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Chen X, Zhang J, Lin Y, Li Y, Wang H, Wang Z, Liu H, Hu Y, Liu L. Mechanism, prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment caused by high altitude exposure. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1191058. [PMID: 37731540 PMCID: PMC10507266 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1191058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) characteristics induce impaired cognitive function, reduced concentration, and memory. In recent years, an increasing number of people have migrated to high-altitude areas for work and study. Headache, sleep disturbance, and cognitive impairment from HH, severely challenges the physical and mental health and affects their quality of life and work efficiency. This review summarizes the manifestations, mechanisms, and preventive and therapeutic methods of HH environment affecting cognitive function and provides theoretical references for exploring and treating high altitude-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Sichuan Xincheng Biological Co., LTD., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The 77th Army Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhanhao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- Faculty of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhang J, Tang S, Chen C, Jiang H, Liao H, Liu H, Wang L, Chen X. A bibliometric analysis of the studies in high-altitude induced sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment research. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1133059. [PMID: 36860517 PMCID: PMC9968939 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1133059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The two main symptoms at high altitude, sleep abnormalities and cognitive impairments, interact with each other. These two dysfunctions are also closely related to systemic multisystem diseases, including cerebrovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and immune regulatory diseases. Purpose: To systematically analyze and visualize research on sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment at high altitudes using a bibliometrics method, and to determine future research directions by analyzing research trends and the latest hotspots. Methods: Publications from 1990 to 2022 on sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment at high altitudes were retrieved from the Web of Science. Using the R Bibliometrix software and Microsoft Excel, all data were examined statistically and qualitatively. For network visualization, the data were later exported into VOSviewer 1.6.17 and CiteSpace 6.1.R6. Results: A total of 487 articles in this area were published from 1990 to 2022. In this period, there was an overall increase in the number of publications. The United States has shown considerable importance in this sector. Bloch Konrad E was the most prolific and valuable author. The most prolific journal was High Altitude Medicine & Biology, and it has been the first choice for publishing in this field in recent years. Analysis of keyword co-occurrences suggested that research interest in the clinical manifestations of sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment caused by altitude hypoxia was mainly focused on "acute mountain-sickness," "insomnia," "apnea syndrome," "depression," "anxiety," "Cheyne-strokes respiration," and "pulmonary hypertension." The mechanisms of disease development related to "oxidative stress," "inflammation," "hippocampus," "prefrontal cortex," "neurodegeneration," and "spatial memory" in the brain have been the focus of recent research. According to burst detection analysis, "mood" and "memory impairment," as terms with high strength, are expected to remain hot topics in the coming years. High-altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension is also in the emerging stage of research, and the treatments will continue to receive attention in the future. Conclusion: More attention is being focused on sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment at high altitudes. This work will serve as a useful reference for the clinical development of treatments for sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment induced by hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Songyuan Tang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Osteology, The 5th People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Sichuan Baicheng Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Xin Chen,
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Srivastava V, Mathur D, Rout S, Mishra BK, Pannu V, Anand A, Anand A. Ayurvedic Herbal Therapies: A Review of Treatment and Management of Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:568-584. [PMID: 35929620 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220805100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dementia has been characterized by atypical neurological syndromes and several cognitive deficits, such as extended memory loss, strange behavior, unusual thinking, impaired judgment, impotence, and difficulty with daily living activities. Dementia is not a disease, but it is caused by several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Lewy's bodies. Several drugs and remedies are indicated for alleviating unusual cognitive decline, but no effective pharmacological treatment regimens are available without side effects. Herbal drugs or traditional medicines like Ayurveda have been known for facilitating and corroborating the balance between mind, brain, body, and environment. Ayurvedic therapy comprises 600 herbal formulas, 250 single plant remedies, and natural and holistic health-giving treatments that relieve dementia in patients and increase vitality. Ayurvedic Rasayana herbs [rejuvenating elements] strengthen the brain cells, enhance memory, and decrease stress. The current medicine scenario in the treatment of dementia has prompted the shift in exploring the efficacy of ayurvedic medicine, its safety, and its efficiency. This review presents the literature on several herbal treatments for improving dementia symptomatology and patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Srivastava
- College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA
| | - Deepali Mathur
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Soumyashree Rout
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Viraaj Pannu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey, USA
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Geng YN, Zhao M, Yang JL, Cheng X, Han Y, Wang CB, Jiang XF, Fan M, Zhu LL. GP-14 protects against severe hypoxia-induced neuronal injury through the AKT and ERK pathways and its induced transcriptome profiling alteration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 448:116092. [PMID: 35654276 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gypenosides are major bioactive ingredients of G. pentaphyllum. In our previous study, we found that gypenosides had neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced injury. In the current study, we focused on the protective effects of gypenoside-14 (GP-14), which is one of the newly identified bioactive components, on neuronal injury caused by severe hypoxia (0.3% O2). The results showed that GP-14 pretreatment alleviated the cell viability damage and apoptosis induced by hypoxia in PC12 cells. Moreover, GP-14 pretreatment also attenuated primary neuron injuries under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, GP-14 pretreatment significantly ameliorated neuronal damage in the hippocampal region induced by high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). At the molecular level, GP-14 pretreatment reversed the decreased activities of the AKT and ERK signaling pathways caused by hypoxia in PC12 cells and primary neurons. To comprehensively explore the possible mechanisms, transcriptome sequencing was conducted, and these results indicated that GP-14 could alter the transcriptional profiles of primary neuron. Taken together, our results suggest that GP-14 acts as a neuroprotective agent to protect against neuronal damage induced by severe hypoxia and it is a promising compound for the development of neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Geng
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; School of information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ling-Ling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Ranjan R, Amitabh, Prasad DN, Kohli E. Hypothermic preconditioning attenuates hypobaric hypoxia induced spatial memory impairment in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113568. [PMID: 34499936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaric Hypoxia (HH) is known to cause oxidative stress in the brain that leads to spatial memory deficit and neurodegeneration. For decades therapeutic hypothermia is used to treat global and focal ischemia in preserving brain functions that proved to be beneficial in humans and rodents. Considering these previous reports, the present study was designed to establish the therapeutic potential of hypothermia preconditioning on HH induced spatial memory, biochemical and morphological changes in adult rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to HH (7620 m, ~ 282 mmHg) for 1, 3 and 7 days with and without hypothermic preconditioning. Spatial learning memory was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test along with evaluation of hippocampal pyramidal neuron damage by histological study. Oxidative stress was measured by studying the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG and GSH). Results of MWM test indicated prolonged path length and latency to reach the platform in HH groups that regained to normal in cold pre-treated groups. A likely neurodegeneration was evident in HH groups that lessen in the cold pre-treated groups. Hypothermic preconditioning prevented spatial memory impairment and neurodegeneration in animals subjected to HH via decreasing the NO, ROS and LPO compared to control animals. The GSH level and GSH/GSSG ratio was found to be higher in preconditioned animals as compared to respective HH exposed animals, indicative of redox scavenging and restoration of hippocampal neuronal structure as well as spatial memory. Therefore, hypothermic preconditioning improves spatial memory deficit by reducing HH induced oxidative stress and hippocampal neurodegeneration, hence can be used as a multi-target prophylactic measure to combat HH induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ranjan
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Amitabh
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Dipti N Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India
| | - Ekta Kohli
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054 India.
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Zhu D, He B, Zhang M, Wan Y, Liu R, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Gao F. A Multimodal MR Imaging Study of the Effect of Hippocampal Damage on Affective and Cognitive Functions in a Rat Model of Chronic Exposure to a Plateau Environment. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:979-1000. [PMID: 34981302 PMCID: PMC8891211 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to high altitudes above 2500 m above sea level (a.s.l.) can cause cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Herein, we sought to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to plateau hypoxia on the hippocampus in a rat model by using voxel-based morphometry, creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CrCEST) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging techniques. 58 healthy 4-week-old male rats were randomized into plateau hypoxia rats (H group) as the experimental group and plain rats (P group) as the control group. H group rats were transported from Chengdu (500 m a.s.l.), a city in a plateau located in southwestern China, to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (4250 m a.s.l.), Yushu, China, and then fed for 8 months there, while P group rats were fed in Chengdu (500 m a.s.l.), China. After 8 months of exposure to plateau hypoxia, open-field and elevated plus maze tests revealed that the anxiety-like behavior of the H group rats was more serious than that of the P group rats, and the Morris water maze test revealed impaired spatial memory function in the H group rats. Multimodal MR imaging analysis revealed a decreased volume of the regional gray matter, lower CrCEST contrast and higher transport coefficient Ktrans in the hippocampus compared with the P group rats. Further correlation analysis found associations of quantitative MRI parameters of the hippocampus with the behavioral performance of H group rats. In this study, we validated the viability of using noninvasive multimodal MR imaging techniques to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to a plateau hypoxic environment on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyong Zhu
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yixuan Wan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruibin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Anatomy and KK Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fabao Gao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Choudhary R, Kumar M, Katyal A. 12/15-Lipoxygenase debilitates mitochondrial health in intermittent hypobaric hypoxia induced neuronal damage: An in vivo study. Redox Biol 2022; 49:102228. [PMID: 34979449 PMCID: PMC8728585 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High altitude cerebral edema does not fall in routine definition of hypoxia and requires alternative therapeutic strategies. 12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15 LOX), a key proinflammatory lipid peroxidative enzyme which site specifically inserts into cellular and subcellular membranes and plays an instrumental role in hypobaric hypoxia induced neuropathogenesis. Mitochondria, the master regulator organelles for oxygen consumption and ATP generation are sensitive to intracellular oxygen perturbations and are associated with activation of apoptosis based cell death cascades that seal the fate of the cell. The mechanistic involvement of 12/15 LOX in mitochondria mediated cell death in brain microenvironment during hypobaric hypoxia conditions can be an interesting preposition. In the present study, we have investigated underlying involvement of 12/15 LOX in hypobaric hypoxia (HH) induced disturbance in mitochondrial integrity and its relation with neuronal apoptosis. Male Balb/c mice subjected to simulated HH condition for three consecutive days showed robust increase in intra-hippocampal 12(S)HETE (12/15 LOX metabolite), which was significantly reduced following baicalein (12/15 LOX Inhibitor) treatment. The elevated level of 12(S)HETE following hypobaric hypoxia condition correlated with simultaneous increase in expression of 12/15 LOX in neurons and microglia lining the hippocampal CA3 region. Further, 12/15 LOX gets embedded onto the periphery of mitochondria following HH and a strong correlation has been observed with loss of mitochondrial integrity as evident from increased cytochrome-c in the cytosolic compartment and a subsequent upregulated activity of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 as well as Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. The observed effects seen under HH were reversed upon treatment with baicalein suggesting a critical role of 12/15 LOX in HH induced mitochondrial damage Further, the hypobaric hypoxia-mediated increase in hippocampal pAKT and pmTOR protein expression were significantly ameliorated following 12/15 LOX inhibition, suggesting a mitochondrial involvement. We hereby demonstrate the contribution of 12/15 LOX in disorienting mitochondrial integrity with subsequent release of cytochrome-c in cytosol which drives the neuronal cells to intrinsic mode of cell death during hypobaric hypoxia. The protective role of baicalein by inhibition of 12/15 LOX dependent neuronal cell death and preservation of mitochondrial integrity suggests it to be a plausible therapeutic target in CNS related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Choudhary
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Banerjee S, Anand U, Ghosh S, Ray D, Ray P, Nandy S, Deshmukh GD, Tripathi V, Dey A. Bacosides from Bacopa monnieri extract: An overview of the effects on neurological disorders. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5668-5679. [PMID: 34254371 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From ancient history, complementary and alternative medicines have played a significant role as holistic therapeutic treatments of various human diseases including cancer, diabetes, neurological diseases, and skin problems. One Indian medicinal plant (herb), Bacopa monnieri has been used in many parts of the world as such medicine, particularly for the treatment of various neurological disorders. It is well known as a potent "tonic for the human brain," which serves as a memory enhancer. Multiple studies proved that this herb contains a plethora of potential bioactive, phytochemical compounds with synergistic properties. The main purpose of the present review is to shed light on the use of Bacopa monnieri and its active principles (bacosides) in the management of neurological disorders. Furthermore, the signaling pathways modulated by bacosides have been critically discussed in this review. Moreover, we have critically summarized the present knowledge of this perennial creeping herb based upon the literature mining from different scientific engines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Suchhanda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata, India
| | - Durga Ray
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Puja Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ganpat Dewaji Deshmukh
- Department of Zoology, Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi Arts & Science College, Nagbhid, India
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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Labban S, Alshehri FS, Kurdi M, Alatawi Y, Alghamdi BS. Melatonin Improves Short-Term Spatial Memory in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 11:15-27. [PMID: 33986623 PMCID: PMC8110255 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s291172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that has become a leading cause of death in recent years. Impairments in spatial learning and memory are an important clinical feature of AD. Melatonin (MLT), the main product secreted by the pineal gland, showed multiple antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. PURPOSE The present study aimed to explore the possible prophylactic effects of MLT against spatial memory deficits in a sporadic mouse model of AD induced by D-galactose and aluminium chloride (AlCl3). METHODS Four groups of mice (n = 10 per group) were prepared: control, AD (the D-galactose and AlCl3 AD model group), AD+MLT (AD mice treated with 80 mg/kg MLT), and AD+DON (AD mice treated with 3 mg/kg donepezil). We then used the object location and Y-maze tests to assess spatial memory in the four groups. Gene expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (Creb1) were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found that MLT improved spatial memory in the sporadic AD mice. MLT ameliorated Creb1 gene expression and significantly increased Bdnf gene expression in the hippocampus of AD model mice compared with the AD group. CONCLUSION MLT could have a substantial potential to alleviate memory impairment in sporadic AD if introduced at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Labban
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Kurdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alatawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Qaid EYA, Zakaria R, Mohd Yusof NA, Sulaiman SF, Shafin N, Othman Z, Ahmad AH, Abd Aziz CB, Muthuraju S. Tualang Honey Ameliorates Hypoxia-induced Memory Deficits by Reducing Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:555-564. [PMID: 33177938 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.32704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A growing body of evidence indicates that hypoxia exposure causes learning and memory deficits. An effective natural therapeutic approach has, however, not been explored widely. Our previous studies found that Tualang honey administration protected learning and memory functions in ovariectomized rats. Therefore, the present study investigated its efficacy in ameliorating hypoxia-induced memory deficits in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods The rats were divided into four groups: i) Normoxia treated with sucrose (n=12), ii) Normoxia treated with Tualang honey (n=12), iii) Hypoxia treated with sucrose (n=12), and iv) Hypoxia treated with Tualang honey (n=12). Tualang honey (0.2 g/kg/BW) and sucrose (1 mL of 7.9%) supplementations were administered orally to the rats daily for 14 days. Then the hypoxia groups were exposed to hypoxia (~11%) for 7 days, while the normoxia groups were kept in normal conditions. Following exposure to hypoxia, the rats' memories were analyzed using a novel object recognition task and T-maze test. Results The data revealed that rats exposed to hypoxia showed significant impairment in short-term memory (STM), spatial memory (p<0.01), and long-term memory (LTM) when compared to the normoxia group. Hypoxia rats treated with Tualang honey showed significant improvement in STM, LTM, and spatial memory (p<0.05) compared with those treated with sucrose (p<0.05). Tualang honey also reduced neuronal damage in the hippocampus of adult male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to hypoxia. Conclusion It is suggested that Tualang honey pretreatment has protective effects against hypoxia-induced memory deficits, possibly through its antioxidant contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entesar Yaseen Abdo Qaid
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aiman Mohd Yusof
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Nazlahshaniza Shafin
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Che Badariah Abd Aziz
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Sangu Muthuraju
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Preparation of a Unique Bioavailable Bacoside Formulation (Cognique®) Using Polar-Nonpolar-Sandwich (PNS) Technology and Its Characterization, In Vitro Release Study, and Proposed Mechanism of Action. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Abdo Qaid EY, Zulkipli NN, Zakaria R, Ahmad AH, Othman Z, Muthuraju S, Sasongko TH. The role of mTOR signalling pathway in hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:482-488. [PMID: 32202188 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1746308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been associated with cognitive impairment. Many studies have investigated the role of mTOR signalling pathway in cognitive functions but its role in hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment remains controversial. This review aimed to elucidate the role of mTOR in the mechanisms of cognitive impairment that may pave the way towards the mechanistic understanding and therapeutic intervention of hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. mTORC1 is normally regulated during mild or acute hypoxic exposure giving rise to neuroprotection, whereas it is overactivated during severe or chronic hypoxia giving rise to neuronal cells death. Thus, it is worth exploring the possibility of maintaining normal mTORC1 activity and thereby preventing cognitive impairment during severe or chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ninie Nadia Zulkipli
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Sangu Muthuraju
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Malaysia
| | - Teguh Haryo Sasongko
- Perdana University-RCSI School of Medicine, Perdana University Center for Research Excellence, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
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13
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Bacosides Encapsulated in Lactoferrin Conjugated PEG-PLA-PCL-OH Based Polymersomes Act as Epigenetic Modulator in Chemically Induced Amnesia. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:796-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Zhao M, Cheng X, Han Y, Zhao T, Fan M, Zhu L, Yang JL. Dammarane-Type Saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Prevent Hypoxia-Induced Neural Injury through Activation of ERK, Akt, and CREB Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:193-205. [PMID: 31826610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum possesses neuroprotective bioactivity. However, the effect of gypenosides on hypoxia-induced neural damage remains obscure. In this study, Gyp, the active fraction extracted from G. pentaphyllum and its bioactive compounds as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. Eighteen dammarane-type saponins were isolated from Gyp. The absolute configurations of six unreported compounds (13-18) were assessed via electron capture detection (ECD) analyses. The results of cell viability assay showed that Gyp and its bioactive compounds (13-16 and 18) effectively protected PC12 cells from hypoxia injury. Gyp pretreatment also improved mice spatial memory impairment caused by hypoxia exposure. At the molecular level, Gyp and its bioactive compounds could activate the signaling pathways of ERK, Akt, and CREB in vitro and in vivo. In summary, Gyp and its bioactive compounds could prevent hypoxia-induced injury via ERK, Akt, and CREB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , CAS , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
| | - Ying Han
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
| | - Ming Fan
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing 100850 , China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration , Nantong University , Nantong 226001 , China
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Effect of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia on learning and memory in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Das D, Biswal S, Barhwal KK, Chaurasia OP, Hota SK. Kaempferol Inhibits Extra-synaptic NMDAR-Mediated Downregulation of TRkβ in Rat Hippocampus During Hypoxia. Neuroscience 2018; 392:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Paul S, Gangwar A, Bhargava K, Khurana P, Ahmad Y. Diagnosis and prophylaxis for high-altitude acclimatization: Adherence to molecular rationale to evade high-altitude illnesses. Life Sci 2018; 203:171-176. [PMID: 29698652 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lack of zero side-effect, prescription-less prophylactics and diagnostic markers of acclimatization status lead to many suffering from high altitude illnesses. Although not fully translated to the clinical setting, many strategies and interventions are being developed that are aimed at providing an objective and tangible answer regarding the acclimatization status of an individual as well as zero side-effect prophylaxis that is cost-effective and does not require medical supervision. This short review brings together the twin problems associated with high-altitude acclimatization, i.e. acclimatization status and zero side-effect, easy-to-use prophylaxis, for the reader to comprehend as cogs of the same phenomenon. We describe current research aimed at preventing all the high-altitude illnesses by considering them an assault on redox and energy homeostasis at the molecular level. This review also entails some proteins capable of diagnosing either acclimatization or high-altitude illnesses. The future strategies based on bioinformatics and systems biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Paul
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Anamika Gangwar
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Pankaj Khurana
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Peptide & Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India.
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Fouad IA, Sharaf NM, Abdelghany RM, El Sayed NSED. Neuromodulatory Effect of Thymoquinone in Attenuating Glutamate-Mediated Neurotoxicity Targeting the Amyloidogenic and Apoptotic Pathways. Front Neurol 2018; 9:236. [PMID: 29706929 PMCID: PMC5908889 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexposure of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid leads to neuronal cell death by excitotoxicity as a result of increased intracellular Ca2+, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. Moreover, it was previously reported that prolonged activation of the NMDA receptor increased beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain. Thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, has been shown to have potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. The aim of the present study was to explore the neuromodulatory effects of different doses of TQ (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) against apoptotic cell death and Aβ formation resulting from glutamate administration in rats using vitamin E as a positive control. Behavioral changes were assessed using Y-maze and Morris water maze tests for evaluating spatial memory and cognitive functions. Caspase-3, Lactate dehydrogenase, Aβ-42, and cytochrome c gene expression were determined. TQ-treated groups showed significant decreases in the levels of all tested biochemical and behavioral parameters compared with the glutamate-treated group. These findings demonstrated that TQ has a promising neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and this effect is mediated through its anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibram Amin Fouad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Mitra-Ganguli T, Kalita S, Bhushan S, Stough C, Kean J, Wang N, Sethi V, Khadilkar A. A Randomized, Double-Blind Study Assessing Changes in Cognitive Function in Indian School Children Receiving a Combination of Bacopa monnieri and Micronutrient Supplementation vs. Placebo. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:678. [PMID: 29204115 PMCID: PMC5699204 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated a chronic cognitive enhancing effect of Bacopa monnieri across different ages and cognitive impairment associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies in children. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 4-month supplementation with a combination of B. monnieri extract and multiple micronutrients on cognitive functions in Indian school children aged 7–12 years. This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel design, single-center study in which 300 children were randomized to receive a beverage either fortified with B. monnieri and multiple micronutrients (“fortified”) or a non-fortified isocaloric equivalent (“control”) twice-daily for 4 months. Cognitive function was assessed by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Test Battery (CANTAB) administered at baseline, Day 60 and Day 121. The primary endpoint was change in short-term memory (working memory) from baseline in subjects receiving “fortified” vs. “control” beverages after 4 months. Secondary endpoints included sustained attention, episodic memory, and executive function. The “fortified” beverage did not significantly improve short-term memory or any of the secondary outcomes tested relative to the “control” beverage. However, the spatial working memory “strategy” score showed significant improvement on Day 60 (difference between groups in change from baseline: −0.55; p < 0.05), but not on Day 121 due to the active intervention. Study products were well-tolerated. Reasons for these unexpected findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Con Stough
- Swinburne Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Victoria, BC, Australia
| | - James Kean
- Swinburne Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Victoria, BC, Australia
| | - Nan Wang
- GSK Research and Development Centre, Haryana, India
| | - Vidhu Sethi
- GSK Research and Development Centre, Haryana, India
| | - Anuradha Khadilkar
- Jehangir Clinical Development Centre Pvt. Ltd., Jehangir Hospital Premises, Maharashtra, India
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20
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Heat stress-induced neuroinflammation and aberration in monoamine levels in hypothalamus are associated with temperature dysregulation. Neuroscience 2017; 358:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Estrogen Receptor β Mediated Neuroprotective Efficacy of Cicer microphyllum Seed Extract in Global Hypoxia. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3474-3489. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Jeena GS, Fatima S, Tripathi P, Upadhyay S, Shukla RK. Comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri identifies potential genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:490. [PMID: 28659188 PMCID: PMC5490213 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacopa monnieri commonly known as Brahmi is utilized in Ayurveda to improve memory and many other human health benefits. Bacosides enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri is being marketed as a memory enhancing agent. In spite of its well known pharmacological properties it is not much studied in terms of transcripts involved in biosynthetic pathway and its regulation that controls the secondary metabolic pathway in this plant. The aim of this study was to identify the potential transcripts and provide a framework of identified transcripts involved in bacosides production through transcriptome assembly. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri in two independent biological replicate and obtained 22.48 million and 22.0 million high quality processed reads in shoot and root respectively. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment total 26,412 genes got annotated in root and 18,500 genes annotated in shoot sample. Quality of raw reads was determined by using SeqQC-V2.2. Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public database such as NR or UniProt. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 37,918 unigenes from root and 35,130 unigenes from shoot were mapped to 133 KEGG pathways. Based on the DGE data we found that most of the transcript related to CYP450s and UDP-glucosyltransferases were specifically upregulated in shoot tissue as compared to root tissue. Finally, we have selected 43 transcripts related to secondary metabolism including transcription factor families which are differentially expressed in shoot and root tissues were validated by qRT-PCR and their expression level were monitored after MeJA treatment and wounding for 1, 3 and 5 h. Conclusions This study not only represents the first de novo transcriptome analysis of Bacopa monnieri but also provides information about the identification, expression and differential tissues specific distribution of transcripts related to triterpenoid sapogenin which is one of the most important pharmacologically active secondary metabolite present in Bacopa monnieri. The identified transcripts in this study will establish a foundation for future studies related to carrying out the metabolic engineering for increasing the bacosides biosynthesis and its regulation for human health benefits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shahnoor Fatima
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Pragya Tripathi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Swati Upadhyay
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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23
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Hypoxia induced cognitive impairment modulating activity of Cyperus rotundus. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Qaid E, Zakaria R, Sulaiman SF, Yusof NM, Shafin N, Othman Z, Ahmad AH, Aziz CA. Insight into potential mechanisms of hypobaric hypoxia-induced learning and memory deficit - Lessons from rat studies. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 36:1315-1325. [PMID: 28111974 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116689714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of memory is one of the most frequently reported symptoms during sudden hypoxia exposure in human. Cortical atrophy has been linked to the impaired memory function and is suggested to occur with chronic high-altitude exposure. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) of hypoxia-induced memory impairment remains an enigma. In this work, we review hypoxia-induced learning and memory deficit in human and rat studies. Based on data from rat studies using different protocols of continuous hypoxia, we try to elicit potential mechanisms of hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Qaid
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - R Zakaria
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - S F Sulaiman
- 2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Na Mohd Yusof
- 3 Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - N Shafin
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Z Othman
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - A H Ahmad
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Cb Abd Aziz
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Piyabhan P, Wannasiri S, Naowaboot J. Bacopa monnieri(Brahmi) improved novel object recognition task and increased cerebral vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 in sub-chronic phencyclidine rat model of schizophrenia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:1234-1242. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritsana Piyabhan
- Division of Physiology; Department of Preclinical Science; Faculty of Medicine; Thammasat University; Klongluang Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wannasiri
- Division of Physiology; Department of Preclinical Science; Faculty of Medicine; Thammasat University; Klongluang Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Jarinyaporn Naowaboot
- Division of Pharmacology; Department of Preclinical Science; Faculty of Medicine; Thammasat University; Klongluang Pathumthani Thailand
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Deep SN, Baitharu I, Sharma A, Gurjar AKS, Prasad D, Singh SB. Neuroprotective Role of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) against Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia with Crowding Stress (CHC) Induced Depression-Like Behaviour. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153371. [PMID: 27082990 PMCID: PMC4833384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improper neuroimmune responses following chronic stress exposure have been reported to cause neuronal dysfunctions leading to memory impairment, anxiety and depression like behaviours. Though several factors affecting microglial activation and consequent alteration in neuro-inflammatory responses have been well studied, role of NO and its association with microglia in stress induced depression model is yet to be explored. In the present study, we validated combination of chronic hypobaric hypoxia and crowding (CHC) as a stress model for depression and investigated the role of chronic stress induced elevated nitric oxide (NO) level in microglia activation and its effect on neuro-inflammatory responses in brain. Further, we evaluated the ameliorative effect of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) to reverse the stress induced depressive mood state. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rat were taken and divided into control and CHC stress exposed group with and without treatment of L-NAME. Depression like behaviour and anhedonia in rats were assessed by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Sucrose Preference Test (SPT). Microglial activation was evaluated using Iba-1 immunohistochemistry and proinflammatory cytokines were assessed in the hippocampal region. Our result showed that exposure to CHC stress increased the number of active microglia with corresponding increase in inflammatory cytokines and altered behavioural responses. The inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME during CHC exposure decreased the number of active microglia in hippocampus as evident from decreased Iba-1 positive cells. Further, L-NAME administration decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus and improved behaviour of rats. Our study demonstrate that stress induced elevation of NO plays pivotal role in altered microglial activation and consequent neurodegenerative processes leading to depression like behaviour in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan Deep
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India
| | - Iswar Baitharu
- Post Graduate Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Apurva Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab Technical University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | | | - Dipti Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India
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Kumar K, Sharma S, Vashishtha V, Bhardwaj P, Kumar A, Barhwal K, Hota SK, Malairaman U, Singh B. Terminalia arjuna bark extract improves diuresis and attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular leakage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 180:43-53. [PMID: 26771070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. (T. arjuna) has been widely used in the traditional ayurvedic system of medicine as a cardioprotectant and for acute and chronic renal diseases supporting its ethnopharmacological use. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed at evaluating the diuretic action of an alcoholic extract of T. arjuna and its possible use as a prophylactic to prevent vascular leakage during acute mountain sickness at high altitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia simulated to an altitude of 27,000 ft. in a decompression chamber for 12h. T. arjuna bark extract was administered at a single dose of 150 mg/kg (p.o.) to male Sprague Dawley rats (200 ± 20 g) 30 min prior to exposure. Total urine volume was measured during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The animals were then investigated for cerebral vascular leakage and serum concentration of sodium, potassium, renin, angiotensin-II, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). RESULTS T. arjuna ameliorated acute hypobaric hypoxia induced decrease in glomerular filtration rate (p<0.5), increased total urine output (p<0.5) and prevented cerebral vascular leakage in hypoxic rats. T. arjuna treated animals also showed decrease in serum levels of renin (p<0.001) and angiotensin-II (p<0.5) as compared to placebo treated animals. Administration of T. arjuna attenuated acute hypobaric hypoxia induced oxidative stress, improved aldosterone levels and altered electrolyte balance in animals through ANP dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION Results of the present study indicate towards diuretic potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of T. arjuna bark and provide evidence for its novel application as a prophylactic to attenuate acute hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular leakage through ANP mediated modulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Kumar
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vivek Vashishtha
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India
| | - Pushpender Bhardwaj
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India
| | - Kalpana Barhwal
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Hota
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research and Development Organisation, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh 901205, India.
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Cognition Enhancing and Neuromodulatory Propensity of Bacopa monniera Extract Against Scopolamine Induced Cognitive Impairments in Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:985-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Barhwal K, Das SK, Kumar A, Hota SK, Srivastava RB. Insulin receptor A and Sirtuin 1 synergistically improve learning and spatial memory following chronic salidroside treatment during hypoxia. J Neurochem 2015; 135:332-46. [PMID: 26173704 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been reported to cause hippocampal neurodegeneration resulting in learning and memory deficits. In the present study, we investigated the potential of salidroside, a glucoside derivative of tyrosol, in ameliorating hypoxia-induced neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Morris water maze test showed improvement in learning and spatial memory of salidroside-treated hypoxic rats correlating with increased dendritic intersections and arborization. Salidroside administration increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor subunit A (IRA) at Y972, Y1162/63, and Y1146 sites and subsequent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α subunit isoforms pAMPKα1 and pAMPKα2 resulting in mitochondrial biogenesis. Contrarily, silencing of IRA in salidroside-supplemented hypoxic hippocampal cells could not improve cell viability or alter pAMPKα1 and pAMPKα2 expression. Rats administered with salidroside showed elevated expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein in the hippocampus. Salidroside administration also resulted in increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity through a cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1)-regulated mechanism that was independent of pIRA. Taken together, these findings suggest a synergistic role of pIRA and SIRT1 in salidroside-mediated neuroprotection, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cognitive improvement during hypoxia. We propose a novel mechanism for salidroside-mediated neuroprotection in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Barhwal
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saroj K Das
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sunil K Hota
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ravi B Srivastava
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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A Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI-08)-Restored Memory in CoCl2-Hypoxia Mimetic Mice Is Associated with Upregulation of Fmr-1 Gene Expression in Hippocampus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:347978. [PMID: 26413121 PMCID: PMC4564622 DOI: 10.1155/2015/347978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a neuronal translational repressor and has been implicated in learning, memory, and cognition. However, the role of Bacopa monnieri extract (CDRI-08) in enhancing cognitive abilities in hypoxia-induced memory impairment via Fmr-1 gene expression is not known. Here, we have studied effects of CDRI-08 on the expression of Fmr-1 gene in the hippocampus of well validated cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia mimetic mice and analyzed the data with alterations in spatial memory. Results obtained from Morris water maze test suggest that CoCl2 treatment causes severe loss of spatial memory and CDRI-08 is capable of reversing it towards that in the normal control mice. Our semiquantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence microscopic data reveal that CoCl2-induced hypoxia significantly upregulates the expression of Hif-1α and downregulates the Fmr-1 expression in the hippocampus, respectively. Further, CDRI-08 administration reverses the memory loss and this is correlated with significant downregulation of Hif-1α and upregulation of Fmr-1 expression. Our data are novel and may provide mechanisms of hypoxia-induced impairments in the spatial memory and action of CDRI-08 in the recovery of hypoxia led memory impairment involving Fmr-1 gene encoded protein called FMRP.
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CDRI-08 Attenuates REST/NRSF-Mediated Expression of NMDAR1 Gene in PBDE-209-Exposed Mice Brain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:403840. [PMID: 26413122 PMCID: PMC4564648 DOI: 10.1155/2015/403840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CDRI-08 is a standardized bacoside enriched ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri, a nootropic plant. We reported that CDRI-08 attenuated oxidative stress and memory impairment in mice, induced by a flame retardant, PBDE-209. In order to explore the mechanism, present study was designed to examine the role of CDRI-08 on the expression of NMDAR1 (NR1) and the binding of REST/NRSF to NR1 promoter against postnatal exposure of PBDE-209. Male mice pups were orally supplemented with CDRI-08 at the doses of 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg along with PBDE-209 (20 mg/kg) during PND 3–10 and frontal cortex and hippocampus were collected at PND 11 and 60 to study the expression and regulation of NR1 by RT-PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. The findings showed upregulated expression of NR1 and decreased binding of REST/NRSF to NR1 promoter after postnatal exposure of PBDE-209. Interestingly, supplementation with CDRI-08 significantly restored the expression of NR1 and binding of REST/NRSF to NR1 promoter near to the control value at the dose of 120 mg/kg. In conclusion, the results suggest that CDRI-08 possibly acts on glutamatergic system through expression and regulation of NR1 and may restore memory, impaired by PBDE-209 as reported in our previous study.
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Das SK, Barhwal K, Hota SK, Thakur MK, Srivastava RB. Disrupting monotony during social isolation stress prevents early development of anxiety and depression like traits in male rats. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:2. [PMID: 25880744 PMCID: PMC4336522 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although there have been several reports on social isolation induced mood alterations, the independent contribution of monotonous environment in mediating mood alterations has been less studied. In view of the above, the present study is aimed at investigating the relative contribution of monotony towards mood alterations during isolation stress. Monotony was induced in a specially designed isolation chamber in male Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence or absence of isolation by housing animals singly (SH) or in pairs (PH). Novel objects were introduced to disrupt monotony in singly housed animals (SHNO) or paired housed animals (PHNO). Behavioural alterations were assessed using Open field test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Forced Swim Test (FST). Neuro-morphological changes in the CA3 region of hippocampus were studied by cresyl violet and golgi-cox staining. Hippocampal serotonin and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were estimated along with the expression of phospho-insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (pIGF-1R) and phospho cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (pCREB). Serotonin was depleted by administering Para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) to a separate PH group (PHPCPA), PHNO group (PHNOPCPA) and SHNO group (SHNOPCPA) to determine the role of serotonin in mediating monotony induced emotional mal-adaptations. Results The results showed anxiety and depression like traits in both PH and SH groups during behavioural test such as OFT, EPM and FST. Pyknosis along with decrease in apical dendritic arborization was observed in the CA3 region of SH group along with decrease in serotonin and reduced expression of pIGF-1R and pCREB. Disrupting monotony through intervention of novel objects in PHNO and SHNO groups ameliorated anxiety and depression like traits and augmented pIGF-1R along with increase in serotonin level. Depletion of hippocampal serotonin level by PCPA administration in PHNOPCPA and SHNOPCPA groups on the other hand resulted in altered mood state despite disruption of monotony by novel objects intervention. Conclusion The findings of our study suggest that monotonous environment independently contributes to impairment in mood state and disrupting monotony by intervention of novel objects during social isolation prevents mood disorders and emotional maladaptation through up regulation of hippocampal pIGF-1R and increase in serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Das
- Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, C/O- 56 APO, Jammu and Kashmir, 901205, India.
| | - Kalpana Barhwal
- Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, C/O- 56 APO, Jammu and Kashmir, 901205, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Hota
- Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, C/O- 56 APO, Jammu and Kashmir, 901205, India.
| | | | - Ravi Bihari Srivastava
- Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, C/O- 56 APO, Jammu and Kashmir, 901205, India.
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Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Shroff S, Sahu JK, Naik PK, Ilavazhagan G. Withanolide A prevents neurodegeneration by modulating hippocampal glutathione biosynthesis during hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105311. [PMID: 25310001 PMCID: PMC4195593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera root extract has been used traditionally in ayurvedic system of medicine as a memory enhancer. Present study explores the ameliorative effect of withanolide A, a major component of withania root extract and its molecular mechanism against hypoxia induced memory impairment. Withanolide A was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats before a period of 21 days pre-exposure and during 07 days of exposure to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. Glutathione level and glutathione dependent free radicals scavenging enzyme system, ATP, NADPH level, γ-glutamylcysteinyl ligase (GCLC) activity and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the hippocampus. Expression of apoptotic marker caspase 3 in hippocampus was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Transcriptional alteration and expression of GCLC and Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were investigated by real time PCR and immunoblotting respectively. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and impaired reduced gluatathione dependent free radical scavenging system in hippocampus resulting in elevated oxidative stress. Supplementation of withanolide A during hypoxic exposure increased GSH level, augmented GSH dependent free radicals scavenging system and decreased the number of caspase and hoescht positive cells in hippocampus. While withanolide A reversed hypoxia mediated neurodegeneration, administration of buthionine sulfoximine along with withanolide A blunted its neuroprotective effects. Exogenous administration of corticosterone suppressed Nrf2 and GCLC expression whereas inhibition of corticosterone synthesis upregulated Nrf2 as well as GCLC. Thus present study infers that withanolide A reduces neurodegeneration by restoring hypoxia induced glutathione depletion in hippocampus. Further, Withanolide A increases glutathione biosynthesis in neuronal cells by upregulating GCLC level through Nrf2 pathway in a corticosterone dependenet manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar Baitharu
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chattishgarh, India
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Jain
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurobiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defense Research Development Organisation, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sabita Shroff
- Department of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Burla, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Naik
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chattishgarh, India
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Prasad J, Baitharu I, Sharma AK, Dutta R, Prasad D, Singh SB. Quercetin reverses hypobaric hypoxia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and improves memory function in the rat. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 14:383-94. [PMID: 24377346 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2013.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen availability at high altitude causes elevated oxidative stress, resulting in hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Though oxidative stress is known to be a major cause of neurodegeneration in hypobaric hypoxia, neuroprotective and ameliorative potential of quercetin, a flavonoid with strong antioxidant properties in reversing hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory impairment has not been studied. Four groups of male adult Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 7 days in an animal decompression chamber at an altitude of 7600 meters. Rats were supplemented with quercetin orally by gavage during 7 days of hypoxic exposure. Spatial working memory was assessed by a Morris Water Maze before and after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Changes in oxidative stress markers and apoptotic marker caspase 3 expression in hippocampus were assessed. Histological assessment of neurodegeneration was performed by cresyl violet and fluoro Jade B staining. Our results showed that quercetin supplementation during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia decreased reactive oxygen species levels and consequent lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus by elevating antioxidant status and free radical scavenging enzyme system. There was reduction in caspase 3 expression, and decrease in the number of pyknotic and fluoro Jade B-positive neurons in hippocampus after quercetin supplementation during hypoxic exposure. Behavioral studies showed that quercetin reversed the hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory impairment. These findings suggest that quercetin provides neuroprotection to hippocampal neurons during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia through antioxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and possesses promising therapeutic potential to ameliorate hypoxia-induced memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Prasad
- 1 Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences , Defense Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defense, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Rajathei DM, Preethi J, Singh HK, Rajan KE. Molecular docking of bacosides with tryptophan hydroxylase: a model to understand the bacosides mechanism. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:251-255. [PMID: 25089244 PMCID: PMC4111882 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyses l-tryptophan into 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, which is the first and rate-limiting step of serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis. Earlier, we found that TPH2 up-regulated in the hippocampus of postnatal rats after the oral treatment of Bacopa monniera leaf extract containing the active compound bacosides. However, the knowledge about the interactions between bacosides with TPH is limited. In this study, we take advantage of in silico approach to understand the interaction of bacoside-TPH complex using three different docking algorithms such as HexDock, PatchDock and AutoDock. All these three algorithms showed that bacoside A and A3 well fit into the cavity consists of active sites. Further, our analysis revealed that major active compounds bacoside A3 and A interact with different residues of TPH through hydrogen bond. Interestingly, Tyr235, Thr265 and Glu317 are the key residues among them, but none of them are either at tryptophan or BH4 binding region. However, its note worthy to mention that Tyr 235 is a catalytic sensitive residue, Thr265 is present in the flexible loop region and Glu317 is known to interacts with Fe. Interactions with these residues may critically regulate TPH function and thus serotonin synthesis. Our study suggested that the interaction of bacosides (A3/A) with TPH might up-regulate its activity to elevate the biosynthesis of 5-HT, thereby enhances learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mary Rajathei
- Department of Bioinformtics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
| | - Jayakumar Preethi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
| | - Hemant K. Singh
- Laboratories of CNS Disorder, Learning & Memory, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 India
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
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Deguil J, Ravasi L, Auffret A, Babiloni C, Bartres Faz D, Bragulat V, Cassé-Perrot C, Colavito V, Herrero Ezquerro MT, Lamberty Y, Lanteaume L, Pemberton D, Pifferi F, Richardson JC, Schenker E, Blin O, Tarragon E, Bordet R. Evaluation of symptomatic drug effects in Alzheimer's disease: strategies for prediction of efficacy in humans. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e329-42. [PMID: 24179995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the arsenal of biomarkers available to determine the effectiveness of symptomatic treatment is very limited. Interpretation of the results provided in literature is cumbersome and it becomes difficult to predict their standardization to a larger patient population. Indeed, cognitive assessment alone does not appear to have sufficient predictive value of drug efficacy in early clinical development of AD treatment. In recent years, research has contributed to the emergence of new tools to assess brain activity relying on innovative technologies of imaging and electrophysiology. However, the relevance of the use of these newer markers in treatment response assessment is waiting for validation. This review shows how the early clinical assessment of symptomatic drugs could benefit from the inclusion of suitable pharmacodynamic markers. This review also emphasizes the importance of re-evaluating a step-by-step strategy in drug development.
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Benson S, Downey LA, Stough C, Wetherell M, Zangara A, Scholey A. An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on multitasking stress reactivity and mood. Phytother Res 2013; 28:551-9. [PMID: 23788517 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Little research exists in humans concerning the anxiolytic, antidepressant, sedative, and adaptogenic actions the traditional Ayurvedic medicine Bacopa monnieri (BM) possesses in addition to its documented cognitive-enhancing effects. Preclinical work has identified a number of acute anxiolytic, nootropic, and adaptogenic effects of BM that may also co-occur in humans. The current double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study assessed the acute effects of a specific extract of BM (KeenMind® - CDRI 08) in normal healthy participants during completion of a multitasking framework (MTF). Seventeen healthy volunteers completed the MTF, at baseline, then 1 h and 2 h after consuming a placebo, 320 mg BM and 640 mg of BM. Treatments were separated by a 7-day washout with order determined by Latin Square. Outcome measures included cognitive outcomes from the MTF, with mood and salivary cortisol measured before and after each completion of the MTF. Change from baseline scores indicated positive cognitive effects, notably at both 1 h post and 2 h post BM consumption on the Letter Search and Stroop tasks, suggesting an earlier nootropic effect of BM than previously investigated. There were also some positive mood effects and reduction in cortisol levels, pointing to a physiological mechanism for stress reduction associated with BM consumption. It was concluded that acute BM supplementation produced some adaptogenic and nootropic effects that need to be replicated in a larger sample and in isolation from stressful cognitive tests in order to quantify the magnitude of these effects. The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612000834853).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Benson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Neale C, Camfield D, Reay J, Stough C, Scholey A. Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa benchmarked against modafinil: a review and comparison of effect sizes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:728-37. [PMID: 23043278 PMCID: PMC3575939 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years there has been increasing research into both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical cognition enhancers. Here we aimed to calculate the effect sizes of positive cognitive effect of the pharmaceutical modafinil in order to benchmark the effect of two widely used nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa (which have consistent acute and chronic cognitive effects, respectively). A search strategy was implemented to capture clinical studies into the neurocognitive effects of modafinil, Ginseng and Bacopa. Studies undertaken on healthy human subjects using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design were included. For each study where appropriate data were included, effect sizes (Cohen's d) were calculated for measures showing significant positive and negative effects of treatment over placebo. The highest effect sizes for cognitive outcomes were 0.77 for modafinil (visuospatial memory accuracy), 0.86 for Ginseng (simple reaction time) and 0.95 for Bacopa (delayed word recall). These data confirm that neurocognitive enhancement from well characterized nutraceuticals can produce cognition enhancing effects of similar magnitude to those from pharmaceutical interventions. Future research should compare these effects directly in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Neale
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3122, Australia
| | - David Camfield
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3122, Australia
| | - Jonathon Reay
- School of Life Sciences, Northumbria UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3122, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3122, Australia
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Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Neuroprotective mechanisms of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in a paraquat/diquat-mediated acute toxicity. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:530-9. [PMID: 23402822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age related neurodegenerative disease and affects millions of people worldwide. Strong evidence suggests a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent epidemiologic and toxicological studies have shown that environmental factors, especially herbicides such as paraquat and diquat represent one of the primary classes of neurotoxic agents associated with PD. The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BM) against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this protection. Our results showed that a pre-treatment with the BM extract, from 20.0μg/ml, protected the rat dopaminergic PC12 cell line against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity in various cell survival assays. We demonstrated that BM pre-treatment, from 5.0μg/ml, could prevent the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels and depolarized the mitochondria. BM pre-treatment also increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and antioxidant defense systems such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and thioredoxin1 (Trx1) levels. Furthermore, BM pre-treatment prevented the activation of Akt and heat shock protein90 (HSP90) proteins. Thus, our findings demonstrated that BM can protect PC12 cells through modulating cellular redox pathways which are altered in PD and could have a therapeutic application in the prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Singh
- INRS - Institut Armand Frappier, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
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Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Hota KB, Hota SK, Prasad D, Ilavazhagan G. Withania somnifera root extract ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced memory impairment in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 145:431-441. [PMID: 23211660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (WS) root extract has been used traditionally in ayurvedic system of medicine as a memory enhancer and anti-stress agent. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotective and prophylactic potential of WS root extract in ameliorating hypobaric hypoxia (HH) induced memory impairment and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS WS root extract was administered to male Sprague Dawley rats during a period of 21 days pre-exposure and 07 days exposure to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. Spatial memory was assessed by Morris Water Maze. Neurodegeneration, corticosterone, acetylcholine (Ach) levels, acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide (NO) concentration were assessed in the hippocampus. Synaptic and apoptotic markers were also investigated by immunoblotting. To study the role of NO in regulating corticosterone mediated signaling, the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS) inhibitor, L-Nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-Name) and NO agonist sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were administered from 3rd to 7th day of hypoxic exposure. RESULTS Administration of WS root extract prevented HH induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration along with decreased NO, corticosterone, oxidative stress and AchE activity in hippocampal region. Inhibition of NO synthesis by administration of L-Name reduced corticosterone levels in hippocampus during hypoxic exposure while co-administration of corticosterone increased neurodegeneration. Administration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) along with WS root extract supplementation during hypoxic exposure increased corticosterone levels and increased the number of pyknotic cells. CONCLUSION WS root extract ameliorated HH induced memory impairment and neurodegeneration in hippocampus through NO mediated modulation of corticosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar Baitharu
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, At/Po: Timarpur, Lucknow Road, Delhi-110054, India
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Baitharu I, Jain V, Deep SN, Kumar G, Ilavazhagan G. Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia and Reoxygenation Induces Transient Anxiety-Like Behavior in Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2013.38063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Downey LA, Kean J, Nemeh F, Lau A, Poll A, Gregory R, Murray M, Rourke J, Patak B, Pase MP, Zangara A, Lomas J, Scholey A, Stough C. An Acute, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study of 320 mg and 640 mg Doses of a Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri
(CDRI 08) on Sustained Cognitive Performance. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1407-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - James Kean
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Fiona Nemeh
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Angela Lau
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Alex Poll
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Rebecca Gregory
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Margaret Murray
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Johanna Rourke
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Brigit Patak
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Matthew P. Pase
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrea Zangara
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
- Soho Flordis International; Sydney Australia
| | - Justine Lomas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology; Swinburne University of Technology; Melbourne Australia
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Koppula S, Kumar H, More SV, Lim HW, Hong SM, Choi DK. Recent updates in redox regulation and free radical scavenging effects by herbal products in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Molecules 2012; 17:11391-420. [PMID: 23014498 PMCID: PMC6268813 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
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Prisila Dulcy C, Singh HK, Preethi J, Emmanuvel Rajan K. Standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08) attenuates contextual associative learning deficits in the aging rat's brain induced by D-galactose. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2053-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Standardized Extracts of Bacopa monniera Protect Against MPP+- and Paraquat-Induced Toxicity by Modulating Mitochondrial Activities, Proteasomal Functions, and Redox Pathways. Toxicol Sci 2011; 125:219-32. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Attenuation of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide induced hippocampus-dependent memory impairment by a standardised extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08). Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2136-44. [PMID: 21735137 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacopa monniera is a well-known medhya-rasayana (memory enhancing and rejuvenating) plant in Indian traditional medical system of Ayurveda. The effect of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08) on serotonergic receptors and its influence on other neurotransmitters during hippocampal-dependent learning was evaluated in the present study. Wistar rat pups received a single dose of BESEB CDRI-08 during postnatal days 15-29 showed higher latency during hippocampal-dependent learning accompanied with enhanced 5HT(3A) receptor expression, serotonin and acetylcholine levels in hippocampus. Furthermore, 5HT(3A) receptor agonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (mCPBG) impaired learning in the passive avoidance task followed by reduction of 5HT(3A) receptor expression, 5HT and ACh levels. Administration of BESEB CDRI-08 along with mCPBG attenuated mCPBG induced behavioral, molecular and neurochemical alterations. Our results suggest that BESEB CDRI-08 possibly acts on serotonergic system, which in turn influences the cholinergic system through 5-HT(3) receptor to improve the hippocampal-dependent task.
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Charles PD, Ambigapathy G, Geraldine P, Akbarsha MA, Rajan KE. Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: implications in memory formation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:55-61. [PMID: 21129470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the effect of Bacopa monniera leaf ethanolic extract (BMEE) on the serotonergic system of postnatal rats with reference to learning and memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS From postnatal day (PND)-15-29, rats were treated with BMEE (40 mg/kg BW+0.5% gum acacia) by oral gavage. Behavioural tests (Y-maze, hole-board and passive avoidance) were used to evaluate their learning (PND-32-37) and retention of memory (PND-47-53). Effect of BMEE on neurotransmitter system was analyzed by ELISA and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Oral administration of BMEE improved learning and retention of memory significantly in all behavioural tasks. Following BMEE treatment, the level of serotonin (5-HT) increased while dopamine (DA) decreased significantly. We also found variation in the level of acetylcholine (ACh). However, no significant changes were observed in the level of ACh and glutamate (Glu). The level of 5-HT was significantly elevated up to PND-37 and was then restored to normal level on PND-53. Interestingly, concomitant up-regulation was recorded in the mRNA expression of serotonin synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) on PND-29 and PND-37, which was restored on PND-53. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that BMEE treatment significantly enhances the learning and retention of memory in postnatal rats possibly through regulating the expression of TPH2, 5-HT metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisila Dulcy Charles
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Khanduja KL, Anand A. Bacopa monniera Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Impairment of Spatial Memory in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:236186. [PMID: 21607013 PMCID: PMC3095476 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scopolamine, an anticholinergic, is an attractive amnesic agent for discerning the action of candidate antiamnesic drugs. Bacopa monniera Linn (Syn. Brahmi) is one such antiamnesic agent that is frequently used in the ancient Indian medical system. We have earlier reported the reversal of diazepam-induced amnesia with B. monniera. In this study we wanted to test if scopolamine-induced impairment of spatial memory can also be ameliorated by B. monniera using water maze mouse model. The objective of study was to study the effect of B. monniera on scopolamine-induced amnesia. We employed Morris water maze scale to test the amnesic effect of scopolamine and its reversal by B. monniera. Rotarod test was conducted to screen muscle coordination activity of mice. Scopolamine significantly impaired the acquisition and retrieval of memory producing both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Bacopa monniera extract was able to reverse both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. We propose that B. monniera's effects on cholinergic system may be helpful for developing alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Saraf
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector-12, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Chopra K, Misra S, Kuhad A. Current perspectives on pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:335-50. [PMID: 21222549 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.520702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a daunting public health threat that has prompted the scientific community's ongoing efforts to decipher the underlying disease mechanism, and thereafter, target this therapeutically. Although basic research in AD has made remarkable progress over the past two decades, currently available drugs can only improve cognitive symptoms temporarily; no treatment can reverse, stop, or even slow this inexorable neurodegenerative process. Numerous disease-modifying strategies targeting the production and clearance of Aβ, as well as modulation of abnormal aggregation of tau filaments, are currently in clinical trials . AREAS COVERED this review provides an overview of a wide array of therapeutic approaches under investigation, and the perspectives developed in the last 10 years. EXPERT OPINION While it is not possible to predict the success of any individual program, one or more are likely to prove effective. Indeed, it seems reasonable to predict that in the not-too-distant future, a synergistic combination of agents will have the capacity to alter the neurodegenerative cascade and reduce the global impact of this devastating disease. The scientific community must acknowledge that Alzheimer's disease is a complex multifactorial disorder, and thus a single target or pathogenic pathway is unlikely to be identified. The major aim should be to design ligands with pluripotent pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwaljit Chopra
- Punjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Robbins D, Gu X, Shi R, Liu J, Wang F, Ponville J, McCord JM, Zhao Y. The chemopreventive effects of Protandim: modulation of p53 mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis during skin carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11902. [PMID: 20689586 PMCID: PMC2912769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protandim, a well defined dietary combination of 5 well-established medicinal plants, is known to induce endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Our previous studies have shown through the induction of various antioxidant enzymes, products of oxidative damage can be decreased. In addition, we have shown that tumor multiplicity and incidence can be decreased through the dietary administration of Protandim in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model. It has been demonstrated that cell proliferation is accommodated by cell death during DMBA/TPA treatment in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the Protandim diet on apoptosis; and proposed a novel mechanism of chemoprevention utilized by the Protandim dietary combination. Interestingly, Protandim suppressed DMBA/TPA induced cutaneous apoptosis. Recently, more attention has been focused on transcription-independent mechanisms of the tumor suppressor, p53, that mediate apoptosis. It is known that cytoplasmic p53 rapidly translocates to the mitochondria in response to pro-apoptotic stress. Our results showed that Protandim suppressed the mitochondrial translocation of p53 and mitochondrial outer membrane proteins such as Bax. We examined the levels of p53 and MnSOD expression/activity in murine skin JB6 promotion sensitive (P+) and promotion-resistant (P-) epidermal cells. Interestingly, p53 was induced only in P+ cells, not P- cells; whereas MnSOD is highly expressed in P- cells when compared to P+ cells. In addition, wild-type p53 was transfected into JB6 P- cells. We found that the introduction of wild-type p53 promoted transformation in JB6 P- cells. Our results suggest that suppression of p53 and induction of MnSOD may play an important role in the tumor suppressive activity of Protandim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delira Robbins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Runhua Shi
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jacqulyne Ponville
- Department of Chemistry, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joe M. McCord
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
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