healthy muscle force and tendon elongation and demonstrates a progressive decline in muscle force due to ALS, dropping from 203 N (healthy) to 155 N (120 days after ALS onset). This approach represents a preliminary step towards developing integrated neural and musculoskeletal simulations to enhance our understanding of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions through predictive NMS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton D. Babcock
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID
| | - Victoria L. Volk
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY
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13
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Duranti E, Villa C. Muscle Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Understanding the Pathogenesis and Advancing Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1582. [PMID: 38002264 PMCID: PMC10669302 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal condition characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Muscle involvement, muscle atrophy, and subsequent paralysis are among the main features of this disease, which is defined as a neuromuscular disorder. ALS is a persistently progressive disease, and as motor neurons continue to degenerate, individuals with ALS experience a gradual decline in their ability to perform daily activities. Ultimately, muscle function loss may result in paralysis, presenting significant challenges in mobility, communication, and self-care. While the majority of ALS research has traditionally focused on pathogenic pathways in the central nervous system, there has been a great interest in muscle research. These studies were carried out on patients and animal models in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved and to develop therapies aimed at improving muscle function. This review summarizes the features of ALS and discusses the role of muscle, as well as examines recent studies in the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
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14
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Alix JJP, Plesia M, Shaw PJ, Mead RJ, Day JCC. Combining electromyography and Raman spectroscopy: optical EMG. Muscle Nerve 2023; 68:464-470. [PMID: 37477391 PMCID: PMC10952815 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Electromyography (EMG) remains a key component of the diagnostic work-up for suspected neuromuscular disease, but it does not provide insight into the molecular composition of muscle which can provide diagnostic information. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging neuromuscular biomarker capable of generating highly specific, molecular fingerprints of tissue. Here, we present "optical EMG," a combination of EMG and Raman spectroscopy, achieved using a single needle. METHODS An optical EMG needle was created to collect electrophysiological and Raman spectroscopic data during a single insertion. We tested functionality with in vivo recordings in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), using both transgenic (n = 10) and non-transgenic (NTg, n = 7) mice. Under anesthesia, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), spontaneous EMG activity and Raman spectra were recorded from both gastrocnemius muscles with the optical EMG needle. Standard concentric EMG needle recordings were also undertaken. Electrophysiological data were analyzed with standard univariate statistics, Raman data with both univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A significant difference in CMAP amplitude was observed between SOD1G93A and NTg mice with optical EMG and standard concentric needles (p = .015 and p = .011, respectively). Spontaneous EMG activity (positive sharp waves) was detected in transgenic SOD1G93A mice only. Raman spectra demonstrated peaks associated with key muscle components. Significant differences in molecular composition between SOD1G93A and NTg muscle were identified through the Raman spectra. DISCUSSION Optical EMG can provide standard electrophysiological data and molecular Raman data during a single needle insertion and represents a potential biomarker for neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. P. Alix
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Cross‐Faculty Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Maria Plesia
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Pamela J. Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Cross‐Faculty Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Richard J. Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Cross‐Faculty Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - John C. C. Day
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of PhysicsUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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15
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Lundquist A, Lázár E, Han NS, Emanuelsson EB, Reitzner SM, Chapman MA, Shirokova V, Alkass K, Druid H, Petri S, Sundberg CJ, Bergmann O. FiNuTyper: Design and validation of an automated deep learning-based platform for simultaneous fiber and nucleus type analysis in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e13982. [PMID: 37097015 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM While manual quantification is still considered the gold standard for skeletal muscle histological analysis, it is time-consuming and prone to investigator bias. To address this challenge, we assembled an automated image analysis pipeline, FiNuTyper (Fiber and Nucleus Typer). METHODS We integrated recently developed deep learning-based image segmentation methods, optimized for unbiased evaluation of fresh and postmortem human skeletal muscle, and utilized SERCA1 and SERCA2 as type-specific myonucleus and myofiber markers after validating them against the traditional use of MyHC isoforms. RESULTS Parameters including cross-sectional area, myonuclei per fiber, myonuclear domain, central myonuclei per fiber, and grouped myofiber ratio were determined in a fiber-type-specific manner, revealing that a large degree of sex- and muscle-related heterogeneity could be detected using the pipeline. Our platform was also tested on pathological muscle tissue (ALS and IBM) and adapted for the detection of other resident cell types (leucocytes, satellite cells, capillary endothelium). CONCLUSION In summary, we present an automated image analysis tool for the simultaneous quantification of myofiber and myonuclear types, to characterize the composition and structure of healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Lundquist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enikő Lázár
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nan S Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric B Emanuelsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan M Reitzner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Integrated Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Vera Shirokova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Carl J Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management, and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Fogarty MJ, Rana S, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Size-dependent differences in mitochondrial volume density in phrenic motor neurons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1332-1340. [PMID: 37022966 PMCID: PMC10190832 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromotor control of diaphragm muscle (DIAm) motor units is dependent on an orderly size-dependent recruitment of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs). Slow (type S) and fast, fatigue resistant (type FR) DIAm motor units, which are frequently recruited to sustain ventilation, comprise smaller PhMNs that innervate type I and IIa DIAm fibers. More fatigable fast (type FF) motor units, which are infrequently recruited for higher force, expulsive behaviors, comprise larger PhMNs that innervate more type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers. We hypothesize that due to the more frequent activation and thus higher energy demand of type S and FR motor units, the mitochondrial volume density (MVD) of smaller PhMNs is greater compared with larger PhMNs. In eight adult (6 mo old) Fischer 344 rats, PhMNs were identified via intrapleural injection of Alexa488-conjugated cholera toxin B (CTB). Following retrograde CTB labeling, mitochondria in PhMNs were labeled by transdural infusion of MitoTracker Red. PhMNs and mitochondria were imaged using multichannel confocal microscopy using a ×60 oil objective. Following optical sectioning and three-dimensional (3-D) rendering, PhMNs and mitochondria were analyzed volumetrically using Nikon Elements software. Analysis of MVD in somal and dendritic compartments was stratified by PhMN somal surface area. Smaller PhMNs (likely S and FR units) had greater somal MVDs compared with larger PhMNs (likely FF units). By contrast, proximal dendrites or larger PhMNs had higher MVD compared with dendrites of smaller PhMNs. We conclude that more active smaller PhMNs have a higher mitochondrial volume density to support their higher energy demand in sustaining ventilation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Type S and FR motor units, comprising smaller phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) are regularly activated to perform indefatigable ventilatory requirements. By contrast, type FF motor units, comprising larger PhMNs, are infrequently activated to perform expulsive straining and airway defense maneuvers. This difference in activation history is mirrored in the mitochondrial volume density (MVD), with smaller PhMNs having higher MVD than larger PhMNs. In proximal dendrites, this trend was reversed, with larger PhMNs having higher MVD than smaller PhMNs, likely due to the maintenance requirements for the larger dendritic arbor of FF PhMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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17
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Fogarty MJ, Dasgupta D, Khurram OU, Sieck GC. Chemogenetic inhibition of TrkB signalling reduces phrenic motor neuron survival and size. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103847. [PMID: 36958643 PMCID: PMC10247511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling through its high-affinity tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) is known to have potent effects on motor neuron survival and morphology during development and in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we employed a novel 1NMPP1 sensitive TrkBF616 rat model to evaluate the effect of 14 days inhibition of TrkB signalling on phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs). Adult female and male TrkBF616 rats were divided into 1NMPP1 or vehicle treated groups. Three days prior to treatment, PhMNs in both groups were initially labeled via intrapleural injection of Alexa-Fluor-647 cholera toxin B (CTB). After 11 days of treatment, retrograde axonal uptake/transport was assessed by secondary labeling of PhMNs by intrapleural injection of Alexa-Fluor-488 CTB. After 14 days of treatment, the spinal cord was excised 100 μm thick spinal sections containing PhMNs were imaged using two-channel confocal microscopy. TrkB inhibition reduced the total number of PhMNs by ∼16 %, reduced the mean PhMN somal surface areas by ∼25 %, impaired CTB uptake 2.5-fold and reduced the estimated PhMN dendritic surface area by ∼38 %. We conclude that inhibition of TrkB signalling alone in adult TrkBF616 rats is sufficient to lead to PhMN loss, morphological degeneration and deficits in retrograde axonal uptake/transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Debanjali Dasgupta
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Obaid U Khurram
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Maurer L, Brown M, Saggi T, Cardiges A, Kolarcik CL. Hindlimb muscle representations in mouse motor cortex defined by viral tracing. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:965318. [PMID: 37303816 PMCID: PMC10248224 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.965318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Descending pathways from the cortex to the spinal cord are involved in the control of natural movement. Although mice are widely used to study the neurobiology of movement and as models of neurodegenerative disease, an understanding of motor cortical organization is lacking, particularly for hindlimb muscles. Methods In this study, we used the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to compare the organization of descending cortical projections to fast- and slow-twitch hindlimb muscles surrounding the ankle joint in mice. Results Although the initial stage of virus transport from the soleus muscle (predominantly slow-twitch) appeared to be more rapid than that associated with the tibialis anterior muscle (predominantly fast-twitch), the rate of further transport of virus to cortical projection neurons in layer V was equivalent for the two injected muscles. After appropriate survival times, dense concentrations of layer V projection neurons were identified in three cortical areas: the primary motor cortex (M1), secondary motor cortex (M2), and primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Discussion The origin of the cortical projections to each of the two injected muscles overlapped almost entirely within these cortical areas. This organization suggests that cortical projection neurons maintain a high degree of specificity; that is, even when cortical projection neurons are closely located, each neuron could have a distinct functional role (controlling fast- versus slow-twitch and/or extensor versus flexor muscles). Our results represent an important addition to the understanding of the mouse motor system and lay the foundation for future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying motor system dysfunction and degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Maurer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maia Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tamandeep Saggi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexia Cardiges
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christi L. Kolarcik
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Maksimovic K, Youssef M, You J, Sung HK, Park J. Evidence of Metabolic Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients and Animal Models. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050863. [PMID: 37238732 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventual death. Research from the past few decades has appreciated that ALS is not only a disease of the motor neurons but also a disease that involves systemic metabolic dysfunction. This review will examine the foundational research of understanding metabolic dysfunction in ALS and provide an overview of past and current studies in ALS patients and animal models, spanning from full systems to various metabolic organs. While ALS-affected muscle tissue exhibits elevated energy demand and a fuel preference switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation, adipose tissue in ALS undergoes increased lipolysis. Dysfunctions in the liver and pancreas contribute to impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. The central nervous system (CNS) displays abnormal glucose regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress. Importantly, the hypothalamus, a brain region that controls whole-body metabolism, undergoes atrophy associated with pathological aggregates of TDP-43. This review will also cover past and present treatment options that target metabolic dysfunction in ALS and provide insights into the future of metabolism research in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Maksimovic
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mohieldin Youssef
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Justin You
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeehye Park
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Wlaschin JJ, Donahue C, Gluski J, Osborne JF, Ramos LM, Silberberg H, Le Pichon CE. Promoting regeneration while blocking cell death preserves motor neuron function in a model of ALS. Brain 2023; 146:2016-2028. [PMID: 36342754 PMCID: PMC10411937 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons with very few treatment options. We had previously found that motor neuron degeneration in a mouse model of ALS can be delayed by deleting the axon damage sensor MAP3K12 or dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK). However, DLK is also involved in axon regeneration, prompting us to ask whether combining DLK deletion with a way to promote axon regeneration would result in greater motor neuron protection. To achieve this, we used a mouse line that constitutively expresses ATF3, a master regulator of regeneration in neurons. Although there is precedence for each individual strategy in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, these have not previously been combined. By several lines of evidence including motor neuron electrophysiology, histology and behaviour, we observed a powerful synergy when combining DLK deletion with ATF3 expression. The combinatorial strategy resulted in significant protection of motor neurons with fewer undergoing cell death, reduced axon degeneration and preservation of motor function and connectivity to muscle. This study provides a demonstration of the power of combinatorial therapy to treat neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette J Wlaschin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Caroline Donahue
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacob Gluski
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer F Osborne
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leana M Ramos
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hanna Silberberg
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Bak AN, Djukic S, Kadlecova M, Braunstein TH, Jensen DB, Meehan CF. Cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation drives changes in C-bouton number and size in a mouse model of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103840. [PMID: 36921783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An altered neuronal excitability of spinal motoneurones has consistently been implicated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) leading to several investigations of synaptic input to these motoneurones. One such input that has repeatedly been shown to be affected is a population of large cholinergic synapses terminating mainly on the soma of the motoneurones referred to as C-boutons. Most research on these synapses during disease progression has used transgenic Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse models of the disease which have not only produced conflicting findings, but also fail to recapitulate the key pathological feature seen in ALS; cytoplasmic accumulations of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Additionally, they fail to distinguish between slow and fast motoneurones, the latter of which have more C-boutons, but are lost earlier in the disease. To circumvent these issues, we quantified the frequency and volume of C-boutons on traced soleus and gastrocnemius motoneurones, representing predominantly slow and fast motor pools respectively. Experiments were performed using the TDP-43ΔNLS mouse model that carries a transgenic construct of TDP-43 devoid of its nuclear localization signal, preventing its nuclear import. This results in the emergence of pathological TDP-43 inclusions in the cytoplasm, modelling the main pathology seen in this disorder, accompanied by a severe and lethal ALS phenotype. Our results confirmed changes in both the number and volume of C-boutons with a decrease in number on the more vulnerable, predominantly fast gastrocnemius motoneurones and an increase in number on the less vulnerable, predominantly slow soleus motoneurones. Importantly, these changes were only found in male mice. However, both sexes and motor pools showed a decrease in C-bouton volume. Our experiments confirm that cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation is sufficient to drive C-bouton changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Djukic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Venugopal S, Ghulam-Jhelani Z, Ahn IS, Yang X, Wiedau M, Simmons D, Chandler SH. Early deficits in GABA inhibition parallels an increase in L-type Ca 2+ currents in the jaw motor neurons of SOD1 G93A mouse model for ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105992. [PMID: 36623607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) involves protracted pre-symptomatic periods of abnormal motor neuron (MN) excitability occurring in parallel with central and peripheral synaptic perturbations. Focusing on inhibitory control of MNs, we first compared longitudinal changes in pre-synaptic terminal proteins for GABA and glycine neurotransmitters around the soma of retrogradely identified trigeminal jaw closer (JC) MNs and ChAT-labeled midbrain extraocular (EO) MNs in the SOD1G93A mouse model for ALS. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry and confocal imaging were used to quantify GAD67 and GlyT2 synaptic bouton density (SBD) around MN soma at pre-symptomatic ages ∼P12 (postnatal), ∼P50 (adult) and near disease end-stage (∼P135) in SOD1G93A mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. We noted reduced GAD67 innervation in the SOD1G93A trigeminal jaw closer MNs around P12, relative to age-matched WT and no significant difference around P50 and P135. In contrast, both GAD67 and GlyT2 innervation were elevated in the SOD1G93A EO MNs at the pre-symptomatic time points. Considering trigeminal MNs are vulnerable in ALS while EO MNs are spared, we suggest that upregulation of inhibition in the latter might be compensatory. Notable contrast also existed in the innate co-expression patterns of GAD67 and GlyT2 with higher mutual information (co-dependency) in EO MNs compared to JC in both SOD1G93A and WT mice, especially at adult stages (P50 and P135). Around P12 when GAD67 terminals expression was low in the mutant, we further tested for persistent GABA inhibition in those MNs using in vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology. Our results show that SOD1G93A JC MNs have reduced persistent GABA inhibition, relative to WT. Pharmacological blocking of an underlying tonically active GABA conductance using the GABA-α5 subunit inverse agonist, L-655-708, disinhibited WT JC MNs and lowered their recruitment threshold, suggesting its role in the control of intrinsic MN excitability. Quantitative RT-PCR in laser dissected JC MNs further supported a reduction in GABA-α5 subunit mRNA expression in the mutant. In light of our previous report that JC MNs forming putative fast motor units have lower input threshold in the SOD1G93A mice, we suggest that our present result on reduced GABA-α5 tonic inhibition provides for a mechanism contributing to such imbalance. In parallel with reduced GABA inhibition, we noted an increase in voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ currents in the mutant JC MNs around P12. Together these results support that, early modifications in intrinsic properties of vulnerable MNs could be an adaptive response to counter synaptic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Venugopal
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Zohal Ghulam-Jhelani
- Undergraduate Interdepartmental Program for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - In Sook Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Martina Wiedau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dwayne Simmons
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Scott H Chandler
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Cavarsan CF, Steele PR, Genry LT, Reedich EJ, McCane LM, LaPre KJ, Puritz AC, Manuel M, Katenka N, Quinlan KA. Inhibitory interneurons show early dysfunction in a SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Physiol 2023; 601:647-667. [PMID: 36515374 PMCID: PMC9898203 DOI: 10.1113/jp284192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) measure effects of the disease on inhibitory interneurons synapsing onto motoneurons (MNs). However, inhibitory interneurons could contribute to dysfunction, particularly if altered before MN neuropathology, and establish a long-term imbalance of inhibition/excitation. We directly assessed excitability and morphology of glycinergic (GlyT2 expressing) ventral lumbar interneurons from SOD1G93AGlyT2eGFP (SOD1) and wild-type GlyT2eGFP (WT) mice on postnatal days 6-10. Patch clamp revealed dampened excitability in SOD1 interneurons, including depolarized persistent inward currents (PICs), increased voltage and current threshold for firing action potentials, along with a marginal decrease in afterhyperpolarization duration. Primary neurites of ventral SOD1 inhibitory interneurons were larger in volume and surface area than WT. GlyT2 interneurons were then divided into three subgroups based on location: (1) interneurons within 100 μm of the ventral white matter, where Renshaw cells (RCs) are located, (2) interneurons interspersed with MNs in lamina IX, and (3) interneurons in the intermediate ventral area including laminae VII and VIII. Ventral interneurons in the RC area were the most profoundly affected, exhibiting more depolarized PICs and larger primary neurites. Interneurons in lamina IX had depolarized PIC onset. In lamina VII-VIII, interneurons were least affected. In summary, inhibitory interneurons show very early region-specific perturbations poised to impact excitatory/inhibitory balance of MNs, modify motor output and provide early biomarkers of ALS. Therapeutics like riluzole that universally reduce CNS excitability could exacerbate the inhibitory dysfunction described here. KEY POINTS: Spinal inhibitory interneurons could contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology, but their excitability has never been directly measured. We studied the excitability and morphology of glycinergic interneurons in early postnatal transgenic mice (SOD1G93A GlyT2eGFP). Interneurons were less excitable and had marginally smaller somas but larger primary neurites in SOD1 mice. GlyT2 interneurons were analysed according to their localization within the ventral spinal cord. Interestingly, the greatest differences were observed in the most ventrally located interneurons. We conclude that inhibitory interneurons show presymptomatic changes that may contribute to excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa F Cavarsan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Preston R Steele
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Landon T Genry
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Emily J Reedich
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lynn M McCane
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Kay J LaPre
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alyssa C Puritz
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marin Manuel
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Natallia Katenka
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Katharina A Quinlan
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Mueller M, Thompson R, Osman KL, Andel E, Dejonge C, Kington S, Stephenson Z, Hamad A, Bunyak F, Nichols NL, Lever TE. Impact of Limb Phenotype on Tongue Denervation Atrophy, Dysphagia Penetrance, and Survival Time in a Mouse Model of ALS. Dysphagia 2022; 37:1777-1795. [PMID: 35426522 PMCID: PMC9568622 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for dysphagia in ALS do not target the underlying tongue weakness and denervation atrophy that is prevalent in spinal and bulbar ALS cases. To address this clinical gap, we studied the low copy number SOD1-G93A (LCN-SOD1) mouse model of ALS to quantify the impact of limb phenotype on tongue denervation atrophy, dysphagia penetrance, and survival time in preparation for future treatment-based studies. Two male LCN-SOD1 breeders and 125 offspring were followed for limb phenotype inheritance, of which 52 (30 LCN-SOD1 and 22 wild-type/WT, both sexes) underwent characterization of dysphagia penetrance (via videofluoroscopic swallow study; VFSS) and survival time at disease end-stage (15-20% body weight loss). From these, 16 mice (8/genotype) underwent postmortem histological analysis of the genioglossus for evidence of denervation atrophy. Results revealed that both breeders displayed a mixed (hindlimb and forelimb) ALS phenotype and sired equal proportions of hindlimb vs. mixed phenotype offspring. Dysphagia penetrance was complete for mixed (100%) versus incomplete for hindlimb (64%) phenotype mice; yet survival times were similar. Regardless of limb phenotype, LCN-SOD1 mice had significantly smaller genioglossus myofibers and more centralized myonuclei compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). These biomarkers of denervation atrophy were significantly correlated with VFSS metrics (lick and swallow rates, p < 0.05) but not survival time. In conclusion, both LCN-SOD1 phenotypes had significant tongue denervation atrophy, even hindlimb phenotype mice without dysphagia. This finding recapitulates human ALS, providing robust rationale for using this preclinical model to explore targeted treatments for tongue denervation atrophy and ensuing dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate L. Osman
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ellyn Andel
- University of Missouri Students, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hamad
- University of Missouri Students, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Filiz Bunyak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri College of Engineering, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nicole L. Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Teresa E. Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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25
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Elbasiouny SM. Motoneuron excitability dysfunction in ALS: Pseudo-mystery or authentic conundrum? J Physiol 2022; 600:4815-4825. [PMID: 36178320 PMCID: PMC9669170 DOI: 10.1113/jp283630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), abnormalities in motoneuronal excitability are seen in early pathogenesis and throughout disease progression. Fully understanding motoneuron excitability dysfunction may lead to more effective treatments. Yet decades of research have not produced consensus on the nature, role or underlying mechanisms of motoneuron excitability dysfunction in ALS. For example, contrary to Ca excitotoxicity theory, predictions of motoneuronal hyper-excitability, normal and hypo-excitability have also been seen at various disease stages and in multiple ALS lines. Accordingly, motoneuron excitability dysfunction in ALS is a disputed topic in the field. Specifically, the form (hyper, hypo or unchanged) and what role excitability dysfunction plays in the disease (pathogenic or downstream of other pathologies; neuroprotective or detrimental) are currently unclear. Although several motoneuron properties that determine cellular excitability change in the disease, some of these changes are pro-excitable, whereas others are anti-excitable, making dynamic fluctuations in overall 'net' excitability highly probable. Because various studies assess excitability via differing methods and at differing disease stages, the conflicting reports in the literature are not surprising. Hence, the overarching process of excitability degradation and motoneuron degeneration is not fully understood. Consequently, the discrepancies on motoneuron excitability dysfunction in the literature represent a substantial barrier to our understanding of the disease. Emerging studies suggest that biological variables, variations in experimental protocols, issues of rigor and sampling/analysis strategies are key factors that may underlie conflicting data in the literature. This review highlights potential confounding factors for researchers to consider and also offers ideas on avoiding pitfalls and improving robustness of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif M. Elbasiouny
- Department of NeuroscienceCell Biology, and PhysiologyBoonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and MathematicsWright State UniversityDaytonOHUSA,Department of BiomedicalIndustrial, and Human Factors EngineeringCollege of Engineering and Computer ScienceWright State UniversityDaytonOHUSA
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26
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Khademullah CS, De Koninck Y. A novel assessment of fine-motor function reveals early hindlimb and detectable forelimb deficits in an experimental model of ALS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17010. [PMID: 36220871 PMCID: PMC9553953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the loss of cortical and spinal motor neurons (MNs) and muscle degeneration (Kiernan et al. in Lancet 377:942-955, 2011). In the preclinical setting, functional tests that can detect early changes in motor function in rodent models of ALS are critical to understanding the etiology of the disease and treatment development. Here, we established a string-pulling paradigm that can detect forelimb and hindlimb motor deficits in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS earlier than traditional motor performance tasks. Additionally, our findings indicate that early loss of forelimb and hindlimb function is correlated with cortical and spinal MN loss, respectively. This task is not only ecological, low-cost, efficient, and non-onerous, it also requires little animal handling and reduces the stress placed on the animal. It has long been a concern in the field that the SOD1 mouse does not display forelimb motor deficits and does not give researchers a complete picture of the disease. Here, we provide evidence that the SOD1 model does in fact develop early forelimb motor deficits due to the task's ability to assess fine-motor function, reconciling this model with the various clinical presentation of ALS. Taken together, the string-pulling paradigm may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of ALS, offer nuanced evaluation of prospective treatments, and has high translational potential to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sahara Khademullah
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec, QC G1J 2G3 Canada
| | - Yves De Koninck
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec, QC G1J 2G3 Canada
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27
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Davis LA, Fogarty MJ, Brown A, Sieck GC. Structure and Function of the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3731-3766. [PMID: 35950651 PMCID: PMC10461538 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) comprises a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic receptor region on the muscle fiber (endplate), and the perisynaptic (terminal) Schwann cell. As with any synapse, the purpose of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the nervous system to muscle fibers. This neural control of muscle fibers is organized as motor units, which display distinct structural and functional phenotypes including differences in pre- and postsynaptic elements of NMJs. Motor units vary considerably in the frequency of their activation (both motor neuron discharge rate and duration/duty cycle), force generation, and susceptibility to fatigue. For earlier and more frequently recruited motor units, the structure and function of the activated NMJs must have high fidelity to ensure consistent activation and continued contractile response to sustain vital motor behaviors (e.g., breathing and postural balance). Similarly, for higher force less frequent behaviors (e.g., coughing and jumping), the structure and function of recruited NMJs must ensure short-term reliable activation but not activation sustained for a prolonged period in which fatigue may occur. The NMJ is highly plastic, changing structurally and functionally throughout the life span from embryonic development to old age. The NMJ also changes under pathological conditions including acute and chronic disease. Such neuroplasticity often varies across motor unit types. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-36, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Davis
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew J. Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyssa Brown
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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28
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The Cell Autonomous and Non-Cell Autonomous Aspects of Neuronal Vulnerability and Resilience in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081191. [PMID: 36009818 PMCID: PMC9405388 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by a progressive paralysis due to the loss of particular neurons in our nervous system called motor neurons, that exert voluntary control of all our skeletal muscles. It is not entirely understood why motor neurons are particularly vulnerable in ALS, neither is it completely clear why certain groups of motor neurons, including those that regulate eye movement, are rather resilient to this disease. However, both vulnerability and resilience to ALS likely reflect cell intrinsic properties of different motor neuron subpopulations as well as non-cell autonomous events regulated by surrounding cell types. In this review we dissect the particular properties of different motor neuron types and their responses to disease that may underlie their respective vulnerabilities and resilience. Disease progression in ALS involves multiple cell types that are closely connected to motor neurons and we here also discuss their contributions to the differential vulnerability of motor neurons. Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the loss of upper motor neurons (MNs) that project from the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord and of lower MNs in the brain stem and spinal cord which innervate skeletal muscles, leading to spasticity, muscle atrophy, and paralysis. ALS involves several disease stages, and multiple cell types show dysfunction and play important roles during distinct phases of disease initiation and progression, subsequently leading to selective MN loss. Why MNs are particularly vulnerable in this lethal disease is still not entirely clear. Neither is it fully understood why certain MNs are more resilient to degeneration in ALS than others. Brain stem MNs of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, which innervate our eye muscles, are highly resistant and persist until the end-stage of the disease, enabling paralyzed patients to communicate through ocular tracking devices. MNs of the Onuf’s nucleus in the sacral spinal cord, that innervate sphincter muscles and control urogenital functions, are also spared throughout the disease. There is also a differential vulnerability among MNs that are intermingled throughout the spinal cord, that directly relate to their physiological properties. Here, fast-twitch fatigable (FF) MNs, which innervate type IIb muscle fibers, are affected early, before onset of clinical symptoms, while slow-twitch (S) MNs, that innervate type I muscle fibers, remain longer throughout the disease progression. The resilience of particular MN subpopulations has been attributed to intrinsic determinants and multiple studies have demonstrated their unique gene regulation and protein content in health and in response to disease. Identified factors within resilient MNs have been utilized to protect more vulnerable cells. Selective vulnerability may also, in part, be driven by non-cell autonomous processes and the unique surroundings and constantly changing environment close to particular MN groups. In this article, we review in detail the cell intrinsic properties of resilient and vulnerable MN groups, as well as multiple additional cell types involved in disease initiation and progression and explain how these may contribute to the selective MN resilience and vulnerability in ALS.
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29
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Molotsky E, Liu Y, Lieberman AP, Merry DE. Neuromuscular junction pathology is correlated with differential motor unit vulnerability in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:97. [PMID: 35791011 PMCID: PMC9258097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked, neuromuscular neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure. The disease is characterized by a selective decrease in fast-muscle power (e.g., tongue pressure, grip strength) accompanied by a selective loss of fast-twitch muscle fibers. However, the relationship between neuromuscular junction (NMJ) pathology and fast-twitch motor unit vulnerability has yet to be explored. In this study, we used a cross-model comparison of two mouse models of SBMA to evaluate neuromuscular junction pathology, glycolytic-to-oxidative fiber-type switching, and cytoskeletal alterations in pre- and postsynaptic termini of tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius, and soleus hindlimb muscles. We observed significantly increased NMJ and myofiber pathology in fast-twitch, glycolytic motor units of the TA and gastrocnemius compared to slow-twitch, oxidative motor units of the soleus, as seen by decreased pre- and post-synaptic membrane area, decreased pre- and post-synaptic membrane colocalization, increased acetylcholine receptor compactness, a decrease in endplate area and complexity, and deficits in neurofilament heavy chain. Our data also show evidence for metabolic dysregulation and myofiber atrophy that correlate with severity of NMJ pathology. We propose a model in which the dynamic communicative relationship between the motor neuron and muscle, along with the developmental subtype of the muscle, promotes motor unit subtype specific vulnerability, metabolic alterations, and NMJ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana Molotsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diane E Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Rm. 411E, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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30
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Salvany S, Casanovas A, Piedrafita L, Gras S, Calderó J, Esquerda JE. Accumulation of misfolded SOD1 outlines distinct patterns of motor neuron pathology and death during disease progression in a SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13078. [PMID: 35584812 PMCID: PMC9616096 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early misfolded superoxide dismutase 1 (mfSOD1) accumulation, motor neuron (MN) degeneration, and microgliosis are hallmark pathological features in SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice. Because of the different vulnerabilities of distinct MN subtypes, degenerating and surviving MNs coexist in different proportions during disease progression. By examining the expression of misfolded conformers of SOD1 using specific antibodies, we defined distinct MN phenotypes that were evaluated during disease progression and the local neuroinflammatory reaction. The most severe phenotype corresponded to somata of fast‐twitch subtype MNs, which exhibited highly positive mfSOD1 immunostaining and an extreme degree of vacuolar degeneration. Vacuoles, which are of mitochondrial origin, contain mfSOD1 in conjunction with nonmitochondrial proteins, such as chromogranin, CD81, and flotillin. The fusion of ER‐derived vesicles enriched in mfSOD1 with outer mitochondrial membranes is thought to be the primary mechanism for vacuole formation. In addition, the ulterior coalescence of enlarged mitochondria may lead to the formation of giant vacuoles. Vacuolar degeneration is a transient degenerative process occurring early during the presymptomatic stages of the disease in ALS mice. Some vacuolated MNs are also positive for pMLKL, the effector protein of necroptosis. This indicates a newly described mechanism in which extracellular vesicles derived from damaged MNs, via cellular secretion or necroptotic disruption, may be the triggers for initiating neuroinflammation, glial‐mediated neurotoxicity, and disease spreading. Furthermore, as MN degeneration in mutant SOD1 mice is noncell autonomous, the effects of experimentally increasing or decreasing the microglial response on the expression of MN phenotypes were also evaluated, demonstrating bidirectional cross talk signaling between the degree of expression of mfSOD1 and local neuroinflammation. More detailed knowledge regarding these processes occurring long before the end stages of the disease is necessary to identify novel molecular targets for future preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salvany
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Gras
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep E Esquerda
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Lee PJ, Kennedy Z, Wang Y, Lu Y, Cefaliello C, Uyan Ö, Song C, Godinho BMDC, Xu Z, Rusckowski M, Xue W, Brown RH. Imaging Net Retrograde Axonal Transport In Vivo: A Physiological Biomarker. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:716-729. [PMID: 35178738 PMCID: PMC9313858 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop a novel method for monitoring the integrity of motor neurons in vivo by quantifying net retrograde axonal transport. METHODS The method uses single photon emission computed tomography to quantify retrograde transport to spinal cord of tetanus toxin fragment C (125 I-TTC) following intramuscular injection. We characterized the transport profiles in 3 transgenic mouse models carrying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated genes, aging mice, and SOD1G93A transgenic mice following CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Lastly, we studied the effect of prior immunization of tetanus toxoid on the transport profile of TTC. RESULTS This technique defines a quantitative profile of net retrograde axonal transport of TTC in living mice. The profile is distinctly abnormal in transgenic SOD1G93A mice as young as 65 days (presymptomatic) and worsens with disease progression. Moreover, this method detects a distinct therapeutic benefit of gene editing in transgenic SOD1G93A mice well before other clinical parameters (eg, grip strength) show improvement. Symptomatic transgenic PFN1C71G/C71G ALS mice display gross reductions in net retrograde axonal transport, which is also disturbed in asymptomatic mice harboring a human C9ORF72 transgene with an expanded GGGGCC repeat motif. In wild-type mice, net retrograde axonal transport declines with aging. Lastly, prior immunization with tetanus toxoid does not preclude use of this assay. INTERPRETATION This assay of net retrograde axonal transport has broad potential clinical applications and should be particularly valuable as a physiological biomarker that permits early detection of benefit from potential therapies for motor neuron diseases. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:716-729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin‐Tsun Justin Lee
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Zachary Kennedy
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA,RNA Therapeutics InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | | | - Carolina Cefaliello
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Özgün Uyan
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Chun‐Qing Song
- RNA Therapeutics InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA,Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, and Li Weibo Institute for Rare Disease ResearchUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Bruno Miguel da Cruz Godinho
- RNA Therapeutics InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA,Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, and Li Weibo Institute for Rare Disease ResearchUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Mary Rusckowski
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics InstituteUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA,Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, and Li Weibo Institute for Rare Disease ResearchUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Robert H. Brown
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
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Trolese MC, Scarpa C, Melfi V, Fabbrizio P, Sironi F, Rossi M, Bendotti C, Nardo G. Boosting the peripheral immune response in the skeletal muscles improved motor function in ALS transgenic mice. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2760-2784. [PMID: 35477657 PMCID: PMC9372324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) is one of the most powerful pro-inflammatory chemokines. However, its signalling is pivotal in driving injured axon and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Scarpa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melfi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fabbrizio
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;.
| | - Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;.
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Yoshikawa M, Aizawa S, Oppenheim RW, Milligan C. Neurovascular unit pathology is observed very early in disease progression in the mutant SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Sangari S, Peyre I, Lackmy‐Vallée A, Bayen E, Pradat P, Marchand‐Pauvert V. Transient increase in recurrent inhibition in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a putative protection from neurodegeneration. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13758. [PMID: 34981890 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adaptive mechanisms in spinal circuits are likely involved in homeostatic responses to maintain motor output in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Given the role of Renshaw cells in regulating the motoneuron input/output gain, we investigated the modulation of heteronymous recurrent inhibition. METHODS Electrical stimulations were used to activate recurrent collaterals resulting in the Hoffmann reflex depression. Inhibitions from soleus motor axons to quadriceps motoneurons, and vice versa, were tested in 38 patients and matched group of 42 controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, the mean depression of quadriceps reflex was larger in patients, while that of soleus was smaller, suggesting that heteronymous recurrent inhibition was enhanced in quadriceps but reduced in soleus. The modulation of recurrent inhibition was linked to the size of maximal direct motor response and lower limb dysfunctions, suggesting a significant relationship with the integrity of the target motoneuron pool and functional abilities. No significant link was found between the integrity of motor axons activating Renshaw cells and the level of inhibition. Enhanced inhibition was particularly observed in patients within the first year after symptom onset and with slow progression of lower limb dysfunctions. Normal or reduced inhibitions were mainly observed in patients with motor weakness first in lower limbs and greater dysfunctions in lower limbs. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence for enhanced recurrent inhibition and speculate that Renshaw cells might have transient protective role on motoneuron by counteracting hyperexcitability at early stages. Several mechanisms likely participate including cortical influence on Renshaw cell and reinnervation by slow motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Sangari
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Paris France
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Northwestern University Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Iseline Peyre
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Paris France
| | | | - Eléonore Bayen
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Paris France
- Pôle MSN, Hôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière AP‐HP Paris France
| | - Pierre‐François Pradat
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale Sorbonne Université INSERM CNRS Paris France
- Pôle MSN, Hôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière AP‐HP Paris France
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35
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Alteration of the Neuromuscular Junction and Modifications of Muscle Metabolism in Response to Neuron-Restricted Expression of the CHMP2Bintron5 Mutant in a Mouse Model of ALS-FTD Syndrome. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040497. [PMID: 35454086 PMCID: PMC9025139 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHMP2B is a protein that coordinates membrane scission events as a core component of the ESCRT machinery. Mutations in CHMP2B are an uncommon cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), two neurodegenerative diseases with clinical, genetic, and pathological overlap. Different mutations have now been identified across the ALS-FTD spectrum. Disruption of the neuromuscular junction is an early pathogenic event in ALS. Currently, the links between neuromuscular junction functionality and ALS-associated genes, such as CHMP2B, remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that CHMP2B transgenic mice expressing the CHMP2Bintron5 mutant specifically in neurons develop a progressive motor phenotype reminiscent of ALS. In this study, we used complementary approaches (behavior, histology, electroneuromyography, and biochemistry) to determine the extent to which neuron-specific expression of CHMP2Bintron5 could impact the skeletal muscle characteristics. We show that neuronal expression of the CHMP2Bintron5 mutant is sufficient to trigger progressive gait impairment associated with structural and functional changes in the neuromuscular junction. Indeed, CHMP2Bintron5 alters the pre-synaptic terminal organization and the synaptic transmission that ultimately lead to a switch of fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers to more oxidative slow-twitch muscle fibers. Taken together these data indicate that neuronal expression of CHMP2Bintron5 is sufficient to induce a synaptopathy with molecular and functional changes in the motor unit reminiscent of those found in ALS patients.
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36
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Peggion C, Scalcon V, Massimino ML, Nies K, Lopreiato R, Rigobello MP, Bertoli A. SOD1 in ALS: Taking Stock in Pathogenic Mechanisms and the Role of Glial and Muscle Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:614. [PMID: 35453299 PMCID: PMC9032988 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. While the exact causes of ALS are still unclear, the discovery that familial cases of ALS are related to mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a key antioxidant enzyme protecting cells from the deleterious effects of superoxide radicals, suggested that alterations in SOD1 functionality and/or aberrant SOD1 aggregation strongly contribute to ALS pathogenesis. A new scenario was opened in which, thanks to the generation of SOD1 related models, different mechanisms crucial for ALS progression were identified. These include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and non-cell autonomous toxicity, also implicating altered Ca2+ metabolism. While most of the literature considers motor neurons as primary target of SOD1-mediated effects, here we mainly discuss the effects of SOD1 mutations in non-neuronal cells, such as glial and skeletal muscle cells, in ALS. Attention is given to the altered redox balance and Ca2+ homeostasis, two processes that are strictly related with each other. We also provide original data obtained in primary myocytes derived from hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, showing perturbed expression of Ca2+ transporters that may be responsible for altered mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes. ALS-related SOD1 mutants are also responsible for early alterations of fundamental biological processes in skeletal myocytes that may impinge on skeletal muscle functions and the cross-talk between muscle cells and motor neurons during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
| | - Valeria Scalcon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
| | | | - Kelly Nies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
- Department of Radiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Lopreiato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (C.P.); (V.S.); (K.N.); (R.L.)
- CNR—Neuroscience Institute, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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37
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Yim AKY, Wang PL, Bermingham JR, Hackett A, Strickland A, Miller TM, Ly C, Mitra RD, Milbrandt J. Disentangling glial diversity in peripheral nerves at single-nuclei resolution. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:238-251. [PMID: 35115729 PMCID: PMC9060899 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nerve contains diverse cell types that support its proper function and maintenance. In this study, we analyzed multiple peripheral nerves using single-nuclei RNA sequencing, which allowed us to circumvent difficulties encountered in analyzing cells with complex morphologies via conventional single-cell methods. The resultant mouse peripheral nerve cell atlas highlights a diversity of cell types, including multiple subtypes of Schwann cells (SCs), immune cells and stromal cells. We identified a distinct myelinating SC subtype that expresses Cldn14, Adamtsl1 and Pmp2 and preferentially ensheathes motor axons. The number of these motor-associated Pmp2+ SCs is reduced in both an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) SOD1G93A mouse model and human ALS nerve samples. Our findings reveal the diversity of SCs and other cell types in peripheral nerve and serve as a reference for future studies of nerve biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin K Y Yim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John R Bermingham
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amber Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy Strickland
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Ly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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38
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Verma S, Khurana S, Vats A, Sahu B, Ganguly NK, Chakraborti P, Gourie-Devi M, Taneja V. Neuromuscular Junction Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1502-1527. [PMID: 34997540 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons leading to skeletal muscle denervation. Earlier studies have shown that motor neuron degeneration begins in motor cortex and descends to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in a dying forward fashion. However, accumulating evidences support that ALS is a distal axonopathy where early pathological changes occur at the NMJ, prior to onset of clinical symptoms and propagates towards the motor neuron cell body supporting "dying back" hypothesis. Despite several evidences, series of events triggering NMJ disassembly in ALS are still obscure. Neuromuscular junction is a specialized tripartite chemical synapse which involves a well-coordinated communication among the presynaptic motor neuron, postsynaptic skeletal muscle, and terminal Schwann cells. This review provides comprehensive insight into the role of NMJ in ALS pathogenesis. We have emphasized the molecular alterations in cellular components of NMJ leading to loss of effective neuromuscular transmission in ALS. Further, we provide a preview into research involved in exploring NMJ as potential target for designing effective therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Verma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Shiffali Khurana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India.,Department of Biomedical Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Vats
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bandana Sahu
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India.
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Makkawi S, Alqarni AA, Alghaythee H, Alharbi SY, Fatani A, Adas R, Abuzinadah AR. Atypical Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Secondary to Superoxide Dismutase 1 Gene Mutation With Coexistent Axonal Polyneuropathy: A Challenging Diagnosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e20989. [PMID: 35154965 PMCID: PMC8817726 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that involves both the upper and lower motor neurons. Familial ALS, including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutation, accounts for 5-10% of all cases of ALS. Typically, the symptoms of ALS are purely motor, though coexistent sensory symptoms have been reported in rare cases. In this report, we describe the case of a 47-year-old man who presented with progressive bilateral lower limb weakness and numbness for the last four years. A nerve conduction study (NCS) showed evidence of coexistent axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy in addition to the typical findings of ALS in needle electromyography. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis of familial ALS secondary to the SOD1 genetic mutation. This report highlights that the presence of sensory symptoms should not exclude the possibility of ALS in an appropriate clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Makkawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- Research and Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulaziz A Alqarni
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- Research and Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Himyan Alghaythee
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- Research and Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Suzan Y Alharbi
- Ophthalmology, Jeddah Eye Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Anmar Fatani
- Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Reem Adas
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- Research and Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmad R Abuzinadah
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
- Neurology Division-Internal Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
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40
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Tallon C, Sharma A, Zhang Z, Thomas AG, Ng J, Zhu X, Donoghue A, Schulte M, Joe TR, Kambhampati SP, Sharma R, Liaw K, Kannan S, Kannan RM, Slusher BS. Dendrimer-2PMPA Delays Muscle Function Loss and Denervation in a Murine Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:274-288. [PMID: 34984651 PMCID: PMC9130402 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease where muscle weakness and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation precede motor neuron cell death. Although acetylcholine is the canonical neurotransmitter at the mammalian NMJ synapse, glutamate has recently been identified as a critical neurotransmitter for NMJ development and maintenance. One source of glutamate is through the catabolism of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), which is found in mM concentrations in mammalian motoneurons, where it is released upon stimulation and hydrolyzed to glutamate by the glial enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII). Using the SOD1G93A model of ALS, we found an almost fourfold elevation of GCPII enzymatic activity in SOD1G93A versus WT muscle and a robust increase in GCPII expression which was specifically associated with activated macrophages infiltrating the muscle. 2-(Phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2PMPA) is a potent GCPII inhibitor which robustly blocks glutamate release from NAAG but is highly polar with limited tissue penetration. To improve this, we covalently attached 2PMPA to a hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM-G4-OH) dendrimer delivery system (D-2PMPA) which is known to target activated macrophages in affected tissues. Systemic D-2PMPA therapy (20 mg/kg 2PMPA equivalent; IP 2 × /week) was found to localize in muscle macrophages in SOD1G93A mice and completely normalize the enhanced GCPII activity. Although no changes in body weight or survival were observed, D-2PMPA significantly improved grip strength and inhibited the loss of NMJ innervation in the gastrocnemius muscles. Our finding that inhibiting elevated GCPII activity in SOD1G93A muscle can prolong muscle function and delay NMJ denervation may have early therapeutic implications for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Center for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Ajit G Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Justin Ng
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amanda Donoghue
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Michael Schulte
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tawnjerae R Joe
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Siva P Kambhampati
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Center for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy-Krieger, Inc, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy-Krieger, Inc, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Rangos 278, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Massopust R, Juros D, Shapiro D, Lopes M, Haldar SM, Taetzsch T, Valdez G. KLF15 overexpression in myocytes fails to ameliorate ALS-related pathology or extend the lifespan of SOD1G93A mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105583. [PMID: 34902552 PMCID: PMC8750438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a currently incurable disease that causes progressive motor neuron loss, paralysis and death. Skeletal muscle pathology occurs early during the course of ALS. It is characterized by impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic dysfunction and deterioration of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse through which motor neurons communicate with muscles. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecules that underlie this pathology may lead to therapies that slow motor neuron loss and delay ALS progression. Kruppel Like Factor 15 (KLF15) has been identified as a transcription factor that activates alternative metabolic pathways and NMJ maintenance factors, including Fibroblast Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 (FGFBP1), in skeletal myocytes. In this capacity, KLF15 has been shown to play a protective role in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), however its role in ALS has not been evaluated. Here, we examined whether muscle-specific KLF15 overexpression promotes the health of skeletal muscles and NMJs in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model. We show that muscle-specific KLF15 overexpression did not elicit a significant beneficial effect on skeletal muscle atrophy, NMJ health, motor function, or survival in SOD1G93A ALS mice. Our findings suggest that, unlike in mouse models of DMD and SMA, KLF15 overexpression has a minimal impact on ALS disease progression in SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Massopust
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Devin Juros
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Dillon Shapiro
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, & Biochemistry Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mikayla Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Saptarsi M. Haldar
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA,Current address: Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Taetzsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Center for Translational Neuroscience, Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, United States
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42
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McLeod VM, Chiam MDF, Perera ND, Lau CL, Boon WC, Turner BJ. Mapping Motor Neuron Vulnerability in the Neuraxis of Male SOD1 G93A Mice Reveals Widespread Loss of Androgen Receptor Occurring Early in Spinal Motor Neurons. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:808479. [PMID: 35273564 PMCID: PMC8902593 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.808479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones have been implicated as disease modifiers in the neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Androgens, signalling via the androgen receptor (AR), predominate in males, and have widespread actions in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). AR translocates to the cell nucleus when activated upon binding androgens, whereby it regulates transcription of target genes via the classical genomic signalling pathway. We previously reported that AR protein is decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissue of symptomatic male SOD1G93A mice. Here, we further explored the changes in AR within motor neurons (MN) of the CNS, assessing their nuclear AR content and propensity to degenerate by endstage disease in male SOD1G93A mice. We observed that almost all motor neuron populations had undergone significant loss in nuclear AR in SOD1G93A mice. Interestingly, loss of nuclear AR was evident in lumbar spinal MNs as early as the pre-symptomatic age of 60 days. Several MN populations with high AR content were identified which did not degenerate in SOD1G93A mice. These included the brainstem ambiguus and vagus nuclei, and the sexually dimorphic spinal MNs: cremaster, dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) and spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus (SNB). In conclusion, we demonstrate that AR loss directly associates with MN vulnerability and disease progression in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. McLeod
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathew D. F. Chiam
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nirma D. Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chew L. Lau
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wah Chin Boon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley J. Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Bradley J. Turner,
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Bączyk M, Manuel M, Roselli F, Zytnicki D. From Physiological Properties to Selective Vulnerability of Motor Units in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 28:375-394. [PMID: 36066833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07167-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal alpha-motoneurons are classified in several types depending on the contractile properties of the innervated muscle fibers. This diversity is further displayed in different levels of vulnerability of distinct motor units to neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We summarize recent data suggesting that, contrary to the excitotoxicity hypothesis, the most vulnerable motor units are hypoexcitable and experience a reduction in their firing prior to symptoms onset in ALS. We suggest that a dysregulation of activity-dependent transcriptional programs in these motoneurons alter crucial cellular functions such as mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, axonal sprouting capability and re-innervation of neuromuscular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bączyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marin Manuel
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Zytnicki
- SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Fralish Z, Lotz EM, Chavez T, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Neuromuscular Development and Disease: Learning From in vitro and in vivo Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764732. [PMID: 34778273 PMCID: PMC8579029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized cholinergic synaptic interface between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber that translates presynaptic electrical impulses into motor function. NMJ formation and maintenance require tightly regulated signaling and cellular communication among motor neurons, myogenic cells, and Schwann cells. Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) can result in loss of NMJ function and motor input leading to paralysis or even death. Although small animal models have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the NMJ structure and function, the complexities of studying this multi-tissue system in vivo and poor clinical outcomes of candidate therapies developed in small animal models has driven the need for in vitro models of functional human NMJ to complement animal studies. In this review, we discuss prevailing models of NMDs and highlight the current progress and ongoing challenges in developing human iPSC-derived (hiPSC) 3D cell culture models of functional NMJs. We first review in vivo development of motor neurons, skeletal muscle, Schwann cells, and the NMJ alongside current methods for directing the differentiation of relevant cell types from hiPSCs. We further compare the efficacy of modeling NMDs in animals and human cell culture systems in the context of five NMDs: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, and Pompe disease. Finally, we discuss further work necessary for hiPSC-derived NMJ models to function as effective personalized NMD platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Fralish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ethan M Lotz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Chavez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Brown AD, Davis LA, Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC. Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Type IIx/IIb Diaphragm Muscle Fibers in 24-Month Old Fischer 344 Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:727585. [PMID: 34650442 PMCID: PMC8505889 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.727585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by muscle fiber atrophy and weakness, which may be associated with mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. Mitochondrial remodeling and biogenesis in muscle fibers occurs in response to exercise and increased muscle activity. However, the adaptability mitochondria may decrease with age. The diaphragm muscle (DIAm) sustains breathing, via recruitment of fatigue-resistant type I and IIa fibers. More fatigable, type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers are infrequently recruited during airway protective and expulsive behaviors. DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to the atrophy of type IIx/IIb fibers, which impairs higher force airway protective and expulsive behaviors. The aerobic capacity to generate ATP within muscle fibers depends on the volume and intrinsic respiratory capacity of mitochondria. In the present study, mitochondria in type-identified DIAm fibers were labeled using MitoTracker Green and imaged in 3-D using confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial volume density was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers compared with type IIx/IIb fibers. Mitochondrial volume density did not change with age in type I and IIa fibers but was reduced in type IIx/IIb fibers in 24-month rats. Furthermore, mitochondria were more fragmented in type IIx/IIb compared with type I and IIa fibers, and worsened in 24-month rats. The maximum respiratory capacity of mitochondria in DIAm fibers was determined using a quantitative histochemical technique to measure the maximum velocity of the succinate dehydrogenase reaction (SDH max ). SDH max per fiber volume was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers and did not change with age. In contrast, SDH max per fiber volume decreased with age in type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers. There were two distinct clusters for SDH max per fiber volume and mitochondrial volume density, one comprising type I and IIa fibers and the second comprising type IIx/IIb fibers. The separation of these clusters increased with aging. There was also a clear relation between SDH max per mitochondrial volume and the extent of mitochondrial fragmentation. The results show that DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers and related to reduced mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial fragmentation and reduced SDH max per fiber volume.
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Molecular Pathology of ALS: What We Currently Know and What Important Information Is Still Missing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081365. [PMID: 34441299 PMCID: PMC8391180 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an early understanding of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as a disease affecting the motor system, including motoneurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, today, many cases involving dementia and behavioral disorders are reported. Therefore, we currently divide ALS not only based on genetic predisposition into the most common sporadic variant (90% of cases) and the familial variant (10%), but also based on cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms, with five specific subgroups of clinical manifestation—ALS with cognitive impairment, ALS with behavioral impairment, ALS with combined cognitive and behavioral impairment, the fully developed behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia in combination with ALS, and comorbid ALS and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Generally, these cases are referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD). Clinical behaviors and the presence of the same pathognomonic deposits suggest that FTLD and ALS could be a continuum of one entity. This review was designed primarily to compare neuropathological findings in different types of ALS relative to their characteristic locations as well as the immunoreactivity of the inclusions, and thus, foster a better understanding of the immunoreactivity, distribution, and morphology of the pathological deposits in relation to genetic mutations, which can be useful in specifying the final diagnosis.
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Pikatza-Menoio O, Elicegui A, Bengoetxea X, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, López de Munain A, Gerenu G, Gil-Bea FJ, Alonso-Martín S. The Skeletal Muscle Emerges as a New Disease Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:671. [PMID: 34357138 PMCID: PMC8307751 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) and severe muscle atrophy without effective treatment. Most research on ALS has been focused on the study of MNs and supporting cells of the central nervous system. Strikingly, the recent observations of pathological changes in muscle occurring before disease onset and independent from MN degeneration have bolstered the interest for the study of muscle tissue as a potential target for delivery of therapies for ALS. Skeletal muscle has just been described as a tissue with an important secretory function that is toxic to MNs in the context of ALS. Moreover, a fine-tuning balance between biosynthetic and atrophic pathways is necessary to induce myogenesis for muscle tissue repair. Compromising this response due to primary metabolic abnormalities in the muscle could trigger defective muscle regeneration and neuromuscular junction restoration, with deleterious consequences for MNs and thereby hastening the development of ALS. However, it remains puzzling how backward signaling from the muscle could impinge on MN death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the current state-of-the-art of the role of the skeletal muscle in ALS, highlighting its contribution to the neurodegeneration in ALS through backward-signaling processes as a newly uncovered mechanism for a peripheral etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Pikatza-Menoio
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Elicegui
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Bengoetxea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
| | - Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Origin or Prognostic Factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Development? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061449. [PMID: 34207859 PMCID: PMC8226541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and selective loss of motor neurons, amyotrophy and skeletal muscle paralysis usually leading to death due to respiratory failure. While generally considered an intrinsic motor neuron disease, data obtained in recent years, including our own, suggest that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to counter the disease. The dismantling of the neuromuscular junction is closely linked to chronic energy deficit found throughout the body. Metabolic (hypermetabolism and dyslipidemia) and mitochondrial alterations described in patients and murine models of ALS are associated with the development and progression of disease pathology and they appear long before motor neurons die. It is clear that these metabolic changes participate in the pathology of the disease. In this review, we summarize these changes seen throughout the course of the disease, and the subsequent impact of glucose–fatty acid oxidation imbalance on disease progression. We also highlight studies that show that correcting this loss of metabolic flexibility should now be considered a major goal for the treatment of ALS.
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Alhindi A, Boehm I, Chaytow H. Small junction, big problems: Neuromuscular junction pathology in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). J Anat 2021; 241:1089-1107. [PMID: 34101196 PMCID: PMC9558162 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with an extremely heterogeneous clinical and genetic phenotype. In our efforts to find therapies for ALS, the scientific community has developed a plethora of mouse models, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. The peripheral nervous system, specifically the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), is known to be affected in ALS patients and shows marked dysfunction across mouse models. Evidence of pathology at the NMJ includes denervated NMJs, changes in endplate size and loss of terminal Schwann cells. This review compares the temporal disease progression with severity of disease at the NMJ in mouse models with the most commonly mutated genes in ALS patients (SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP and FUS). Despite variability, early NMJ dysfunction seems to be a common factor in models with SOD1, TARDBP and FUS mutations, while C9ORF72 models do not appear to follow the same pattern of pathology. Further work into determining the timing of NMJ pathology, particularly in newer ALS mouse models, will confirm its pivotal role in ALS pathogenesis and therefore highlight the NMJ as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Alhindi
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ines Boehm
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helena Chaytow
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Modelling and Refining Neuronal Circuits with Guidance Cues: Involvement of Semaphorins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116111. [PMID: 34204060 PMCID: PMC8201269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal circuits requires neurons to develop and maintain appropriate connections with cellular partners in and out the central nervous system. These phenomena include elaboration of dendritic arborization and formation of synaptic contacts, initially made in excess. Subsequently, refinement occurs, and pruning takes places both at axonal and synaptic level, defining a homeostatic balance maintained throughout the lifespan. All these events require genetic regulations which happens cell-autonomously and are strongly influenced by environmental factors. This review aims to discuss the involvement of guidance cues from the Semaphorin family.
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